MODULE III

CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE: “Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and internet centric way of delivering
IT services on demand. These services cover the entire computing stack : from the hardware infrastructure
packaged as a set of virtual machines to software services such as development platforms and distributed
applications.
Five essential characteristics : 1. In demand self service 2. Broad network access 3. Resource pooling
4. Rapid elasticity 5. Measured service
CLOUD RERENCE MODEL OR SERVICE MODEL
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) : is a software distribution model in which a third-party provider hosts applications
and makes them available to customers over the Internet. - SaaS removes the need for organizations to install and
run applications on their own computers or in their own data centers. This eliminates the expense of hardware
acquisition, provisioning and maintenance, as well as software licensing, installation and support
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS) : provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. - A cloud provider
hosts the infrastructure components present in an on-premises data center, including servers, storage and
networking hardware. - provider also supplies services like billing, monitoring, log access, security, load balancing,
clustering, backups, replication and recovery
 Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS) : Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows
programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You can purchase these applications from a
cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use basis and access them using the Internet connection. In PaaS, back end
scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so end- users do not need to worry about managing the
infrastructure.
PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform (middleware, development tools,
database management systems, business intelligence, and more) to support the web application life cycle.
Example: Google App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Azure.
PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks, Databases, and Other tools
TYPES OF CLOUDS: There are Basically 4 types of clouds in cloud computing they are
1.Public cloud:Public cloud is defined as computing services offered by third-party providers over the public Internet, making
them available to anyone who wants to use or purchase them. They may be free or sold on-demand, allowing customers to pay
only per usage. - It can save companies from the expensive costs of having to purchase, manage and maintain on-premises
hardware and application . - A fundamental characteristic of public cloud is multi-tenancy. A public cloud is meant to serve a
multitude of users and not a single customer. - A public cloud can offer any kind of service : infrastructure, platform, or
applications. - For example, amazon EC2 is a public cloud providing IaaS, Google AppEngine is a public cloud providing an
application development PaaS, and Salesforce.com is a public cloud providing SaaS
2.Private cloud: Cloud environments dedicated to the end user, usually within the user's firewall. - Although private clouds ran
on-premise, organizations are now building private clouds on rented, vendor-owned data centers located off-premise. - Private
clouds are virtual distributed systems that relay on a private infrastructure and provide internal users with dynamic
provisioning of computing resources. - Different from public clouds , instead of a pay-as-you-go model, there could be other
schemes which take into account the usage of the cloud. - Another interesting opportunity that comes with private clouds is
the possibility of testing applications and systems at a comparatively lower price rather than public cloud before deploying
them.
3..Hybrid cloud: It is a mix of on-premises, private cloud and third-party, public cloud services with orchestration between the
two platforms. - A computing environment that combines a public cloud and a private cloud by allowing data and applications
to be shared between them
4. Community Cloud : Is a cloud service model that provides a cloud computing solution to a limited number of individuals or
organizations that is governed, managed and secured commonly by all the participating organizations or a third party
managed service provider. - Candidate sectors for community clouds are media industry, healthcare industry, energy and other
core industry, public sector, scientific research, openness, community, graceful failures, convenience and control,
environmental sustainability.
ECONOMICS OF THE CLOUD : economics of cloud computing deal with the knowledge concerning the principles, costs, and
benefits of cloud computing. - The biggest benefit is financial, the pay-as-you-go model. - Its reduces the capital cost
associated to IT infrastructure. - Eliminates the depreciation associated with IT assets. - Replacing software licensing with
subscriptions. - Cutting down the maintenance and administrative costs of IT resources. - Three different strategies or pricing
models of cloud computing is
(a). Tiered pricing- services are offered in several tiers, and each tier offers a fixed computing specification and SLA at a
specific price per unit of time
(b). Per unit pricing- this model is suitable in cases where the principal source of revenue for the cloud provider is determined
in terms of units of specific services.
(c). Subscription based pricing- this is the model used mostly by SaaS providers in which users are paying a periodic
subscription fee for the usage of the software
OPEN CHALLENGES: 1. Cloud definition NIST – it characterizes cloud computing as : on-demand selfservice, broad network
access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and measured service. - classifies services as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS. - categorizes
deployment models as public, private, community and hybrid clouds.
2. Cloud interoperability and standards. There was no common agreement on the protocols and technologies used but
organizations such as Cloud Computing Interoperability Form (CCIF), Open cloud consortium and DMTF cloud standards
incubator are leading the path. The Open Virtualization Format (OVF) is an attempt to provide common format for virtual
machine image.
3. Scalability and fault tolerance. The ability to scale on demand is the most attractive feature. The ability to tolerate failure
is more important.
4. Security : Trust and privacy These are major obstacles. the traditional cryptographic technologies are used to prevent data
tampering . The challenges within this area are concerned in devising secure and trustable system from different perspectives :
technical, social and legal.