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EE411 Lect3

The document discusses the modeling of short and medium transmission lines in power system analysis, highlighting the need for new transmission systems to ensure reliable electricity supply and integrate renewable energy sources. It covers the components of overhead transmission lines, factors affecting line parameters, and the characteristics of different conductor types. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as line resistance, inductance, capacitance, and transmission line models, including short and medium line models.

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mashhood775
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15 views26 pages

EE411 Lect3

The document discusses the modeling of short and medium transmission lines in power system analysis, highlighting the need for new transmission systems to ensure reliable electricity supply and integrate renewable energy sources. It covers the components of overhead transmission lines, factors affecting line parameters, and the characteristics of different conductor types. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as line resistance, inductance, capacitance, and transmission line models, including short and medium line models.

Uploaded by

mashhood775
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE411

Power System Analysis


Lecture3: Modelling of Short and
Medium Transmission Lines

Dr. Shahid Alam


Associate Professor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering
Sciences and Technology
[email protected]
Concept of transmission

1
Why do we need new transmission?

o Meet the growing need for safe, reliable electricity


o Connect new generation sources to the grid
o Renewable portfolio standards and integrating renewables
o Access additional resources to reduce cost
o Meet regulatory reliability and public policy requirements

➢ Public Policy (The highest allowed limits of magnetic


fields at a distance of 2m (height of a normal person)
above the ground for occupational and public exposure at
50Hz are equal to 800 A/m and 160 A/m respectively
according to International Commission on Non-Ionizing
Radiation Protection (ICNIRP))

2
Electric Supply System
The transportation or delivery of electric power from a power
station to consumers’ premises is known as electric supply system
The electric supply system can be broadly
classified into:
1. D.C or A.C system
2. Overhead or underground system
For generation and transmission:
3-phase, 3-wire a.c. system is universally adopted as an
economical solution.

For distribution :

3-phase, 4-wire a.c. system is adopted.


3
Overhead Transmission Line Components

o Shield and Ground wire – used


primarily for protection from lightning
strikes and corresponding surges
o Insulators – used to separate, or
support conductors
o Conductors – metal cables used for
carrying electric current
o Structures – support structures to hold
up the conductors
o Foundation – plays an important role
in safety and satisfactory performance
of the structure

4
Overhead AC transmission line parameters

5
Factors affecting line parameters

➢ The main factors are


1. Voltage level.
2. line length.
3. Type of conductor used.
4. Number of conductors.
5. The spacing of the conductors as they are mounted
on the supporting structure.

6
Types of Conductors
Commonly used conductor materials:-
o Copper
o Aluminium
o Aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR)
o Galvanised steel
o Cadmium copper
Conductors are preferably stranded to increase flexibility and
current carrying capacity as well as to reduce losses.

7
Bundled conductors in transmission lines
o Bundled conductors are used in
transmission lines where the voltage
exceeds 230 kV.
o At such high voltages, ordinary
conductors will result in excessive
corona and noise which may affect
communication lines.
o The increased corona will result in
significant power loss. Bundle
conductors consist of three or four
conductors for each phase.
o The conductors are separated from
each other by means of spacers at
regular intervals. Thus, they do not
touch each other.
8
Line Resistance
The resistance of the conductor is the most important cause of
power loss in a power line. Direct-current resistance is given by:

𝜌 = resistivity of conductor, 𝑙= length, A = cross-sectional area

There are several factors that affect the value of the


DC line resistance.
o Skin effect
o Conductor stranding
o Temperature effect

9
Factors affecting line resistance

10
Line Inductance

o A magnetic field is associated with a current carrying conductor.


o In AC transmission line current varies sinusoidally, so does the
associated magnetic field.
o The varying magnetic field induces emf in the conductor, which
in turn opposes the current flow in the line.
o The emf is equivalently shown by a parameter 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 (where
L represents the line inductance).
o The inductance depends on the size of conductors, the spacing
between conductors, the arrangement of conductors, etc.
o Several arrangements are used in modern transmission systems.

11
Conductors’ Arrangement

12
Calculation of Line Inductance
o Consider a single-phase line consisting of two conductors
(phase and neutral) a and b of equal radius r and separated
by a distance D meters.
o The inductance of a transmission line is defined as the flux
linkage produced per unit ampere of current flowing through
the line.

13
Line Capacitance
The capacitance of a transmission line is the result of the potential
differences (electrical field) between the conductors themselves as
well as potential differences between the conductors and ground.

14
Shunt conductance (G)

There are several factors that affect the shunt


conductance.
o Partial discharge due to high electrical field at
the surface of conductor
o Insulation condition

15
Transmission Line Models

16
Short line model

A transmission line is
defined as a short-length
line if its length is less
than 80 km (50 mi).

17
Short line model

18
Short line model

19
Voltage Regulation

20
Medium
line Model

21
Medium
line Model

22
Medium
line Model

23
Medium
line Model

Physical meaning of
constants.

24

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