Ex No : 1 FEATURES OF MS-EXCEL

Aim
To explore and understand the key features of Microsoft Excel for efficient data management,
analysis, and visualization.

Description
Spreadsheet Basics
Rows and Columns
Excel organizes data using rows and columns in a grid format.
Rows are horizontal and numbered (e.g., 1, 2, 3…).
Columns are vertical and labelled alphabetically (e.g., A, B, C...). After column Z, Excel
labels continue as AA, AB, and so forth.
Cells
Cells are the basic data entry points in Excel.
Identified by their cell reference, a combination of the column letter and row number (e.g.,
A1, B2).
Worksheets and Workbooks
Workbooks are Excel files, and each workbook can hold multiple worksheets (tabs for
different datasets).
Use worksheets for organizing separate datasets within a single file.
Cell Formatting
Change font size, colour, alignment, and borders.
Format cells to show numbers, currencies, percentages, or dates.

2. Data Input and Management

Data Entry
Data can be entered manually or imported from external sources like CSV, SQL databases,
and APIs.
AutoFill and Flash Fill
AutoFill: Drag a cell's corner to continue a sequence (e.g., fill numbers or dates).
Flash Fill: Automatically recognizes patterns in your data to fill adjacent columns.
Data Validation
Restrict invalid entries using conditions, such as numeric values within a specific range or text
of a certain length.
Helps maintain data consistency and integrity.
Find and Replace
Quickly locate text or values across the sheet and replace them if needed.

Remove Duplicates
Identify and remove duplicate entries within a dataset.
3. Formulas and Functions
Excel is renowned for its robust calculation and logical operation capabilities.
Basic Formulas
Used to perform mathematical operations:
= A1+A2 adds values in cells A1 and A2.
= A1*B1 multiplies values.

Predefined Functions
Excel offers a large library of predefined functions to simplify calculations:

Mathematical Functions:
SUM(range): Adds numbers in the given range.
ROUND(number, digits): Rounds numbers to specified digits.

Logical Functions:
IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false): Returns different outputs based on whether the
condition is true or false.
AND(), OR(), NOT(): Combine or negate conditions.

Text Functions:
LEN(text): Counts the number of characters.
CONCAT(value1, value2): Combines text values from multiple cells.

Lookup and Reference Functions:

VLOOKUP(value, table, col_index, [range_lookup]): Finds values vertically in a dataset.
HLOOKUP works similarly for horizontal searches.

Statistical Functions:
AVERAGE(range): Finds the mean of selected numbers.
MAX() and MIN() find the largest and smallest numbers, respectively.

Dynamic Arrays (Excel 365 or later)

Functions like SORT(), UNIQUE(), and FILTER() allow working with arrays dynamically.

4. Data Visualization
Excel makes data easy to interpret with rich visual tools:
Charts and Graphs
Create various types of charts to represent data visually:
Bar and Column Charts: Great for comparisons.
Line Charts: Best for trends over time.
Pie Charts: Show proportions.
Scatter Charts: Reveal correlations in datasets.
Conditional Formatting
Highlight cells dynamically based on criteria.
Examples: Shade values above a threshold, or apply color gradients based on ranking.

Sparklines
Tiny in-cell charts that provide a quick view of trends.

Pivot Tables
Extract insights from large datasets by summarizing information dynamically.
Drag and drop fields to arrange data summaries.

5. Collaboration and Integration

Excel offers features to collaborate and share data efficiently:
Real-Time Collaboration
Share workbooks in the cloud (e.g., via OneDrive) and enable multiple users to edit
simultaneously.

Comments and Notes

Add threaded comments for discussions within shared spreadsheets.

Integration
Integrates seamlessly with Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Access.
Import data from SQL, text files, and APIs, and export datasets back into other software.

6. Data Analysis Tools

What-If Analysis
Tools like Goal Seek and Scenario Manager allow for analyzing potential outcomes:
Goal Seek: Find input values to reach a specific goal.
Scenario Manager: Explore multiple scenarios of changing input values.

Sorting and Filtering

Sort: Organize data alphabetically, numerically, or by custom criteria.
Filter: Narrow down datasets to show only relevant rows.

Forecasting
Create trend lines for time-series data and use the Forecast feature to predict future trends.

7. Macros and Automation

Macros can save time by automating repetitive tasks.
Recording Macros
Perform tasks manually while Excel records the steps and generates VBA code.

VBA (Visual Basic for Applications)

For advanced users, VBA allows customizing Excel's functionality beyond built-in options.
8. Security Features
Password Protection
Restrict access to the entire workbook, sheets, or even specific cells.

Encrypted Files
Use encryption to enhance file security, especially for sensitive data.

9. Advanced Features
Power Query
Used for importing and cleaning data from various sources. Automates data transformation.
Power Pivot
Build data models and work with large datasets beyond Excel’s row limit.
3D Maps
Visualize geographic data with interactive maps.
Result:
Thus the key features of Microsoft Excel for efficient data management, analysis, and
visualization is explored and analysed.
Ex No : 2
NUMERICAL & DATA IMPORT/EXPORT OPERATIONS
DATE:

Aim
To perform numerical operations and explore data import/export functionalities in Excel
across various file formats for efficiency.

Description
Get the input from user and perform numerical operations (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM,
SQRT, ROUND)

To input numbers in Excel and perform the following numerical operations:

Maximum Value (MAX)
Minimum Value (MIN)
Average (AVG)
Sum (SUM)
Square Root (SQRT)
Rounding Off (ROUND)

Steps:
Input Data
Create a table in Excel with the following structure:

Perform Numerical Operations

Step 1: Find Maximum Value
Use the MAX() function to find the highest value in the range.
Formula: = MAX(A2:Z2)

Step 2: Find Minimum Value

Use the MIN() function to find the lowest value in the range.
Formula: = MIN(A2:Z2)

Step 3: Calculate the Sum

Use the SUM() function to add all values in the range.
Formula: =SUM(A2:Z2)

Step 4: Find the Average

Use the AVERAGE() function to compute the average of the values.
Formula: = AVERAGE(A2:Z2)
Step 5: Calculate the Square Root (SQRT)
Compute the square root for each value. Use the SQRT() function individually on each value.
Formula for A2: = SQRT(A2)
Drag the formula to adjacent cells to apply it for the range.

Step 6: Round Values

Use the ROUND() function to round off values. Specify the number of decimal places (e.g., 2
decimal places).
Formula for rounding the sum: =ROUND(SUM(A2:Z2), 2)

Bonus Tasks
Add Conditional Formatting:
Highlight the maximum value in green and the minimum value in red automatically.

Steps to Apply Conditional Formatting

Select the Data Range
Highlight the range of numbers (e.g., cells A2:A6).

Apply Conditional Formatting for Maximum Value (Green)

Go to the Home tab on the Ribbon.
Click Conditional Formatting > New Rule.
In the New Formatting Rule dialog box:
Select Use a formula to determine which cells to format.
=A2=MAX($A$2:$A$6)

Click Format, then choose a green fill color, and click OK.

Apply Conditional Formatting for Minimum Value (Red)

Repeat the steps above for a new rule:
Choose Use a formula to determine which cells to format.
=A2=MIN($A$2:$A$6)
Click on Format, go to the Fill tab, and select a red fill color.
Click OK.

Use Data Validation:

To restrict input to numeric values only using Data Validation in Excel, follow these steps:
Select the cells where you want to allow only numeric entries.
Go to the Data tab on the ribbon.
Click Data Validation in the Data Tools group.
In the Data Validation dialog box, under the Settings tab:
In the Allow dropdown, select Whole Number or Decimal (based on your needs):
Whole Number: If you want to allow only integers.
Decimal: If you want to allow decimal numbers.
You can further refine the settings:
Under Data, choose an appropriate option (e.g., "between," "greater than," "equal to," etc.) to
enforce numeric restrictions based on a range or condition.
Click OK to apply the validation.

Perform data import/export operations for different file formats.

In Excel, performing data import and export operations for different file formats involves the
following steps:

1. Importing Data
Excel supports importing data from a variety of file formats including CSV, Text, JSON,
XML, Access databases, and others.

To Import Data:
From CSV or Text File:
Go to the Data tab.
Click on Get Data → From File → From Text/CSV.
Select the file to import and click Import.
You will be shown a preview. Click Load to insert the data into the worksheet.

From Access Database:

Go to the Data tab.
Click on Get Data → From Database → From Access.
Choose the Access database and the table you want to import.

From Web:
Go to the Data tab.
Click Get Data → From Web.
Enter the URL of the website from which you want to pull data.

From JSON or XML Files:

Go to Get Data → From File → From JSON or From XML.
Select the file and click Open.

From Other Sources (e.g., ODBC or SQL Server):

Go to Get Data → From Other Sources, and select the required source (ODBC, SQL Server,
etc.)
Provide connection details to access the external data.

Data Transformations:
You can use the Power Query Editor to perform transformations (such as cleaning data)
before loading it into your workbook.
2. Exporting Data
Excel allows you to export data to various file formats such as CSV, PDF, XML, and more.

To Export Data:
Export as CSV:
Go to File → Save As.
Choose the location to save the file.
In the Save as type dropdown, select CSV (Comma delimited) (*.csv).
Click Save.

Export as PDF:

Go to File → Save As.

Choose the location to save the file.
In the Save as type dropdown, select PDF.
Choose your desired settings and click Save.

Export as XML:
Go to Developer Tab (if not visible, you need to enable it in Excel Options).
Click Source, then the XML Source Task Pane.
Click on Export.
Choose the location and file type as XML.

Export to Access Database:

Go to File → Save As.
Choose Access Database as the file format and provide necessary options.

Export as Excel Workbook (XLSX):

Go to File → Save As.
Choose the location and Excel Workbook (*.xlsx) as the file type.

3. Data Import/Export Using Power Query

For advanced data operations, you can use Power Query to import, transform, and export data
from various sources:
To import data into Power Query: Click on Data → Get & Transform Data → choose your
source.
To export transformed data: Once your query is ready, click on Close & Load to export the
data back into Excel.

By using these operations, Excel can efficiently handle various data formats for import/export
purposes.

Practice Question 1:
In the worksheet shown, the cells in column A highlight future birthdays in red, and the cells
in column C turn green when "Y" is entered, indicating a greeting has been sent.

Execution:
First rule
Select cells A2 through A7. Click Conditional Formatting > New Rule.
Type the formula: =A2>TODAY()
In the Font – RED color

Second rule
Select cells c2 through c7. Click Conditional Formatting > New Rule.
Type the formula: =C2="Y"
In the Font – GREEN color

Output
Practice Question 2:
Using Excel , Perform the following numerical operations on salary: MAX, MIN,
AVG, SUM?
Using Excel , Calculate sum of salary if country is France and purchased is yes.
Using Excel , Find the average salary of Germany.

Country Age Salary Purchased

France 44 72000 No

Spain 27 48000 Yes

Germany 30 54000 No

Spain 38 61000 No

Germany 40 61000 Yes

France 35 58000 Yes

Spain 35 52000 No

France 48 79000 Yes

Germany 50 83000 No

France 37 67000 Yes

Execution:
Numerical Operations on Salary:
MAX (Highest Salary) : =MAX(range)
MIN (Lowest Salary) : =MIN(range)
AVG (Average Salary) : =AVERAGE(range)
(72000 + 48000 + 54000 + 61000 + 61000 + 58000 + 52000 + 79000 + 83000 + 67000) ÷ 10
= 63500
SUM (Total Salary) : =SUM(range)
b) Calculate Sum of Salary if Country is France and Purchased is Yes:
Explanation:

Formula: =SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2],

…)
=SUMIFS(C2:C10, A2:A10, "France", D2:D10, "Yes")
C2:C10: Salary column.
A2:A10: Country column.
D2:D10: Purchased status column.
Condition: "France" and "Yes".
58,000 + 79,000 + 67,000 = 204,000

c) Using Excel , Find the average salary of Germany.

Formula : =AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, [average_range])
=AVERAGEIF(C23:C32, "Germany", E23:E32)
(54,000 + 61,000 + 83,000) ÷ 3 = 66,000

Output:
Result
Thus the numerical operations (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, SQRT, ROUND) are performed
and efficiently imported/exported data across various file formats in Excel.
Ex No : 3 PERFORM STATISTICAL OPERATIONS - MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
DATE: AND STANDARD DEVIATION, VARIANCE, SKEWNESS, KURTOSIS

Aim

To perform statistical operations, including calculating mean, median, mode, standard

deviation, variance, skewness, and kurtosis on data sets.

Description
Mean (Average):
The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers. It is calculated by summing all values
and dividing by the total number of values.
It represents the central tendency of the data.
Formula:

Median:
The median is the middle value of a sorted data set. If the data has an even number of values,
the median is the average of the two middle values.
It helps understand the central value in skewed distributions.
Steps:
Sort the data in ascending order.
Find the middle value.

Mode:
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in the data set. There can be one mode
(unimodal), more than one mode (multimodal), or no mode if all values occur equally.
It highlights the most common value in the data.

Standard Deviation:
Standard deviation measures the dispersion of data around the mean. A higher standard
deviation indicates greater variability in the data.
To understand how much individual data points deviate from the mean.
Formula:

Variance:
Variance measures the spread of data. It is the square of the standard deviation and gives an
idea of variability in a squared unit.
To evaluate the consistency of data points.
Formula:

Skewness:
Skewness measures the asymmetry of the data distribution.
Positive skew: Right tail is longer.
Negative skew: Left tail is longer.
Zero skew: Symmetrical distribution.
To identify the direction of the data's tail.
Formula:

Kurtosis:
Kurtosis measures the "tailedness" of the data distribution.
High kurtosis: Heavy tails (outliers).
Low kurtosis: Light tails.
To understand the likelihood of extreme outcomes.
Formula:
Practice Question 1:

a) Using Excel, perform statistical operations on the given data- Mean, Median, Mode and
Standard deviation, Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis for the following dataset.

b) Using Excel, Calculate sum of percentage if class is 10.

c) Using Excel, Find the average study and sleeping hours for class 12.

Student Study Sleeping Social Media usage Mobile Games

Class Percentage
ID hrs hrs hrs hrs

1001 10 2 9 3 5 50

1002 10 6 8 2 0 80

1003 10 3 8 2 4 60

1004 11 0 10 1 5 45

1005 11 4 7 2 0 75

1006 11 10 7 0 0 96

1007 12 4 6 0 0 80

1008 12 10 6 2 0 90

1009 12 2 8 2 4 60

1010 12 6 9 1 0 85

Using Excel, perform statistical operations on the given data- Mean, Median, Mode
and Standard deviation, Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis for the following dataset.

Formulas
Mean (Average) =AVERAGE(A1:A10)
Median =MEDIAN(A1:A10)
Mode For single mode: =MODE.SNGL(A1:A10)
For multiple modes: =MODE.MULT(A1:A10)
Standard Deviation For a population: =STDEV.P(A1:A10)
For a sample: =STDEV.S(A1:A10)
Variance For a population: =VAR.P(A1:A10)
For a sample: =VAR.S(A1:A10)
Skewness =SKEW(A1:A10)
Kurtosis =KURT(A1:A10)
b) Using Excel , Calculate sum of percentage if class is 10 and highlight that rows with red
color.

Calculate sum using the formula: =SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])

Then, select all rows in the table (e.g., A2:F10).
Go to Home → Conditional Formatting → New Rule and apply formula: =$B2=10

c) Using Excel, Find the average study and sleeping hours for class 12.

Apply the formula: =AVERAGEIF(B2:B11, 12, C2:C11)

Result
Thus the statistical operations, including calculating mean, median, mode, standard deviation,
variance, skewness, and kurtosis is performed in Excel data.
 PERFORM Z-TEST, T-TEST & ANOVA
Ex No : 4

DATE:

Aim
To perform Z-TEST, T-TEST & ANOVA test to compares means for samples, groups and
across groups
PERFORM Z-TEST, T-TEST & ANOVA Notes

t-Test
The t-test is a statistical test procedure that tests whether there is a significant difference
between the means of two groups.

The two groups could be, for example, patients who received drug A once and drug B once,
and you want to know if there is a difference in blood pressure between these two groups.

Types of t-test
There are three different types of t-tests.
One sample t-test
Independent-sample t-test
Paired-sample t-test.

One sample t-Test

We use the one sample t-test when we want to compare the mean of a sample with a known
reference mean.
Example of a one sample t-test
A manufacturer of chocolate bars claims that its chocolate bars weigh 50 grams on average.
To verify this, a sample of 30 bars is taken and weighed. The mean value of this sample is 48
grams.

We can now perform a one sample t-test to see if the mean of 48 grams is significantly
different from the claimed 50 grams.

t-test for independent samples

We use the t-test for independent samples when we want to compare the means of two
independent groups or samples. We want to know if there is a significant difference between
these means.

Example of a t-test for independent samples

We would like to compare the effectiveness of two painkillers, drug A and drug B.
To do this, we randomly divide 60 test subjects into two groups. The first group receives drug
A, the second group receives drug B. With an independent t-test we can now test whether
there is a significant difference in pain relief between the two drugs.

Paired samples t-Test

The t-test for dependent samples is used to compare the means of two dependent groups.

Example of the t-test for paired samples

We want to know how effective a diet is. To do this, we weigh 30 people before the diet and
exactly the same people after the diet.

Now we can see for each person how big the weight difference is between before and after.
With a dependent t-test we can now check whether there is a significant difference.

Dependent vs. independent sample

In a dependent sample (paired sample), the measured values are available in pairs. The pairs
are created, for example, by repeated measurements on the same persons. Independent
samples (unpaired sample) result from persons and measurements that are independent of
each other.

Tip
The t-test for dependent samples is very similar to the t-test for one sample. We can also think
of the t-test for dependent samples as having a sample that was measured at two different
times. As shown in the following image, we then calculate the difference between the paired
values and get a value for one sample.

Once we get -5, once +2, once -1 and so on. Now we want to check whether the mean of the
just calculated differences deviates from a reference value. In this case, zero. And that is
exactly what the t-test does for a sample.

Assumptions
For the one sample t-test we need a sample and a reference value.
In an independent t-test, we need two independent samples.
And with the paired t-test, we need a dependent sample.
The variable for which it is to be tested whether there is a difference between the means must
be metric. Metric variables are e.g. age, body weight, income. A non-metric variable is, for
example, a person's school-leaving qualification (Secondary School, High School,...).

Furthermore, the metric variable must be normally distributed in all three variants of the t-test.
Hypotheses
t-test for one sample
In the one sample t-test, the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis are:
Null hypothesis: The sample mean is equal to the given reference value (so there is no
difference).
Alternative hypothesis: The sample mean is not equal to the given reference value (so there is
a difference).
t-test for independent samples
In the independent t-test, hypotheses are:
Null hypothesis: The means in the two groups are equal (so there is no difference between the
two groups).
Alternative hypothesis: The mean values in the two groups are not equal (i.e. there is a
difference between the two groups).

t-test for paired samples

In the paired t-test, the hypotheses are:
Null hypothesis: The mean of the differences between the pairs is zero.
Alternative hypothesis: The mean of the differences between the pairs is non-zero.

Why do we need a t-test?

There is a difference in the duration of studying between men and women in Germany.

Now, draw a sample that is as representative as possible.

The T-test helps us figure out if the difference in study durations between men and women is
big enough to be meaningful or if it's just due to random fluctuations in the data.

For example, you might collect data from 100 men and 100 women in Germany, and you find
that the average study time for men is 4 hours per day and the average study time for women
is 3.5 hours per day. The difference seems small—so you need a way to check if this small
difference is statistically significant (real) or if it could have just happened by chance.

Steps for Why We Use a T-test in This Case:

Test the Hypothesis: You start with a hypothesis that says there's no difference in the study
times of men and women (called the null hypothesis). The alternative hypothesis is that there
is a difference.

Run the T-test: You apply the T-test to see if the difference in average study times between
men and women is significant.

Understand the Result: If the T-test gives a small p-value (less than 0.05), it means the
difference in study time is statistically significant. This suggests that men and women really
study different amounts on average, not just by chance.

Calculate t-test
To calculate the t-value, we need two values. First, we need the difference of the means and
second, the standard deviation from the mean. This value is called the standard error.

In the sample t-test, we calculate the difference between the sample mean and the known
reference mean. s is the standard deviation of the data collected and n is the number of cases.
In the t-test for independent samples, the difference is simply calculated from the difference
of the two sample means.

With a paired samples t-test, we only need to calculate the difference of the paired values and
calculate the mean from this. The standard error is then the same as in the t-test for one
sample.

Interpret t-value
Regardless of which t-test we calculate, the t-value becomes larger the greater the difference
between the means. In the same way, the t-value becomes smaller when the difference
between the means is smaller.

The t-value and the null hypothesis

We now want to use the t-test to find out whether we reject the null hypothesis or not. To do
this, we can use the t-value in two ways. Either we read the so-called critical t-value from a
table or we simply calculate the p-value with the help of the t-value.

Degrees of freedom
In the one sample t-test and the dependent-sample t-test, the degrees of freedom are simply
the number of cases minus 1. So if we have a sample of 10 people, we have 9 degrees of
freedom.
In the independent samples t-test, we add the number of people from the two samples and
calculate minus 2 because we have two samples.

So if we have a significance level of 5% and 9 degrees of freedom, we get a critical t-value of

2.262.
Here we choose a significance level of 0.05, i.e. 5%.
Solved Example:

Solution:
T-statistic Calculation

Degrees of Freedom (df)

Critical t-value (α = 0.05, Two-Tailed)

For df = 8 and α = 0.05, the critical t-value is approximately 2.31 (from t-distribution table).
Conclusion
Since the calculated t-statistic (2.11) is less than the critical t-value (2.31), we fail to reject the
null hypothesis. This means there is no significant difference in the study times between men
and women at the 5% significance level.
Z-Test
A Z-test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between
sample data and a population parameter. It is commonly used when:
The data is normally distributed.
The population standard deviation (𝜎) is known.
The sample size is large (𝑛>30)
Formula for the Z-Test:

Problem 1:
A company claims the average weight of a product is 500 grams. A random sample of 36
products shows an average weight of 495 grams, with a known standard deviation of 10
grams. Test if the company's claim is valid at a significance level of 0.05.

Solution:

Problem 2:
A school claimed that the students who study that are more intelligent than the average
school. On calculating the IQ scores of 50 students, the average turns out to be 110. The
mean of the population IQ is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. State whether the claim of
the principal is right or not at a 5% significance level.

Solution:
Now, we compute the Z-Score:
X = 110
Mean = 100
Standard Deviation = 15
Number of samples = 50

Now, we look up to the z-table. For the value of ∝=0.05, the z-score for the right-tailed test
is 1.645.
Here 4.71 >1.645, so we reject the null hypothesis.

Problem 3:
If a sample of 400 male workers has a mean height of 67.47 inches, is it reasonable to regard
the sample as a sample from a large population with a mean height of 67.39 inches and a
standard deviation of 1.30 inches at a 5% level of significance?

Solution:

𝑍critical = ± 1.96
Z – Value = 1.23

Calculated Z=1.23 lies within the range of −1.96 ≤ Z ≤1.96.

Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0).

At the 5% significance level, there is no significant difference between the sample mean and
the population mean.

Problem 4:
The average hourly wage of a sample of 150 workers in Plant A is ₹2.56, with a standard
deviation of ₹1.08. The average hourly wage of a sample of 200 workers in Plant B is
₹2.87, with a standard deviation of ₹1.28. Can an applicant safely assume that the hourly
wages paid by Plant B are higher than those paid by Plant A? Test at a 5% level of
significance.
Solution:
Null Hypothesis (H0) : μ1=μ2 (No significant difference between mean hourly wages).
Alternate Hypothesis (H1): μ2>μ1 (Plant B's hourly wages are higher than Plant A's hourly
wages).

Given Data:

Z – Score Formula:

Calculation of Standard Error (SE):

2.56−2.87
Z – Score = =−0.246
0.126
Interpretation:

Since Z=-2.46 exceeds the critical Z-value of 1.645 for a one-tailed test at a 5% significance
level, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Conclusion: There is enough evidence to conclude that Plant B pays higher hourly
wages than Plant A.

ANOVA

ANOVA stands for Analysis of Variance, a statistical method used to test whether there are
significant differences between the means of three or more groups. It helps determine if at
least one group mean is significantly different from the others.
When is ANOVA Used?
Comparing the means of three or more groups.
Determining if variations in a dependent variable are influenced by different levels of an
independent variable.
Testing for differences between groups while accounting for random errors or variances.
Types of ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA: Compares the means of three or more groups based on one independent
variable.
Two-Way ANOVA: Compares the means of groups based on two independent variables and
their interaction.
Problem 1:
A teacher wants to know if the average marks of students differ between three teaching
methods: Lecture, Group Discussion, and Practical Method. The data for the students’ scores
is:
Group Scores
Lecture 78, 80, 84,
90
Group 68, 72, 70,
Discussion 66
Practical 90, 92, 94,
Method 95

Solution
Define the Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H0): All group means are equal.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): At least one group mean is different.

Calculation:
Step 1: Calculate Group Means

Step 2: Calculate Overall Mean

The overall mean( x ¿ is calculated by averaging all the values across all groups:

Step 3: Calculate the Between-Group Sum of Squares (SSB)

The formula for SSB is:

Where 𝑛 is the number of observations per group (which is 4 in this case).

Step 4: Calculate the Within-Group Sum of Squares (SSW)

The formula for SSW is:

For Group 1(Lecture) :

For Group 2 (Group Discussion):

For Group 3 (Practical Method):

TOTAL SSW = 84 + 20 + 14.74 = 118.74

Step 5: Calculate Degrees of Freedom

Step 6: Calculate Mean Squares

Mean square between groups (MSB):

Mean square within groups (MSW):

Step 7: Calculate the F-Statistic

Now, compare the calculated F-value (55.06) with the critical value from an F-distribution
table at a chosen significance level (typically 0.05). If the calculated F-value is greater than
the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis, which means there is a significant difference
between the groups.

ANOVA Table

Final Decision:

Since the calculated F-value is very high (55.06), and based on typical F-table values for
df1=2 and df2=9, we would reject the null hypothesis, concluding that there is a statistically
significant difference in student performance among the three teaching methods.

When referring to the F-distribution table with df1=2 (between groups) and df2=9 (within
groups) at a significance level of α=0.05, the correct F-critical value is indeed 4.26.
Result
Thus the Z-TEST, T-TEST & ANOVA test to compares means for samples, groups and
across groups is performed.
 EX NO: 5A PERFORM DATA PRE-PROCESSING OPERATIONS -
HANDLING MISSING DATA
DATE :

AIM:
To handle the missing data in data pre-processing operations on the dataset using MS-EXCEL.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Ms Excel application in Ms- office.

Step 2 : Create datasheet for student marks in Ms Excel application.
Step 3 : If you haven't already installed the PrimaXL Addin, install it. Click the
PrimaXL tab , choose missing
Step 4 : In the Input Range we select marks of all subjects with missing values and select
the Choice as “filling of the missing data by taking average” or ” filling of the
missing data by random pick”.
Step 5: Then select Output Range where you want the output to be stored. If you don’t
specify the output range it will throw output in the new worksheet.
Step 6 : Then select Output Range where you want the output to be stored. If you don’t
specify the output range it will throw output in the new worksheet.
Step 7 : When you click Ok, you will see the result in the selected output range.
Step 8: Save the excel file and Close the Ms Excel application.
Result
The missing data on dataset was handled successfully using MS-EXCEL and the
desired output was displayed in neat format.
 2

EX NO: 5A PERFORM DATA PRE-PROCESSING OPERATIONS

- NORMALIZATION
DATE :

AIM:
To normalize in the given dataset using MS-EXCEL.
Normalization (Or Min-Max scaling) data in excel

It is the process of scaling data in such a way that all data points lie in a range of 0 to 1.
Thus, this technique, makes it possible to bring all data points to a common scale. The
mathematical formula for normalization is given as:

where X is the data point, Xmax and Xmin are the maximum and minimum value in the group of
records respectively. The process of normalization is generally used when the distribution of
data does not follow the Gaussian distribution.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Ms Excel application in Ms- office.

Step 2 : Create datasheet for sales data in Ms Excel application.
Step 3 : Find maximum and minimum values of given data set.
Step 4 : Calculate the difference between maximum and minimum values
Step 5: Apply the normalization formula using maximum value, minimum value and
difference value.
Step 6 : Find the best value of the normalized data. Step 7 : Display the normalized data
in desired format
.
Step 8: Save the excel file and Close the Ms Excel application.
 2

RESULT:
The given dataset was normalized using MS-EXCEL and the desired output was displayed in
neat format.
 24

EX NO: 6 PERFORM DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION

OPERATION USING PCA, KPCA & SVD
DATE :

AIM
To Perform dimensionality reduction operation using PCA, KPCA & SVD

PROCEDURE
Step 1 : Start Ms Excel application in Ms- office.
Step 2 : Open XLSTAT . Select the XLSTAT / Analyzing data / Principal components
analysis command. The Principal Component Analysis dialog box will appear.
Step 3 : Select the data on the Excel sheet.
Step 4 : Select Observations/variables in the Data format field because of the format of the
input data and Select Correlation in the PCA type field.
Step 5: In the Outputs tab, activate the option to display significant correlations in bold
characters (Test significancy).
Step 6 : In the Charts tab, in order to display the labels on all charts, and to display all the
observations (observations charts and biplots), uncheck the filtering option.
Step 7 : If there is a lot of data, displaying the labels might slow down the global display of
the results. Displaying all the observations might make the results unreadable. In these cases,
filtering the observations to display is recommended
Step 8: Click OK to launch the computations.
 24

RESULT:
The given dataset was performed dimensionality reduction operation using PCA, KPCA &
SVD and the desired output was displayed in neat format.
 2

EX NO: 7a PERFORM BIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE DATASET

DATE :

AIM:
To Perform bivariate analysis on the dataset using MS-EXCEL.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Ms Excel application in Ms- office.

Step 2 : Create datasheet for student marks in Ms Excel application.
Step 3 : If you haven't already installed the Analysis ToolPak , Click the Microsoft Office
button, then click on the Excel Options , and then select Add-Ins , Click Go, check the
Analysis ToolPak box, and click Ok
Step 4 : Select Data tab, then click on the Data Analysis option, then selects
Descriptive Statistics from the list and Click Ok. [Data tab >> Data Analysis >>]
Step 5: In the Input Range we select quantity as x range and discount as y range then
select Output Range where you want the output to be stored. If you don’t specify the output
range it will throw output in the new worksheet.
Step 6 : Then select Output Range where you want the output to be stored. If you don’t
specify the output range it will throw output in the new worksheet.
Step 7 : When you click Ok, you will see the result in the selected output range. Step 8:
Save the excel file and Close the Ms Excel application.
 2

Result:
The bivariate analysis on dataset was performed successfully using MS-EXCEL and
the desired output was displayed in neat format.
 26

EX NO: 7b PERFORM MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE

DATASET
DATE :

AIM:
To Perform multivariate analysis on the dataset using MS-EXCEL.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Ms Excel application in Ms- office.

Step 2 : Create datasheet for student marks in Ms Excel application.
Step 3 : If you haven't already installed the Analysis ToolPak , Click the Microsoft Office
button, then click on the Excel Options , and then select Add-Ins , Click Go, check the
Analysis ToolPak box, and click Ok
Step 4 : Select Data tab, then click on the Data Analysis option, then selects
Descriptive Statistics from the list and Click Ok. [Data tab >> Data Analysis >>]
Step 5: In the Input Range we Select quantity as x range and discount and profit as y range
, then select Output Range where you want the output to be stored. If you don’t specify the
output range it will throw output in the new worksheet.
Step 6 : Then select Output Range where you want the output to be stored. If you don’t
specify the output range it will throw output in the new worksheet.
Step 7 : When you click Ok, you will see the result in the selected output range. Step 8:
Save the excel file and Close the Ms Excel application.
 26

Result:
The multivariate analysis on the dataset was performed successfully using MS-EXCEL
and the desired output was displayed in neat format.
 2

EX NO: 8
PLOTTING FUNCTIONS ON THE DATA SET
DATE :

AIM:
To apply and explore various plotting functions on the data set using MS-EXCEL.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Ms Excel application in Ms- office.

Step 2 : Create datasheet for student marks in Ms Excel application.
Step 3 : select the data for which a chart is to be created.
Step 4 : In the INSERT menu, select Recommended Charts.
Step 5 : Choose any chart from the list of charts Excel recommends for your data on the
Recommended Charts tab, and click it to preview how it will look with your data.
Step 6 : lick on All Charts if you are unable to locate a chart you like.
Step 7 : Click on the chart that you prefer and then click OK.
Step 8 : Add chart elements such as axis titles or data labels, customize the appearance of
the chart, or change the data displayed in the chart by clicking on Chart Elements, Chart Styles,
and Chart Filters in the upper−right corner of the chart.
Step 9 : Click on the chart TOOLS tab on the ribbon to add additional design and formatting
capabilities and then click the options you desire under the DESIGN and FORMAT tabs.
Step 10: When you click Ok, you will see the result in the selected output range. Step 11 :
Save the excel file and Close the Ms Excel application.
 2

RESULT:
The plotting functions was applied and explored on the data set successfully using MS-EXCEL
and the desired output was displayed in neat format.
 2
EX NO: 9 Explore the features of Power BI Desktop
DATE :

AIM:

To explore the features of Power BI Desktop

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Power BI Desktop

Step 2 : Connect to data.
Step 3 : Transform and clean data to create a data model.
Step 4 : Create visuals, such as charts or graphs that provide visual representations of the
data.
Step 5: Create reports that are collections of visuals on one or more report pages.
Step 6 : Share reports with others by using the Power BI service.
Step 7 : Save the file in desired location
Step 8 : Close the Power BI Desktop application
 30

Explore the features of Power BI Desktop

What is Power BI Desktop?

Power BI Desktop is a free application you install on your local computer that lets you connect
to, transform, and visualize your data. With Power BI Desktop, you can connect to multiple
different sources of data, and combine them (often called modeling) into a data model. This
data model lets you build visuals, and collections of visuals you can share as reports, with other
people inside your organization. Most users who work on business intelligence projects use
Power BI Desktop to create reports, and then use the Power BI service to share their reports
with others.

The most common uses for Power BI Desktop are as follows:

Connect to data.
Transform and clean data to create a data model.
Create visuals, such as charts or graphs that provide visual representations of the data.
Create reports that are collections of visuals on one or more report pages.
Share reports with others by using the Power BI service.

People who are responsible for such tasks are often considered data analysts (sometimes
referred to as analysts) or business intelligence professionals (often referred to as report
creators). Many people who don't consider themselves an analyst or a report creator use Power
BI Desktop to create compelling reports, or to pull data from various sources. They can build
data models, and then share the reports with their coworkers and organizations.

Important
Power BI Desktop is updated and released on a monthly basis, incorporating customer feedback
and new features. Only the most recent version of Power BI Desktop is supported; customers
who contact support for Power BI Desktop will be asked to upgrade to the most
 3

recent version. You can get the most recent version of Power BI Desktop from the Windows
Store, or as a single executable containing all supported languages that you download and
install on your computer.

There are three views available in Power BI Desktop, which you select on the left side of the
canvas. The views, shown in the order they appear, are as follows:

Report: You create reports and visuals, where most of your creation time is spent.
Data: You see the tables, measures, and other data used in the data model associated with your
report, and transform the data for best use in the report's model.
Model: You see and manage the relationships among tables in your data model.

The following image shows the three views, as displayed along the left side of the canvas:

Connect to data

To get started with Power BI Desktop, the first step is to connect to data. There are many
different data sources you can connect to from Power BI Desktop.

To connect to data:

From the Home ribbon, select Get Data > More.

The Get Data window appears, showing the many categories to which Power BI Desktop can
connect.
 32

When you select a data type, you're prompted for information, such as the URL and credentials,
necessary for Power BI Desktop to connect to the data source on your behalf.
 3

After you connect to one or more data sources, you may want to transform the data so it's useful
for you.

Transform and clean data, create a model

In Power BI Desktop, you can clean and transform data using the built-in Power Query Editor.
With Power Query Editor, you make changes to your data, such as changing a data type,
removing columns, or combining data from multiple sources. It's like sculpting: you start with a
large block of clay (or data), then shave off pieces or add others as needed, until the shape of
the data is how you want it.

To start Power Query Editor:

On the Home ribbon, in the Queries section, select Transform data.

The Power Query Editor window appears.

 34

Each step you take in transforming data (such as renaming a table, transforming a data type, or
deleting a column) is recorded by Power Query Editor. Every time this query connects to the
data source, those steps are carried out so that the data is always shaped the way you specify.

The following image shows the Power Query Editor window for a query that was shaped, and
turned into a model.

Once your data is how you want it, you can create visuals.

Create visuals

After you have a data model, you can drag fields onto the report canvas to create visuals. A
visual is a graphic representation of the data in your model. There are many different types of
 3

visuals to choose from in Power BI Desktop. The following visual shows a simple column
chart.

To create or change a visual:

From the Visualizations pane, select the Build visual icon.

If you already have a visual selected on the report canvas, the selected visual changes to the
type you selected.

If no visual is selected on the canvas, a new visual is created based on your selection.
 36

Create reports

More often, you'll want to create a collection of visuals that show various aspects of the data
you've used to create your model in Power BI Desktop. A collection of visuals, in one Power BI
Desktop file, is called a report. A report can have one or more pages, just like an Excel file can
have one or more worksheets.

With Power BI Desktop you can create complex and visually rich reports, using data from
multiple sources, all in one report that you can share with others in your organization.

In the following image, you see the first page of a Power BI Desktop report, named Overview,
as seen on the tab near the bottom of the image.

Share reports

After a report is ready to share with others, you can publish the report to the Power BI service,
and make it available to anyone in your organization who has a Power BI license.

To publish a Power BI Desktop report:

Select Publish from the Home ribbon.

Power BI Desktop connects you to the Power BI service with your Power BI account.
You're prompted to select where in the Power BI service you'd like to share the report. For
example, your workspace, a team workspace, or some other location in the Power BI service.

Following are some of the features of Power BI -

Power BI Desktop
Power BI Desktop is free software that you can download and install, and it allows you to build
reports by accessing data easily. For using Power BI desktop, you do not need advanced report
designing, or query skills to build a report.
Stream Analytics
Power BI's primary advantage is its support stream analytics. From factory sensors to social
media sources, Power BI assists in real-time analytics to make timely decisions.
Multiple Data Sources
Support for various data sources is one of the vital features of Power BI. You can access
various sources of data such as Excel, CSV, SQL Server, Web files, etc. to create interactive
visualizations.
Custom Visualization
While dealing with complex data, Power BI's default standard might not be enough in some
cases. In that case, you can access the custom library of visualization that meets your needs.
RESULT:

The features of Power BI explored successfully and displayed desired output in neat
format.
 EX NO:10
PREPARE & LOAD DATA
DATE :

AIM:

To Prepare & Load data in Power BI Desktop

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Power BI Desktop

Step 2 : Goto to home menu , select get data and then choose excel worksheet
Step 3 : Select your file to load into Power Bi application and press load button
Step 4 : Now the file is loaded and now click data view in the left panel
Step 5: Now the file is loaded in the form of table format
Step 6 : Save the file in desired location
Step 7 : Close the Power BI Desktop application

To see available data sources, in the Home group of the Power BI Desktop ribbon, select
the Get data button label or down arrow to open the Common data sources list. If the data
source you want isn't listed under Common data sources, select More to open the Get
Data dialog box.
Or, open the Get Data dialog box directly by selecting the Get data icon itself.

Template apps

You can find template apps for your organization by selecting the Template Apps link near the
bottom of the Get data window.
Available Template Apps may vary based on your organization.

Connect to a data source

To connect to a data source, select the data source from the Get data window and
select Connect. The following screenshot shows Web selected from the Other data connection
category.
A connection window appears. Enter the URL or resource connection information, and then
select OK. The following screenshot shows a URL entered in the From Web connection dialog
box.

Depending on the data connection, you might be prompted to provide credentials or other
information. After you provide all required information, Power BI Desktop connects to the data
source and presents the available data sources in the Navigator dialog box.

Select the tables and other data that you want to load. To load the data, select the Load button at
the bottom of the Navigator pane. To transform or edit the query in Power Query Editor before
loading the data, select the Transform Data button.
RESULT:
The Excel data sheet was prepared and loaded successfully into Power BI Desktop and
displayed desired output in neat format.
 EX NO:11
DEVELOPING DATA MODEL
DATE :

AIM:

To Develop the data model using Power BI Desktop

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Power BI Desktop

Step 2 : Goto to home menu , select get data and then choose excel worksheet
Step 3 : Select your file to load into Power Bi application and press load button
Step 4 : Now the file is loaded and now click model view in the left panel
Step 5: Now data modeling of the given tables are displayed in output screen
Step 6 : Save the file in desired location
Step 7 : Close the Power BI Desktop application

Using Data Modeling and Navigation

Data Modeling is one of the features used to connect multiple data sources in the BI tool using
a relationship. A relationship defines how data sources are connected and you can create
interesting data visualizations on multiple data sources.

With the modeling feature, you can build custom calculations on the existing tables and these
columns can be directly presented in Power BI visualizations. This allows businesses to define
new metrics and perform custom calculations for those metrics.
In the above image, you can see a common data model, which shows a relationship between
two tables. Both tables are joined using a column name "Id".

Similarly, in Power BI, you set the relationship between two objects. To set the relationship,
you have to drag a line between the common columns. You can also view the "Relationship"
in a data model in Power BI.

To create a data model in Power BI, you need to add all data sources in Power BI new report
option. To add a data source, go to the Get data option. Then, select the data source you want
to connect and click the Connect button.
Once you add a data source, it is presented on the right sidebar. In the following image, we
have used 2 xls files to import data - Customer and Product.

In Power BI on the left side of the screen, you have the following three tabs −

 Report
 Data
 Relationships

When you navigate to the Report tab, you can see a dashboard and a chart selected for data
visualization. You can select different chart types as per your need. In our example, we have
selected a Table type from available Visualizations.
When you go to the Data tab, you can see all the data as per the defined Relationship from the
data sources.

In the Relationship tab, you can see the relationship between data sources. When you add
multiple data sources to Power BI visualization, the tool automatically tries to detect the
relationship between the columns. When you navigate to the Relationship tab, you can view
the relationship. You can also create a Relationship between the columns using Create
Relationships option.
You can also add and remove relationships in data visualization. To remove a relationship,
you have to right-click and select the "Delete" option. To create a new "Relationship", you
just need to drag and drop the fields that you want to link between the data sources.

You can also use the Relationship view to hide a particular column in the report. To hide a
column, right-click on the column name and select the "Hide in report view" option.
RESULT:
The data model was developed and loaded successfully using Power BI Desktop and
displayed desired output in neat format.
 EX NO:12
PERFORM DAX CALCULATIONS
DATE :

AIM:

To perform DAX calculations using Power BI Desktop

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Power BI Desktop

Step 2 : Goto to home menu , select get data and then choose excel worksheet
Step 3 : Select your file to load into Power Bi application and press load button
Step 4 : Now the file is loaded and now click report view in the left panel
Step 5: Goto data panel and right click on data file and choose new measure
Step 6 : Type the formula for new measure and click the new measure “ was added
Step 7 : Drag the corresponding various types of visualization in workspace.
Step 8 : Save the file in desired location
Step 9 : Close the Power BI Desktop application

DAX Calculation Types

In Power BI, you can create two primary calculations using DAX −

 Calculated columns
 Calculated measures

When you navigate to the Modeling tab, you can see a New Column option at the top of the
screen. This also opens the formula bar where you can enter DAX formula to perform the
calculation. DAX - Data Analysis Expression is a powerful language used in Excel to perform
calculations. You can also rename the column by changing the Column text in the formula bar.
In the following example, we have created a new column: Product Code (Product_C), which is
derived from the last 3 characters of Prod_Id column. Following is the formula −

Product_C = RIGHT( Sheet1[Prod_Id],3)

To create a calculated measure, navigate to New Measure tab under Modeling. This will add a
new object under the Fields tab with the name Measure.

You can write DAX formula to calculate the value of the new measure, as we did for the new
calculated column.
RESULT:

The perform DAX calculations were performed successfully using Power BI Desktop and
displayed desired output in neat format.
 EX NO:13
DATE : DESIGN A REPORT

AIM:

To using Power BI Desktop

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Power BI Desktop

Step 2 : Goto to home menu , select get data and then choose excel worksheet
Step 3 : Select your file to load into Power Bi application and press load button
Step 4 : Now the file is loaded and now click report view in the left panel
Step 5: Goto data panel and right click on data file and choose new measure
Step 6 : Type the formula for new measure and click the new measure “ was added
Step 7 : Select clustered column chat and copy the visualization in workspace.
Step 8 : Change to decomposition tree visualization in workspace.
Step 9 : Explore the data in various forms for select filed .
Step 9 : Save the file in desired location
Step 10 : Close the Power BI Desktop application
RESULT:
The report was created successfully using Power BI Desktop and displayed desired output in
neat format.
 EX NO:14 CREATION OF A DASHBOARD AND
PERFORM DATA ANALYSIS
DATE :

AIM:

To create of a dashboard and perform data analysis using Power BI Desktop

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 : Start Power BI Desktop

Step 2 : Goto to home menu , select get data and then choose excel worksheet
Step 3 : Select your file to load into Power Bi application and press load button
Step 4 : Now the file is loaded and now click report view in the left panel
Step 5: Goto data panel and right click on data file and choose team filed and slicer
visualization
Step 6 : Now teamwise slicer was displayed. Next copy the visualization and change to
card visualization
Step 7 : Now copy the visualization and change to gauge visualization
Step 8 : Next copy the visualization and change to donut visualization and drag gender
field and change value filed as count of gender
Step 9 : Now change and display the visualization as per teamwise
Step 10 : Save the file in desired location
Step 9 : Close the Power BI Desktop application

Publish Power BI Report

Navigate to Power BI Service

Select Workspaces and click Create a workspace.

Enter 311 Workspace for Workspace name and click Save.

Go back to the Power BI desktop application, select the Home tab, and click Publish .
Select 311 Workspace as the destination, then click Select.

Wait until publishing is complete and click Open <name of your report>.pbix in Power BI.

This will open the published report in the browser.

Create Power BI Dashboard

Expand 311 Workspace.

Select the Problem management report under Reports heading.

Select Pin to a dashboard on the menu. Depending on the layout you may need to press … to
show additional menu items.

Select New dashboard on Pin to dashboard prompt.

Enter Problem Management Dashboard as a Dashboard name, select Pin live.

Select 311 Workspace node, select Problem Management Dashboard.

Test interactivity of the pie and bar charts that are displayed.

Add Visualizations Using Natural Language

Select Ask a question about your data on top of the dashboard.

Enter funnel count of problem reports by status in Q&A area. The funnel chart will be
displayed.

Select Pin visual.

Select Existing dashboard, select Problem Management dashboard, select Pin.

Task 4: Build Mobile Phone View

Select the Problem Management dashboard from Dashboards area.

Click Edit and then select Mobile Layout from the drop down box.

Rearrange tiles as desired.

Select your report under **311 Workspace

Select File and then select Generate QR Code from the drop down box.
If you have a mobile device, scan the code using a QR scanner app available on both iOS and
Android platforms.

NOTE

To access the dashboard and report you will have to sign in on the phone as the same user.

Navigate and explore reports and dashboards on a mobile device.

RESULT:
The dashboard was created and data analysis was performed successfully using Power BI
Desktop and displayed desired output in neat format.
 4

EX NO:15
PRESENTATION OF A CASE STUDY - CAMPUS
DATE :
RECRUITMENT ANALYSIS

AIM:
To Presentation of a case study for Campus Recruitment Analysis using Power BI Desktop

The Challenge
Campus Placements/ Campus Recruitment drives are conducted in various educational
institutes for providing job opportunities to the students who are pursuing their particular
academic courses.
As much as it is important to the students, it is also important to the institute as it gives a chance
to contemplate about the process. This data includes students from various
colleges.

The Solution
What every management team wants to know:
How many companies appeared?
How many students appeared?
Which companies have hired the most of the students and from which college?
How many students accepted the offer?
Were the companies beneficial in accordance to their vacancies?
How many students were selected by the companies?
What was the ratio between students applied and the vacancies available?
Which college were the most preferred by the students?
Which technologies were the most preferred by the students?
Which colleges were benefitted by this recruitment in terms of the selection?
Which colleges did not perform up to the mark?
Which colleges were involved the most in terms of the students registered?
Which companies were beneficial in accordance to their vacancies?

The Extra Mile

We gave users a menu driven page where they can navigate to the page of their interest.
Overview of companies with respect to the technologies.
Overview of students with respect to the technologies, companies and colleges.
Overview of selected students with respect to the technologies, companies and colleges.
Insights on basis of the students' priority and the offers given to them.
We have given extra information apart from what is need about every area of interest.
EX NO:16
PRESENTATION OF A CASE STUDY - CAMPUS
DATE :
RECRUITMENT ANALYSIS

OUTPUT
RESULT:

The Presentation of a case study for Campus Recruitment Analysis was performed
successfully using Power BI Desktop and displayed desired output in neat format.