DETAILED LESSON PLAN

Statistics and Probability in Mathematics 11

I. Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a. understand the concepts of hypothesis testing in p-value approach
b. solve problems using the steps in hypothesis testing in p-value approach
c. show cooperation during the discussion
II. Subject Matter
A. Topic: Test of Hypothesis
B. Sub-Topic: Steps in Hypothesis Testing in P-Value Approach
B. References: Next Century Mathematics Statistics and Probability.
Mercado P. Jesus Phoenix Publishing House
C. Materials: LAPTOP (PPT), chalk, chalkboard, manila paper
D. Values Integration: coooperation, self-esteem, discipline
E. Duration: 60 minutes

III. Procedure
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
A. Awareness (5 minutes)

Good morning class!

How are you today?
Good afternoon, ma’am! We are fine.
That’s good to know class

Everybody stand, let us pray.

(everyone is praying)
Before you take your seat, kindly pick up some pieces of
papers under your chairs and arrange it properly.
The students will arrange the chairs.

Okay, you may now take your seat and secretary kindly
check the attendance
The secretary will check the attendance.
Happy to know class that most of you are present. So let’s
give yourselves a round of applause.
The students will applause.

So now let’s have first a review of the previous lesson.

What is our topic last meeting?
Our topic last meeting ma’am is all about
the one-tailed and two-tailed tests.
Do you have any questions about our last topic?

If none, now let’s have an activity in relation to our topic

today.

B. Activity (5 minutes)
GROUP ACTIVITY
Directions: Arrange the steps in conducting the hypothesis
testing using p-value
 Draw a conclusion.
 Determine the p-value.
 Identify the type of test: 1-tailed or 2-tailed
  Identify the appropriate test statistics: z-test or t-test
and compute the value.
 Make a decision: reject or do not reject the null
hypothesis
 Determine the degrees of freedom. (df = n-1)
 State the null and the alternative hypothesis in
mathematical form.
 Identify the level of significance.
 Plot the p-value.

ANSWER:
 State the null and the alternative hypothesis in
mathematical form.
 Identify the type of test: 1-tailed or 2-tailed
 Identify the level of significance.
 Identify the appropriate test statistics: z-test or t-test
and compute the value.
 Determine the degrees of freedom. (df = n-1)
 Determine the p-value.
 Plot the p-value.
 Make a decision: reject or do not reject the null
hypothesis
 Draw a conclusion.

C. Analysis (5 minutes)

1. What did you observe from the activity?

I observed that these steps are to be used
in hypothesis testing in p-value approach.
Okay, correct.

What do you think will be our topic for today?

Our topic for today is about hypothesis
testing in p-value approach.
Okay excellent!
Today, we are going to discuss about hypothesis testing in p-
value approach

D. Abstraction (15 minutes)

The p-value or probability value is an option use in

hypothesis testing that helps you determine the significance
of your result. When the p-value is less than or equal to
the level of significance, it will result in the rejection of
the null hypothesis.

REJECT the null hypothesis if: p-value ≤ α .

DO NOT REJECT the null hypothesis if: p-value > α .

The two types of Test Statistics on population mean are

summarized in the table below.
 Use z-test if: Use the t-test if:
 Statistical test for  Statistical test for
the means of the means of
population. population.
 Population is  Population is
normally normally
distributed distributed
 No matter what the  n < 30
sample size is,  σ is unknown: use
when σ is known. sample standard
 n ≥ 30, σ is deviation (s)
unknown use s instead
 Formula  Formula

x−μ x−μ
z= σ t= s
√n √n
x = sample mean x = sample mean
μ=¿ hypothesized value μ=¿ hypothesized value
σ = population standard s = sample standard
deviation deviation
n = sample size n = sample size

In conducting the hypothesis testing using p-value, we can

still follow the procedure in nine steps using critical value
approach. However, instead of determining the critical value
on step no. 6, we determine the p-value instead.

1. State the null and the alternative hypothesis in

mathematical form.
2. Identify the type of test: 1-tailed or 2-tailed
3. Identify the level of significance.
4. Identify the appropriate test statistics: z-test or t-test
and compute the value.
5. Determine the degrees of freedom. (df = n-1)
6. Determine the p-value.
7. Plot p-value.
8. Make a decision: reject or do not reject the null
hypothesis
9. Draw a conclusion.

EXAMPLE 1
The Head of the Math Department announced that the mean
score of Grade 9 students in the first periodic examination in
Mathematics was 89 and the standard deviation was 12. One
students who believed that the mean score was less than this,
randomly selected 34 students and computed their mean
score. She obtained a mean score of 85. At 0.01 level of
significance, test the student’s belief.
Given:
μ=¿ 89
x = 85
σ = 12
n = 34
α =0.01

Step 1. Sate the null and the alternative hypotheses.

 H 0: μ=89

 H a : μ<89

Step 2. Identify the type of test: 1-tailed or 2-tailed

 Type of test: 1-tailed
(Based on the alternative hypothesis, the condition
of equality is less than.)

Step 3. Identify the level of significance.

 α =0.01

Step 4. Compute the statistic. Identify the appropriate

test statistics: z-test or t-test and compute the value.
 z-test, n=40 bulbs, which is more than 30 samples
and population standard deviation (σ ) is given
x−μ
 z= σ
√n
85−89
z = 12 -1.94
√34
The computed test statistic is z = -1.94 use the Areas
Under the Normal Curve Table and disregard the
negative sign. The value is. 0.4738.
Step 5. Determine the degrees of freedom. (df = n-1)

 df is not required in z-test

Step 6. Determine the p-value.

 p-value = 0.0262. Subtract 0.4738 from 0.5.

Step 7. Plot the p-value.

Step 8. Make a decision: reject or do not reject the null

hypothesis
  Do not reject the null hypothesis. (Since the p-value
is greater than the level of significance.)
Step 9. Draw a conclusion.
 This conclude that the mean score of the students in
the first periodic mathematics examination is not
less than 89.

(Since the decision is not to reject the null

hypothesis, it means that the null hypothesis is true,
and the mean score of the students in the first
periodic mathematics examination is not less than to
89.)

EXAMPLE 2
A bicycle repair shop claims its repairman can replace a
bicycle wheel in 15 minutes, at an average. Twelve repair
jobs were selected and found the mean time to be 14. 2
minutes with a sample standard deviation of 2.7 minutes. Is
there enough evidence to conclude that the mean time in
changing a wheel is less than 15 minutes? Test at α =0.025

Given:
μ=¿ 15 minutes
x = 14.2 minutes
s = 2.7 minutes
n = 12 repair jobs
α =0.025

Step 1. State the null and the alternative hypotheses.

 H 0: μ=15 minutes

 H a : μ<15 minutes

Step 2. Identify the type of test: 1-tailed or 2-tailed

 Type of test: 1-tailed – left-tailed
(Based on the alternative hypothesis, the condition
of equality is less than.)

Step 3. Identify the level of significance.

 α =0.025

Step 4. Compute the statistic. Identify the appropriate

test statistics: z-test or t-test and compute the value.
 t-test, n=12 repair jobs, which is less than 30
samples and population standard deviation (σ ) is
given
x−μ
 t= σ
√n
 14.2−15
t = 2.7 = -1.03
√12
The computed test statistic is z = -1.03 use the Areas
Under the Normal Curve Table and disregard the
negative sign. The value is. 0.3485.

Step 5. Determine the degrees of freedom. (df = n-1)

 df = 12 - 1 = 11

Step 6. Determine the p-value.

 p-value = 0.1515. Subtract 0.3485 from 0.5.

Step 7. Plot the p-value.

Step 8. Make a decision: reject or do not reject the null

hypothesis
 Do not reject the null hypothesis. (Since the p-value
is greater than the level of significance.)
Step 9. Draw a conclusion.
 There is no significant difference in the average time
to replace a bicycle wheel. This suggests that the
mean time to replace a bicycle wheel is equal to 15
minutes.

(Since the decision is to “do not reject the null

hypothesis, it means that the null hypothesis is true,
and the average time to replace a bicycle wheel is
equal to 15 minutes.)

E. APPLICATION (10 minutes)

GROUP ACTIVITY
Directions: Get a ½ sheet of paper and solve the following
problem.
GROUP 1
A producer of lightbulbs says that the average lifetime of the
lightbulbs they make is 3.5 years or 42 months with a
standard deviation of 9 months. Forty bulbs are selected, and
the average lifetime is found to be less than 38 months.
Should the producer’s statement be rejected at α =0.10 ?
GROUP 2
A bicycle repair shop claims its repairman can replace a
bicycle wheel in 17 minutes, at an average. Fifteen repair
jobs were selected and found the mean time to be 15 minutes
with a sample standard deviation of 3 minutes. Is there
enough evidence to conclude that the mean time in changing ANSWER:
a wheel is less than 17 minutes? Test at α =0.01 GROUP 1
Given:
μ=¿ 42 months
x = 38 months
σ = 9 months
n = 40 bulbs
α =0.10

Step 1. State the null and the

alternative hypotheses.
 H 0: μ=42

 H a : μ ≠ 42

Step 2. Identify the type of test: 1-tailed

or 2-tailed
 Type of test: 2-tailed
(Based on the alternative
hypothesis, the condition of
equality is not equal.)

Step 3. Identify the level of significance.

 α =0.10

Step 4. Compute the statistic. Identify

the appropriate test statistics: z-test or
t-test and compute the value.
 z-test, n=40 bulbs, which is more
than 30 samples and population
standard deviation (σ ) is given
x−μ
 z= σ
√n
38−42
z= 9 -2. 81
√ 40
The computed test statistic is z =
-2.81 use the Areas Under the
Normal Curve Table and
disregard the negative sign. The
value is. 0.4975.

Step 5. Determine the degrees of

freedom. (df = n-1)

 df is not required in z-test

Step 6. Determine the p-value.

 p-value = 0.0025. Subtract 0.4975

 from 0.5.

Step 7. Plot the computed value and the

critical value.

Step 8. Make a decision: reject or do

not reject the null hypothesis
 Reject the null hypothesis. (Since
the p-value is less than the level
of significance.)
Step 9. Draw a conclusion.
 Evidence suggests that the mean
lifetime of lightbulb is
significantly different. This
implies that the average lifetime
of lightbulb is not equal to 42
months.

(Since the decision is to reject the

null hypothesis, it means that the
null hypothesis is not true, and
the lifetime of the lightbulb is not
equal to 42 months.)

GROUP 2

Given:

μ=¿ 17 minutes
x = 15 minutes
s = 3 minutes
n = 15 repair jobs
α =0.01

Step 1. State the null and the

alternative hypotheses.
 H 0: μ=17 minutes

 H a : μ<17 minutes

Step 2. Identify the type of test: 1-tailed

or 2-tailed
 Type of test: 1-tailed – left-tailed
(Based on the alternative
hypothesis, the condition of
equality is less than.)
Step 3. Identify the level of significance.

 α =0.01

Step 4. Compute the statistic. Identify

the appropriate test statistics: z-test or
t-test and compute the value.
 t-test, n=15 repair jobs, which is
less than 30 samples and
population standard deviation (σ )
is given
x−μ
 t= s
√n
15−17
t = 3 = -2.63
√15
The computed test statistic is t =
-2.63 use the Areas Under the
Normal Curve Table and
disregard the negative sign. The
value is. 0.4956

Step 5. Determine the degrees of

freedom. (df = n-1)

 df = 12 - 1 = 11

Step 6. Determine the p-value.

 p-value = 0.0044. Subtract 0.4956

from 0.5.

Step 7. Plot the p-value.

Step 8. Make a decision: reject or do

not reject the null hypothesis
 Reject the null hypothesis. (Since
the p-value is less than the level
of significance.)

Step 9. Draw a conclusion.
 This suggests that the mean time
to replace a bicycle wheel is not
equal to 17 minutes.
ASSESSMENT: (10 minutes)
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
Directions: Get a ½ sheet of paper and solve the following problem.

1. A company which produces batteries claims that the life expectancy of their batteries is 90 hours. In
order to test the claim, a consumer interest group tested a random sample of 40 batteries. The test
resulted a mean life expectancy to 87 hours. Using a 0.05 level of significance, can it be concluded
that the life expectancy of their batteries is less than 90 hours? Assume that the population standard
deviation is known to be 10 hours.

ANSWER:
Given:
μ=¿ 90 hours
x = 87 hours
σ = 10 hours
n = 40 batteries
α =0.05

Step 1. Sate the null and the alternative hypotheses.

 H 0: μ=90

 H a : μ<90

Step 2. Identify the type of test: 1-tailed or 2-tailed

 Type of test: 1-tailed
(Based on the alternative hypothesis, the condition of equality is less than.)

Step 3. Identify the level of significance.

 α =0.05

Step 4. Compute the statistic. Identify the appropriate test statistics: z-test or t-test and compute
the value.
 z-test, n=40 batteries, which is less than 30 samples and population standard deviation (σ ) is
given
x−μ
 z= σ
√n
87−90
z = 10 -1.90
√ 40
The computed test statistic is t = -1.90 use the Areas Under the Normal Curve Table and
disregard the negative sign. The value is. 0.4713.
Step 5. Determine the degrees of freedom. (df = n-1)

 df is not required in z-test

Step 6. Determine the p-value.

 p-value = 0.0287. Subtract 0.4713 from 0.5.

Step 7. Plot p-value.

Step 8. Make a decision: reject or do not reject the null hypothesis

 Reject the null hypothesis. (Since the p-value is less than the level of significance.)

Step 9. Draw a conclusion.

 This conclude that the life expectancy of their batteries is not less than 90.

(Since the decision is to reject the null hypothesis, it means that the null hypothesis is not true,
and the life expectancy of their batteries is not less than to 90.)

IV. Assignment (5 minutes)

Study in advance about the hypothesis testing about a population mean when the variance is
unknown. And so that’s it! We are done with our lesson for today.

Okay, so please everybody stand for the prayer. Great job for today class! Thank you and see you
around.

V. Remarks

VI. Reflection

Prepared by: Checked by:

Regine Padillo Mrs. Vicencia Baja

Student Teacher Cooperating Teacher