Programming in Python

(Operators: Precedence andAssociativity)

Dr. Faisal Anwer

Department of Computer Science
Aligarh Muslim University 1
Copyright © Dept of Computer Science, AMU, Aligarh. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Recap
• Data Types

• Identifiers
•
• Variables

• Simple Input/Output
 Contents
• Arithmetic Operators

• Relational Operators

• Assignment & Compound Operators

• Logical Operators

• Bitwise Operators

• Membership Operators

• Identity Operators
 Operators and Operands
 The operators are special symbols that represent computations

 The values/variables applied in the operators are known as

operands.

 Types of Operators
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Assignment & Compound Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators
Note: The bool data type can be used in arithmetic, relational,
assignment and logical operators. (Ture is 1 and False is 0)
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 Arithmetic Operator
 Arithmetic operators are the symbols that represent arithmetic math
operations.

 Integer division is also known as Floor division.

Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y

% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiation x ** y

// Integer Division(Floor division) x // y

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 Relational Operators
 The relational operators are binary. These operators compare the
values on either sides of them and returns the value either “True” or
“False”.

 == Equality
 != Not equal
 > Greater than
 < Less than
 >= Greater than and Equal to
 <= Less than and Equal to

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 Assignment & Compound Operators
 The assignment (& compound ) operators are binary. These operators
perform operation on two operands and assign the result to left side
operand.

 For all operators (except =), the variable must be initialized before
the use in compound operators.

 = Assignment
 += Add & Assignment
 It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result
to left operand.
 /= Divide & Assignment
 It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the
result to left operand
 etc.

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 Logical Operators
 The logical operators are binary except not.
 The logical operators considers operators either True or False
 These operators compare the values on either sides of them and returns
the value either “True” or “False”.
 The basic rule is…
 False is “zero” or “empty” string
 True is anything else (“non-empty” or “not zero”)
 Operators
 and (Logical AND)
 If both the operands are True, then condition becomes true.
 or (Logical OR)
 If any of the two operands are non-zero then condition
becomes true.
 not(Logical NOT)
 It is used to reverse the logical state of the operand.

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 Bitwise Operators
 The bitwise operators are binary ( except complement ~) and are
applied on corresponding bits in integers.

 & (Binary AND)

 If both bits in both operands are one, then it copies bit one to
the result otherwise it copies zero bit.

 | (Binary OR)
 If both bits in both operands are zero, then it copies bit zero to
the result otherwise it copies one.

 ^ (Binary XOR)
 If one bit is one and other is zero, then it copies bit one to the
result otherwise it copies zero bit.
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 Bitwise Operators
 << (Binary Left Shift)
 The left operand's value is moved left by the number of bits
specified by the right operand.

 >> (Binary Right Shift)

 The left operand's value is moved right by the number of bits
specified by the right operand.

 ~ (2’s complement)
 It is a unary operator that complements the operand.

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 Membership Operators
 Python’s membership operators test for membership in a
sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples.

 in
 Evaluates to True if it finds a value in the specified
sequence and False otherwise

 not in
 Evaluates to True if it does not finds a value in the
specified sequence and False otherwise.

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 Operator’s Precedence
 () Parenthesis
 ** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
 ~, +, - Complement, unary plus and minus
 *, /, %. // Multiply divide, modulo and floor division
 +, - Addition and subtraction
 >>, << Right and left bitwise shift
 & Bitwise 'AND’
 ^, | Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR’
 <=, <, >, >= Comparison operators
 <>, ==. != Equality operators
 =, %=, /=, //=, -=, +=, *=, **= Assignment operators
 is, is not Identity operators
 in, not in Membership operators
 not, or, and Logical operators

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 Operator’s Associatively
 Different operators have different priorities.
 When two operators have the same precedence, associativity helps
to determine the order of operations.
 Almost all the operators have left-to-right associativity.
 Exponent operator ** has right-to-left associatively.
 Assignment operator = has right-to-left associatively.

 Non associative operators

 Some operators like comparison operators do not have
associativity in Python.
 There are separate rules for sequences of this kind of operator and
cannot be expressed as associativity.
 For example, x < y < z neither means (x < y) < z nor x < (y < z).
 x < y < z is equivalent to x < y and y < z, and is evaluated from
left-to-right. (Example- 3 < 6 < 2).
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 Exercises
1. Write a program to read an integer and use bitwise operators
to multiply it by 2 ( << operator ).

2. Write a program to read an integer and use bitwise operators

to divide it by 4 (>> operator ).

3. Write a program to read the values of two integer variables

and use bitwise operators to exchange the values of the
variables (^ operator).

4. Write a program to read the values of two integer variables

and exchange the values (Use addition and subtraction
operators).

5. What should be the value of 3<<3^2&1+3

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 Summary
• Arithmetic Operators

• Relational Operators

• Assignment & Compound Operators

• Logical Operators

• Bitwise Operators

• Membership Operators

• Identity Operators