Microsoft Excel Functions – Detailed Guide

1. Mathematical and Trigonometric Functions

Function Description Example

SUM Adds all the numbers in a range =SUM(A1:A10)

AVERAGE Calculates the average of a range =AVERAGE(B1:B5)

ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of digits =ROUND(C1, 2)

ROUNDUP / ROUNDDOWN Rounds numbers up or down =ROUNDUP(D1, 0)

INT Rounds down to the nearest integer =INT(5.9) → 5

MOD Returns the remainder of division =MOD(10, 3) → 1

POWER Returns a number raised to a power =POWER(2,3) → 8

SQRT Returns square root =SQRT(16) → 4

ABS Returns absolute value =ABS(-5) → 5

PI() Returns π =PI()

TRUNC Truncates a number to an integer =TRUNC(4.9) → 4

2. Logical Functions
Function Description Example

IF Returns value based on a condition =IF(A1>10, "Yes", "No")

AND Returns TRUE if all conditions are TRUE =AND(A1>10, B1<5)

OR Returns TRUE if any condition is TRUE =OR(A1=1, A1=2)

Function Description Example

NOT Reverses a logical value =NOT(TRUE) → FALSE

IFERROR Returns value if formula causes error =IFERROR(A1/B1, "Error")

3. Text Functions
Function Description Example

CONCAT / TEXTJOIN Joins text strings =TEXTJOIN(" ", TRUE, A1:A3)

LEFT, RIGHT Extracts characters from left or right =LEFT(A1, 5)

MID Extracts characters from the middle =MID(A1, 2, 3)

LEN Counts characters =LEN(A1)

FIND / SEARCH Finds position of text =FIND("a", A1)

UPPER, LOWER, PROPER Case transformations =UPPER(A1)

TRIM Removes extra spaces =TRIM(A1)

REPLACE, SUBSTITUTE Replaces part of a string =SUBSTITUTE(A1,"old","new")

4. Lookup and Reference Functions

Function Description Example

VLOOKUP Vertical lookup in a table =VLOOKUP(101, A2:D10, 2, FALSE)

HLOOKUP Horizontal lookup =HLOOKUP("Jan", A1:F2, 2, FALSE)

INDEX Returns value at a cell in range =INDEX(A1:C3, 2, 1)

MATCH Returns relative position in a range =MATCH(50, A1:A10, 0)

XLOOKUP Enhanced replacement for VLOOKUP =XLOOKUP("Item", A1:A10, B1:B10)

Function Description Example

CHOOSE Selects value from list by index =CHOOSE(2, "Red", "Blue", "Green")

5. Date and Time Functions

Function Description Example

TODAY() Returns current date =TODAY()

NOW() Returns current date and time =NOW()

DATE Creates date from parts =DATE(2024, 12, 25)

DAY, MONTH, YEAR Extracts date parts =YEAR(A1)

DATEDIF Calculates difference between dates =DATEDIF(A1, B1, "Y")

WORKDAY Returns workday date =WORKDAY(A1, 5)

EDATE Adds months to a date =EDATE(A1, 3)

6. Statistical Functions
Function Description Example

MAX, MIN Returns largest or smallest =MAX(A1:A10)

MEDIAN Returns median =MEDIAN(A1:A10)

MODE.SNGL Returns most frequent number =MODE.SNGL(A1:A10)

STDEV.P, STDEV.S Standard deviation =STDEV.S(A1:A10)

VAR.P, VAR.S Variance =VAR.S(A1:A10)

COUNT Counts numeric cells =COUNT(A1:A10)

COUNTA Counts non-empty cells =COUNTA(A1:A10)

 Function Description Example

COUNTIF / COUNTIFS Counts based on condition(s) =COUNTIF(A1:A10, ">5")

7. Financial Functions
Function Description Example

PMT Payment for a loan =PMT(5%/12, 60, -10000)

FV Future value =FV(0.05, 10, -1000)

PV Present value =PV(0.05, 10, 1000)

NPER Number of periods =NPER(0.05, -100, 1000)

RATE Interest rate per period =RATE(60, -200, 10000)

NPV Net present value =NPV(0.08, A2:A6)

IRR Internal rate of return =IRR(A2:A7)

8. Information Functions
Function Description Example

ISNUMBER, ISTEXT, ISBLANK Checks data type =ISNUMBER(A1)

ISERROR, ISERR, IFERROR Checks for errors =ISERROR(A1)

TYPE Returns type of value =TYPE(A1)

9. Array and Dynamic Functions (Excel 365+)

Function Description Example
 Function Description Example

UNIQUE Returns unique values =UNIQUE(A1:A10)

FILTER Filters data based on criteria =FILTER(A1:B10, B1:B10>50)

SORT Sorts data =SORT(A1:A10)

SEQUENCE Returns a sequence of numbers =SEQUENCE(5,1,1,1)

RANDARRAY Random array of numbers =RANDARRAY(3,2)

10. Database Functions

Function Description Example

DSUM Adds numbers in a database =DSUM(Database, "Sales", Criteria)

DAVERAGE Average in a database =DAVERAGE(Database, "Amount", Criteria)

DGET Gets a single value from a database =DGET(Database, "Field", Criteria)