The Value of Waste Segregation

Waste segregation is essential because some wastes can be harmful and can damage the environment if
not treated properly. Waste that is not separated may become polluted if it is kept with other forms of
waste. Such material cannot be handled or treated, thus it usually ends up in landfills or local dump
yards. Waste segregation makes it possible to handle various waste types. This immediately contributes
to less rubbish being disposed of in landfills or dump yards.

A good waste management system can make valuable resources available for reuse. This may result in
cost savings as well as new employment and business prospects. The environment benefits from waste
reduction, reuse, and recycling, but it can also be financially advantageous.

Last but not least, waste management is crucial for public health. It is crucial that harmful wastes are
disposed of properly, cautiously, and separately from the regular garbage leaving your house or place of
business because they might have a negative impact on your health in the long run.

https://greensutra.in/waste-segregation-all-you-need-to-know/?fbclid=IwAR3-YLpMCu9y79PaXBHI3sM-
FkDfu-1p5EiGqsPg9XGMT4jAeSd2tiZheSA#:~:text=Waste%20segregation%20at%20source
%20can,reduce%2C%20reuse%20and%20recycle%20materials
https://sciencepark.com.ph/blog/waste-management-important/?
fbclid=IwAR0D_Rt_RvYX2iq27A_ZhjaUrzLSvMAlil7_sCoq9bGWkeDHO4ETYsJODC4

Literature Review of Automated Waste Segregation System using Machine Learning: A Comprehensive
Analysis

The help of large rotating drums. It has smaller in size, the diameter has holes in which particles will be
dropped and large items will hang in the drum. Currently, there exist various types of machinery which
attempt to sort one material from another with differing degrees of success. In the Philippines, no
modern technology has been used to segregate waste. Only the manual process of segregating was then
used. The main purpose of this study is to analyze existing research presented studies around the globe.
This will enable us to determine the problems, the algorithm used, and the method of those cited
studies. It can also assess the correct algorithm to be used in future studies. The succeeding section will
discuss some of the research presented, new technologies used in order to segregate waste, and
innovations. This will explain as well some studies conducted to eliminate problems in waste, their
advantages, and their disadvantages.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization cause an extraordinary increase in the origination of unwanted
waste. It has been a problem in the community how to segregate waste. Though, there are lots of
programs being implemented in order to separate waste from recyclable ones. People started waste
separating since around 20 years ago, and till today many waste sorting centers have their own
automated assembly lines. But this process cycle is not perfect: The current quality control step in the
waste sorting process requires a lot of manual operation.
This study was made possible through the use of parts like ultrasonic sensors, inductive proximity
sensors, DC motors, blowers, and electromagnets interfaced with the Arduino board. There is an
ultrasonic sensor that is fixed in the inlet to detect falling waste. The echo received from the waste is
received by the microcontroller to calculate the delay. This will be placed on every outlet in order to
check whether the bin is filled or not. A notification is being sent to the server whenever the bins are
filled with the help of the GSM Module.

https://sg.docs.wps.com/l/sIPWMnrq0AcPq05sG?st=1t&fbclid=IwAR3KHZH9gEq5eAjUSanhOycL-
MPAdnqx3vfkst20EJ5XUUyKhndXwExvM5I
Literature Review of Automated Waste Segregation System using Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis
Myra G. Flores, Jose B. Tan Jr
Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Automatic Waste Segregation System

Due to ongoing economic expansion, solid and hazardous waste volume and kind have rapidly increased.
According to estimates, there were 2.02 billion tons of municipal solid trash produced worldwide in
2005–2006, a rise of 7% every year since 2003. To reduce the risk to patients, the public, and the
environment's health and safety, waste must be properly segregated, transported, handled, and
disposed of. In order for home waste to be sent directly for processing, this study suggests an
Automated Waste Segregator (AWS), which is a simple and affordable alternative. Its purpose is to
separate the garbage into dry and wet waste. Along with the rapid population expansion and pollution,
rubbish management has become a dangerous issue in developing nations during the past few decades.
Overflowing trash cans are revealed to not be removed from most regions in a timely manner, leading to
a disease-ridden environment and weak nations.
Along with the rapid population expansion and pollution, rubbish management has become a dangerous
issue in developing nations during the past few decades. Overflowing trash cans are revealed to not be
removed from most regions in a timely manner, leading to a disease-ridden environment and weak
nations. The software's graphical user interface (GUI) displays all the information about when a trash
can is filled and then dumped by field workers or municipal trash trucks. So that the waste is collected
and disposed of to the landfill at the appropriate time and all the parts of this system operate effectively
to enable waste management automation. The proposed concept creates an IOT-based smart waste
monitoring system that can detect the level of trash in the dustbin via Wi-Fi and GSM and show the
location and status of bins on a web server. The coordination between the transportation process and
rubbish collection will be improved by this method.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
132, AECS Layout,Kundalahalli, ITPL Main Rd, Bangalore – 560037
2020-2021
http://203.201.63.46:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6317/1/PR3291%20Automatic%20Waste
%20Segregation%20System%20Chethan%20Siddeshwar%20K%20R%20_%20Gunasagar%20C%20M
%20_%20Hemanth%20S%20_%20K%20Pavan%20Kalyan%20Reddy%20Venkatesh%20Naik-Aug-
2021.pdf

Automatic Waste Segregator and Monitoring System

The world faces a waste crisis that has been looming for a very long time due to an ever-growing
population. Historically implemented waste management strategies have consistently failed because
they are largely manual and poorly coordinated. Recycling is the most effective waste management
technique, however, it is time-consuming since recyclable material needs to be separated from non-
recyclable garbage. Some intelligent garbage cans make this process easier by separating recyclables
from non-recyclables or at least helping with the separation. Their systems also alert when the cans
need to be emptied when connected to the internet.

The "automated trash segregator and monitoring system" that is being proposed divides wastes into
three groups: wet (organic) waste, plastic, and metal. Organic waste, such as vegetable peels, leftover
food, etc., is referred to as wet waste. The amount of waste produced nowadays poses serious issues,
hence it is imperative that we separate our waste. Here, we tested the household wastes that are
currently produced in every residence, and the results are as follows. To track down falling garbage, an
ultrasonic sensor is attached in the input section. The trigger pulses are available for waste ultrasound
detection. The microcontroller receives the echo from the trash and uses it to determine the delay.
Every outlet bin (metal bin, plastic bin, and organic bin) will also have ultrasonic sensors installed to
determine whether or not it is full. A GSM module will use a short message service to transmit the
relevant information to the monitoring system whenever any of the bins is filled (SMS). Sorting trash at
the outset will improve waste management's efficiency and productivity. A cleaner environment results
from the removal of trash cans as and when they are full.

https://www.ensmartech.com/reviews/automatic-trash-can-for-a-smart-home/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
317720527_Automatic_Waste_Segregator_and_Monitoring_System

Overview of Sensors

We live in a World of Sensors. You can find different types of Sensors in our homes, offices, cars, etc.
working to make our lives easier by turning on the lights by detecting our presence, adjusting the room
temperature, detecting smoke or fire, making us delicious coffee, opening garage doors as soon as our
car is near the door and many other tasks. Sensor technologies enable the development of real-time
information systems and the extension of classical objects to be enhanced and integrated into digital
ecosystems. Everyday objects, which previously did not seem aware of the environment at all, are
turning into smart devices with sensing and tracking capabilities.

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. The
input can be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any number of other environmental phenomena.
There are several classifications of sensors made by different authors and experts. Some are very simple
and some are very complex. The following classification of sensors may already be used by an expert in
the subject but this is a very simple classification of sensors. In the first classification of the sensors, they
are divided into Active and Passive. Active sensors are those that need an external power signal or an
excitation signal. Conversely, passive sensors directly produce output responses without the need for
any external power signal. The other classification method is based on the sensor's method of detection.
Electric, biological, chemical, radioactive, and other methods of detection are some examples. The
following classification is based on the input and output of a conversion, or event. Thermoelectric,
photoelectric, thermoelectric, electrochemical, electromagnetic, and other frequent conversion
processes are only a few. Analog and digital sensors make up the last two categories of sensors. With
respect to the quantity being measured, analog sensors produce an analog output, or a continuous
output signal (typically voltage, but occasionally other quantities like Resistance, etc.). Digital Sensors, in
contrast to Analog Sensors, work with discrete or digital data. The data in digital sensors, which are used
for conversion and transmission, is digital in nature.

There are also types of sensors and each one has its own ways of detecting. All these sensors are used
for measuring physical properties like Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat Transfer,
etc. Learning about Sensors is relevant to virtually all aspects of life including safety, security,
surveillance, monitoring, and awareness in general. Sensors are central to industrial applications being
used for process control, monitoring, and safety. Furthermore, we use a variety of sensors in our daily
lives, which improve analysis speed and accuracy. Sensor technology is an essential component of
today's process technologies. It encourages additional study and research with the potential to boost
productivity and energy efficiency. Practically every stage of the production process uses sensors in the
industry, and I believed that its helpful to studies related to ours.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/gonzaga-national-high-school/civil/review-of-related-
literature-sample-work/21494718?fbclid=IwAR113zvEGs3-
lWQz5J8k8wnkiwPCkCQYDCJNvvvk5Xu8AUf6lPT0bYxxUqon
https://www.electronicshub.org/different-types-sensors/?
fbclid=IwAR0qVrj3Gfx8_ZcVjpLwv69i5lY0J_r9YcuYD1FUre5xg060rs3_Xmpat2A

i-BIN: An intelligent trash bin for automatic waste segregation and monitoring system

In recent years, one of the underlying effects of a growing population is environmental hazards. Of these
problems, the increasing amount of trash is the most critical. As the world's population continues to rise
at an unprecedented rate, waste management is seen as an effective solution to mitigate the issue. In
this project, Internet-of-things were utilized to design an automatic waste segregation system.
Specifically, we developed a trash bin equipped with sensors, which can intelligently segregate waste
systems that provide a monitoring report of waste collection. Image recognition was used to process the
automatic classification of trash using machine learning techniques. Upon training more than 2000
samples for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste, the developed prototypes were able to
classify trash efficiently. The dynamic increase in the amount of waste and despicable dumping of waste
has become a matter of concern because of the threat it causes to the environment. There comes the
pivotal role of automated waste segregation which avoids this plight and also reduces the difficulty of
recycling. The importance and the economic value of waste are realized only when it is segregated.
Currently, there is no such system for the segregation of metal, dry and wet wastes. This project
proposes a spot automatic waste segregation unit that effectively gives a solution to this problem. In
order to segregate the metallic waste a parallel resonance impedance system is used, and for the
separation of wet and dry waste capacitive sensors are used. The benefits of this work are, the waste
has a higher potential for recovery and the occupational hazards of waste-separating workers are also
reduced.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9072787/
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8663148/

Good effects of automated trash bin and an automated waste control management system (AWCMS)
by using Arduino

An advanced image processing approach integrated with communication technologies and a camera for
waste bin level detection has been presented. The proposed system is developed to address
environmental concerns associated with waste bins and the variety of waste being disposed of in them.
A gray level aura matrix (GLAM) approach is proposed to extract the bin image texture. GLAM
parameters, such as neighboring systems, are investigated to determine their optimal values. To
evaluate the performance of the system, the extracted image is trained and tested using multi-layer
perceptions (MLPs) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifiers. The results have shown that the accuracy
of bin-level classification reaches acceptable performance levels for class and grade classification with
rates of 98.98% and 90.19% using the MLP classifier and 96.91% and 89.14% using the KNN classifier,
respectively. The results demonstrated that the system performance is robust and can be applied to a
variety of waste and waste bin level detection under various conditions.

An Automated Waste Control Management System (AWCMS) has been designed which includes an
electronic waste detection device and a central control unit. An infrared sensor for sensing waste levels,
GPS for location identification, Arduino Board having a microcontroller and GSM Module for sending the
message containing the information regarding waste bin being full or empty. The central control unit
comprises a receiving device that receives a message from the waste detection device via a GSM
Module and sends it to the computer software via a USB cable using Arduino Board's microcontroller.
The software has a proficiently designed GUI which enables the user to perform and monitor all the
required actions for waste monitoring and detection in the waste bins placed in an area or a city. All the
information like latitude, longitude, the status being full or empty, etc. are displayed in the GUI of the
software in the event of a waste bin getting full and then being emptied by municipal waste trucks or
field workers. Therefore, all the components in this overall system work in an intelligent manner to
make automated waste management possible so that the waste is collected and disposed of to the
dumping sites only when it is necessary at a proper time. This work mainly focuses on timely and
automatic waste collection and transportation mechanisms.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X12002541
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8711844/

Sensor-Based Solid Waste Handling Systems: A Survey

 S. Vishnu, S. R. Jino Ramson, [...], and Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz

The production of waste is growing daily, and this is opening the planet up to major environmental
harm. It is undeniable that all human actions ultimately result in a sizeable amount of trash in all types
of stuff. Unplanned modernization and industrialization have a significant negative influence on the
environment because they cause a sudden rise in solid waste, nuclear waste, and other hazardous
pollutants. The management of trash is a multi-level, intricate process that involves the creation of
government policy as well as administrative, financial, legal, and scientific infrastructure.

Investing in this sector is challenging due to the high expense of safe and effective waste management.
As a result, extensive research and development in this field are needed to create effective waste
management systems. The first step in the waste collection and disposal procedure is the disposal of
waste in dumpsters close to the point of origin. When trash bins are empty, the daily collection of solid
waste results in a loss of time, fuel, and labor. As an alternative, the risk of the trash containers
overflowing increases with the once-weekly collection of solid waste. As a result, solid waste disperses
over the area, potentially leading to health issues and environmental contamination.

Wireless Sensor Networks Based Solid Waste Management Systems:

To share data, the base station is connected to the internet. WSN has already demonstrated its uses in a
number of industries, including waste management, home automation, environmental monitoring,
agriculture, industrial, and fitness and health tracking. WSN plays a crucial role in developing and
implementing real-time solid waste management systems among the aforementioned applications.

RFID-Based Solid Waste Management Systems:

A natural progression from earlier identification methods like bar codes, magnetic cards, and smart
cards, RFID technology is an automated identification system that is primarily based on RF microwave
transmission. Although the idea behind the RFID system was developed at the dawn of the radio
frequency communications era, its application is now constantly expanding. Without a physical
connection, RFID technology enables users to read data from tags and transmit it to an information
processing system over a radio frequency spectrum.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8949905/?
fbclid=IwAR0xRvzMCsJP9IBnSsk1d7zjAwPt7tlQPk-vlZSyKTrvHIpVLUiscKGxKCo

Role of modern technologies and the internet of things in the field of solid waste management
S Godwin Barnabas, K Arun vasantha Geethan, S Valai Ganesh, S Rajakarunakaran, P Sabarish Kumar
International Journal of Computers, Communications, and Control 16 (5), 2021

The process of handling solid waste becomes complex and tedious due to the urbanization and
industrialization of most developing and developed countries. These solid waste issues if it is not
addressed properly it affects the ecosystem and environment. There is a possibility of many health-
oriented issues, especially during the pandemic period covid-19. Most human beings are struggling with
respiratory pulmonary diseases, and asthma caused by these solid wastes. Most governments are also
spending huge amounts of money on labor, devices, and some technologies to tackle these solid waste
issues. There is also an opportunity for the government to generate revenue from these solid wastes by
properly sorting these wastes into recyclable, nonrecyclable, and bio-degradable wastes. But when
humans are involved in sorting this waste it will cause some diseases and hygienic problems. So, in order
to address the above-said issues in this work the role of modern technologies, algorithms, and some
Internet of things (IoT) methods are discussed. Implementing these technologies in the future will save
huge amounts of money spent by the government on solid waste management activities.

Dynamic solid waste collection and management system based on sensors, elevator and GSM
Trushali S Vasagade, Shabanam S Tamboli, Archana D Shinde
2017 International conference on inventive communication and computational technologies (ICICCT), 263-267, 2017

Solid waste management is one of the major aspects which has to be considered in terms of making the
urban area environment healthier. The common dustbins placed by the municipal corporation are
leading no. of health, environmental and social issues. Various causes are there like improper dustbin
placement in the city, improper system of collecting waste by City Corporation, and more specifically
people not aware enough to use dustbins in a proper way. These various major causes are leading to
serious problems like unhygienic conditions, air pollution, and unhealthy environments creating health
diseases. Up till now, research has been carried out by developing Software Applications for indicating
dustbin status, another by Shortest path method for garbage collecting vehicles by integrating RFID,
GSM, and GIS system; but no active efforts have been taken paying attention towards managing such
waste in an atomized way. Considering all these major factors, a smart solid waste management system
is designed that will check the status and give an alert of dustbin fullness more significantly system has a
feature to literate people to use dustbins properly and to automatically sense and clean garbage present
outside the dustbin. Thus presented solution achieves smart solid waste management satisfying the goal
of making Indian cities clean, healthy and hygienic.

An automated solid waste bin level detection system using a gray level aura matrix and Artificial
Intelligence in Automated Sorting in Trash Recycling.

An advanced image processing approach integrated with communication technologies and a camera for
waste bin level detection has been presented. The proposed system is developed to address
environmental concerns associated with waste bins and the variety of waste being disposed of in them.
A gray level aura matrix (GLAM) approach is proposed to extract the bin image texture. GLAM
parameters, such as neighboring systems, are investigated to determine their optimal values. To
evaluate the performance of the system, the extracted image is trained and tested using multi-layer
perceptions (MLPs) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifiers. The results have shown that the accuracy
of bin-level classification reaches acceptable performance levels for class and grade classification with
rates of 98.98% and 90.19% using the MLP classifier and 96.91% and 89.14% using the KNN classifier,
respectively. The results demonstrated that the system performance is robust and can be applied to a
variety of waste and waste bin level detection under various conditions.
A computer vision approach to classify garbage into recycling categories could be an efficient way to
process waste. This project aims to take garbage waste images and classify them into four classes: glass,
paper, metal, and, plastic. We use a garbage image database that contains around 400 images for each
class. The models used in the experiments are Pre-trained VGG-16 (VGG16), AlexNet, Support Vector
Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and, Random Forest (RF). Experiments showed that our
models reached an accuracy of around 93%.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X12002541
https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/eniac/article/view/4416

Using Artificial Intelligence and IoT for Constructing a Smart Trash Bin

The research reported in this paper transforms a normal trash bin into a smarter one by applying
computer vision technology. With the support of sensors and actuator devices, the trash bin can
automatically classify garbage. In particular, a camera on the trash bin takes pictures of trash, then the
central processing unit analyzes and makes decisions regarding which bin to drop trash into. The
accuracy of our trash bin system achieves 90%. Besides, our model is connected to the Internet to
update the bin status for further management. A mobile application is developed for managing the bin.

In Finland, the awareness of the environmental impact and the culture of recycling trash has been
recognized and integrated into society since the beginning of the 21st century. However, the
effectiveness of the act is still obstructed in many ways, one of them being how household wastes are
treated. Automatic Trash Dumping System (ATDS) – is a system that disposes of trash automatically
which was developed from the observation of residential building’s waste disposal procedure. The
purpose of the system is to simplify the waste recycling process, therefore cutting down time and
energy, in an effort to minimize environmental impact.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8062-5_29
https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/511006/Vu_Minh.pdf?sequence=2

Automatic Waste Management and Segregation System using IoT

Waste can be either solid or liquid, and each type of waste has a unique disposal strategy. Human health
will be endangered by waste. A healthy lifestyle requires and benefits from proper waste management.
If the dustbins are often flooded, an unsanitary environment will be produced. Separating dry and moist
waste is referred to as waste segregation. Garbage segregation lowers the amount of waste dumped in
landfills and lowers air and water pollution. The waste can be disposed of more easily than combined
rubbish if it is separated.
In order to address environmental difficulties such as insufficient garbage collection, treatment, and
disposal, 2020 will bring IoT-based Waste Management for Smart Cities, as explained by Padmakshi
Venkateshwara Rao and Pathan Mahammed Abdul Azeez. The Blynk app is used to receive an
immediate SMS as soon as the waste bin reaches its peak level because flooding of the dustbin
generates unhealthy circumstances. The dustbin is distributed around the city and delivered with a low-
cost embedded way to aid in rubbish tracking. As a result, as soon as the status of a bin is informed via
the internet, the alert authorities will take immediate action. The proposed system is created using an
ultrasonic sensor, a node MCU, a Blynk app, and a servo motor. In the proposed method, dry and wet
trash was stored in separate containers, which could be swapped out for cleaner ones. The garbage is
put on the dry-wet sensor. A moisture threshold value is selected for the dry-wet sensor. This detects
the moisture content; the relay aids in the servo motor's movement in both the clockwise and
counterclockwise directions; as a result, waste is moved into the appropriate bins. In order to inform the
municipality of the level of rubbish in the bin, IR sensors are utilized. The MQ sensor is used to measure
the concentration of various gases as well as their smell. Using node MCU, all of the sensed data from
the Arduino UNO's sensors is transferred to the cloud. It would be written in embedded C. As a result,
users will see messages on the LCD, and the obtained status will be sent over the MQTT protocol to the
appropriate parties to notify them of the status of the bin.
The suggested approach can be applied worldwide in urban areas that are pollution-free and that foster
a conducive environment for leading healthy, risk-free lives. By preventing the overflow of trash, it
protects lives without endangering them. This study uses an actual IoT-based automatic trash
management and segregation system to improve the cleanliness of smart cities. The management of
garbage has become a significant issue as a result of urbanization and population growth. The proposed
method effectively separates dry and moist garbage without the need for human interaction or
interference. It provides prompt collection and disposal. The suggested approach can be used
domestically in a home or extensively in public areas.

https://www.ijert.org/automatic-waste-management-and-segregation-system-using-iot

Automatic Waste Segregation

Nimisha S Gupta, Deepthi V, Mayakunnath, Rejeth Pal S, Badsha T S, Nikhil Binoy C Instrumentation and Control Engineering NSS College of
Engineering Palakkad, India.

Automatic waste segregation is intended to circumvent this, taking into account the risks associated
with the conventional way of waste disposal. Here, waste is pushed into the structure through a fold,
and an IR sensor is used to identify it. The microprocessor activates the DC motor as soon as the IR
sensor detects trash, processing it through the inductance coil and capacitive sensing module before
classifying it as wet or dry based on the relative permittivity of the waste stored in a circular base
powered by DC-geared motors. The suggested system uses a mobile unit whose movement is controlled
by the user through the GUI, and a Zigbee transceiver pair for the wireless interface. When the waste is
deposited onto the conveyor belt using a metal plate moved by servo motors, an ATmega328P
microprocessor is used. The servo motor-controlled arm's electromagnet separates metallic wastes, and
a flap-controlled DC air blower is used to expel dry waste.

The IoT is serving as a back-born technology for the efficient management of waste, and this study
presents an enhanced trash collection system with smart bins featuring sensors that alert the authorized
collector by transmitting messages. The system will take input from the dust-collecting switches and,
using RF technology, transmit a signal back to the microcontroller unit to cause the H-bridge to rotate on
your belt. The waste is automatically thrown into the underground garbage container as soon as the belt
begins to rotate in a clockwise direction. To separate metal particles from municipal waste, a waste
segregation system utilizing a programmable logic controller has been developed. When a metal particle
is detected, a revolving conveyor belt inside the device begins to rotate. When metal is detected and the
conveyor belt stops, a robotic arm activates. The controller sends a control signal to the robotic arm,
which is connected to an electromagnet, causing the metallic debris to fall into a separate container.
This study demonstrates how the Internet of Things can enhance management systems by integrating
with data access networks, geographic information systems, combinatorial optimization, and electronic
engineering systems. Here is a garbage collection technique based on giving trash cans intelligence using
an Internet of Things prototype equipped with sensors.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331681108_Automatic_Waste_Segregation

Design and Fabrication of an automatic classifying smart trash bin based on internet Things and
Segregrable Smart Moving Trash Bin

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an increasing waste resource and a challenging task to solve
environmental pollution and waste collection problems. The smart trash bin is sufficient equipment to
reduce human intervention and improve living conditions, lacking multifunctional purposes. To solve the
problem that traditional trash can lacks self-identification of recyclable garbage and nonrecyclable
garbage, a smart trash bin based on WiFi environment and Arduino control is proposed. The smart trash
bin takes Arduino as its master controller and interacts with Arduino in the WiFi environment to realize
automatic garbage classification and communication between people and trash bins. This paper aims to
describe the hardware and software design ideas of trash bins in the implementation process, and the
mechanism of garbage classification and the application of the Internet of things in garbage recycling are
emphatically studied. The results indicate that the system can run stably and achieve accurate
classification within 2 seconds, which reduces the waste of resources, changes the traditional garbage
management mode, improves management efficiency, and realizes recycling of garbage.

Because of the increasing population, day by day the environment is facing many issues including
cleanliness and hygiene. In most cities, overflowing trash bins are causing an unhealthy environment
which is leading to different types of diseases. Unhygienic environments degrade the standard of our
lives. For fighting against this condition, we have developed a prototype of the Smart Garbage Disposal
System. A Smart Moving Dustbin is developed with the help of an Embedded System which can go and
collect trash from humans according to the instructions given to it. Instruction can be given to the
dustbin easily by using apps on a smartphone. The trash bin will sense and open automatically if it is not
full. In this system, separate spaces are provided for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste
materials.
In this way, waste management systems can be designed which will help to protect the environment
from the pollution which is caused by improper disposal of garbage and in turn will improve the
standard of our living.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323857697000136
https://www.academia.edu/download/62231045/98_IJRASET26449531-53720200228-94186-hbl6yy.pdf

A review about waste and its impact of our health

Human activities have always generated waste. This was not a major issue when the human population
was relatively small and nomadic, but became a serious problem with urbanization and the growth of
large conurbations. Poor management of waste led to contamination of water, soil, and atmosphere and
to a major impact on public health. In medieval times, epidemics associated with water contaminated
with pathogens decimated the population of Europe, and even more recently (19th century), cholera
was a common occurrence. Several serious and highly publicized pollution incidents associated with
incorrect waste management practices led to public concern about the lack of controls, inadequate
legislation, and environmental and human health impact. This in turn forced many national and federal
governments to introduce new regulatory frameworks to deal with hazardous and unsustainable waste
management operations. Several serious and highly publicized pollution incidents associated with
incorrect waste management practices led to public concern about the lack of controls, inadequate
legislation, and environmental and human health impact. This in turn forced many national and federal
governments to introduce new regulatory frameworks to deal with hazardous and unsustainable waste
management operations. A waste management hierarchy based on the most environmentally sound
criteria favors waste. Some of the direct health impacts of the mismanagement of waste are well known
and can be observed especially in developing countries. Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human
health, and children are more vulnerable to these pollutants. In fact, direct exposure can lead to
diseases through chemical exposure as the release of chemical waste into the environment leads to
chemical poisoning. Many studies have been carried out in various parts of the world to establish a
connection between health and hazardous waste. Additionally, hazardous health concerns can result
from industrial and agricultural waste. In addition, mixing municipal garbage and industrial hazardous
waste for disposal exposes humans to radioactive and chemical risks. In addition to preventing storm
water discharge, uncollected solid waste can also cause stagnant water bodies, which serve as a
breeding ground for disease. The water body or the ground water supply might get contaminated when
waste is placed close to it. The accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through the plants
and animals that feed on it happens as a result of the direct disposal of untreated garbage in rivers, seas,
and lakes. ospital and other medical waste disposal calls for extra care because it poses serious health
risks. Syringe needles, bandages, cotton swabs, plasters, and other infectious waste produced by
hospitals, healthcare facilities, medical laboratories, and research facilities are frequently disposed of
alongside regular non-infected waste.

Sites for waste treatment and disposal can also endanger the neighborhood's health. Inefficiently run
incineration facilities contribute to air pollution, while poorly run landfills draw pests and disease-
carrying rodents of all kinds. These locations ought to be safe distances from any populated areas. To
prevent leaks into the neighboring groundwater water sources, landfill sites should be properly lined
and walled. Recycling too carries health risks if proper precautions are not taken. Workers working with
waste containing chemical and metals may experience toxic exposure. Disposal of health-care wastes
require special attention since it can create major health hazards, such as Hepatitis B and C, through
wounds caused by discarded syringes. Rag pickers and others who are involved in scavenging in the
waste dumps for items that can be recycled, may sustain injuries and come into direct contact with
these infectious items.
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/health.htm?fbclid=IwAR16lOLC0q-jdJ1CVl2wpkwAK-P9qI57v-
OgwbS3GS2bdpk5J3YxhAzUmd0
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X09001275?fbclid=IwAR3-
zKGFbTy1t3bANnm0lhKTE27Yg6tSW-ryApDPBgd6Zrcyp3H07ojOyR0
 The future of waste management in smart and sustainable cities: A review and concept paper

The role of technology becomes ever more important, as we experience the fourth industrial revolution
and new emerging infrastructure and capabilities offered by Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Blockchain
technology, and the Internet of Things (IoT). CPS is a new class of engineered systems that offer
coordination among physical and computational infrastructures and are the foundation of Industry 4.0,
smart factories, and other smart systems such as smart buildings, security systems, data centers and
medical systems (Khaitan and McCalley, 2015). If the networking functionalities offered by the internet
are added to CPS, a new networking paradigm known as IoT is emerging where communications among
all types of physical entities would be possible over the internet (Han et al., 2013). In addition, the
capabilities offered by Blockchain technology for creating a decentralized public ledger facilitates
information sharing among various users involved in a system and opens the door for new transparent
business models.

IoT is expected to change the urban development and future cities, similar to other engineered systems.
The impact of technology and innovation on urban development was highlighted under the term “smart
city” (SC) coined in early 1990 (Gibson et al., 1992) and most recently under the term “City 2.0”. Various
definitions and dimensions have been provided for a smart city (Albino et al., 2015), among these
definitions, the one offered in (Caragliu et al., 2011) is close to sustainable development, where it
suggests that a city is smart when the aim of investing in cyber-infrastructure is to foster sustainable
economic growth, better quality of life, and efficient management of natural resources. IoT is expected
to change the urban development and future cities, similar to other engineered systems. The impact of
technology and innovation on urban development was highlighted under the term “smart city” (SC)
coined in early 1990 (Gibson et al., 1992) and most recently under the term “City 2.0”. Various
definitions and dimensions have been provided for a smart city (Albino et al., 2015), among these
definitions, the one offered in (Caragliu et al., 2011) is close to sustainable development, where it
suggests that a city is smart when the aim of investing in cyber-infrastructure is to foster sustainable
economic growth, better quality of life, and efficient management of natural resources.

There is a shared definition of what makes a smart city and what constitutes a sustainable one, where a
smart city is not just about smart infrastructure but the extent at which such infrastructure assists in
achieving sustainable development objectives. For instance, waste generation is a fast-growing problem
of modern societies, particularly in growing urban regions. Around 1.7–1.9 billion metric tons of
municipal solid waste is generated every year worldwide (Environment and Programme, 2010). If the
city’s population as a result of rural-urban migration is growing at the existing rate of 3–5 percent a year,
then the waste generation will double every 10 years (UN-HABITAT, 2009). Although according to the
environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) by increasing income per capita, the environmental degradation, and
pollution decreases, the economy of scale and the population growth may offset the benefits of
economic development. Further, there are controversial discussions on the accuracy of EKC. According
to Stern (Stern, 2004), the statistical evidence behind EKC are not robust and the relation between
environmental impacts and per capita income is not predictable. Waste generation is a concern for
modern societies due to both the service cost of waste collection, and the environmental issues of
landfills. The IoT seems a promising solution for handling waste collection and recovery operations in
SCs (Zanella et al., 2014).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X18305865?
fbclid=IwAR1HxBiucTdERzsjMFoD67JAM2nG6SEo4s_TY7565h-is9fyOJcZ9NRAS8w

IoT-Based Solid Waste Management Solutions: A Survey

by Kellow Pardini 1,Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues 1,2,3,*ORCID,Sergei A. Kozlov 3,Neeraj Kumar 4 andVasco Furtado 5ORCID

Governmental and public agencies are currently taking more steps in relation to trash management to
more effectively improve the collection and responsible disposal of garbage produced by a city. These
are already taking into account the rapid rate of urbanization around the world, the growth of the
industrial sector, and the manufacturing and healthcare sectors, which are projected to produce a lot of
trash and are currently capable of being treated effectively by smart management. The development of
intelligent waste management should also be positively impacted by the expansion of infrastructural
facilities and the increased acceptance of advanced waste management systems in developing
economies with the aim of employing cost-effective and time-saving disposal techniques. According to
its composition (physical qualities) and destination, the trash produced by various societal segments can
be categorized. This classification is essential because it makes it easier to collect items selectively,
recycle them, and determine the best aim. These solid wastes that urban communities dispose of are
both a more homogeneous load of industrial and hospital trash and a highly heterogeneous volume of
stuff.
Currently, the selective collection is the cornerstone of effective waste management and the most
widely used technique when recycling is the goal. Prior classification must be completed for an IoT-
based waste management system, and appropriate containers for each type of garbage should be taken
into consideration. Different facets of IoT technology for waste management solutions are covered in a
number of published articles. For instance, the authors of Reference provide a method that enables the
planning of waste pickup through intelligent monitoring. Interoperable applications from many
information and communication domains can be implemented with great ease using the Smart-M3
platform (extension of the cross-domain search for triple-based information). The solution is created in
two stages: the monitoring phase, where the amounts of garbage inside the compartments are
continuously monitored, sent, and stored; and the optimization phase, where the waste collection
routes are optimized using the calculations made from the information gathered. In Reference, the
authors address a dynamic waste management model through a set of infrastructure services for Smart
Cities based on IoT.
The authors compare the shortcomings of current systems to their suggested solution. The idea is based
on an Arduino IDE and an 8051 microcontroller that reads, processes, and wirelessly transmits data from
an infrared sensor used to detect the depth of waste inside the container to a central system based on a
microcontroller Intel Galileo. The solution's sensors and utilized communication are both very well
addressed by the concept put out by these authors. They have a different model that is based on a more
effective collection path. Reference reviews an analysis of the literature on intelligent waste
management and contrasts various techniques. It concentrates on IoT, taking into account its
components (identification, sensing, communication, computing, semantics, and services), as well as its
features (anything communicates, anything identifies, and anything interacts).
https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/8/1/5

Waste Management System Using IoT-Based Machine Learning in University

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing, and waste management has become a significant
problem. Urban waste management is a regular task that uses a lot of labor resources and has an impact
on social, economic, environmental, and efficiency factors. Many methods, including the nearest
neighbor search, colony optimization, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization methods, have
been suggested to optimize waste management. The conclusions, however, are still too nebulous to be
used in practical systems, like universities or cities. Combining the best waste management practices
with affordable IoT designs has been popular lately.
One significant use is that IoT technology is now a useful and effective tool for creating smart
cities. According to, the increased garbage output brought on by cities' faster population growth is a
crucial problem for smart cities. The collecting of garbage and path data presents two major obstacles
for waste management. For IoT-based trash management, machine learning (ML) offers efficient
solutions including regression, classification, clustering, and correlation rules perception. There are three
key explanations for this. First, because IoT apps use linked devices across the board, massive amounts
of data are gathered daily. . Additionally, they might have events preprogrammed to occur based on
interesting responses from the data gathered or specified circumstances. Second, computers are
capable of picking up new skills. Examples include classification, clustering, making predictions, and
pattern recognition. Additionally, these systems are trained by analyzing sample data using a variety of
statistical models and methods. Thirdly, the sample data typically has quantifiable properties (referred
to as features), and certain ML algorithms try to detect correlations between the features and certain
output values (called labels). The knowledge gained through training is then applied to new data to find
patterns or make judgments.
By boosting energy efficiency, enhancing governance, and lowering costs, IoT-based waste management
models play a crucial role in raising the standard of life and enhancing human well-being. The main goal
is to decrease the overall cost of transportation, and transfer, save labor, and lessen reliance on pre-
owned vehicles while increasing service quality and raising the standard of living in general.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2020/6138637/

Design and Implementation of a Plastic Waste Sorting System

Plastic has been in high demand and is used on a daily basis all over the world since its invention in the
1950s. As a result of its popularity, plastic pollution has become one of the biggest issues facing the
world today. This contamination results from inappropriate plastic waste disposal, a problem that can be
resolved by properly disposing of, recycling, and reusing plastics. Consequently, a technique for
classifying plastic garbage was created and put into use. The waste management and plastic recycling
sectors will employ the planned project. For effective sorting of the plastic waste, it comprises of a
spinning container that houses two sensors (a color sensor and a weight sensor).
A smart trash can with multiple chambers is proposed. The first chamber is made for a cutter that will
chop up the trash into smaller pieces, and then the leftovers are separated using sensors based on
whether they are biodegradable or not. The compost formulation process is then applied to the
biodegradable garbage, while the non-biodegradable material is shred into a container after being
broken into additional smaller pieces as needed. An alarm is issued to prompt the necessary actions if
the container is full. The suggested solution is both affordable and incredibly simple to install.
Rapid urbanization has made waste management in the nation a significant concern. 62 million tons of
municipal solid leftover or garbage are produced annually by the nearly 377 million city dwellers who
inhabit 7,935 towns and cities. The majority of Indian cities, towns, and villages lack the proper
infrastructure to support effective rubbish collection techniques. Nobody is caring to clean out the
common public trash cans as they fill to the brim with junk, despite the fact that they are overflowing.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9043197
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9596173

Automated waste-sorting and recycling classification using artificial neural network and features
fusion: a digital-enabled circular economy vision for smart cities

The issue of waste generation in smart cities is a serious one, and the temporary measures taken to
handle it have not been very successful. However, the CE vision for smart cities is now slowed down by
the difficulties of complying with recycling regulations because of the practical challenges involved in
garbage sorting.
Cities are producing more waste on a constant basis, and the management techniques are just
temporary. Even in the so-called smart cities, a linear method, or "take-make-use-dispose," is frequently
used in urban areas. The waste handling authority generally rely on disposal options in this strategy,
particularly landfills. However, as the waste accumulates in these landfills, eventually there won't be
enough room to manage the smart city's expanding waste load. Long-term sustainability of smart cities
would be questioned in light of such expanding waste generation scenarios. According to the plan,
monitoring the movement of waste in a city was made possible to improve the effectiveness of selective
collection. Their method includes an RFID tag to record data that is used to identify the origin of each
garbage as it is processed. This enables the gathering of pertinent information regarding the garbage.
Autonomous vehicles, medical imaging, and numerous industrial applications are just a few of the areas
where machine learning techniques are being employed successfully. These applications have
outstanding results when it comes to solving object recognition problems. The amount of recycled
material will be maximized by using these trash sorting processes, which will also simplify daily life for
the common customer. The industry would also gain from improved effectiveness.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11042-021-11537-0

IoT-Based Smart Solid Waste Management System A Systematic Literature Review

Nor Azman Ismail, Nurul Aiman Ab Majid, Shukur Abu Hassan

Waste is one of the key worries for many parties due to the growing global population and the
quickening pace of globalization. According to World Bank projections, there will be 4.3 billion urban
residents worldwide in 2025, and each person will produce around 1.42 kg of waste every day.
According to World Bank data, there is a correlation between garbage generation and economic success
and industrial progress, with waste generation directly proportional to both. Today's smart solid waste
management system automates various conventional waste management procedures using Internet of
Things (IoT) technologies.
The act of gathering, managing, and discarding solid objects that are no longer in use is known as solid
waste management (SWM). Nowadays, large outdoor trash cans, garbage pickup trucks, and scheduled
pickup schedules by the connected party are all common components of solid waste management.
According to Manaf et al., solid waste is divided into three categories, each of which is managed by a
distinct authority. On the other hand, smart solid waste management system (SSWMS) is a smart system
that utilizes Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology to connect smart waste bins (as smart objects) to web-
based and/or mobile applications through cloud servers. By converting conventional, physical objects
into "smart objects" via numerous crucial technologies such embedded devices, sensor networks, and
Internet protocols, IoT enables traditional, physical objects to connect with one another. Any Smart City
can deploy SSWMS as one of many services to create a more sustainable environment. Any
development and deployment of SSWMS must include IoT.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nurul-Aiman-Ab-Majid/publication/349099144_IoT-
Based_Smart_Solid_Waste_Management_System_A_Systematic_Literature_Review/links/
601fec1c299bf1cc26ad9b89/IoT-Based-Smart-Solid-Waste-Management-System-A-Systematic-
Literature-Review.pdf

Artificial intelligence-based solution for sorting COVID related medical waste streams and supporting
data-driven decisions for smart circular economy practice

To guarantee environmental safety and public health, waste generation must be adequately managed as
a continuous process. The waste management business has taken on a new shape thanks to recent
circular economy (CE) initiatives that generate value from the waste that is produced. One of the biggest
problems is the switch to a CE, especially when it comes to sorting and categorizing created garbage. By
addressing these issues, the recycling sector would be made easier and remanufacturing would be
encouraged. However, during the COVID era, especially in the developing world, the majority of the
created garbage is mixed with traditional waste kinds. The epidemic has produced enormous amounts
of infectious garbage. The biggest problem was handling it, which caused anxiety over sorting and
categorizing. In order to sort COVID-related medical waste streams from other waste types and assure
data-driven decisions for recycling in the context of CE, this study presents an automated Artificial
Intelligence (AI) based approach. Trash categories for metal, paper, and glass are taken into account, as
well as pandemic-related PET waste. Prior to the start of the recycling process, the waste types are
accurately sorted and classified using the image-texture-dependent features.
The study identified waste management through productive storage as a key worldwide function for
ecological sustainability (Okewu et al., 2017). The company will encourage the production of garbage by
recycling and reusing the items that are discarded. Effective selective processing is also introduced to
improve recycling and reduce its negative effects on the environment. This issue is particularly
important in emerging nations, where waste management poses a significant obstacle to their
urbanization and economic growth. Given that a sizable portion of the waste generated in large cities is
recyclable, reuse strategies that could benefit society or lessen environmental issues must be
understood and put into practice. For fixing these objects, the availability of procedures or templates
that assist in sorting rubbish has become crucial. Although there are many recycling categories, some
people may be unsure of which rubbish can to use for each type of waste or may simply be confused.
The accurate classification of garbage into recycling categories is one of the integrated solutions based
on machine learning techniques that are advised to reduce the effects of poor household waste
disposal. Every method of handling solid waste that humans have developed over time is based on the
original objective of eradicating it. The main cause of this increase in garbage output has been
population growth. To keep the balance, it should then be kept to a minimum personally. The major goal
is to enhance CE practice by creating an automated garbage sorting mechanism. This will produce
advantageous economic results in addition to favorable environmental effects. Additionally, the
proposed system has a strong appeal to the community as a way to enhance rubbish disposal. In order
to identify waste photos into four classes—metal, paper, glass, and COVID-related medical waste—the
study analyzes several machine learning techniques.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957582021003177

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE SELECTION USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING: FOR MOJO TOWN,
ETHIOPIA

Waste is a substance that is released throughout every aspect of daily human activity and has a negative
impact on both human health and the environment. Solid wastes are any non-liquid and non-gaseous
byproducts of human activity, such as those from households, municipalities, construction projects, and
industries. In the modern world, the production of solid waste has become a major issue for both the
environment and human health in both wealthy and developing nations. Solid waste output is
accelerated by a growing population, quick economic expansion, rising living standards, and an increase
in urban and industrial activity. In order to prevent environmental contamination and health issues,
disposing of solid waste is a crucial component of the waste management system. Unsustainable waste
disposal practices are the root cause of the present global trends in waste management issues, which
are ultimately the result of poor planning and implementation.
Solid waste management is the discipline that deals with regulating the production, storage, collection,
transfer, and disposal of solid wastes in a way that complies with the highest standards of public health,
economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, as well as
one that is sensitive to public opinion. Solid waste management promotes economic growth and an
enhanced quality of life while reducing negative effects on the environment and human health. In the
table below, descriptions of the primary categories of solid waste management systems are provided. A
combination of poor waste management practices and a hot climate leads to an increase in
environmental issues that have substantial local as well as global implications. Landfilling is still the most
popular method of disposing of solid waste, despite the growing emphasis on trash reduction at the
source, as well as recovery and recycling of the waste.
By reducing the volume, toxicity, or both of the waste's components, waste treatment procedures aim
to make the trash easier to handle, dispose of, or recycle. The kind, amount, and composition of the
waste material are taken into consideration while choosing a treatment procedure. Biological processes,
dumping the trash on land or in landfills, and extremely high temperatures are some of the waste
treatment techniques now in use. It should be emphasized that the previously described waste
management techniques of reducing, reusing, and recycling of garbage are chosen as a last resort
because these are the best methods in terms of both the economy and the preservation of the
environment.

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49778638/16.Minalu_Ambaneh-libre.pdf?1477113536=&response-content-disposition=inline
%3B+filename%3DCOLLEGE_OF_SOCIAL_SCIENCES_DEPARTMENT_OF.pdf&Expires=1672742502&Signature=ENUL6JdNXAw6hkH-
HeAzj6tXU78D5N1OBspAcMwYSmFTuoHUqHMV6bi6wM6SHrXqTCzmOSunibf5eD-
IFRKoU0ft6TatuBDtvcsNzE4kJ0mB33sRuHSylp8iucHyzNb30LsDMTB8BWAvXO8EQxzrUX1UyeqRsl93paylapB3t9w60i4MzcplvfPfOwGFETmgewTE
6vb64f81fipm2TpY8Hl0XirZck~Rg5L8aAYu88IZZU-
nwCt3sw~qmmJ4ZumPZlP0ZxpBcABqY4DKFpjegZhwly5ufoNJgoFCsA0PKu2XaAhbMlmLA3E6jwyOM6lEur1qI0eExieSJBSbSxEpCw__&Key-Pair-
Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

Sustainable Waste Management Through Systems Engineering Models and Remote Sensing
Approaches
Singh, A. Sustainable Waste Management Through Systems Engineering Models and Remote Sensing Approaches. Circ.Econ.Sust. 2, 1105–1126
(2022).

The number of people on Earth is expected to reach 9.9 billion in 2050 due to population growth. By
2050, more than 50% of the world's population will reside in urban areas, endangering the viability of
cities. The pace of garbage creation has recently increased significantly as a result of this expanding
population. Many of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG6 "Clean
Water and Sanitation," SDG11 "Sustainable Cities and Communities," and SDG12 "Responsible
Consumption and Production," cannot be achieved without effective waste management. However,
managing and disposing of garbage properly is a major issue everywhere. The generation of a significant
amount of MSW is an issue for industrialized countries, according to research by Eriksson et al.
However, over 70% of the world's population lives in poor nations, where the problem is most serious.
Recently, handling environmental issues has made substantial use of several systems engineering
models. For instance, cost-benefit analysis models have been used to evaluate both the favorable and
unfavorable economic consequences. By using a special cost-benefit analysis methodology,
environmental aspects might be translated into monetary values. In order to choose the optimal
alternative among multiple possibilities while taking a number of objectives into account, optimization
models were used. The most effective use of IACTs can increase a waste organization scheme's
efficiency. Various systems are available to use IACTs in waste management, such as data possession
technologies-based systems that incorporate image and distance sensors into the trash cans,
classification technologies-based systems that incorporate barcode tags into the trash cans for tracking,
and geospatial technologies-based systems that use RS, GPS, and GIS to monitor the location of the
trash cans. Site selection, garbage planning and estimation, route and collection optimization, vehicle
tracking, and effect assessments have all been done using these technologies. In all of the systems
mentioned above, data transmission technologies are typically utilized to facilitate the communication
of processed data. According to Nuortio et al., improvements in sensing and IACTs have made real-time
monitoring of trash cans more practical and doable.
The term "remote sensing" (RS) typically refers to the effective use of airborne detection technologies
for sensing objects on the ground from a distance through signal transmission from satellites. The use of
RS in SWM has been done for landfill siting for waste disposal, assessing the ecological impact of
covered waste, and monitoring for waste landfill. By analyzing the emissions from domestic waste
disposal landfills, Yang et al. developed a framework for the placement of landfills. For five trash sites in
the Chinese cities of Suzhou and Wuxi, the researchers combined RS and a GIS database. Earlier, Oluic et
al. investigated appropriate trash disposal places in underground corridors using satellite data and aerial
photos. For the ecological study, Zhao et al. later used information gathered from field sensors and
NASA's Aqua and Terra satellites. For an environmental assessment of garbage dumping, they looked at
pollution and recovery status.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-022-00151-3

Managing the uncertainty problems of municipal solid waste disposal

Ajay Singh, Managing the uncertainty problems of municipal solid waste disposal, Journal of Environmental Management,
Volume 240, 2019, Pages 259-265, ISSN 0301-4797

In waste management systems, a number of elements, including the rate of waste production, the
disposal location, the cost of treatment, and their relationships, may be unclear and may have an impact
on the related optimization procedures. Various imprecise programming techniques were used to
handle these uncertainty challenges in waste management. The uncertainty-related waste management
challenges, for instance, were typically solved using fuzzy, stochastic programming, and interval
programming techniques. The investigation showed that the right application of these optimization
strategies can maximize the effectiveness of the waste management system. In this method, an
uncertainty problem is broken down into a number of specific subproblems utilizing the minimax regret
optimization methodology. These related issues are concentrated on a calculation that minimizes the
disappointment of failing to achieve the desired result.
A description of the issues with solid waste management and disposal, as well as the effects of the
investigation, is given. The background and context for the uncertainty challenges in effective waste
management are explained in detail. The use of integrated waste management and the fuzzy analysis
approach in addressing uncertainty issues is highlighted. Finally, a summary of the findings from the
literature analysis follows a discussion of how these strategies have been applied in various case studies
around the world.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.025.

GIS and remote sensing application in solid waste management and optimal site suitability
assessment for landfill: the case of Shashemene City, Ethiopia
The amount of garbage output, particularly solid hazardous waste, increases as the community expands.
Rapid urban growth will inevitably lead to more issues with waste management and manufacturing,
which will put a strain on sanitary issues in the city. People are being compelled to dispose of their
rubbish in open fields due to poor waste management procedures and a lack of public and community
trucks and containers. Many of the communities in the city now have the same dismal sanitary
conditions. In order to handle the issue and efficiently manage the garbage in the city, the application of
Geo-information systems on landfill site suitability assessment is required.
Geodatabases have been built to house all feature classes and raster data during the analysis phase
once all essential preparations have been done. In a model builder made specifically for this thesis,
various geoprocessing tools and spatial analysis operations were performed. All factor maps with
constraints are made limited, while the remaining factor maps are given a suitability rating ranging from
the highest four to the lowest one. Finally, factor maps are added according to their weight using a
weighted overlay tool from spatial analysis tools. Therefore, relatively small sections along the city's
southeast, northeast, and southwest boundaries, which make up about 1.1% of its total area, are
extremely favorable for landfill development, whereas the city's center and wider areas, which make up
about 50% of its areal coverage, are highly unsuitable. The majority of the city's southern, middle, and
northern regions—where there are built-up areas and service facilities—are deemed inappropriate for
dump site development.
http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2507019

The future of waste management in smart and sustainable cities

Behzad Esmaeilian, Ben Wang, Kemper Lewis, Fabio Duarte, Carlo Ratti, Sara Behdad, The future of waste management in smart and sustainable cities: A review and
concept paper, Waste Management, Volume 81, 2018, Pages 177-195, ISSN 0956-053X

A significant issue that requires further study in academic research is the potential of smart cities to
address environmental issues in general and trash management in particular. This study, which is based
on an integrated evaluation of the literature, provides information about the potential of linked
communities and smart cities to support waste management initiatives. The suggested framework
emphasizes the need of integrating waste management methods to the entire product life-cycle and the
utility of product lifecycle data in reducing waste and improving trash recovery. It has been stated how
tracking and data-sharing technologies have been used to look into waste management problems.
Finally, the implementation success criteria for the suggested framework have been examined, along
with some ideas for potential future study topics. As we experience the fourth industrial revolution and
the emergent infrastructure and capabilities afforded by Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Blockchain
technology, and the Internet of Things, the role of technology becomes increasingly crucial (IoT).
Industry 4.0, smart factories, and other smart systems including smart buildings, security systems, data
centers, and medical systems are all built on the foundation of CPS, a new class of designed systems that
offers coordination between physical and computational infrastructures (Khaitan and McCalley, 2015). A
new networking paradigm known as IoT is emerging where connections between all kinds of physical
entities would be enabled over the internet. If the networking functionalities provided by the internet
are added to CPS (Han et al., 2013). Additionally, the ability to create a decentralized public ledger
provided by Blockchain technology makes it easier for system users to share information and creates the
foundation for new transparent business models. The Internet of Things is anticipated to alter urban
planning and future cities, much like other constructed systems. With the introduction of the terms
"smart city" (SC), first used in early 1990 (Gibson et al., 1992), and most recently "City 2.0," the influence
of technology and innovation on urban development was brought to light. One definition offered by
(Caragliu et al., 2011) is similar to sustainable development and suggests that a city is smart when the
goal of investing in cyber-infrastructure is to foster sustainable economic growth, the better quality of
life, and efficient management of natural resources. Various definitions and dimensions have been
provided for a smart city (Albino et al., 2015).
There is agreement on what defines a sustainable city and what defines a smart city, with a smart city
being defined not just by its smart infrastructure but also by how well it supports the goals of
sustainable development. For instance, the development of waste is an issue that modern civilizations
are experiencing rapidly, especially in urban areas that are expanding. There aren't many research that
have covered SC waste management procedures. In order to introduce a data-driven model for waste
management practices in SCs considering the circular economy concept, this study will first evaluate the
relevant studies.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.047

Intelligent waste management system using deep learning with IoT

Md. Wahidur Rahman, Rahabul Islam, Arafat Hasan, Nasima Islam Bithi, Md. Mahmodul Hasan, Mohammad Motiur Rahman, Intelligent waste management system
using deep learning with IoT, Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, Volume 34, Issue 5, 2022, Pages 2072-2087, ISSN 1319-1578

The term "waste management" refers to the activities and measures that must be taken to control an
area from construction to demolition. Waste can be either solid, liquid, or gaseous. To deal with various
sorts of garbage, including biological, industrial, and home waste, numerous procedures are used.
Household waste includes things like cardboard, plastic, paper, glass, and biodegradable waste. No
garbage produced by home activities can be recycled or divided into biological or non-biological
components. The reports clearly show how good waste management is necessary for the recycling
process. The consequence would be incalculable if the waste management system and contemporary
technology were combined. A hospitable biological environment is produced by adequate waste
supervision.
Machine learning (ML) is a key component of artificial intelligence (AI), giving a system the capacity to
learn and decide on its own without being given explicit instructions. A scientific study of some statistical
models and algorithms is called machine learning. The Internet of things (IoT), on the other hand, is a
network of interconnected digital or frequently analog machines that enhances the capability of data
transfer over a network beyond requiring human to computer interactions. According to an IoT statistic
(FUSON, 2020), up to 127 new IoT devices are connected to public networks on average per second. 328
million things are connected each month as a result of the rapid growth. These figures demonstrate the
growing importance of IoT in contemporary computing. IoT's commercial market has grown along with
its popularity, which is rising daily.
Two structural models are merged to find excellent results in the field of waste management. Classifying
wastes into proper categories helps to identify reusable waste. Identifying recyclable wastes let us utilize
them without deteriorating. In the extent of image classification, deep learning algorithms acquire
peerless results. The scope of minimizing the misuse of recyclable components inspires authors to add
deep learning for waste classification while monitoring waste to differentiate recyclable wastes.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.08.016
Sensors for Smart Waste Management
Municipal waste collection is essential, however, the way things are done now is less effective. Even
when they are empty or partially filled, waste and recycling bins are routinely emptied on a regular
schedule. Overfilling trash cans in business and residential areas is another problem that creates
unattractive litter that is hazardous to the environment and human health. Waste management services
may now be delivered on-demand thanks to LoRa sensors, saving you money on labor, fuel, and other
expenses. The additional advantage of operational analytics makes it simple to monitor garbage levels
along all of your routes and aids in your city's achievement of its sustainability objectives. For smart
cities of all sizes, our low power wireless gateways and ultrasonic sensors work together to produce a
smart garbage collecting solution. To simplify and boost the effectiveness of rubbish collection services,
connect ultrasonic devices across diverse service regions using LoRa WAN networks. For local, private
coverage, join the network of a LoRa service provider or just leave the LoRa module where it is.
To reduce threats to the general population and the environment, trash must be appropriately handled
during collection, transportation, handling, and disposal. In our project, "automated waste segregator
and monitoring system," an effective way to dispose of the garbage has been designed. In order for the
wastes to be transferred directly for processing, this study suggests an automatic waste segregator
(AWS), which is a simple, affordable option for a segregation system at homes. The purpose of an
automatic garbage segregator is to separate waste into three primary categories: metallic, organic, and
plastic. This will improve the effectiveness of waste management. The addition of ultrasonic sensors
allows for the monitoring of the garbage collection operation.
https://www.levelsensorsolutions.com/waste-management
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/adamson-university/accountancy/automatic-waste-
segregator-and-monitoring-system/42953764

iWASTE: An Automated Waste Classification Technology Using Supervised Learning with Convolution
Neural Network and Mf Classifier
Dr. Myra G. Flores

One popular method of controlling trash generation and disposal is waste management. The Philippines
ranks third in the world for the amount of plastic debris dumped into waterways and has one of the
highest trash collection rates in South East Asia.
The Local Government Units (LGUs) are given the authority to enforce regulations on cleanliness, solid
waste management, and environmental issues, as provided for in RA 9003. Although there are programs
in place to separate wastes, garbage is still a worldwide issue that has an impact on everyone and every
living thing. The researcher recognizes the potential for developing a prototype for "An Automated
Waste Classification Technology Using Supervised Learning with Convolution Neural Network and MF
Classifier" that would assist in efficiently and accurately sorting recyclable waste products.
By categorizing, classifying, and segregating waste, the employment of Bayesian Classifier, Artificial
Intelligence, especially Convolutional Neural Networks, and MF Classifier opens up a new technique to
manage and reduce the amount of rubbish produced daily. When these three algorithms were used,
trash segregation was simple, precise, and quick. Agile modeling greatly aided in the development of
software and requirements analysis. Image processing software can be used to track and identify trash
that might be recyclable. The system gathers helpful data and uses CNN classification to organize it. Each
recyclable item was trained using the CNN model by having a label applied for testing and training.
https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/358234-iwaste-an-automated-waste-classification-
90a69e9a.pdf

Smart Waste Bin with real-time monitoring system

This paper presents the IoT innovation project of a smart waste bin with a real time monitoring system
which integrates multiple technologies such as the solar system, sensors and wireless communication
technologies. The aim of this project is to provide an efficient and cost-effective waste collection
management system hence providing a clean, healthy and green environment. This study proposed a
new framework that enables remote monitoring of solid waste bins in real-time via Wi-Fi connection, to
assist the waste management activity. The system framework is based on a wireless sensor network
[WSN] containing three segments: renewable energy source, WSN and control station. Within this
framework there are four developed subsystems: solar power system, smart waste bin, short messaging
service [SMS] notification system and real-time monitoring system that are interrelated to each other to
perform as an efficient, cost-effective waste management system that yields to a green and healthy
living environment.

http://intelligentjo.com/images/Papers/smart%20waste%20management/
Smart_Waste_Bin_with_Real-Time_Monitoring_System.pdf

Cloud computing based smart garbage monitoring system

Healthy environment is imperative to a healthy and happy community. With the age old system of hiring
people to regularly check and empty filled dustbins, the process has been prone to human error and
neglect. Additionally, due to different frequency of usage of dustbins in different areas, routine checks
which are based on time crevices is inefficient because a dustbin might get filled early and may need
immediate attention or there might not be any need of a routine check for a long period of time. This
makes present system resource expensive and ineffectual, as overflowing, stinking dustbins become
more of a problem than a solution. In this paper we present a solution about the SmartBin is a network
of dustbins which integrates the idea of IoT with Wireless Sensor Networks. We also put forward the
concept of a network of smart garbage bins based on the Stack Based Front End approach of integrating
Wireless Sensor Network with the Cloud computing and discuss how Machine Learning techniques like
Decision Forest Regression can be applied to the sensor data leveraged by the system to gain useful
insights to improve the efficiency of the garbage monitoring.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7804609/

A Neoteric IoT Review of Waste Management Using Smart Bins

The polluted and unclean environment is one of the main problems that every city in India is facing.
Smart city missions have started to deal with various challenges like smart environment, smart
transportation system etc. As the cities are growing, waste in the cities is also increasing. Appropriate
administration of garbage is one of the major concerns in the modern cities. This increases a lot of
health problems among people in society. The traditional waste administration approaches are not
advanced enough to accomplish a capable and strong waste administration. A smart garbage monitoring
system is proposed to overcome all the problems related to the waste management that cities are
facing. This paper represents a survey on smart bin systems which includes monitoring the garbage level
in the bins, providing an alert to garbage collectors if the bin is full, segregating the waste material on
the basis of waste type using different sensors. This system has been implemented with technologies
like Internet of Things, Big Data, Cloud Computing and Android etc. This disclose that smart garbage
monitoring systems make the monitoring process simpler and easier and is very effective for Municipal
Corporation for waste management.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sakshi-Takkar-2/publication/
342479972_A_Neoteric_IoT_Review_of_Waste_Management_Using_Smart_Bins/links/
5ef63d3e299bf18816e8a9f9/A-Neoteric-IoT-Review-of-Waste-Management-Using-Smart-Bins.pdf

Smart Waste Collection Monitoring System using IoT

Timely cleaning of the dustbin is a big challenge and if left unaddressed, it may pose several health risks
by making the place unhygienic. The current system for the waste management in local areas of small
and highly populated cities is sluggish which leads to a lot of garbage strewn all over the city. The rate of
generation of waste is so high that if the garbage collector doesn't visit a place for a couple of days it
creates the conditions adverse. In covid-19 pandemic situation, it was very important to monitor and
decompose medical waste properly. The handling of normal home garbage was also challenging due to
lockdown. In this situation automatic monitoring and controlling of garbage using IOT can play a
significance role in garbage management. This paper proposes a smart and fast approach for waste
management by creating a network of smart dustbins equipped with sensors and microcontrollers in a
city which is monitored by a central control unit to speed up the process in an intelligent and smart way
thereby eliminating such hazardous conditions caused by the current sluggish system. The proposed
system also takes into account the issue of improper internet connectivity.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9544982/

Machine learning and IoT-based waste management model

A rapid rise in inhabitants across the globe has led to the inadmissible management of waste in various
countries, giving rise to various health issues and environmental pollution. The waste-collecting trucks
collect waste just once or twice in seven days. Due to improper waste collection practices, the waste in
the dustbin is spread on the streets. Thus, to defeat this situation, an efficient solution for smart and
effective waste management using machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed in
this paper. In the proposed solution, the authors have used an Arduino UNO microcontroller, ultrasonic
sensor, and moisture sensor. Using image processing, one can measure the waste index of a particular
dumping ground. A hardware prototype is also developed for the proposed framework. Thus, the
presented solution for the efficient management of waste accomplishes the aim of establishing clean
and pollution-free cities.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5942574/

IoT based waste collection system using infrared sensors

Waste collection and transportation, is the most costly stage in a waste management program. In this
paper, commonly used solutions to improve waste collection systems have been discussed and an IoT
based methodology has been proposed as a new solution. The methodology proposes use of Infrared
sensors to gather real time data from the waste bins and that of Raspberry Pi2Development Board to
communicate this information to the waste managers. The waste managers can effectively use this
information to optimize the scheduling and routing of collection process.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7785008/

IoT and ML based Smart System for Efficient Garbage Monitoring: Real Time AQI monitoring and Fire
Detection for dump yards and Garbage Management System

There is always a significant amount of challenges associated with waste and its disposal, which can be
essentially mitigated by the use of technology. As the urban population increases, the amount of waste
disposal is also increasing at an unprecedented rate. The inappropriate disposal of this waste will lead to
many hazards including the risk of fires in the dump yards that leverages poisonous smoke in the
atmosphere by adversely affecting the safety of nearby residential areas. Monitoring the occurrence of
fire in huge dumping grounds manually is a tough task and thus developing an automatic fire
extinguishing system is highly required. The advanced technologies can be leveraged to ensure the
protection and safety of people by eliminating such hazardous risks. The air quality index (AQI) is an
indicator of daily air quality report that shows how air quality affects a person's life in a very short time.
AQI plays a key role in ensuring the safety of residential areas. The proposed system aims to aid the
possible hazardous risks associated with the dump yard and waste management.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9214202/

Application of Delphi-AHP methods to select the priorities of WEEE for recycling in a waste
management decision-making tool
Using Delphi-AHP techniques, a waste management decision-making tool can prioritize recycling WEEE.
Yong-Chul Jang, Seunguk Lee, and Mincheol Kim
Environmental Management Journal 128 (2013): 941–948

Due to the significant amounts of trash produced by the use of contemporary electrical and electronic
devices, the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or electronic waste (e-
waste) has become a major challenge for solid waste communities. To decrease the number of
electronic devices that need to be disposed of and to encourage resource recovery from WEEE, Korea
implemented the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system in 2003. A total of 10 electrical and
electronic goods are currently governed by the EPR. The results of using the Delphi approach are
presented in this study.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479713004581

Evaluation of key driver categories influencing sustainable waste management development with the
analytic hierarchy process (AHP): Serbia example

In recent decades, the issues of waste management have gotten ever more complicated. In order to
achieve a sustainable waste management system, it is vital to consider the rising amount of garbage
generated, the law that has been enacted in the waste management industry, administrative concerns,
economic effects, and societal awareness. However, in reality, there are a lot of other factors at play
that frequently fight with one another. In the Republic of Serbia and other southeast European nations,
the slow development of a waste management system at the national and regional levels is a problem
that needs to be addressed. The aim of this study is to identify the precise driver and its corresponding
sub-driver that are important for developing a waste management system, and, based on their relative
importance, to determine which has the most significant impact. This study offers two.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0734242X16652963

Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making to optimise solid waste management

When there are several criteria, decision-making can be supported by a wide variety of techniques
known as multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). Finding the best environmentally friendly method of
managing solid waste is an illustration of a multi-criteria problem. This situation involves a number of
competing goals that can be categorized according to environmental, economic, social, and technical
metrics. The most pertinent MCDM techniques and tools are explored in this article with an emphasis on
how well-suited they are for evaluating solid waste management systems. The Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP), Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), Outranking methods, and the Technique for Order
of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution have been highlighted as the most pertinent approaches
(TOPSIS). The evaluation standards established by decision makers are frequently these approaches'
weak point.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452223622000621

Sustainable waste management systems

The generation, collection, and disposal of waste is seen as a system. In order to create more sustainable
practice, a systems approach that reveals its relationship to other components of the system is
investigated. The transition to a more sustainable society calls for more sophisticated waste
management. Traditional reductionist methods are unsustainable because they are rigid and short-
sighted.
A system for managing waste that is sustainable has feedback loops, focuses on processes, is flexible,
and diverts waste from disposal. Finding and using leverage points that cause change is necessary for
the transition to a sustainable waste management system.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652610002672
Integrated sustainable waste management in developing countries
This report examines how cities in developing nations have been addressing their solid waste challenges
via the viewpoint of "integrated sustainable waste management." Reviewing the history of related terms
and concepts, ISWM is distinguished from integrated waste management, which is typically employed in
the context of technological integration in affluent nations. Instead, integrated sustainable waste
management addresses both the governance and the physical elements (collection, disposal, and
recycling) (inclusivity of users and service providers; financial sustainability; coherent, sound institutions
underpinned by proactive policies). The findings indicate that performance has greatly improved over
the previous ten years. In middle-income and low-income cities, respectively, levels of collection
coverage and controlled disposal of 95% and 50% are already typical. Recycling rates of 20 to 30 percent
are attained via.
https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/warm.12.00005

Sustainable waste management-Asian perspectives

Sustainability in waste management has been discussed since the last decade. However there is no
consensus. Sustainability in one nation may not apply to another. There are many drivers affecting
sustainability and the impact varies from one country to another, depending on political, socio-
economic and environmental factors. The scenario is more complicated in Asia due to rapid
industrialization and urbanization and changing waste composition and generation rates. Waste
management technologies are generally conservative in Asia and the need for integrated waste
management is imperative. Impact of waste management could be local, regional or global as can be
seen in climate change and environmental degradation.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Agamuthu-Periathamby/publication/
228825285_Sustainable_waste_management_-_Asian_perspectives/links/
0deec516e90860bc12000000/Sustainable-waste-management-Asian-perspectives.pdf

Overpopulation Impacts on the environment and Waste Segregation

Overpopulation has been recognized as a global environmental problem for a few decades, as it
has caused several adverse effects on the environment. Modern medical facilities and illiteracy in some
interior regions of developing countries are the major reasons for the development of this inverted
pyramid demographic structure. Overpopulation has resulted in a series of catastrophic consequences
by causing increased pressure on existing natural resources. Deforestation, its effect on welfare, climate
change, the decline in biocapacity, urban sprawl, food security, energy demand increase, and marine
ecosystems are amongst the most severe impacts of overpopulation. In addition, a significant increase in
municipal SOLID WASTE generation trend has been recorded worldwide. This has been found due to
overpopulation growth rate, industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth. Consumerism speed
has been found very high covering more than 50% of the total population since the last decade due to
higher economic growth, which has ultimately resulted in increased SOLID WASTE generation. Municipal
SOLID WASTE generation showed different trends and a positive correlation with economic
development in terms of kg/capita/day SOLID WASTE generation at a world scale. Municipal SOLID
WASTE generation has been recorded as much higher in western and some eastern developed
countries. Concrete steps need to be taken on a national and international level to combat the adverse
effects of overpopulation so that the sustainability of natural resources can be ensured for future
generations. One of the vital parts of the urban development plan is proper waste management in which
waste collection is a very complicated process that involves efficient management of the entire system,
beginning with the collection to the dumping of wastes hygienically. Segregation of collected waste is
essential because if all waste materials such as polythene bags, old furniture, and e-waste get mixed up
in the landfills, it could lead to contamination of the land through leaking toxic substances. Wet waste
fraction is converted either into compost or methane gas. Compost can replace chemical fertilizers
demands, and biogas can be used as a source of energy. The metallic, plastic, and paper waste can be
reused or recycled. An automated waste segregation process is the most basic requirement for kick-
starting the management process.
Citations:
Gangwani, M., Pandey, M., Punjabi, N., Khatwani, P., & Sahu, S. (2019). A comprehensive study on waste segregation
techniques. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 8(04).
Uniyal, S., Paliwal, R., Kaphaliya, B., & Sharma, R. K. (2020). Human overpopulation: Impact on environment. In Megacities and
Rapid Urbanization: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 20-30). IGI Global.

A SURVEY PAPER ON AUTOMATED WASTE SEGREGATOR BASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS

TECHNOLOGY
Municipal solid waste, or rubbish, is a waste category that includes objects that are dumped by
the general public. The inappropriate management of rubbish causes environmental damage as well as a
loss of economic value. Problems associated with growing consumption and depletion of resources, as
well as the increased creation of various sorts of waste, are becoming more important than ever as a
result of economic development, industrialization, and population growth. Collecting garbage in an
unordered way leads to overfilling of bins, rotting garbage smell, and more fuel consumption of trucks
and hence has adverse effects on the environment. Moreover, the capacity of garbage trucks is not
utilized. To manage garbage, we must first segregate it, and the most well-known method is the hand-
pick method, which is purportedly laborious and byzantine. Because the trash involved is so obvious, we
use a device called the Involuntary Solid Waste Segregator (ISWS), which separates the waste into
metal, glass, and plastic, organic waste, and sanitary napkins. A magnetic field is generated with the use
of an inductive sensor to segregate metallic waste, while capacitive and infrared sensors are employed
to segregate glass and plastic waste and organic garbage, respectively. Finally, both a biosensor and an
optical sensor BLD are incorporated for sanitary napkin waste. Once the waste is separated and
collected in a trash can, the amount is tracked in a server using the Internet of Things (IoT). The Smart
Garbage collector is a specially designed method to dispose of garbage in a smart way that solves the
social issues of hygiene in the country. IoT technology is slowly emerging in all the fields of the city
administration. The Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing technology enable trash management
organizations to optimize hauling routes and time data by providing high-tech sensors. The Internet of
Things (IoT) is a concept in which surrounding objects are connected through wired and wireless
networks without user intervention. In the field of IoT, objects communicate and exchange information
to provide advanced intelligent services for users. Owing to the battery-based power supply for an SGB,
both basic and low-power operations of an SGB are required to improve the battery efficiency. Haulers
determine where full waste containers are located and when they should be collected during the
process. The job is meant to provide benefits that include the most efficient extraction of economic risk,
which aids in the primary recycling of the same and, as a result, reduces the risk faced by workers
throughout the segregation process. Used in detecting the level of the garbage collected inside the
garbage collector and if it reaches a threshold then through the sensors attached the data is collected
and the information is sent to corporation offices through the IoT device integrated with the RFID tag
which is used to give reward points for the users. One of the main concerns with our environment has
been solid waste management which impacts the health and environment of our society. The detection,
monitoring, and management of waste are one of the primary problems of the present era. The
traditional way of manually monitoring the waste in waste bins is a cumbersome process and utilizes
more human effort, time, and cost which can easily be avoided with our present technologies.

Citations:
Bhuvaneswari, S., Abirami, A., Rithanya, S., & RP, S. S. (2022). A Survey Paper on Automated Waste
Segregator Based on Internet of Things Technology. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 13613.

A review of technologies and their usage in solid waste monitoring and management systems: Issues
and challenges

The one service that almost all municipalities provide for their residents is solid waste
management (SWM), which is arguably the most important municipal service and a requirement for
other complex municipal services like health, transportation, or education (Rajendran et al., 2013). Due
to rapid urbanization, the challenges and difficulties of SWM for municipalities are growing (Cheng and
Hu, 2010). The need for SWM authorities to improve their services has now become a top issue,
especially in low- and middle-income nations (The World Bank, 2012). SWM's overarching goal is to
track, collect, treat, and dispose of solid wastes produced by demographic groups in a way that is
economical, environmentally sound, and socially acceptable. Solid waste route optimization for
collection is a challenge for municipalities and has a variety of implications on collection effectiveness,
cost, and pollutant emissions. Vehicle routing difficulties, capacitated vehicle routing problems, and
vehicle routing problems with time windows are just a few examples of the many optimization
challenges that have been the subject of research to help cut costs, reduce emissions, and provide
better service to customers and depots (Johansson, 2006, Nuortio et al., 2006; Faccio et al., 2011). For
optimization, the majority of studies have, however, focused on static data rather than real-time
dynamic data. Local governments are typically given the authority to handle MSW and their laws grant
them exclusive rights over garbage once it has been dumped outside to address the aforementioned
issues. ICTs are becoming more important to address the developing SWM issues as a result of the
increased demand for automated data gathering, identification, communication, storage, and analysis in
conjunction with quick and parallel processing.
The term "information and communication technologies" (ICT) refers to a group of technologies
that make it easier to gather, process, and transmit information (OECD, 2003). Because of their
unmatched ability to provide access to information quickly from a distance at a relatively low cost, ICTs
offer a novel solution to handle SWM concerns (Lu et al., 2013). Municipalities may be able to achieve
more sustainable cities by leveraging ICTs to achieve comprehensive SWM goals, which is an apparent
motive. ICTs are essential for achieving the goals of automated and intelligent SWM systems because of
the increasing demands for the collection, transmission, and analysis of massive amounts of data, as
well as for quick computational power.MEMS technology advancements have accelerated the growth of
contemporary ICTs over the past few decades (Lyshevski, 2013), helping to create and establish an
increasingly effective system for SWM. Although ICTs can address a variety of environmental issues by
combining hardware and software applicVassilisVassilas et al., 2001), the developing world still faces
significant difficulties that contribute to the perpetuation of the "Digital Divide." The main obstacles to
implementing ICT-based systems include a lack of funding, insufficient internet connectivity, a lack of
competent labor, and an absence of effective policies (Aleke et al., 2011, Ndou, 2004). Research to date
has demonstrated that ICTs can assist in handling various SWM-related issues more effectively in terms
of cost, time, risk, and environment (Lu et al. 2013). Because the total SWM system was manual in the
past, precise information on waste generation and collection was lacking, which resulted in
management that was not anticipated. As a result, the location of trash cans, recycling stations, and
disposal locations was chosen without adequate planning. Additionally, the drivers were in charge of
planning travel routes for rubbish collection, and the waste collection was carried out without
perception or analysis of demand (Belin et al., 2012). Because garbage cans could be full or overflowing,
it results in inefficient collection. Sometimes the disturbed waste that results is more expensive in terms
of effort to gather it again and environmental threat (The World Bank, 2012). On the other hand, as
cities grow, the importance of effective SWM systems grows. ICTs are tools that aim to explore every
option for creating widely acceptable solutions. Which technology combination will offer the greatest
solution for an effective SWM system, nevertheless, is difficult to understand. Numerous systems have
been put out up to this point to address related problems and increase waste management
effectiveness.
Citations:
Hannan, M. A., Al Mamun, M. A., Hussain, A., Basri, H., & Begum, R. A. (2015). A review on technologies
and their usage in solid waste monitoring and management systems: Issues and challenges. Waste
Management, 43, 509-523.

Social factors influencing household waste separation: A literature review on good practices to
improve the recycling performance of urban areas
The expansion of urban garbage is a serious global concern since it endangers human health and
the environment if not addressed appropriately. Emissions from trash decomposition in landfills and the
sheer fact that landfills are currently full are both causes for concern. A "global recycling wakeup call"
was issued by China's decision to forbid the import of foreign garbage (Kottasová, 2018). Waste
management (WM) is regarded by the United Nations Environment Programme as a "fundamental
human right." Since WM promises to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and addresses more
than half of the Sustainable Development Goals, it has the highest political importance (Wilson, 2015).
According to the World Economic and Social Survey 2013, among the most pressing concerns of our day
are trash production reduction, waste collection system improvement, and recycling systems, and
investments in strategies are required in the majority of cities worldwide (UN DESA, 2013). The
European Commission published the Waste Framework Directive (EU, 2008) and the Circular Economy
package to address our resource challenge (EC, 2015). In addition to reducing trash overall, the goals call
for recycling 50% of urban waste by 2020 and utilizing "waste" as a resource whenever possible. Urban
dwellers produce a lot of municipal garbage, thus they must participate in the MSWMS by pre-sorting
common home waste streams at the source to minimize contamination that could harm batches of
recycled material (RECYCLING magazine, 2018). It is essential for enhancing recycling performance
overall and permitting the greatest amount of resource recovery (Varotto and Spagnoli, 2017).
Additionally, criteria for recyclate quality are becoming stricter, and rejecting cargoes due to poor
recycling behavior might have significant cost consequences (Jesson et al., 2014). The level of public
engagement is what determines how effective recycling systems are (Thomas, 2001). However, recycling
rates in densely populated urban cities are inferior to those in less densely populated locations
(Miafodzyeva and Brandt, 2013). Therefore, it is up to local decision-makers to decide whether or not
the shared global WM goals will be reached. Understanding the fundamental social dynamics that drive
public behavior is crucial for developing and enhancing well-performing MSWMS, yet it is frequently
undervalued. Active home engagement is essential for ensuring MSWMS effectiveness and achieving
better recycling rates. In addition to properly sorting recyclables at home, they also clean, store, and
eventually dispose of the nearest municipal garbage containers. Numerous social elements interact with
the existing local infrastructure, laws, and interactions of WM agents (administration, package makers,
enterprises, households, and waste managers). The social factors that were previously described
frequently coexist and work in concert to affect how well households recycle. They must be triggered in
synthesis for them to improve. The following sections will review useful suggestions from cities
throughout the world. Instead of offering universally applicable answers, the goal is to highlight the
potential ways in which each could enhance recycling in actual practice. According to a global evaluation
of behavior change.
Citation: Knickmeyer, D. (2020). Social factors influencing household waste separation: A literature
review on good practices to improve the recycling performance of urban areas. Journal of cleaner
production, 245, 118605.

Digitalization and intelligent robotics in the value chain of circular economy oriented waste
management – A review

The most thorough and effective use of resources is the main goal of the circular economy. New
approaches from Industry 4.0 are being developed and applied in the waste management industry to
help accomplish this goal. The ground-breaking K-project "ReWaste4.0" addresses issues including
digitalization and the application of robotic technologies to trash management. Here is a review of the
findings that have already been published in these areas, which were broken down into four main
topics: collection and logistics, machines and waste treatment facilities, business models, and data tools.
The most thorough and effective use of resources is the main goal of the circular economy. New
approaches from Industry 4.0 are being developed and applied in the waste management industry to
help accomplish this goal. The ground-breaking K-project "ReWaste4.0" addresses issues including
digitalization and the application of robotic technologies to trash management. Here is a review of the
findings that have already been published in these areas, which were broken down into four main
topics: collection and logistics, machines and waste treatment facilities, business models, and data tools.
In addition, a summary of the findings from an online market survey of waste management industry
companies about waste management 4.0 or "digital readiness" is provided. The techniques, procedures,
and technologies that have already been effectively implemented in other industrial sectors and that will
also be important in the waste management sector in the future are presented. The emphasis is on
solutions that could be applied in machines or waste treatment facilities in the future to improve the
effectiveness of waste treatment. Systems that use robotic technology to sort (mixed) garbage are of
interest in particular. Additionally, new business models, digital image processing techniques, and
"smart bins" with sensors for substance detection or level measurement have already been developed.
The technologies can help improve plant efficiency since they frequently draw from vast amounts of
data. In addition, a summary of the findings from an online market survey of waste management
industry companies about waste management 4.0 or "digital readiness" is provided.

To ensure uniformity among participants, Tschandl et al. (2019) define the terms as follows. The term
"digitalization" refers to the process of incorporating digital technologies into daily life. Since this
integration represents the fourth industrial revolution, which is known as "Industry 4.0." The "Industrial
Internet of Things" and "Consumer Internet of Things" are the two subsets of the English phrase
"Internet of Things" (IoT). There is currently no agreed-upon meaning of the phrase "Industry 4.0" in the
literature, as demonstrated by Tschandl et al. (2019). The term "Industry 4.0" is used to refer to the
widespread adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) as well as its connection to
the Internet of Things, Services, and Data with the aim of real-time control of production and value
chain networks. However, different definitions can be used to derive the following general definition. A
paradigm shift from previously centralized controls to decentralized, flexible coordination of self-
controlling processes is made possible by autonomous objects (workpieces, storage, conveyor systems,
robots, machinery, and equipment), mobile communication, real-time sensors/actuators, and ICT. As a
result, it is feasible to respond swiftly, be decentralized, and be adaptable to consumer requests, to
inexpensively generate a large number of variants in small batches, and to successfully implement new,
customer-focused business models that will boost competitiveness. Each company must determine or
create its own Industry 4.0 mix and road map. Tschandl et al(2019) .'s definition of the phrase "smart
factory" is as follows: "Individual businesses or corporate groups that employ ICT for product creation,
production, logistics, and interface coordination with customers to order to respond more quickly to
incoming demands. A smart factory manages complexity, causes less disruption, and makes production
more effective. Communication between people, machines, and resources is similar to that of a social
network. In several industry sectors (such as the automobile industry), digitalization and automated
work processes are already state-of-the-art and primarily employed to cut down on the requirement for
physically taxing work and increase process efficiency for human workers. To sum it up, It is clear from
the offered scientific findings and market statistics, figures, data, facts, and information that waste
management is relentlessly moving toward digital industrialization alongside other industrial sectors.
The systems tailored to clients must be coordinated with industrial businesses to successfully deploy the
technologies (recovery industry and their suppliers).

Citations: Sarc, R., Curtis, A., Kandlbauer, L., Khodier, K., Lorber, K. E., & Pomberger, R. (2019).
Digitalization and intelligent robotics in the value chain of circular economy oriented waste
management–A review. Waste Management, 95, 476-492.

A review of Smart Objects, Sensors, and Actuators

 The Internet of Things and smart objects are two examples of ideas that are deeply linked.
Consequently, the interconnections between objects can have the potential to increase their intellect or
push it to unanticipated heights. This might be accomplished by establishing a new system that connects
every object in the world. However, to accomplish this, the objects require a network that supports
ubiquitous and heterogeneous objects, a network that supports both types of users and has more traffic
between objects and people. These factors make both ideas very similar. Cities, houses, cars, machines,
or any other object that can sense, respond, work, or make their owner's lives easier. This is a part of the
future, an immediate future.
Not-Smart objects are formed by sensors and actuators. Sensors are electronic devices composed of
sensitive cells that can measure physical parameters like light fluctuation using a photoresistor, and
temperature using a thermistor, to detect flames, sounds, movements, or any other fluctuation in the
environment. As a result, sensors are particular physical components that enable us to measure a real-
world physical property or identify objects in the sensor's immediate environment. Actuators can,
however, be mechanical devices that allow actions over themselves or over devices, and actions that the
specific object allows performing. As a result, there are two categories into which we might divide
actuators: mechanical devices and actions. Motors, servomotors, and hydraulic bombs are a few
examples of mechanical actuators. Examples of actions include transmitting messages, activating lights,
manipulating LEDs, moving robots, and controlling the actions of any other robots that are readily
available. The prior definitions allowed us to identify devices that When both categories of Not-Smart
Objects are combined, will have both actuators and sensors addition to both. Smartphones and other
Smart Objects made up of sensors and actuators are examples of this. A microcontroller like an Arduino
could serve as another comparable example. The Arduino microcontroller can control virtually any
technological equipment. Thus, an Arduino allows the creation of a system composed only of actuators,
only of sensors, or both. Therefore, the Smart Objects are formed by Not-Smart Objects. Smart Object,
also known as Intelligent Product, is a physical element that can be identified throughout its life and
interact with the environment and other objects. In some circumstances, it can also operate intelligently
and independently. In addition, Smart Objects typically feature an embedded operating system and
actuators, sensors, or both.
Citations:
García, C. G., Meana-Llorián, D., & Lovelle, J. M. C. (2017). A review about Smart Objects, Sensors, and
Actuators. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia & Artificial Intelligence, 4(3).

IoT-based Automatic Waste segregator

 Garbage must be separated at the household level because doing so at the disposal is both time-
consuming and frequently unsuccessful. The goal is to provide proper trash segregation with the least
amount of work while minimizing human intervention in the process of garbage segregation. The
automatic garbage segregator system suggested in this paper is IOT-based. It assists in real-time
monitoring of rubbish levels in dustbins and detects and separates waste at the household level into dry,
wet, and metallic waste. The device uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect the arrival of trash and then a
metallic sensor to determine whether there is any metal present in the trash.
Enter
The capacitive detector is also used to differentiate the waste into dry and moist residues. The
wipers assist in moving the waste over to the appropriate bins once it has been identified and sorted,
after which the platform turns. Additionally, the system uses GSM and Arduino to send a message to
clean the dustbins if they are full and displays the amount of garbage in them on the LCD panel.
According to experimental findings, the proposed system has been successful in separating garbage into
wet and dry waste and metallic and non-metallic waste.

Citations:
Lopes, S., & Machado, S. (2019, December). IoT-based automatic waste segregator. In 2019
International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

Innovation designs of industry 4.0 based solid waste management: Machinery and digital circular
economy

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines solid waste as any form of
rubbish and discarded material, or sludge produced from water treatments or air pollution control
facilities as a by-product produced through processes and activities. Solid waste management (SWM) is
the process of collecting, disposing, and treating solid materials that are no longer useful. Proper
implementation of SWM preserves sustainability whereas the poor implementation of one could lead to
environmental pollution and unsanitary conditions. The development and outbreak of vector-borne
diseases, which causes a detrimental effect on the health of the people in its area, are also promoted by
poor SWM. SWM system serves as the prerequisite for other municipal services, stating that “A city that
cannot effectively manage its waste is rarely able to manage more complex services such as health,
education, or transportation”, therefore emphasizing its relative importance. In the early stages of
civilization, crude methods of waste disposal such as throwing waste onto unpaved streets and
roadways were used. But over the decades as technology has integrated itself into SWM, improvements
were made. One of the challenges the current generation faces today in managing our solid wastes is
the devastating growth rate in our waste products which are influenced by industrialization, the increase
in human population, and the urbanization of municipals. With the transformation of the world through
IR 4.0, promising technologies are emerging such as smart automation, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and
cyber-physical systems which are enabled by big data and the Internet of Things (IoT), leading to
systems that can communicate with each other. As a result, these powerful technologies contributed to
revolutionizing the solid waste industry.
In 1999, the World Bank predicted that the amount of waste produced in Asia would increase to
1.8 million tonnes per day, and by 2012, this prediction was found to be accurate, with no significant
improvement over the decade. The worldwide volume of solid waste per year is projected to rise to 2.2
billion tonnes annually by 2025, with negative global impacts from solid waste becoming more severe.
Since the invention of computers, technology has advanced through the 3rd Industrial Revolution,
creating automated systems and electronics. However, these systems were limited in their ability to
communicate with each other and share data. IR 4.0 aims to improve the connectivity of computer
devices and enable smart automation. There is a need for more extensive implementation of these
technologies in solid waste management, but current research focuses on applying Industry 4.0
technologies to individual waste management systems, lacking the coherence needed to fully utilize
technologies such as cloud computing, interconnectivity, and big data on a larger scale. Additionally,
implementing these innovative technologies can be costly due to the need for new infrastructure. This
review explores current research related to innovative designs incorporating Industry 4.0 technologies
and summarizes the findings to aid future research. Industry 4.0 remains a major focus of technological
research and is constantly evolving. The importance of solid waste management and its negative
consequences if neglected were also emphasized. One of the main challenges is the rapid growth in
waste production due to industrialization, population growth, and urbanization.
Citations: Cheah, C. G., Chia, W. Y., Lai, S. F., Chew, K. W., Chia, S. R., & Show, P. L. (2022). Innovation
designs of industry 4.0 based solid waste management: Machinery and digital circular economy.
Environmental Research, 213, 113619.

A review of China’s municipal solid waste (MSW) and comparison with international regions:
Management and technologies in treatment and resource utilization

The growing amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is becoming a significant environmental
concern due to the increase in population, urbanization, and economic development worldwide.
According to the World Bank, total MSW generation worldwide will reach 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050,
China, which has a high rate of urbanization and GDP growth, is among the leading countries in
generating MSW. Although MSW can be harmful to human health and the environment, it is also being
seen as a renewable resource that can be converted into energy, materials, fuel, and higher-value
byproducts. To efficiently utilize MSW and reduce its harmfulness, a systematic waste management
strategy and technologies for treatment and resource utilization are needed. China produced more than
10% of the world's MSW in 2016, and this amount continues to increase. According to the National
Bureau of Statistics of China, the quantity of MSW was 157 million tonnes in 2009, and it has risen to
228 million tonnes with water content in 2018, approaching the level of the United States. China has
implemented regulations and acts for waste management but still mainly relies on the sanitary landfill
for MSW treatment, which results in a lot of resource loss.
Recently, there has been an improvement in the development and utilization of incineration
technology for the treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in China. The capacity for nationwide
MSW incineration has increased to 102 million tonnes per year in 2018, accounting for 45% of total
MSW treatment. However, compared to developed countries such as Japan, where over 80% of MSW is
treated through incineration, there is still room for improvement in China. This is especially true because
China's MSW is primarily composed of kitchen waste, which has a high moisture content of over 50%,
making it more difficult to convert into energy through incineration. Therefore, there is a need to
develop advanced technologies to address the challenges of high energy consumption and low
conversion rates in MSW incineration. To be more effective and efficient in MSW treatment and
resource utilization, a combination of strategies is needed, including optimizing and developing MSW
management systems and enhancing and developing technologies for MSW treatment and resource
utilization. Developed regions such as Berlin, Tokyo, and Singapore are known for their advanced MSW
management systems and technology development. China needs to learn from these regions and
implement similar strategies and technologies for MSW management and treatment.
This review provides new perspectives compared to previous studies such as Chen et al. (2010), Gu
et al. (2017), Li et al. (2015), and Zheng et al. (2014) in that it examines the management, characteristics,
treatment, and resource utilization of MSW in a comprehensive way. It is the first of its kind to provide
insights into the technology options for MSW treatment and resource utilization, specifically in the areas
of WtE and WtM, based on the literature published on China's MSW. Additionally, it is the first to
conduct a thorough comparison between internationally developed regions and related developed areas
in China, specifically the eastern coastal regions.

This review examines the management and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) in eastern coastal
cities in China, as well as in the international cities of Berlin, Tokyo, and Singapore. It compares the
relationship between MSW generation and composition, population, and gross regional product (GRP) in
these areas, intending to identify similarities and differences and develop an ideal system for integrated
MSW management and treatment. Data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China and other
sources are used to provide background information on MSW generation, population, GDP/GRP, laws
and regulations for MSW management, characteristics of MSW, treatment and resource utilization, and
emerging technologies for MSW utilization. This is the first study to present an in-depth comparison of
MSW management and treatment in these areas.
Citations:
Ding, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, J. W., Zhou, J., Cheng, L., Zhao, J., ... & Hu, Z. T. (2021). A review of China’s
municipal solid waste (MSW) and comparison with international regions: Management and technologies
in treatment and resource utilization. Journal of cleaner production, 293, 126144.

Implementation of the wireless sensor network (WSN) on the garbage transport warning information
system using the GSM module

Environmental cleanliness cannot be isolated from garbage removal in our surroundings. If garbage is
piled up for a long time, it can become a source of sickness. Furthermore, if flooding occurs together
with waste that has been allowed to accumulate for too long, it will also cause floods. In many urban
places, there has been an accumulation of trash. Occasionally the load will even be exceeded by the
rubbish buildup. Garbage collection in metropolitan areas is always done by government organizations
like city cleaning services, and some of them are done by private parties. One of the alternatives
implemented by the public and private sectors is a scheduled trash transportation system. This is done
to make transit easier while managing schedules between locations. However, if the amount of disposal
exceeds the amount of transport, it will affect the too-long accumulation of trash. Because of this, a new
system is required that may prioritize the transfer of waste from the location of the full garbage
collection to prevent the accumulation of waste that is too long. The design of a complete waste
warning information system employing a wireless sensor network is covered in this article (WSN) GSM
communication between the client and server is implemented in the model. The appropriate agencies
will be able to prioritize the transportation of waste in the area with the aid of the comprehensive waste
warning information system. Additionally, the existence of this system can aid people in avoiding
pollution sources that smell like disease-causing agents and flooding triggers.

The present advancement in sensor technology has given users access to computer network-based
remote sensor data transmission systems. Remote data transmission across the Wireless Sensor
Network is another name for a wireless network. It is easier to identify items and process them remotely
with the help of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which is a sensor device that can wirelessly
communicate with an information system station. Numerous nodes that are connected and
communicate with one another via digital encoding and encryption techniques typically make up
wireless sensor networks. Applications for wireless sensor networks in the military, environment, health,
industry, and homes have all been developed. The processing of data that has been remotely provided
to be processed at the data processing center station in the form of a server is the goal of all Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN) applications. The applications for information systems make up the data
processing server. An information system is a system that gathers data and processes it by
predetermined rules to produce a conclusion.

The usage of remote communication technology with a GSM module is one of the Wireless Sensor
Network communication solutions that can be implemented (Global System for Mobile
Communications). As one of the open, widely used cellular communication systems, SMS is one of its
services (Short Message Service). The data transmission systems from fire and smoke sensors to the fire
information system station employ GSM module communication, and a gas leak notification system uses
SMS Gateway communication, among other embedded system-based applications. A GSM-based
information system that sends flood location and height data is another application for flood disasters.
When discussing the application in the environment, one of the application development goals that will
be covered in this article is waste. Particularly in the creation of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
implementation in the waste management information system. The created system integrates GSM, the
Wireless Sensor Network concept, and Information and communication systems.
The wireless sensor network (WSN)-based prototype approach for building information systems for
trash transport warning is made in stages, including system analysis and system design. From garbage
detection through the operator getting information from the system, the system analysis tries to create
a description of the entire system. While the system design seeks to give a broad picture of the system's
block diagram in the form of its constituent parts system.
The system analysis that was developed is described in the sensor installed in the full trash can at
locations A and B, and these locations will send a signal or data to the client system based on a GSM
transmitter. The client system then sends the signal or data through SMS to the receiver modem on the
information system server. Through a web browser on the computer, the operator can view all of the
trash's location information. The operator uses the information system that is accessed by the
transportation officer to convey information to the latter via SMS.

Citation: Satria, D., & Hidayat, T. (2019, March). Implementation of the wireless sensor network (WSN)
on garbage transport warning information system using a GSM module. In Journal of Physics:
Conference Series (Vol. 1175, No. 1, p. 012054). IOP Publishing.

Design and Implementation of Automated Waste Segregator with Smart Compression

The worldwide consumption of materials has rapidly expanded and is seriously jeopardizing the
achievement of sustainable consumption and production patterns or Sustainable Development Goal 12
under UNESCO Sustainable Development Goals. Urgent action is needed to ensure that current material
needs do not lead to the over-extraction of resources or the degradation of environmental resources
and should include policies that improve resource efficiency, reduce waste, and mainstream
sustainability practices across all sectors of the economy. In 2017, worldwide material consumption
reached 92.1 billion tons, up from 87 billion in 2015 and a 254 percent increase from 27 billion in 1970,
with the rate of extraction accelerating every year since 2000. This reflects the increased demand for
natural resources that have defined the past decades, resulting in an undue burden on environmental
resources. Without urgent and concerted political action, it is projected that global resource extraction
could grow to 190 billion tons by 2060.
In the Philippines, there is a growing problem of solid waste disposal, which is affecting human health,
plant and animal life, and aesthetics. New technologies such as Waste to Energy and Waste to Fuel can
help address this issue, but segregation at the source is also important. An effective solution for
increasing the utilization of resources is the implementation of automated bins that can identify and sort
different types of waste. This not only negates the effects of human error but also reduces the
contamination of recyclable materials. These automated bins, known as municipal waste segregation,
can immediately sort waste and lead to increased recycling. The bins can also be programmed to send
information about the waste, allowing for appropriate action to be taken. Hardware and software,
including sensors, motors, and microcontrollers, are necessary for designing an efficient waste
management system that can automatically segregate paper, plastic, metal, and glass, as well as
compress and optimize the process for output. The system should be assembled, tested, and evaluated
for functionality, accuracy, and reliability.
Citations:
Endaya, J. P. S., Ferdinand Jr, S. M., & Gonzales, J. C. M. (2020). Design and Implementation of
Automated Waste Segregator with Smart Compression. Lyceum of the Philippines–Journal of
Engineering and Computer Studies, 4(3), 1-1.
 Solid waste management: Scope and the challenge of sustainability

The rapid growth of the human population, along with industrialization and urbanization, has led to
a significant increase in waste production. In 2012, the World Bank estimated that the annual
production of municipal solid waste (MSW) would be approximately 1.3 million tons for urban
settlements, a number that is projected to double by 2025. This waste mostly consists of paper, plastic,
and food/organic waste. The problem is also prevalent in rural areas, where there is a lack of scientific
waste management strategies, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. In India, for
example, about 0.3-0.4 million tons of solid waste is generated annually in rural areas. Solid waste
production has a significant environmental impact and high management costs, with an average global
cost of USD 205.4 per ton, projected to increase by five-fold by 2025-2030. The generation of solid
waste is intricately associated with air, soil, and water pollution and can contaminate surface water,
groundwater, and soil through the continuous discharge of metals and other toxic components.
Additionally, it is strongly correlated with greenhouse gases, particularly methane, and poses significant
health risks to human populations. Solid waste management is a decentralized process that varies based
on a country's economic status, and the monitoring of waste products is a crucial step in any waste
management strategy. Despite the development of high-end waste monitoring technologies, many poor
countries rely on untrained rag-picking as the sole method for waste collection and segregation.
Landfilling is the most common method of waste disposal, but it is often unattended, leading to severe
pollution. In developed countries, a more advanced method of landfilling called "sanitary landfilling" is
practiced, which ensures the optimal utilization of solid waste with minimal pollution hazards.

Citations:
Das, S., Lee, S. H., Kumar, P., Kim, K. H., Lee, S. S., & Bhattacharya, S. S. (2019). Solid waste management:
Scope and the challenge of sustainability. Journal of cleaner production, 228, 658-678.

Smart Prediction and Monitoring of Waste Disposal System Using IoT and Cloud for IoT Based Smart
Cities
 One of the most prominent uses of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the current digital age is the
development of smart cities. In these IoT-based smart cities, smart objects (devices) are connected to
each other via the internet as a backbone. The data collected by these smart objects is transmitted to a
central hub for further processing using multi-hop communication. Smart cities use this analyzed data to
improve their infrastructure and public utilities and to enhance their services by using IoT technology for
the betterment of the common people. For IoT-based smart cities, waste collection is a significant issue
for municipalities that aim to achieve a clean environment. With the increasing population in urban
areas, an increasing amount of waste is generated. A major problem with the waste management
system is the poor process used in waste collection and segregation. Public bins begin to overflow for
long periods before the cleaning process begins, resulting in an accumulation of bacteria causing bad
odors and spreading of diseases. To address this issue, this paper proposes an IoT-based smart
prediction and monitoring system for waste disposal that utilizes off-the-shelf components that can be
mounted to a bin of any size and measure fill levels. An Arduino microcontroller is employed in the
proposed model to interface with infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), weight sensors, and a Global Positioning
System (GPS) module is used to monitor the status of bins at predetermined intervals. The proposed
system transmits the data using a cluster network to a master module, which is connected to a backend
via Wi-Fi. As data is collected, an intelligent neural network algorithm called Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM) is used to learn and predict upcoming wastage from waste generation patterns. Additionally, the
proposed system uses Firebase Cloud Messaging to notify the appropriate people when bins need to be
emptied. The Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM) JavaScript Application Programming Interface (API) is
used to send notification messages in web apps in browsers that provide service work support.
Therefore, the proposed system is useful to society by providing facilities to governments for enforcing
stricter regulations for waste disposal. Additional features such as automated calibration of bin height, a
dynamic web data dashboard, and collation of data into a distributed real-time firebase database are
also provided in the proposed system.

Citations:
John, J., Varkey, M. S., Podder, R. S., Sensarma, N., Selvi, M., Santhosh Kumar, S. V. N., & Kannan, A.
(2022). Smart Prediction and Monitoring of Waste Disposal System Using IoT and Cloud for IoT Based
Smart Cities. Wireless Personal Communications, 122(1), 243-275.