Student Number:

Surname:
First Name(s):

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

MAM2084S Deferral/TRP/Sup Exam
November 2023
Time: 150 minutes. There are a possible 92 marks for this paper, but it will be
marked out of 90.

• This question paper consists of 14 pages (including this one).

• Do not open or turn over these pages until the invigilators inform you to.

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• Do not remove the Laplace Table.

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• Answer all questions in the spaces provided on this question paper.

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attention to your presentation as well as the content. Work that is poorly presented will be
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If you DO NOT DO this, then it will not be marked.

• Good luck!

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 Student Number:

     
1 0 1
 0   1   0
  
Q1.1 [5] Let S = { 1 ,
  , }. Prove by definition and Gauss reduction that S is a
0   2 
2 1 3
linearly independent set.
Solution:
 
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0

1
 ✓✓ R3 → R3 − R1 , R4 → R4 − 2R1 ✓
0 2 0
2 1 3 0
 
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
∼
0
 R4 → R4 − R2
0 1 0
0 1 1 0
 
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
∼
0
 R4 → R4 − R3
0 1 0
0 0 1 0
 
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
∼
0
 ✓
0 1 0
0 0 0 0

You have three pivots, so all the scalars are zero. Hence set S is linearly independent. ✓

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 
a
 b 
 c  ∈ ⟨S⟩,
1.2 [5] Using Gauss elimination, find a Cartesian equation that a, b, c, d must satisfy if  

d
the subspace generated by S.
Solution:
 
1 0 1 a
0 1 0 b

1 0 2
 ✓✓ R3 → R3 − R1 , R4 → R4 − 2R1 ✓
c
2 1 3 d
 
1 0 1 a
0 1 0 b 
∼  R4 → R4 − R2
0 0 1 c−a
0 1 1 d − 2a
 
1 0 1 a
0 1 0 b 
∼  R4 → R4 − R3
0 0 1 c−a 
0 0 1 d − 2a − b
 
1 0 1 a
0 1 0 b 
∼  ✓
0 0 1 c−a 
0 0 0 d−a−b−c

So one equation is a + b + c = d✓✓

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 Student Number:

Q2 For each MCQ, only write down the letter of your answer in the box.
2.1 [3] Consider the following transformations T : R2 → R2 . Which transformation is a linear
transformation?
   2     
x x x x
(A) T = (B) T =
y
    y    xy
y
x 0 x x
(C) T = (D) T =
y 1 y x

Solution: D ✓✓✓  
1 3 2
2.2 [3] Let A = 3 1 2. Find the cofactor C12 of A.
0 0 1
(A) −3 (B) −2 (C) −1 (D) 1 (E) 2 (F) 3 (G) None of these
Solution: A ✓✓✓  
1 3 2
2.3 [3] What is the product of the three eigenvalues of 3 1 2?
0 0 1
(A) 3 (B) −3 (C) 8 (D) −8 (E) 1 (F) None of these
Solution: D ✓✓✓
2.4 [3] A tank currently holds 100 litres of pure water. Brine with a concentration of 0.25 kg of salt
per litre flows in at a rate of 20 litres per minute. The mixture is thoroughly stirred and drains at a
rate of 10 litres per minute. If S(t) is the salt content (kg) at time t (min), then which DE is true?
S S S
(A) S ′ = 5 − (B) S ′ = 5 − (C) S ′ = 5 −
10 − t 10 + t 10
S
(D) S ′ = 5 − (E) None of these
10t
Solution: B ✓✓✓

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Q3 Solve the following differential equations.

3.1 [6] 3x2 y 2 + ex y + (2x3 y + ex − 9y 2 )dy/dx with the condition y(0) = 1
Solution: Let M (x, y) = 3x2 y 2 + ex y and N (x, y) = 2x3 y + ex − 9y 2 . Then My = 6x2 y + ex = Nx
✓So this DE is exact.
R R
Now for the potential function F = M ∂x = x3 y 2 + ex y✓ + p(y)✓ Also F = N ∂y = x3 y 2 + ex y −
3x3 ✓ + q(x)✓
So F = x3 y 2 + ex y − 3y 2 . Using the conditions you get x3 y 2 + ex y − 3y 2 = −2 ✓

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3.2 [4] Solve (D2 + 1)2 y = 0 or y (4) + 2y ′′ + y = 0.

Solution: The roots of the auxiliary polynomial is i, i, −i, −i. So the general solution is
y = A sin x✓ + B cos x✓ + Cx sin x✓ + Dx cos x✓

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Q4 [12] Solve y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = 2et with initial conditions y(0) = 2, y ′ (0) = 3 using variation of
parameters.
Solution: Solving y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = 0 we get auxiliary polynomial λ2 − 2λ + 1 = 0. So the roots are
1, 1. Giving y1 = et ✓and y2 = tet ✓. So

et tet
W (t) = = e2t ✓
e (t + 1)et
t

W (0) = 1, so {y1 , y2 } is linearly independent, giving the general solution as y = Aet + Btet ✓for
some real numbers A, B.
Suppose for some functions u1 (t), u2 (t) that

up (t) = u1 y1 + u2 y2 ✓

Using VOP, we get  t  ′   

e tet u1 0
= ✓
et (t + 1)et u′2 2et
W1 −2te2t
Using Cramer’s rule we get u′1 = W
= e2t
= −2t✓ or u1 = −t2 ✓
W2 2e2t
u′2 = W
= e2t
= 2✓ or u2 = 2t ✓
Give up = −t e + 2t2 et = t2 et ✓or ug = Aet + Btet + t2 et . Using y(0) = 1 and y ′ (0) = −1 you get
2 t

A = 2 and B = 1 . Thus y = 2et + tet + t2 et ✓

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Q5 [12] Solve y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = 2et with initial conditions y(0) = 2, y ′ (0) = 3 using Laplace transforms.
Solution: Let L{y(t)} = Y (s). So

s2 Y − sy(0) − y ′ (0) − 2[sY − y(0)] + Y ✓ = 2/(s − 1)✓

s2 Y − 2s − 3 − 2sY + 2 + Y = 2/(s − 1)
(s − 1)2 Y ✓ = 2/(s − 1) + 2s − 1✓
2s2 − 3s + 3
(s − 1)2 Y =
s−1
2
2s − 3s + 3
Y = ✓
(s − 1)3

Decomposing, we want

2s2 − 3s + 3 A B C
3
= + 2
+ ✓
(s − 1) s − 1 (s − 1) (s − 1)3

So

2s2 − 3s + 3 = A(s − 1)2 + B(s − 1) + C

s = 1 gives C = 2 ✓
Coeff. s2 gives A = 2✓
Coeff. s gives −3 = −2A + B or B = 1✓
Finally y = L−1 {2/(s − 1) + 1/(s − 1)2 + 2/(s − 1)3 } = 2et ✓ + tet ✓ + t2 et ✓

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 Student Number:

Q6 [12] Use orthogonal diagonalization and standard form and determine what sort of surface is
described by
√ √
x2 − 2y 2 + z 2 + 6xz − 2 2x + 2 2z = 6.
 
1 0 3 √ √

Solution: Let A = 0 −2 0 and M = −2 2 0 2 2 . So xT Ax + M x = 6. ✓
3 0 1
 
4 0 0
The eigenvalues are 4, −2, −2 making D = 0 −2 0  ✓✓✓
0 0 −2
 
1 √
For λ = 4, u1 =  0 . So uˆ1 = u1 / 2. ✓
1
 
0
For λ = −2, u2 = uˆ2 =  1  . ✓
0
 
−1 √
Now u3 = u1 × u2 =  0  ✓Making uˆ3 = u3 / 2. ✓
1
Therefore Q = (uˆ1 |uˆ2 |uˆ3 ) ✓
Letting x = QX ✓we get xT = X T QT giving X T DX + M QX = 6.
Therefore x2 − 2y 2 − 2Z 2 + 8Z = 6 ✓or 2(X − 1)2 − Y 2 − (Z − 2)2 = 1.
So the surface is a HYPERBOLOID OF TWO SHEETS ✓

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Q7 [10] Find the matrix A that represent projection on the plane x − y + z = 0 in R3 . Leave your
answer in the form A = QBQT for some orthogonal matrix Q and diagonal matrix B.
 
1 0 0
Solution: First B = 0 1 0. ✓✓
0 0 0
 
1 √
Let u3 =  −1  ✓So û3 = u3 / 3 ✓
1
 
1 √
Choose u2 =  1  ✓So û2 = u2 / 2 ✓
0
 
1 √
Now u1 = u2 × u3 ✓ =  −1  ✓. û1 = u1 / 6 ✓
−2
 √ √ √ 
1/ √6 1/√2 1/ √3
Hence Q = −1/√6 1/ 2 −1/√ 3 ✓
−2/ 6 0 1/ 3
Marker: Remember multiple correct answers exist. So read the students attempt carefully.

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Q8 Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions.

8.1 [2] L{u(t − π/2) sin t}
s
Solution: L{u(t − π/2) sin t} = L{u(t − π/2) cos(t − π/2)} = 2 ✓ × e−π/2s ✓
s +1
Rt t−m
8.2 [3] L{ 0 m sin me dm}
Solution: The answer is t sin t ⋆ et ✓
2s 2s
So L{t sin t} × L{et } = 2 2
✓ × 1/(s − 1)✓ =
(s + 1) (1 + s )2 (s − 1)
2

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2s + 5
8.3 [3] Determine L−1 { }.
(s + 1)2 + 1
Solution:
2s + 5 2(s + 1) 3
L−1 { 2
} = L−1 { 2
} + L−1 { }✓
(s + 1) + 1 (s + 1) + 1 (s + 1)2 + 1
= 2 cos t.e−t ✓ + 3 sin t.e−t ✓

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9.1 [2] Is this statement true or false for 2 × 2 matrices? If det(A) = det(B) = 0 then det(A − B) = 0.
Fully justify.
   
1 1 4 2
Solution: False. A = ✓and B = ✓is one counter-example.
1 1 2 1
9.2 [4] Prove by definition that the Laplace Transform of f (t) = eat is F (s) = 1/(s − a) if s > a.
Solution:
Z ∞
at
L{e } = eat e−st dt✓
0
Z k
= lim et(a−s) dt✓
k→∞ 0
et(a−s) k
= lim ✓
k→∞ a − s 0
= (0 − 1/(a − s))✓
= 1/(s − a)

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 Table of Laplace Transforms

Original function of t Laplace transform, function of s

R∞
f (t) F (s) = 0
f (t)e−st dt

1
eat
s−a
n!
tn
sn+1
s
cos at
s2 + a2
a
sin at
s 2 + a2

s2 − a2
t cos at
(s2 + a2 )2

2as
t sin at
(s2 + a2 )2

eat f (t) F (s − a)

u(t − a)f (t − a) e−as F (s)

δ(t − a) e−as

f (n) (t) sn F (s) − sn−1 f (0) − sn−2 f ′ (0) − · · · − sf (n−2) (0) − f (n−1) (0)
Rt
(f ⋆ g)(t) = 0
f (w)g(t − w)dw F (s)G(s)

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