DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF AN ESP32-BASED MOTION DETECTION SYSTEM

By

SOSTHENES SHODUNKE

U18CM1067

Supervisor

Engr I.K . Musa

A Project Proposal Submitted to the Department of Electronics and

Telecommunications Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Award of Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) in Electronics and
Telecommunications ENGINEERING

May, 2025
 ABSTRACT

The escalating demand for robust indoor security and intelligent automation solutions
underscores the critical need for effective and reliable motion detection systems. This
project addresses this demand by proposing the comprehensive design, meticulous
development, and rigorous evaluation of an advanced motion detection system centered
around the powerful and versatile ESP32 micro controller. Leveraging the sensitivity
of a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor to detect changes in thermal radiation indicative of
movement, the ESP32 will serve as the intelligent core, expertly processing the
incoming sensor data with efficiency and precision. A sophisticated and user-friendly
notification system will be a key feature, ensuring that users receive timely and
informative alerts upon the detection of any motion within the monitored environment.

This project is driven by the ambition to deliver a motion detection solution that not
only offers superior reliability and performance but also achieves significant cost-
effectiveness and a high degree of customization to suit a diverse range of applications.
The fundamental building blocks of the system comprise the ESP32 micro controller,
chosen for its processing capabilities and integrated Wi-Fi/Bluetooth connectivity, a
highly sensitive PIR sensor optimized for accurate motion detection, and optionally,
intuitive LED indicators that provide immediate visual feedback on the system's
operational status. The system's software backbone will be implemented using the
widely accessible and well-supported Arduino Integrated Development Environment
(IDE), facilitating ease of development, debugging, and future expansion.

SECTION ONE
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The need for robust and reliable security and automation systems in both residential
and commercial settings is constantly growing. Traditional security systems often
involve complex wiring and expensive installations, limiting their accessibility and
scalability. However, the advancement in micro-controllers and wireless
communication technologies has paved the way for the development of cost-effective
and user-friendly solutions. The ESP32 micro controller, with its powerful processing
capabilities and integrated Wi-Fi connectivity, has become a popular choice for
Internet of Things (Io T) applications. Its versatility and low-power consumption make
it suitable for a wide range of projects, including motion detection systems. Motion
detection is a critical aspect of security systems, enabling the detection of unauthorized
entry or movement within a designated area. Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors are
commonly used for this purpose due to their low cost, low power consumption, and
ease of use. PIR sensors detect changes in infrared radiation emitted by objects, and are
a reliable way to detect motion. This project aims to leverage the capabilities of the
ESP32 and PIR sensors to develop a motion detection system that can provide timely
alerts and enhance security. The system will be designed to be easily configurable and
adaptable to different environments. The increasing prevalence of smart homes and
connected devices has further fueled the demand for sophisticated yet affordable
security solutions. This project seeks to address this demand by providing a flexible
and customizable motion detection system that can be integrated into a variety of smart
home and security applications.

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to design and develop an ESP32-based motion detection
system. The specific objectives are:

i.To design a reliable and efficient motion detection system using the ESP32 micro-
controller.

ii.To integrate a PIR sensor module with the ESP32 board for accurate motion
detection.

iii.To develop a notification system (e.g., email, SMS, or mobile app) to alert users of
detected motion.

iv. To evaluate the performance of the system.

V. To develop a user-friendly interface. The interface will allow users to easily

arm/disarm the system, configure notification preferences, and view system status. The
system will also be designed to be intuitive and require minimal technical expertise to
operate.

1.3 Significance of Study

This project carries substantial significance by offering an accessible and highly

effective solution for enhanced security and peace of mind in various environments
through reliable and timely motion detection. The strategic integration of Wi-Fi
enables ubiquitous remote monitoring with instantaneous real-time alerts,
democratizing security through a remarkably cost-effective alternative to traditional
systems by leveraging readily available components. Furthermore, the system's
inherent flexibility allows for easy customization and seamless scalability to meet
diverse user needs and facilitates future expansion with additional sensors and features.
Beyond its practical applications, this project provides a valuable platform for applying
and significantly enhancing crucial skills in embedded systems programming, sensor
integration, and wireless communication, offering an immersive learning experience in
the complete life-cycle of an IoT system and fostering innovation in smart technology.

1.4 Scope of the Research

The scope of this research encompasses the complete life-cycle of an ESP32-based

motion detection system, from its initial conceptualization to thorough evaluation. This
includes the meticulous selection of appropriate hardware components, specifically the
ESP32 micro controller, a suitable PIR sensor, and any essential peripheral devices
required for optimal operation. A significant aspect of the project involves the
development of robust firmware for the ESP32, engineered to efficiently process the
data received from the motion sensor and effectively manage the notification system.
Furthermore, the research will address the implementation of a reliable notification
mechanism, leveraging a suitable communication protocol such as Wi-Fi to ensure
timely alerts. Rigorous testing and comprehensive evaluation of the system's
performance will be conducted across a range of environmental conditions to ascertain
its reliability and accuracy. Finally, a detailed documentation of the entire project,
covering the design rationale, implementation specifics, and testing procedures, will be
produced. This documentation aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for future users
and developers, as well as a valuable educational resource for students and researchers
interested in the development of comparable Io T-based motion detection systems.

1.5 Proposal Organization

The introduction to this project is presented in Section One, followed by Section Two
which provides a detailed review of relevant literature and background concepts. The
research problem and the methodology to be employed in this study are outlined in
Section Three. Section Four details the materials and methods for the project . Finally,
a summary of the proposal, along with the list of references, is presented in Section
Five.

SECTION TWO
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

"This chapter presents a review of relevant literature concerning the design and
development of an ESP32-based motion detection system. The review focuses on three
primary areas: motion detection technologies, the role of micro-controllers in
automation with specific attention to the ESP32, and wireless communication protocols
for data transmission. An analysis of existing motion detection systems is also included
to highlight current limitations and identify opportunities for improvement. This
review provides the theoretical background and context for the proposed project,
demonstrating its significance and potential contributions.

2.2 Review of Fundamental Concept

Fundamental concepts pertinent to this research work are presented in this subsection.

These concepts are discussed in order to justify the choice of models, tools, and

techniques to be used in this research to achieve better results.

2.2.1 Motion Detection Technologies

This section explores the various technologies commonly employed for motion
detection, evaluating their suitability for implementation in an ESP32-based system.

2.2.2 Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensors

Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors are a widely adopted technology for detecting motion.
They operate by sensing changes in the infrared radiation emitted by objects within
their field of view [Cite source explaining PIR working principle in motion detection].
PIR sensors are particularly attractive for battery-powered and low-cost applications
due to their low power consumption and relatively inexpensive nature. They are
effective at detecting the movement of objects that emit infrared radiation, such as
humans and animals, making them suitable for security and automation purposes ,
However, PIR sensors can be susceptible to false triggers caused by rapid temperature
changes or air currents, and they cannot detect stationary objects .
Figure 2.2.2 Passive Infrared Sensor.

2.2.3 Other Motion Detection Technologies

While PIR sensors are a common choice, other technologies offer alternative
approaches to motion detection, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages
that may be relevant to an ESP32-based system.

2.2.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors detect motion by emitting high-

frequency sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the echoes to return. They
can be effective in detecting the presence of objects within a certain range and are
generally less sensitive to light conditions than PIR sensors . However, their range can
be limited, and their performance can be affected by air temperature and movement .

Figure 2.2.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor .

2.2.3.2 Microwave Sensors: Microwave sensors emit microwave radiation and detect
changes in the reflected signal caused by moving objects . They typically offer a larger
detection range and are less susceptible to environmental factors like temperature
changes compared to PIR sensors. However, they generally consume more power and
can be more expensive, which might be a consideration for an ESP32-based system.
 Figure 2.2.3.2 Microwave Sensor.

2.2.3.3 Camera-Based Motion Detection: This approach utilizes video cameras and
image processing techniques to identify movement within the camera's field of view.
While offering detailed information and the potential for sophisticated analysis,
camera-based systems typically require significant processing power, making them
potentially less suitable for the resource-constrained ESP32 without careful
optimization . They also raise privacy concerns and can be affected by lighting
conditions.

Figure 2.2.3.3 Camera Based Motion Detector .

2.3 Review of Similar Works

This section reviews existing research and development in ESP32-based motion

detection and related applications. It identifies current approaches, their strengths and
limitations, and positions this project within that context.

Several projects utilize micro-controllers like the ESP32 for motion detection.These
often demonstrate the ESP32's ability to process PIR sensor signals for simple alerts.
However, they may lack advanced features such as sophisticated notifications or
customizable interfaces.

Other work explores wireless notifications in motion detection. These systems use Wi-
Fi to notify users. Analyzing these provides insight into effective notification
mechanisms.

Low-power design is also relevant. Understanding power-saving strategies is crucial

for an efficient ESP32 system. HJ Sai et al (2020).
User interfaces vary from simple alerts to mobile/web interfaces Snehal et al (2019).
Analyzing these informs the design of a user-friendly interface for this project.

Finally, addressing false positives is important. Dhauth et al (2021). Techniques like

sensor calibration improve reliability.

This project builds on this knowledge by a sophisticated notification system, enhanced

user interface, and improved false alarm reduction.

2.4 Summary

This chapter reviewed motion detection technologies (PIR, microwave, ultrasonic,

camera-based) , the role of micro-controllers like the ESP32 in automation, and
wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth J.K Sai et al (2021).
The analysis of existing commercial and research motion detection systems revealed
limitations in cost, customization, false alarm rates, integration capabilities, and power
consumption. The proposed ESP32-based system aims to address these shortcomings
by providing a cost-effective, customizable, reliable, and integrated solution,
contributing a practical and efficient motion detection system with advantages in cost,
customization, reliability, integration, and power efficiency , thereby establishing the
need and justification for this project.
 SECTION THREE

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Problem Statement

The increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective motion detection systems is
evident across various applications, including security, automation, and energy
conservation. However, the development of such systems, particularly for
implementation on resource-constrained embedded platforms like the EP 32 micro
controller, presents several key challenges. A primary research problem lies in
balancing the need for accurate and reliable motion detection with the limited
processing capabilities and power budgets of these devices. Many existing motion
detection algorithms, while offering high accuracy, require significant computational
resources, making them unsuitable for real-time operation on the EP 32. This can lead
to sluggish response times, increased energy consumption, and ultimately, reduced
system efficiency. Furthermore, motion detection systems often struggle with
environmental factors. Changes in lighting conditions, shadows, background clutter,
and temperature variations can trigger false positives or cause missed detection,
reducing the system's reliability. This is particularly problematic in applications
requiring a high degree of accuracy and dependability. Another challenge is the
selection of appropriate and cost-effective sensor technologies that are compatible with
the EP 32 and can provide the necessary sensitivity and range for the intended
application. Integrating the motion detection system with other devices or networks can
also pose difficulties, requiring careful consideration of communication protocols and
data processing. Therefore, this project addresses the problem of designing a motion
detection system tailored to the EP 32, focusing on achieving a balance between
accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The core problem statement is to develop
an EP 32-based motion detection system that can reliably detect motion within a
specified environment while minimizing false positives and operating within the micro
controller's resource constraints. This involves investigating and implementing
efficient algorithms suitable for the EP 32, selecting appropriate sensor technology,
and developing strategies to mitigate the impact of environmental disturbances,
ultimately providing a practical and energy-efficient motion detection solution.

SECTION FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter details the design and methodology that will be employed in the
development of the ESP32-based motion detection system.
4.1 System Architecture

The system architecture comprises three main modules: the sensing module, the
processing module, and the notification module.

Sensing Module: This module is responsible for detecting motion in the

designated area. It consists of a PIR sensor that detects infrared radiation changes
caused by moving objects or people. The PIR sensor is selected for its low power
consumption, cost-effectiveness, and ability to detect motion without requiring
visible light.

Processing Module: This module is the core of the system, where the ESP32
micro controller processes the signals received from the PIR sensor. The ESP32
will be programmed to analyze the sensor data, determine if motion has occurred,
and trigger the notification module accordingly. The ESP32's processing
capabilities and Wi-Fi connectivity make it well-suited for this task.

Notification Module: This module is responsible for alerting the user when
motion is detected. It will employ Wi-Fi connectivity to send notifications to the
user's smartphone or computer via a messaging service (e.g., email, SMS, or a
dedicated mobile application). The notification system will be designed to provide
timely and reliable alerts.

4.2 Hardware Components

The following hardware components will be used in this project:

ESP32 Micro controller: The ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power system-on-a-chip

(Soc) with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. Its integrated Wi-Fi is crucial for
sending notifications.

PIR Sensor: The PIR sensor will be used to detect motion.

Breadboard and Jumper Wires: These will be used for prototyping and connecting
the hardware components.

Power Supply: A USB cable or a suitable AC adapter will be used to power the
ESP32 and the PIR sensor.
LED Indicator (Optional): An LED can be used to provide a visual indication of
motion detection. This can be helpful for testing and debugging.

4.3 Software Components

The following software components will be used:

Arduino IDE: The Arduino IDE will be used to program the ESP32
microcontroller. Its ease of use and extensive libraries make it a popular choice
for ESP32 development.

ESP32 Libraries: Specific libraries for the ESP32, such as those for Wi-Fi
connectivity and sensor interfacing, will be utilized. These libraries simplify the
process of accessing the ESP32's features.

Notification Service API: An appropriate API (e.g., Twilio, SendGrid, or a mobile

app notification service) will be used to send notifications to the user. The choice
of API will depend on factors such as cost, reliability, and ease of integration.

4.4 Methodology

The project will be implemented in the following stages:

Stage 1: Hardware Setup and Testing:

The PIR sensor will be connected to the ESP32 micro controller.

The ESP32 will be powered.

The PIR sensor will be tested.

Stage 2: Software Development:

The Arduino IDE will be used to write the code for the ESP32.

The code will include functions for reading data from the PIR sensor, processing
the data, and triggering notifications.

The ESP32's Wi-Fi capabilities will be configured.

The notification service API will be integrated.

Stage 3: System Integration and Testing:

The hardware and software components will be integrated.

The system will be tested.

The notification system will be tested.

Stage 4: System Evaluation and Optimization:

The system's performance will be evaluated.

The system will be optimized.

Stage 5: Documentation: The entire project will be thoroughly documented.

4.5 Expected Outcomes

The expected outcomes of this project include:

A functional ESP32-based motion detection system.

A reliable notification system.

A cost-effective and scalable solution.

A comprehensive project report.

SECTION FIVE

PROPOSAL SUMMARY

5.1 Conclusion
This project proposes the design and development of an ESP32-based motion
detection system, a solution that addresses the increasing demand for robust,
reliable, and cost-effective security and automation in both residential and
commercial settings. The core of the system lies in the integration of a Passive
Infrared (PIR) sensor with the ESP32 micro-controller, a powerful and versatile
device that offers a compelling combination of processing power, wireless
connectivity, and low power consumption. This integration enables the system to
accurately detect motion within a designated area and trigger timely alerts,
providing users with a heightened sense of security and control over their
environments.The project's outcomes are multifaceted, encompassing not only the
creation of a functional prototype but also the delivery of a comprehensive project
report. This report will serve as a valuable resource, documenting the design
choices, implementation details, testing procedures, and evaluation results.
Furthermore, the project will rigorously evaluate the system's performance across
a range of key metrics, including detection accuracy, false alarm rate, response
time, reliability, power consumption, user-friendliness, and scalability. This
evaluation will provide valuable insights into the system's strengths and
limitations, guiding future development and refinement efforts.The successful
completion of this project will demonstrate the significant potential of the ESP32
platform for developing practical and innovative security solutions. By leveraging
the ESP32's capabilities, this project aims to create a system that is not only
effective but also accessible to a wide range of users. The system's cost-
effectiveness, ease of use, and adaptability will make it a compelling alternative to
traditional security systems, offering enhanced security and automation
capabilities.

5.2 References

1 Espressif Systems. (Year). ESP32 Series Datasheet. Retrieved from

[https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32_datasheet_en.
pdf](https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/
esp32_datasheet_en.pdf)

2 PIR Sensor Manufacturer. (Year). PIR Sensor Model Datasheet. Retrieved from
[https://cdn-learn.adafruit.com/downloads/pdf/pir-passive-infrared-proximity-
motion-sensor.pdf](https://cdn-learn.adafruit.com/downloads/pdf/pir-passive-
infrared-proximity-motion-sensor.pdf)

3 Arduino. (Year). Arduino ESP32 Core Documentation. Retrieved from

[https://docs.espressif.com/projects/arduino-esp32/](https://docs.espressif.com/
projects/arduino-esp32/)

4 Ray, A. (Year). Internet of Things Architectures and Applications. Publisher.

5 Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things
(IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation
Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645-1667.

6 Security System Standards Organization. (Year). Relevant Security Standards

Document. Retrieved from [URL]

7 Postman. (Year). Postman API Documentation. Retrieved from [URL]

8 Example Mobile App Framework. (Year). Mobile App Framework

Documentation. Retrieved from [URL]

9 MQTT Organization. (Year). MQTT Protocol Specification. Retrieved from

[URL]

10 Noor, F., Hassan, A., & Hossain, M. S. (2018). A Comprehensive Survey of

Security Attacks and Solutions in IoT. IEEE Access, 6, 20406-20424.