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A35 Week 8 Notes

The document discusses differential equations and mathematical modeling, specifically focusing on mixture problems involving solute concentration in a tank with inflow and outflow. It presents a generalized mathematical model for these problems and provides examples, including a tank with salt and a scenario involving Lake Erie. The document emphasizes understanding the process of deriving equations rather than memorizing them.

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9 views13 pages

A35 Week 8 Notes

The document discusses differential equations and mathematical modeling, specifically focusing on mixture problems involving solute concentration in a tank with inflow and outflow. It presents a generalized mathematical model for these problems and provides examples, including a tank with salt and a scenario involving Lake Erie. The document emphasizes understanding the process of deriving equations rather than memorizing them.

Uploaded by

andrewcole010266
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAT A35

Week 8: Notes

Differential Equations and Mathematical Modeling.

8.1 Mixture Problems.


Large amount of real life mixture problems involves changes in concentration
and amount of solute and solvent. Here is the generalized problem, called
“mixture problem” or “one- compartment” problem.

1. Brief formulation of the real world situation


Given: Tank containing a solution such as salt dissolved in water.
There is both inflow and outflow.
Compute: The amount of solute in tank at time t

2, Physical Model (formulation of problem in math terms)

Input: ri L/s;
ci gm/L

Amount of solute (salt): x(t)


Volume of solution: V(t)

Output: r0 L/s;
c0 gm/L

Input: - concentration of salt in the inflow,


(L/s) - rate of the inflow (solution flows into tank at constant rate )
Output: (gm/L ) - concentration of salt in the outflow,
- rate of outflow

1
3.Mathematical Model (equation)
To set up the equation for x(t) we have to estimate the change dx(t) during
the brief time interval [t, t + Δ t].
L gm
The amount of solute flows into tank: ( ⋅ ⋅ s = gr )
s L
The amount of solute that flows out of the tank: (gm)

Then Δx =

Taking limits from the both sides of equation we have:


Δx x(t )
lim Δt →0 = lim Δx → Δt (ri ⋅ ci − ro ) where ri, ci, r0 are constants.
Δt V (t )

And finally

Mathematical Model of generalized Inflow – Outflow Mixture Problem is

V0 = V (0)
V (t ) = V0 + (ri − r0 )t
dx (t ) ri
+ x(t ) = ri ci
dt V0 + (ri − r0 )t

This equation is not one should commit to memory!!!


It is the process we used to obtain that equation – examination of the behavior of
the system over a short time interval (t, t + Δt) that you should strive to understand !!!!

2
8.2. Linear First Order Differential Equations.

3
Example 1:
A 120-gallon (gal) tank initially contains 90lb. of salt dissolved in
90 gal of water. Brine containing 2 lb/gal of salt flows into the tank at the rate of 4
gal/min and the well-stirred mixture flows out of the tank at the rate of 3 gal/min.
How much salt does the tank contain when it is full?

2. Physical Model
The interesting feature of this example is that due to differing rates of inflow
and outflow the volume of brine in the tank increases steadily with
V(t) =
ci = r0 =
ri = c0 =

3. Mathematical Model

Thus I.V.P is linear differential equation


dx 3x
= 8− , (1)
dt 90 + t
with initial conditions
( at t = 0 amount of salt in the tank is equal to 90lb )

4
4. Mathematical Analysis of the Model
dx 3x
To solve the equation: + =8 (1)
dt 90 + t
we’ll be using the Method of Substitution.

a) General Solution.

b) Particular Solution
To determine constant B let’s apply initial conditions:
“tank initially contains 90lb. of salt” which means that
at time t=0 x(t) =90.
Applying initial conditions, we find constant B from the general solution to
equation (1)

So, at time t tank contains x(t) Lb of salt:

5
5. Results and Interpretation of Results
To find an answer to question: How much salt does the tank contain
when it is full?

we have recall that container is full, when V= 120 gal


but V = 90 + t ⇒ 120 - 90 = t ⇒ t = 30 min
So the tank is full after 30 min and it contains 202lb of salt
90 4
x(30) = 2(90 + 30) − ≈ 202(lb)
(90 + 30)3

Example 2:

Lake Erie has a volume of 480km3 and its rate of inflow (from Lake Huron) and
1 outflow (to Lake Ontario) are both 350km3 per year. The pollutant concentration of
. Lake Erie –caused by past industrial pollution that has now been ordered to cease –
is five times that of Lake Huron. If the outflow henceforth is perfectly mixed lake
water, how long will it take to reduce the pollution concentration in Lake Erie to
twice that of Lake Huron?

Lake Huron

Lake Erie
ri = ci = Lake Ontario

r0 =

6
2
.

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