IERG3820

Mini-project

Pulse Width Modulation

(PWM)
Encoder

CUHK-IE 1
IERG3820
Mini-project

CUHK-IE 2
 What is PWM?
• Represent an Analog Signal amplitude with
different duty cycle Pulse.
• A reference ramp signal is used to compare
with your input signal (VTH).
• Pulses start with ramp signal start.
• Pulses stop when the ramp signal greater http://www.circuitstoday.com/pwm-generation-and-control-using-arduino
than the analog signal.

This Analog signal (slope line) is

going to be coded in different duty
cycle pulse.

http://microchip.wikidot.com/pwr3101:transition-to-digital-pwm
CUHK-IE 3
 How to make a ramp signal?
• Charge a capacitor with a constant current.
• The voltage across the capacitor is current
dependent.

http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ese205/labs/capacitors2/capacitors2.html

CUHK-IE 4
How to make a constant current?
• Constant current source; Q1, Q2, R1 and VR1.
• The current is controlled by VR1.
• Current mirror; Q2
• Constant current charges C1.

Ramp signal

CUHK-IE 5
Bit rate control, clock signal
• We used this circuit in delta modulation board.

CUHK-IE 6
Bit rate control, clock signal
IERG1810
• We used this circuit in delta modulation board.

CUHK-IE 7
 Measure Clock(TP1) and RAMP (TP4)
• Find the relationship of the signals at TP1(clock), TP4(ramp) and
TP2(Start of ramp signal)
• What is the function of U1B & D1 in this circuit?
TP1
Clock

TP2
(Start of ramp signal)

TP4
TP4 RAMP
RAMP

TP1
Clock

TP2
CUHK-IE (Start of ramp signal) 8
PWM coder circuit
• A simple audio amplifier.
• A comparator.
• A bipolar to unipolar circuit.

Audio Comparator
amplifier
(adjustable Unipolar
offset) circuit

RAMP
CUHK-IE 9
PWM coder circuit IERG1810
• A simple audio amplifier.
• A comparator.
• A bipolar to unipolar circuit.

Audio Comparator
amplifier
(adjustable Unipolar
offset) circuit

IERG1810

RAMP
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PWM coder circuit
Audio Comparator
amplifier
(adjustable
Unipolar
offset)
circuit

Input
signal
RAMP
TP3

TP4

TP6

TP7

CUHK-IE 11
 IERG3820
Mini-project

Pulse Width Modulation

(PWM)
Decoder

CUHK-IE 12
 How to retrieve the analog signal from
a PWM signal?
1. First edge (the red line) of the PWM signal
• It is the start point of the ramp signal.
2. Second edge (the orange line) of the PWM
signal represent the analog level of this bit
(the red dot).
3. Do sample-and-hold for the retrieved analog
signals (the green lines).
• Refer to the experiment sample-and-
hold.
4. A low pass filter to reject high frequency
harmonics.

http://microchip.wikidot.com/pwr3101:transition-to-digital-pwm
CUHK-IE 13
 PWM decoder circuit?
• A edge selector with a delay circuit selects suitable edge
(rising/falling).
• The output of the edge selector controls the ramp start and
sample the analog level (Sample & Hold).
Finding First edge (TP1)
of the PWM signal

Delay Current mirror

(same as PWM
encoder)

Analog switch
Finding second edge (TP3) (Sample & Hold)
CUHK-IE of the PWM signal 14
 PWM decoder circuit?
• A edge finder circuit with a delay circuit.
• The output of the edge finder controls the ramp start and
sample the analog level.

PWM signal code

signal

First edge (TP1) of

the PWM signal

First edge (TP3) of

the PWM signal

Regenerated RAMP
signal (TP2)

CUHK-IE 15
 PWM decoder circuit?
• A edge finder circuit with a delay circuit.
• The output of the edge finder controls the ramp start and
sample the analog level.

PWM signal code

signal

First edge (TP1) of

the PWM signal

First edge (TP3) of

the PWM signal

Regenerated RAMP
signal (TP2)

CUHK-IE 16
 PWM decoder circuit?
• How to find the First edge (TP1) of the PWM signal? Current mirror
(same as PWM
Finding First edge (TP1) encoder)
of the PWM signal

PWM signal code

signal

U2A
Pin 2

U2A
Pin 4

U1A
Pin 3 (TP2)
CUHK-IE 17
 PWM decoder circuit?
• How to find the First edge (TP1) of the PWM signal? Current mirror
(same as PWM
Finding First edge (TP1) encoder)
of the PWM signal

Delay

PWM signal code

signal
U2A
Pin 2

U2A
Pin 4

U1A
Pin 3 (TP1)
RAMP
(TP2) CUHK-IE 18
 PWM decoder circuit?
• How to find the Second edge (TP3) of the PWM signal?

Analog switch
Finding second edge (TP3) of (Sample & Hold)
the PWM signal

PWM signal code

signal

U2F
Pin 12

U2E
Pin 10

U1B
Pin 6
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 PWM decoder circuit?
• How to find the Second edge (TP3) of the PWM signal?

Analog switch
Finding second edge (TP3) (Sample & Hold)
of the PWM signal

PWM signal code

signal

U2F
Pin 12

U2E
Pin 10

U1B
Pin 6
CUHK-IE 20
Sample data and audio amplifier audio
amplifier
• Use the Second
edge (TP3) to do Sampled
data
sample and hold
on RAMP signal. RAMP
First
edge

Analog switch
(Sample & Hold)
TP2
RAMP Second
edge

TP1
First edge

TP3
Second edge

Time base
TP4 = 2us
Sampled data

CUHK-IE 21
Sample data and audio amplifier audio
amplifier
• Use the Second
edge (TP3) to do Sampled
data
sample and hold
on RAMP signal. RAMP
First
edge

Analog switch
(Sample & Hold)
TP2
RAMP Second
edge

TP1
First edge

TP3
Second edge

TP4 Time base

Sampled data = 100us

CUHK-IE 22
END

CUHK-IE 23