Chapter-1 (Sets)

 A∩A =A

 A∩U=A

 A∪U=U

 A ∪ A′ = U

 A − B = A ∩ B′

 A∪B = B∪A

 A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C

 A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

 (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′

 A′ = U − A

 U′ = ϕ

 n(AUBUC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A ∩ B) −n(A ∩ B) − n(B ∩ C) −

n(C ∩ A) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)

 A∪A= A
 A∪ϕ=A

 A∩ϕ=ϕ

 A ∩ A′ = ϕ

 (A′ )′ = A

 ϕ′ = U

 n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)

 If only two sets A and B, then

(a) only A = A − B

(b) only B = B − A

Page-1
(c) Both A and B ⇒ A ∩ B

(d) A or B ⇒ A ∪ B

 n(A′ ∪ B′ ) = n[(A ∩ B)′ ] = n(U) − n(A ∩ B)

 n(A′ ∩ B′ ) = n[(A ∪ B)′ ] = n(U) − n(A ∪ B)

 No. of subsets of A having n elements = 2n

Chapter -2 (Relations and Functions)

 A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

 A × (B − C) = (A × B) − (A × C)

 Total no. of subsets of A × B is (2)m.n where m and n are the no. of

elements in A and B respectively. It is also number of relations from A to B

 Modulus function
x, x≥0
f(x) = |x| = {
−x, x<0

 √𝑥 2 =|𝑥| where x is variable real no.

Chapter-3 (Trigonometry)

Page-2
 l
 θ= where θ is an angle in radian, l is arc length and r is radius
r
 180 = π𝒸
0

 sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ

 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ

Domain and range of trigonometric functions:

 Domain of y = sin x and y = cos x is the set of all real numbers

 Range of y = sin x and y = cos x is the interval [−1,1], i.e., −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
 Domain of y = cosec x is the set {x: x ∈ 𝐑 and x ≠ nπ, n ∈ 𝐙}
 Range of y = cosec x is the set {y: y ∈ 𝐑, y ≥ 1 or y ≤ −1}
π
 Domain of y = sec x is the set {x: x ∈ 𝐑 and x ≠ ((2n + 1) , n ∈ 𝐙}
2

 Range of y = sec x is the set {y: y ∈ 𝐑, y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}

π
 Domain of y = tan x is the set {x: x ∈ 𝐑 and x ≠ (2n + 1) , n ∈ 𝐙}
2

 Range of y = tan x is the set of all real numbers

 Domain of y = cot x is the set {x: x ∈ 𝐑 and x ≠ nπ, n ∈ 𝐙}
 Range of y = cot x is the set of all real numbers

Behaviour of trigonometric functions:

I quadrant II quadrant III quadrant IV quadrant

increases from decreases from decreases from increases from -

Sin
0 to 1 1 to 0 0 to -1 1 to 0

decreases from decreases from increases from - increases from

Cos
1 to 0 0 to -1 1 to 0 0 to 1

increases from increases from increases from increases from

Tan
0 to ∞ −∞ to 0 0 to ∞ −∞ to 0

decreases from decreases from decreases from decreases from

Cot
∞ to 0 0 to- ∞ ∞ to 0 0 to −∞

Page-3
 increases from increases from decreases from decreases from
Sec
1 to ∞ −∞ to-1 -1 to- ∞ ∞ to 1

Cose decreases from increases from increases from decreases from-

c ∞ to 1 1 to ∞ −∞ to -1 1to-




Page-4
 

π π π π 3π
0∘ π 2π
6 4 3 2 2

1 1 √3
sin 0 1 0 -1 0
2 √2 2

√3 1 1
cos 1 0 -1 0 1
2 √2 2

1 not not
tan 0 1 √3 0 0
√3 defined defined

90∘ 90∘ 180∘ 180∘ 270∘ 270∘ 360∘ 360∘

−θ
−θ +θ −θ +θ −θ +θ −θ +θ

sin −sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ −sin θ −cos θ −cos θ −sin θ sin θ

cos cos θ sin θ −sin θ −cos θ −cos θ −sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ

tan −tan θ cot θ −cot θ −tan θ tan θ cot θ −cot θ −tan θ tan θ

cot −cot θ tan θ −tan θ −cot θ cot θ tan θ −tan θ −cot θ cot θ

Page-5
sec sec θ cosec θ −cosec θ −sec θ −sec θ −cosec θ cosec θ −sec θ −sec θ

cosec −cosec θ sec θ sec θ cosec θ −cosec −sec

θ θ −sec θ −cosec θ cosec θ

qua
IV I II II III III IV IV I
d

I II III IV

sin x + + - -

cos x + - - +

tan x + - - -

cosec x + - + -

sec x + - -

 cos(−x) = cos 𝑥 and sin(−x) = −sin x

 −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1

 −1 ≤ cos ≤ 1

 −∞ < tan θ < +∞

 sin(A + B) = sin A ⋅ cos B + cos A ⋅ sin B

 cos(A + B) = cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B

tan A+tan B
 tan(A + B) =
1−tan A⋅tan B

cot B⋅cot A−1

 cot(A + B) =
cot B+cot A

 sin(A − B) = sin A ⋅ cos B − cos A ⋅ sin B

 cos(A − B) = cos A ⋅ cos B + sin A ⋅ sin B

tan A−tan B
 tan(A − B) =
1+tan A⋅tan B

Page-6
 cot B⋅cot A+1
 cot(A − B) =
cot B−cot A

2tan x
 sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1+tan2 x

 cos 2x = cos 2 x − sin2 x = 1 − 2sin2 x = 2cos 2 x − 1

1 − tan2 x
=
1 + tan2 x
2tan x
 tan 2x =
1−tan2 x

cot2 x−1
 cot 2x =
2cot x

 sin 3x = 3sin x − 4sin3 x

 cos 3x = 4cos 3 x − 3cos x

3tan x−tan3 x
 tan 3x =
1−3tan2 x

C+D C−D
 sin C + sin D = 2sin ⋅ cos
2 2

C+D C−D
 sin C − sin D = 2cos ⋅ sin
2 2

C+D C−D
 cos C + cos D = 2cos cos
2 2

C+D D−C
 cos C − cos D = 2sin ⋅ sin
2 2

 2cos xcos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y)

 −2sin xsin y = cos(x + y) − cos(x − y)

 2sin xcos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)

 2cos xsin y = sin(x + y) − sin(x − y)

 sin2 x − sin2 y = sin(x + y) ⋅ sin(x − y)

 cos 2 x − cos 2 y = −sin(x + y) ⋅ sin(x − y)

 cos 2 x − sin2 y = cos(x + y) ⋅ cos(x − y)

 sin2 x − cos 2 y = −cos(x + y) ⋅ cos(x − y)

Page-7
 1+tanx 𝜋
 = tan( + 𝑥)
1−tanx 4
1−tanx 𝜋
 = tan( − 𝑥)
1+tanx 4

 (sinx + cosx)2 = 1 + sin2x

 (sinx − cosx)2 = 1 − sin2x

𝜃 1−cos 𝜃
 tan = √
2 1+cos 𝜃

Chapter-4 (Complex No. and Quadratic Equations)

 Complex no. (z) = a + ib

 For any integer k, i4k+1 = i, i4k+2 = −1, i4k+3 = −i

 The conjugate of the complex number z = a + ib, denoted by z, is given by
z‾ = a − ib

 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 ⋅ z2 = z̅1 ⋅ z̅2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z z̅̅̅
 ( 1) = 1
z2 z̅̅̅
2

 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 + z2 = z̅1 + z̅2

 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z1 − z2 = z̅1 − z̅2

 |z| = |z̅| = | − z|

 |z1 ⋅ z2 | = |z1||z2 |

 zz̅ = |z|2

 Modulus or absolute value |z| = √a2 + b 2

 (a + ib)(c + id) = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)

Purely Real and Purely Imaginary Complex Number

A complex number z is a purely real if its imaginary part is 0 . i.e., Im(z) = 0. And
purely imaginary if its real part is 0 i.e., Re(z) = 0.

Equality of Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal, if a2 =
a2 and b1 = b2 i.e., Re(z1 ) = Re(z2 ) and Im(z1 ) = Im(z2 ).

Page-8
  Addition of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = (x1 + iyi ) and z2 = (x2 + iy2 ) be any two complex numbers, then their
sum defined asz z1 + z2

= (x1 + iy1 ) + (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 )

 Multiplicative Identity z ⋅ 1 = z = 1

Chapter-5 (Linear Inequalities)

+x if x ≥ 0
 |x| = {
−x if x < 0
 If |x − a| ≤ b ⇒ a − b ≤ x ≤ a + b

 If |x − a| ≥ b ⇒ x ≤ a − b or x ≥ a + b

 If a2 ≤ x 2 ≤ b2 ⇒ a ≤ |x| ≤ b

Chapter-6 (Permutation and Combinations)

 Factorial n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) … … .4.3.2.1

 0! = 1
n!
 P(n, r) =
(n−r)!

n!
 Permutation when objects are not all different = where p, q, r are the
p!q!r!
kinds of objects.
n!
 C(n, r) =
(n−r)!r!

 C(n, n) = 1

 If C(n, p) = C(n, q) then p = q or p + q = n

n n n−1
 Cr = Cr−1
r

 C(n, 0) = 1

 C(n, r) = C(n, n − r)
Page-9
 n
 Cr = n Cr−1 where r ≤ n

 P(n, n) = n !

Important Results on Permutation

 The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time,
allowing repetitions nr .

 The number of permutations of n different things taken all at a time is

n
Pn = n !.

Chapter-7 (Binomial Theorem)

 (x + y)n = n
C0x n−0 y 0 + n C1x n−1y1 + ⋯ . + nCnx n−ny n

 General term i.e. (r + 1) th term Tr+1 = nCr x n−r y r

 Middle term when n is even

n+1
T( )
2
 Middle term when n is odd
n+1 n+3
T( ) and T ( )
2 2
 C0 + C0 + C2 + C4 + ⋯ … . . = C1 + C3 + C5 + ⋯ = 2n−1
 C0 + C1 + C2 + ⋯ . +Cn = 2n

 Pascal triangle

Properties of Binomial Theorem for Positive Integer

 Total number of terms in the expansion of (x + y)n is (n + 1).
 The coefficient of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end are
equal. These

Page-10
  Coefficients are known as the binomial coefficients and
 nCr = n Cn−r , r = 0,1,2, … , n

Chapter- 8 (Sequence & Series)

In AP

 d = t n − t n−1 ⇒ constant

 t n = Sn − Sn−1
n
 Sn = [a + l] ⇒ quadratic
2

 t n = a + (n − 1)d ⇒ linear
n
 Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d] ⇒ quadratic
2

a+b
 AM between two numbers a and b AM =
2

 Many AM between two numbers a and b

n(b − a)
nth AM = a +
n+1
 Three terms in AP are a − d, a, a + d

 Five terms in AP are a − 2d, a − d, a, a + d, a + 2d

In G.P.
tn
 r= ⇒ constant
tn−1

 t n = Sn − Sn−1

 t n = a. r n−1
a(1−rn )
 Sn = if r < 1
1−r

a(rn −1)
 Sn = if r > 1
r−1
a
 S∞ =
1−r

 GM between two number a and b GM = √ab

 AM ≥ GM

Page-11
  Many GM between two number a and b
n
b n+1
nth GM = a ( )
a

Chapter-9 (Straight Line)

−coefficient of x
 Slope of line m = 0r tan𝜃
coefficient of y

Equation of a line :

 General equation of a line ax + by + c = 0

 Slope intercept form of line

(a) y = mx + c where c is intercept on y-axis.

(b) y = m(x + d) where d is intercept on y-axis.

 Intercept form :
x y where a and b are intercept on
+ =1
a b x-axis and y-axis respctively.

 Point slope form : y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

y1 −y2
 Two point form : y − y1 = (x − x1 )
x1 −x2

 Normal or perpendicular form xcos α + ysin α = p

where p is length of perpendicular from origin to line and making angle α with x-
axis.

 Distance of point (x1 , y1 ) from line ax + by + c = 0

ax1 + by1 + c
is | |
√a2 + b 2
a1 b1 c1
 No point i.e. parallel if = ≠
a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1
 Infinite point i.e. coincide if = =
a2 b2 c2

−coefficient of x
 Slope of line m =
coefficient of y

Page-12
  Angle between two lines
m1 − m2
tan θ = | |
1 + m1m2

 A line parallel to given line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0

 A line perpendicular to given line ax + by + c = 0 is −ax + by + k = 0

Chapter-10 (Conic Section)

 If e = 0 then circle
 If e = 1, then parabola
 If e < 1, then ellipse
 If e > 1, then hyperbola
PF
Where e is the electricity, e =
PM

Circle:
 Standard equation of circle is
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2

Centre ≡ (h, k), radius = r

 x 2 + y 2 = r 2 when centre ≡ (0,0)

 General equation of circle is

x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 centre ≡ (−g, −f) r = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

 Equation of circle when co-ordinate of end points of a diameter are (x1 , y1)
and (x2 , y2 ) is
(x − x1 )(x − x2 ) + (y − y1)(y − y2 ) = 0

Parabola
 Equation of parabola is y 2 = 4ax axis x-axis.
 Equation of parabola is x 2 = 4ay axis y-axis.

Parabola y 2 = 4ax x 2 = 4ay

Vertex O (0,0) (0,0)

Page-13
 Focus (a, 0) (0, a)

Axis y = 0 i.e. x-axis x = 0 i.e. y-axis

Directix x = −a y = −a

Length of latus rectum 4a 4a

Ellipse

 PF + PF ′ = 2a

 e = √1 − b 2/a2 ; a > b

x2 y2 x2 y2
Ellipse + =1 + =1
a2 b 2 b 2 a2

Centre (0,0) (0,0)

Foci F1 , F2 (±ae, 0) (0, ±ae)

Distance between foci 2 ae 2 ae

Vertices (±a, 0) (0, ±a)

Length of major axis 2a 2a

Length of minor axis 2b 2b

Equation of major axis y=0 x=0

Equation of minor axis x=0 y=0

Equation of directix x = ±a/e y = ±a/e

Length of Latus rectum 2b2 /a 2b2 /a

Equation of latus rectum x = ±a/e y = ±a/e

Eccentricity e = √1 − b 2/a2 e = √1 − b 2/a2

Hyperbola
Page-14
 PF − PF ′ = 2a
x2 y2 y2 x2
Hyperbola − =1 − =1
a2 b 2 a2 b 2

Centre (0,0) (0,0)

Foci (±ae, 0) (0, ±ae)

Distance between foci 2 ae 2 ae

Vertices (±a, 0) (0, ±a)

Length of transverse axis 2a 2a

Length of conjugate axis 2b 2b

Equation of transverse axis y=0 x=0

Equation of conjugate axis x=0 y=0

Equation of directices x = ±a/e y = ±a/e

Length of Latus rectum 2b2 /a 2b2 /a

Equation of latus rectum x = ±a/e y = ±a/e

Eccentricity e = √1 + b 2/a2 e = √1 + b 2/a2

Chapter -11 (Three-D Geometry)

 Any point on 𝑥-axis is of the form (𝑥, 0,0)
 Any point on 𝑦-axis is of the form (0, 𝑦, 0)
 Any point on 𝑧-axis is of the form (0,0, 𝑧).

 Distance between two points (x1 , y1 , z1) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) is

√(x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 + (z1 − z2 )2
x2 +x1 y2 +y1 z2 +z1
 Mid point formula P ≡ ( , , )
2 2 2
 Section formula ( internal)

Page-15
 lx2 + mx1 ly2 + my1 lz2 + mz1
P≡( , , )
l+m l+m l+m
 Section formula ( external)

lx2 − mx1 ly2 − my1 lz2 − mz1

P≡( , , )
l−m l−m l−m

Chapter-12 (Limits and Derivatives)

 Lt − f(x) = Lt + f(x) then limit exist i.e Lt f(x) ⇒ Lt − f(x) = Lt + f(x)
x→a x→a x→a x→a x→a

 LHL = Lt − f(x) or Lt f(a − h)

x→a h→0

 RHL = Lt + f(x) = Lt f(a + h)

x→a h→0

 Lt cos x = 1
x→0

sin x
 Lt =1
x→0 x

tan x
 Lt =1
x→0 x

ax −1
 Lt = log e a
x→0 x

log(1+x)
 Lt =1
x→0 x

1−cos 𝑥
 lim𝑥→0 =0
𝑥

ex −1
 Lt =1
x→0 x

xn −an
 Lt = n ⋅ an−1
x→a x

Derivatives

For functions 𝑢 and 𝑣 the following holds:

 (𝑢 ± 𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ ± 𝑣 ′
 (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 ′
Page-16
 𝑢 ′ 𝑢′ 𝑣−𝑢𝑣 ′
 ( ) = provided all are defined.
𝑣 𝑣2

d
 ( constant ) = 0
dx

d
 (sin x) = cos x
dx

d
 (cos x) = −sin x
dx

d
 (tan x) = sec 2 x
dx

d
 (cot x) = −cosec 2 x
dx

d
 (cosec x) = −cosec x ⋅ cot x
dx

d
 (sec x) = sec x ⋅ tan x
dx

𝑑
 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

d 1
 (log x) =
dx x

dex
 = ex
dx

 Lt x = c
x→c

 Lt {f(x) ± g(x)} = Lt f(x) ± Lt g(x)

x→c x→c x→c

f(x) Lt f(x)
 Lt [ ] = x→c g(x)
x→c g(x) Lt

 Lt k = k
x→c

 Lt kf(x) = k ⋅ Lt f(x)
x→c x→c

 Lt f(x) ⋅ g(x) = Lt f(x) ⋅ Lt g(x)

x→c x→c x→c

 Lt {f(x)}n = [ Lt f(x)]n
x→c x→c

Chapter-13 (Statistics)
x1 +x2 +x3 +⋯.+xn ∑x
 Mean(x) = =
n n

Page-17
 ∑fi xi
 Mean(x) =
∑f

∑fi di where d = (x − a)
 Mean(x) = A +
∑f A = assumed mean
∑fi ui x−A
 Mean(x) = A + × h where u = ( ) h = class size
∑f h

Median

 If n is odd then,
n+1
Median = ( ) th term
2
 If n is even then,
1 n n+2
Median = [ th + ( ) th term ]
2 2 2
∑|xi −M|
 Mean derivation =
n
M = mean or median

 For grouped data

N
−c
Median = l + [ 2 ]×h
f

where,

l = lower limit of Median class

N = total frequency

h = class size of median class

f = frequency of median class

c = cumulative frequency of the class proceeding the median class.

 Standard deviation
∑(xi −x)2
(a) σ = +√
n
∑x2i ∑xi 2
(b) Standard deviation σ = +√ −( )
n n

Page-18
 ∑fi (xi −x)
(c) σ = √
∑f
∑fi x2i ∑fi xi 2
(d) σ = √ −( )
∑f ∑f
∑fi u2i ∑fi ui 2 x−A
(e) σ = h × √ −( ) ;u =
∑f ∑f h
∑fi d2i ∑fi di 2
(e) σ = h × √ −( ) ;d = x − A
∑f ∑f

Chapter-14 (Probability)
n(A)
 P(A) = ; A = event, S = sample space
n(S)

 Mutually exclusive events A and B A∩B=ϕ

 P(A ∩ B) = 0 if A & B are mutually exclusive events.

 P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
 A and A are always exhaustive events.
∴ P(A) + P(A‾) = 1
or, P(A) + P( not A) = 1

 P( neither A nor B) =
= 1 − P(A ∪ B)

 P( only A) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)

 P( atleast one ) = 1 − P( none ) = 1 − P(0)

 (a) A but not B: A−B

Formula from previous classes

a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 )
a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
(a2 + 2ab + b2) = (a + b)2
(a2 − 2ab + b2) = (a − b)2
(a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 ) = (a + b)3
(a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 ) = (a − b)3
a2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = (a + b + c)2
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Page-20