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Maths Project

This document is a mathematics project by Aarav Somani from St. James' School on the topic of sets, covering definitions, operations, and laws related to sets. It includes a detailed index, explanations of various types of sets, and operations such as union, intersection, and difference. The project concludes with the importance of set theory in mathematics and its applications in real life, along with a bibliography and webliography for references.

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AARAV SOMANI
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24 views14 pages

Maths Project

This document is a mathematics project by Aarav Somani from St. James' School on the topic of sets, covering definitions, operations, and laws related to sets. It includes a detailed index, explanations of various types of sets, and operations such as union, intersection, and difference. The project concludes with the importance of set theory in mathematics and its applications in real life, along with a bibliography and webliography for references.

Uploaded by

AARAV SOMANI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAME: AARAV

SOMANI
CLASS: 11-C
SCHOOL: ST. JAMES’
SCHOOL.
YEAR: 2025-2026.
TOPIC

UNDERSTANDING
SETS IN
MATHEMATICS.
INDEX
SERIAL NUMBER PARTICULARS PAGE NUMBER

1. DEFINITIONS. 4-6

2. OPERATIONS ON 7-11
SETS.
3. DISTRIBUTIVE 12
LAWS.
4. CONCLUSION. 13

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 14

6. WEBLIOGRAPHY. 14

7. ACKNOWLEDGEM 15
ENT.

DEFINITIONS

SET: IT IS A WELL DEFINED COLLECTION OF


DISTINCT OBJECTS.
FOR EXAMPLE: ALL COLOURS OF A RAINBOW.

EMPTY SET : A SET WHICH DOES NOT CONTAIN


ANY ELEMENT. IT IS DENOTED BY { } OR Ø.
FOR EXAMPLE: {x: x2 = 9 and x is an even integer.}

SINGLETON SET : A SET THAT CONTAINS ONLY ONE


ELEMENT IS CALLED A SINGLETON SET.
FOR EXAMPLE: {x: 3x-1=8}

FINITE SET : A SET THAT CONTAINS A DEFINITE


NUMBER OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS IS CALLED A
FINITE SET.
FOR EXAMPLE: M= {X: X IS A MONTH OF A YEAR.}

INFINITE SET: A SET THAT CONTAINS UNLIMITED


NUMBER OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS IS CALLED AN
INFINITE SET.
FOR EXAMPLE: THE SET OF EVEN NATURAL
NUMBERS.
EQUIVALENT SETS: TWO FINITE SETS A AND B
ARE CALLED EQUIVALENT IF THEY HAVE THE SAME
NUMBERS OF ELEMENTS. THEY ARE READ AS A☰B.

FOR EXAMPLE : A={a,b,c,d,e} b= {1,2,3,4,5}, n(A)


☰n(B).

EQUAL SETS :TWO SETS A AND B ARE SAID TO BE


EQUAL IF THEY HAVE EXACTLY THE SAM ELEMENTS.
IT IS READ AS A=B.
FOR EXAMPLE : IF A={1,2} AND B={2,1,1,2,1} THEN
A=B.

SUBSET: LET A, B BE ANY TWO SETS, THEN A IS


CALLED A SUBSET OF B IF EVERY ELEMENT OF A IS
ALSO A MEMBER OF B. IT IS READ AS A IS A
SUBSET OF B.

PROPER SUBSET : LET A AND B BE TWO NON-EMPTY


SET, THEN A IS CALLED A PROPER SUBSET OF B IF
EVERY MEMBER OF A IS ALSO A MEMBER OF B .IT IS
WRITTEN AS A IS A PROPER SUBSET OF B.
FOR EXAMPLE : LET A = { 1,2,3} THEN SUBSETS OF
A ARE Ø, {1},{2},{3}, {1,2}, {1,3},{2,3},A.

POWER SET : THE SET FORMEDBY ALL THE


SUBSETS OF A GIVEN SET A IS CALLED
THE POWER SET OF A. IT IS DENOTED AS P(A).
FOR EXAMPLE :
IF A={1,2} THEN, P(A)= { Ø,{1},{2},A}.

UNIVERSAL SET: A SET THAT CONTAINS ALL THE


ELEMENTS UNDER CONSIDERATION IN A GIVEN
PROBLEM IS CALLED A UNIVERSAL SET.
IT IS DENOTED BY ‘U’.
FOR EXAMPLE: A={b,c,g,m,u} UNIVERSAL SET
WOULD BE {x: x is a letter in English alphabet}.

OPERATIONS ON SETS

UNION OF TWO SETS :


THE UNION OF TWO SETS A AND B, WRITTEN AS
AUB IS THE SET CONSISTING OF ALL THE
ELEMENTS WHICH BELONG TO A,B OR BOTH.
AUB = { all elements of A and B where x either
belongs to A or x belongs to B}.

IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THE ELEMENTS


TAKEN SHOULD BE ENTERED IN THE FINAL
SET ONLY ONCE BECAUSE A SET DOES NOT
INVOLVE REPITITION OF ELEMENTS.

FOR EXAMPLE :
i. Let A={1,2,3,4,5} and B= { 1,3,5,7,9}
then
AUB= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}.
ii. A={a,b,c,d,e,i} and B= { c,a,i,e} then
AUB = { a,b,c,d,e,i}.

INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS

THE INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS,WRITTEN AS


AՈB IS THE SET CONSISTING OF ALL THE
ELEMENTS WHICH BELONG TO BOTH A AND B.
AՈB={x:x belongs to A but does not belong to
B}.
IT IS TO BE NOTED THAT AՈB MEANS ALL THE
COMMON ELEMENTS OFA AND B ARE WRITTEN
DOWN.
FOR EXAMPLE :

i. LET A={1,2,3,4,5} AND B={1,3,5,7,9} THEN


AՈB={1,3,5}
ii. LET A={a,b,c,d,e,i} and B={c,a,e,i} THEN
AՈB= {a,c,e,i}.

DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS

LET A,B BE TWO SETS, THEN A-B IS THE SET


CONSISTING OF ALL THE ELEMENTS WHICH
BELONG A BUT DO NOT BELONG TO B ,
THUS,
A-B={x:x belongs to A but does not belong to
B}.
B-A={x:x belongs to B but does not belong to
A}.

FOR EXAMPLE :

i. LET A={1,2,3,4,5} AND B={1,3,5,7,9}


THEN A-B={2,4}
THEN B-A={7,9}.
SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS

THE SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS A


AND B WRITTEN AS AΔB, IS THE SET
CONSISTING OF ALL ELEMENTS WHICH BELONG
TO A OR B BUT DO NOT BELONG TO AՈB.
THUS,
AΔB={x:x belongs to A or B but does not
belong to AՈB }.= (AUB)-(AՈB).

FOR EXAMPLE :

LET A={1,2,3,4,5} AND B={1,3,5,7,9} THEN,


AUB={1,2,3,4,5,7,9} AND
AՈB= {1,3,5}
SO, AΔB= ( AUB)-(AՈB)= { 2,4,7,9}.
COMPLEMENT OF A SET

LET ‘U’ BE THE UNIVERSAL SET AND A BE


ANY SET THEN THE COMPLEMENT OF A,
DENOTED
BY ‘Ac’ , IS THE SET CONSISTING OF ALL THE
ELEMENTS OF ‘U’ WHICH DO NOT BELONG
TO ‘A’ .
THUS,
AC = { x:x belongs to ‘U’ and x does not
belong
to A}
NOTE : AC = U-A
FOR EXAMPLE :
LET,
U= { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A={1,2,3,5,7,9}
THEN,
AC = {4,6,8,10}

DISTRIBUTIVE LAWS
i. AU(BՈC)=(AUB) Ո (AUC)
PROOF: AU(BՈC)
={x:x belongs to A or x belongs to BՈC}
= {x:x belongs to A or(x belongs to B and C)}
= {x:(x belongs to A OR B) and ( x belongs to
A OR C)}
={x:x belongs to AUB and AUC}
= ( AUB) Ո (AUC)

ii. AՈ(BUC) .= (AՈB)U(AՈC)


PROOF : AՈ (BUC)
= {x:x belongs to A and x belongs to BUC}
= {x:x belongs to A and (x belongs to B OR
C}
= { x: (x belongs to A and B )or ( x belongs to
A OR C)}
={x:x belongs to AՈB OR x belongs to AՈC}
= ( AՈB)U ( AՈC).

CONCLUSION
The concept of sets is one of the most important and
foundational topics. Through this project, we have learned
that sets are simply collections of well-defined objects.
Although the idea seems simple, it forms the basis for many
advanced areas in mathematics and real-life applications.
We explored different types of sets such as empty sets, finite
and infinite sets, equal and equivalent sets, and subsets. We
also studied how to represent sets using roster and set-
builder forms. The use of Venn diagrams helped us visualize
and solve problems involving union, intersection, and
difference of sets more clearly and logically.

One of the key takeaways from this project is understanding


how sets are used to classify and organize information. This is
not only useful in mathematics but also in fields like computer
science, data analysis, and logic. Set theory helps in building
strong reasoning skills and supports learning in subjects like
relations and functions, probability, and more.

This project has improved our ability to apply operations on


sets and understand their properties. We also learned how to
identify and solve practical problems using set language and
notation. It helped us practice accuracy and logical thinking—
skills that are valuable in academics and beyond.

In conclusion, studying sets has given us a better grasp of


how mathematics works behind the scenes to solve real-world
problems. It is not just a topic in the syllabus but a useful tool
that helps structure information and make decisions based on
logic and clarity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I, IN THIS PROJECT TOOK THE HELP OF THE BOOK GIVEN


BELOW:

RD Sharma – Mathematics for Class 11


Publisher: Dhanpat Rai Publications
Chapter: Sets and Set Theory.
WEBLIOGRAPHY

I ALSO TOOK THE HELP OF THE FOLLOWING


WEBSITES FOR MY PROJECT.

1. https://ncert.nic.in
2. https://www.cuemath.com/algebra/sets/
3. https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/
4. https://byjus.com/maths/sets/
5. https://www.khanacademy.org
6. https://www.vedantu.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those


who supported and guided me in completing this
mathematics project on the topic "SETS".

First, I am thankful to my mathematics teacher,


MR.INDRAJIT BASU, for their valuable guidance, clear
explanations, and encouragement throughout the
project. Their support helped me understand the
concepts more deeply and complete the project
effectively.
I would also like to thank my school,
ST.JAMES’SCHOOL, for providing the resources and
environment needed to carry out this work.
Finally, I extend my appreciation to my family and
friends who motivated me and assisted me whenever I
needed help.
This project has helped me improve my understanding
of sets and their real-life applications, and I am
grateful for the opportunity to explore the topic in
detail.

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