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CHAPTER 3
Review and Assess

VECTORS AND THE GRAPHICAL

METHOD 8. A dog searching for a bone walks 3.50 m south, then
8.20 m at an angle of 30.0° north of east, and finally
Review questions
15.0 m west. Use graphical techniques to find the
1. The magnitude of a vector is a scalar. Explain this dog’s resultant displacement vector.
statement.
9. A man lost in a maze makes three consecutive dis-
2. If two vectors have unequal magnitudes, can their placements so that at the end of the walk he is back
sum be zero? Explain. where he started, as shown in Figure 3-26. The first
displacement is 8.00 m westward, and the second is
3. What is the relationship between instantaneous 13.0 m northward. Use the graphical method to
speed and instantaneous velocity? find the third displacement.
4. What is another way of saying −30 m/s west?

5. Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar

quantity? Explain.

6. Vector A is 3.00 units in length and points along the

positive x-axis. Vector B is 4.00 units in length and
points along the negative y-axis. Use graphical
methods to find the magnitude and direction of the X
following vectors:
Figure 3-26
a. A + B
b. A − B
c. A + 2B Conceptual questions
d. B − A
10. If B is added to A, under what conditions does the
7. Each of the displacement vectors A and B shown in resultant have the magnitude equal to A + B?
Figure 3-25 has a magnitude of 3.00 m. Graphically
11. Give an example of a moving object that has a veloc-
find the following:
ity vector and an acceleration vector in the same
a. A + B
direction and an example of one that has velocity
b. A − B
and acceleration vectors in opposite directions.
c. B − A
d. A − 2B 12. A student accurately uses the method for combin-
y ing vectors. The two vectors she combines have
magnitudes of 55 and 25 units. The answer that she
B gets is either 85, 20, or 55. Pick the correct answer,
and explain why it is the only one of the three that
3.00 m A can be correct.
0m
3.0 13. If a set of vectors laid head to tail forms a closed
30.0°
x
Figure 3-25 polygon, the resultant is zero. Is this statement true?
Explain your reasoning.

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VECTOR OPERATIONS 25. A shopper pushing a cart through a store moves

40.0 m south down one aisle, then makes a 90.0°
Review questions turn and moves 15.0 m. He then makes another
14. Can a vector have a component equal to zero and 90.0° turn and moves 20.0 m. Find the shopper’s
still have a nonzero magnitude? total displacement. Note that you are not given the
direction moved after any of the 90.0° turns, so
15. Can a vector have a component greater than its there could be more than one answer.
magnitude? (See Sample Problem 3A.)
16. Explain the difference between vector addition and 26. A submarine dives 110.0 m at an angle of 10.0° below
vector resolution. the horizontal. What are the horizontal and vertical
components of the submarine’s displacement?
17. If the component of one vector along the direction
(See Sample Problem 3B.)
of another is zero, what can you conclude about
these two vectors? 27. A person walks 25.0° north of east for 3.10 km.
How far would another person walk due north and
18. How would you add two vectors that are not per-
due east to arrive at the same location?
pendicular or parallel?
(See Sample Problem 3B.)

Conceptual questions 28. A roller coaster travels 41.1 m at an angle of 40.0°

above the horizontal. How far does it move hori-
19. If A + B = 0, what can you say about the compo- zontally and vertically?
nents of the two vectors? (See Sample Problem 3B.)
20. Under what circumstances would a vector have 29. A person walks the path shown in Figure 3-27. The
components that are equal in magnitude? total trip consists of four straight-line paths. At the
21. The vector sum of three vectors gives a resultant end of the walk, what is the person’s resultant dis-
equal to zero. What can you say about the vectors? placement measured from the starting point?
(See Sample Problem 3C.)

Practice problems 100.0 m

22. A girl delivering newspapers travels three blocks ? N

west, four blocks north, then six blocks east.
300.0 m
a. What is her resultant displacement? W E

b. What is the total distance she travels?

200.0 m S
(See Sample Problem 3A.) 30.0°
60.0° 150.0 m Figure 3-27
23. A golfer takes two putts to sink his ball in the hole
once he is on the green. The first putt displaces the ball
6.00 m east, and the second putt displaces it 5.40 m PROJECTILE MOTION
south. What displacement would put the ball in the
hole in one putt? (See Sample Problem 3A.) Review questions

24. A quarterback takes the ball from the line of scrim- 30. A bullet is fired horizontally from a pistol, and
mage, runs backward for 10.0 yards, then runs side- another bullet is dropped simultaneously from the
ways parallel to the line of scrimmage for 15.0 yards. same height. If air resistance is neglected, which
At this point, he throws a 50.0-yard forward pass bullet hits the ground first?
straight down the field. What is the magnitude of 31. If a rock is dropped from the top of a sailboat’s
the football’s resultant displacement? mast, will it hit the deck at the same point whether
(See Sample Problem 3A.) the boat is at rest or in motion at constant velocity?

114 Chapter 3
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32. Does a ball dropped out of the window of a moving 38. A place kicker must kick a football from a point
car take longer to reach the ground than one 36.0 m (about 40.0 yd) from the goal. As a result of
dropped at the same height from a car at rest? the kick, the ball must clear the crossbar, which is
3.05 m high. When kicked, the ball leaves the
33. A rock is dropped at the same instant that a ball at ground with a speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 53°
the same elevation is thrown horizontally. Which to the horizontal.
will have the greater velocity when it reaches
a. By how much does the ball clear or fall short
ground level?
of clearing the crossbar?
b. Does the ball approach the crossbar while still
Practice problems rising or while falling?
34. The fastest recorded pitch in Major League Baseball (See Sample Problem 3E.)
was thrown by Nolan Ryan in 1974. If this pitch
39. A daredevil is shot out of a cannon at 45.0° to the
were thrown horizontally, the ball would fall
horizontal with an initial speed of 25.0 m/s. A net is
0.809 m (2.65 ft) by the time it reached home plate,
positioned at a horizontal distance of 50.0 m from
18.3 m (60 ft) away. How fast was Ryan’s pitch?
the cannon from which it is shot. At what height
(See Sample Problem 3D.)
above the cannon should the net be placed in order
35. A shell is fired from the ground with an initial speed to catch the daredevil? (See Sample Problem 3E.)
of 1.70 × 103 m/s (approximately five times the
40. When a water gun is fired while being held horizon-
speed of sound) at an initial angle of 55.0° to the
tally at a height of 1.00 m above ground level, the
horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find
water travels a horizontal distance of 5.00 m. A
a. the shell’s horizontal range child, who is holding the same gun in a horizontal
b. the amount of time the shell is in motion position, is also sliding down a 45.0° incline at a
(See Sample Problem 3E.) constant speed of 2.00 m/s. If the child fires the gun
y when it is 1.00 m above the ground and the water
36. A person standing at the
takes 0.329 s to reach the ground, how far will the
edge of a seaside cliff vi = +18 m/s water travel horizontally?
kicks a stone over the
(See Sample Problem 3E.)
edge with a speed of 18
g
m/s. The cliff is 52 m h = 52 m 41. A ship maneuvers to within 2.50 × 103 m of an
above the water’s surface, island’s 1.80 × 103 m high mountain peak and fires a
as shown in Figure 3-28. projectile at an enemy ship 6.10 × 102 m on the other
How long does it take for x side of the peak, as illustrated in Figure 3-29. If the
the stone to fall to the Figure 3-28
ship shoots the projectile with an initial velocity of
water? With what speed 2.50 × 102 m/s at an angle of 75.0°, how close to the
does it strike the water? enemy ship does the projectile land? How close (ver-
(See Sample Problem 3D.) tically) does the projectile come to the peak?
(See Sample Problem 3E.)
37. A spy in a speed boat is being chased down a river
by government officials in a faster craft. Just as the vi = 2.50 × 102 m/s
officials’ boat pulls up next to the spy’s boat, both
boats reach the edge of a 5.0 m waterfall. If the spy’s 1.80 × 103 m
75.0°
speed is 15 m/s and the officials’ speed is 26 m/s,
how far apart will the two vessels be when they land 2.50 × 103 m
below the waterfall? 6.10 × 102 m
Figure 3-29

Two-Dimensional Motion and Vectors 115

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RELATIVE MOTION 50. A hunter wishes to cross a river that is 1.5 km wide
and that flows with a speed of 5.0 km/h. The hunter
Review questions uses a small powerboat that moves at a maximum
42. Explain the statement, “All motion is relative.” speed of 12 km/h with respect to the water. What is
the minimum time necessary for crossing?
43. What is a frame of reference? (See Sample Problem 3F.)
44. When we describe motion, what is a common frame 51. A swimmer can swim in still water at a speed of
of reference? 9.50 m/s. He intends to swim directly across a river
45. A small airplane is flying at 50 m/s toward the east. that has a downstream current of 3.75 m/s.
A wind of 20 m/s toward the east suddenly begins to a. What must the swimmer’s direction be?
blow, giving the plane a velocity of 70 m/s east. b. What is his velocity relative to the bank?
a. Which of these are component vectors? (See Sample Problem 3F.)
b. Which is the resultant?
c. What is the magnitude of the wind velocity?
MIXED REVIEW PROBLEMS
46. A ball is thrown upward in the air by a passenger on
a train that is moving with constant velocity. 52. A motorboat heads due east at 12.0 m/s across a river
that flows toward the south at a speed of 3.5 m/s.
a. Describe the path of the ball as seen by the
a. What is the resultant velocity relative to an
passenger. Describe the path as seen by a sta-
observer on the shore?
tionary observer outside the train.
b. If the river is 1360 m wide, how long does it
b. How would these observations change if the
take the boat to cross?
train were accelerating along the track?
53. A ball player hits a home run, and the baseball just
Practice problems clears a wall 21.0 m high located 130.0 m from
home plate. The ball is hit at an angle of 35.0° to the
47. The pilot of a plane measures an air velocity of horizontal, and air resistance is negligible. Assume
165 km/h south. An observer on the ground sees the the ball is hit at a height of 1.0 m above the ground.
plane pass overhead at a velocity of 145 km/h toward
a. What is the initial speed of the ball?
the north. What is the velocity of the wind that is
b. How much time does it take for the ball to
affecting the plane?
reach the wall?
(See Sample Problem 3F.)
c. Find the velocity components and the speed
48. A river flows due east at 1.50 m/s. A boat crosses the of the ball when it reaches the wall.
river from the south shore to the north shore by
54. A daredevil jumps a canyon 12 m wide. To do so, he
maintaining a constant velocity of 10.0 m/s due
drives a car up a 15° incline.
north relative to the water.
a. What minimum speed must he achieve to
a. What is the velocity of the boat as viewed by
clear the canyon?
an observer on shore?
b. If the daredevil jumps at this minimum speed,
b. If the river is 325 m wide, how far downstream
what will his speed be when he reaches the
is the boat when it reaches the north shore?
other side?
(See Sample Problem 3F.)
55. A 2.00 m tall basketball player attempts a goal
49. The pilot of an aircraft wishes to fly due west in a
10.00 m from the basket (3.05 m high). If he shoots
50.0 km/h wind blowing toward the south. The speed
the ball at a 45.0° angle, at what initial speed must
of the aircraft in the absence of a wind is 205 km/h.
he throw the basketball so that it goes through the
a. In what direction should the aircraft head? hoop without striking the backboard?
b. What should its speed be relative to the ground?
(See Sample Problem 3F.)

116 Chapter 3
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56. A ball is thrown straight upward and returns to the 61. A car is parked on a cliff overlooking the ocean on
thrower’s hand after 3.00 s in the air. A second ball is an incline that makes an angle of 24.0° below the
thrown at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal. At horizontal. The negligent driver leaves the car in
what speed must the second ball be thrown so that it neutral, and the emergency brakes are defective. The
reaches the same height as the one thrown vertically? car rolls from rest down the incline with a constant
acceleration of 4.00 m/s2 and travels 50.0 m to the
57. An escalator is 20.0 m long. If a person stands on edge of the cliff. The cliff is 30.0 m above the ocean.
the escalator, it takes 50.0 s to ride from the bottom
a. What is the car’s position relative to the base
to the top.
of the cliff when the car lands in the ocean?
a. If a person walks up the moving escalator b. How long is the car in the air?
with a speed of 0.500 m/s relative to the esca-
lator, how long does it take the person to get 62. A boat moves through a river at 7.5 m/s relative to
to the top? the water, regardless of the boat’s direction. If the
b. If a person walks down the “up” escalator with water in the river is flowing at 1.5 m/s, how long
the same relative speed as in item (a), how does it take the boat to make a round trip consisting
long does it take to reach the bottom? of a 250 m displacement downstream followed by a
250 m displacement upstream?
58. A ball is projected horizontally from the edge of a
table that is 1.00 m high, and it strikes the floor at a 63. A golf ball with an initial angle of 34° lands exactly
point 1.20 m from the base of the table. 240 m down the range on a level course.
a. What is the initial speed of the ball? a. Neglecting air friction, what initial speed
b. How high is the ball above the floor when its would achieve this result?
velocity vector makes a 45.0° angle with the b. Using the speed determined in item (a), find
horizontal? the maximum height reached by the ball.

59. How long does it take an automobile traveling 64. A water spider maintains an average position on the
60.0 km/h to become even with a car that is travel- surface of a stream by darting upstream (against the
ing in another lane at 40.0 km/h if the cars’ front current), then drifting downstream (with the cur-
bumpers are initially 125 m apart? rent) to its original position. The current in the
stream is 0.500 m/s relative to the shore, and the
60. The eye of a hurricane passes over Grand Bahama water spider darts upstream 0.560 m (relative to a
Island. It is moving in a direction 60.0° north of west spot on shore) in 0.800 s during the first part of its
with a speed of 41.0 km/h. Exactly three hours later, motion. Use upstream as the positive direction.
the course of the hurricane shifts due north, and its
a. Determine both the velocity of the water spider
speed slows to 25.0 km/h, as shown in Figure 3-30.
relative to the water during its dash upstream
How far from Grand Bahama is the hurricane 4.50 h
and its velocity during its drift downstream.
after it passes over the island?
b. How far upstream relative to the water does
the water spider move during one cycle of this
N
upstream and downstream motion?
W E c. What is the average velocity of the water spider
25.0 km/h relative to the water for one complete cycle?
S
65. A car travels due east with a speed of 50.0 km/h.
41.0 km/h Rain is falling vertically with respect to Earth. The
60.0° traces of the rain on the side windows of the car
make an angle of 60.0° with the vertical. Find the
velocity of the rain with respect to the following:
a. the car
Figure 3-30 b. Earth

Two-Dimensional Motion and Vectors 117

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66. A shopper in a department store can walk up a sta- 68. A science student riding on a flatcar of a train mov-
tionary (stalled) escalator in 30.0 s. If the normally ing at a constant speed of 10.0 m/s throws a ball
functioning escalator can carry the standing shop- toward the caboose along a path that the student
per to the next floor in 20.0 s, how long would it judges as making an initial angle of 60.0° with the
take the shopper to walk up the moving escalator? horizontal. The teacher, who is standing on the
Assume the same walking effort for the shopper ground nearby, observes the ball rising vertically.
whether the escalator is stalled or moving. How high does the ball rise?

67. If a person can jump a horizontal distance of 3.0 m 69. A football is thrown toward a receiver with an initial
on Earth, how far could the person jump on the speed of 18.0 m/s at an angle of 35.0° above the hor-
moon, where the free-fall acceleration is g/6 and izontal. At that instant, the receiver is 18.0 m from
g = 9.81 m/s2? How far could the person jump on the quarterback. In what direction and with what
Mars, where the acceleration due to gravity is 0.38g? constant speed should the receiver run to catch the
football at the level at which it was thrown?

Execute “Chap3” on the p menu, and press

e to begin the program. Enter the value for the
Graphing calculators initial velocity (shown below), and press e to
Refer to Appendix B for instructions on download- begin graphing.
ing programs for your calculator. The program The calculator will provide the graph of the
“Chap3” allows you to analyze a graph of height displacement function versus time. The x value
versus time for a baseball thrown straight up. corresponds to the time interval in seconds, and the
Recall the following equation from your studies y value corresponds to the height in meters. If the
of projectiles launched at an angle. graph is not visible, press w and change the set-
1 tings for the graph window.
∆y = vi (sin q )∆t − ⎯2⎯g(∆t)2
Press ◊, and use the arrow keys to trace
The program “Chap3” stored on your graphing along the curve to the highest point of the graph.
calculator makes use of the projectile motion equa- The y value there is the greatest height that the ball
tion. Given the initial velocity, your graphing calcu- reaches. Trace the curve to the right, where the
lator will use the following equation to graph the y value is zero. The x value is the duration of the
height (Y1) of the baseball versus the time interval ball’s flight.
(X) that the ball remains in the air. Note that the For each of the following initial velocities,
relationships in this equation are the same as those identify the maximum height and flight time of a
in the projectile motion equation shown above. baseball thrown vertically.

Y1 = VX − 4.9X2 b. 25 m/s
c. 35 m/s
a. The two equations above differ in that the lat- d. 75 m/s
ter does not include the factor sin q . Why has e. Does the appearance of the graph represent
this factor been disregarded in the second the actual trajectory of the ball? Explain.
equation?
Press @ q to stop graphing. Press e to
input a new value or ı to end the program.

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70. A rocket is launched at an angle of 53° above the

a = 25 m/s2
horizontal with an initial speed of 75 m/s, as shown
in Figure 3-31. It moves for 25 s along its initial line vi = 75 m/s
of motion with an overall acceleration of 25 m/s2.
At this time its engines fail and the rocket proceeds
to move as a free body. 53°
a. What is the rocket’s maximum altitude?
b. What is the rocket’s total time of flight?
Figure 3-31
c. What is the rocket’s horizontal range?

Alternative Assessment

Performance assessment Airline Executive B: This could work for one-way

1. Work in cooperative groups to analyze a game of flights, but the return trip would take 20 hours.
chess in terms of displacement vectors. Make a Airline Executive C: That will never work. It’s like
model chessboard, and draw arrows showing all the when you throw a ball up in the air; it comes back to
possible moves for each piece as vectors made of the same point.
horizontal and vertical components. Then have two Airline Executive A: That’s only because the Earth’s
members of your group play the game while the motion is not significant during that short a time.
others keep track of each piece’s moves. Be prepared
to demonstrate how vector addition can be used to
Portfolio projects
4. You are helping NASA engineers design a basketball
explain where a piece would be after several moves.
court for a colony on the moon. How do you antici-
2. Use a garden hose to investigate the laws of projectile pate the ball’s motion compared with its motion on
motion. Design experiments to investigate how the Earth? What changes will there be for the players—
angle of the hose affects the range of the water stream. how they move and how they throw the ball? What
(Assume that the initial speed of water is constant and changes would you recommend for the size of the
is determined by the pressure indicated by the faucet’s court, the basket height, and other regulations in
setting.) What quantities will you measure, and how order to adapt the sport to the moon’s low gravity?
will you measure them? What variables do you need Create a presentation or a report presenting your
to control? What is the shape of the water stream? suggestions, and include the physics concepts
How can you reach the maximum range? How can behind your recommendations.
you reach the highest point? Present your results to
5. There is conflicting testimony in a court case. A
the rest of the class and discuss the conclusions.
police officer claims that his radar monitor indicated
3. How would a physics expert respond to the follow- that a car was traveling at 176 km/h (110 mi/h). The
ing suggestions made by three airline executives? driver argues that the radar must have recorded the
Write a script of the expert’s response for perfor- relative velocity because he was only going 88 km/h
mance in front of the class. (55 mi/h). Is it possible that both are telling the
Airline Executive A: Since the Earth rotates from truth? Could one be lying? Prepare scripts for expert
west to east, we could operate “static flights”—heli- witnesses, for both the prosecution and the defense,
copters that begin by hovering above New York City that use physics to justify their positions before the
could begin their landing four hours later, when San jury. Create visual aids to be used as evidence to sup-
Francisco arrives below. port the different arguments.

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