STUDIES OF BUILDING SURVEYING

SCHOOL OF REAL ESTATE AND BUILDING SURVEYING

COLLEGE OF BUILDING SURVEYING

BSR 657 INTEGRATED SIMULATION PROJECT

TITLE:
BUILDING MANAGEMENT THEORY

PREPARED BY:

NAME STUDENT ID

AINUL WADIAH BINTI ZAMRI 2022663964

NUR ASYIRAH BINTI SHARIDAN 2022495962

AYRA HAZIRAH BINTI MOHD ZAINOL 2022810006

NUR ALYA IRDINA BINTI SAZALI 2022663932

RASHID MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN ABDUL WALID 2023616432

AIMAN FIKRI BIN AWANIS 2022610646

CLASS:
CFAP229 6F

PREPARED FOR:
SR. DR. MOHD ZULAKHMAR BIN ZAKIYUDIN
MUHAMMAD NAQIUDDIN BIN JOHARI

SUBMISSION DATE:
WEEK 6
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, we want to start by sincerely thanking Allah for His unwavering support and
blessings during this trip. His insight has guided us, giving us fortitude, endurance, and
patience when things are tough. This report would not have been possible without the
kindness and grace of Allah.

Secondly, we would like to sincerely thank our lecturer, Sr. Dr. Mohd Zulakhmar bin
Zakiyudin, Muhammad Naqiuddin bin Johari for their unwavering support and insightful
comments during the course.Their commitment to creating a dynamic and engaging learning
environment has greatly influenced our academic development. We are deeply grateful for the
knowledge, encouragement, and mentorship provided, which have played a vital role in our
growth both personally and intellectually.

Our gratitude also extends to the dedicated members of our project team.
Collaborating with you all has been a rewarding experience. Every member’s unique effort
and input have been essential to the completion of this project. Your dedication, teamwork,
and determination have brought this work to life. Together, we faced challenges and
celebrated milestones, thank you all for being an integral part of this journey.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT​ 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION​ 3
2.0 THE ELEMENT OF BUILDING MANAGEMENT​ 4
2.1 Maintenance Management​ 4
2.2 Security and Safety​ 4
2.3 Cleaning and Housekeeping​ 5
2.4 Energy and Sustainability Management​ 5
3.0 THE TYPES OF BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS​ 6
3.1 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) Control System.​ 7
3.3 Energy Management System. (EMS)​ 9
3.4 Fire and Life Safety Systems​ 10
3.5 Security and Access Control Systems​ 11
3.6 Integrated Building Management Systems (BMS)​ 12
4.0 THE BUILDING PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT​ 13
4.1 Stages of Building performance Management​ 13
4.1.1 Planning​ 13
4.1.2 Monitoring​ 13
4.1.3 Developing​ 14
4.1.4 Rating & Rewarding​ 14
5.0 CONCLUSION​ 15
6.0 REFERENCES​ 16

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Building Management Theory refers to the approach used to operate and maintain
buildings so they stay safe, efficient, and comfortable for people to use.The theory also helps
managers make good choices that save money and improve comfort for the people who use
the building (Mohd-Nor et al., 2017). It involves planning for the building’s use, regularly
checking and fixing systems like water, electricity, and air conditioning, and making sure
everything runs smoothly. The goal is to prevent problems before they happen, save energy,
reduce waste, and make the building last longer. Modern building management often includes
smart technology to monitor building systems in real time. This helps building managers
make better decisions while saving time and money (Chai & Yusof, 2021).The theory also
highlights risk management, safety compliance, and user-centered strategies that put
occupants' needs and wellbeing first.

As technology develops, building management increasingly incorporates automation

and smart technologies to track processes in real-time, increasing responsiveness and
efficiency. In order to match building performance with company objectives and long-term
value, strategic and financial planning are also important. All things considered, building
management theory offers an organized method for maintaining high-performance structures
that promote user satisfaction and operational effectiveness.

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2.0 THE ELEMENT OF BUILDING MANAGEMENT

The process of supervising, operating, maintaining, and improving buildings and their
systems that ensure occupants' safety, functionality, and efficiency is known as building
management. It involves a broad range of responsibilities, such as energy management,
cleaning, security, facility maintenance, while ensuring that health and safety laws are applied
(Brooks, 2015). The building must be managed by the building manager and how are each
department organized. Effective building management can lead to good condition and
functionality of the building (Hanz Cruz, 2024). Besides, there are four key components
namely, Maintenance Management, Security and Safety, Cleaning and Housekeeping and
Energy and Sustainability Management (Alexander K., 2024).

2.1 Maintenance Management

The most important aspect of building management is maintenance management,
which is concerned with systematically organizing, carrying out, and monitoring tasks that
ensure the ongoing performance, safety, and functionality of building systems and structures.
This involves the regular inspection, maintenance, and replacement of the building's
structural elements as well as mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) components
(Bhupendra Choudhary, 2025).
The procedure consists of three main types of maintenance which are predictive
maintenance, which predicts potential issues and optimizes the sequence of actions using data
and technology like Internet of Things sensors, corrective maintenance, which fixes
unplanned failures or issues which have already occurred. Furthermore, preventive
maintenance, which involves planned actions to avoid equipment failure before it happens.
Good maintenance management is essential for extending the life of building assets and
guaranteeing occupants a safe and comfortable environment in addition to minimizing
operating disruptions and reducing long-term repair costs (Infraspeak, 2023).

2.2 Security and Safety

​ Building management's security and safety component includes the implementation
and monitoring of all systems, procedures, and policies intended for protecting the building's
physical structure, occupants, and its contents from potential threats, hazards, or issues. This
part of building management involves implementing monitoring and maintaining monitoring

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on advanced surveillance systems like closed-circuit television (CCTV), access control
systems like key card or biometric systems, and an effective fire safety infrastructure that
includes sprinkler systems, smoke detectors, emergency exits, and fire alarms (Tim Keller,
2025). It also entails developing and implementing plans for responding to emergencies,
thorough safety procedures, and compliance to legal requirements like building bylaws, fire
codes, and occupational health and safety standards (HSE Study Guide, 2024).

2.3 Cleaning and Housekeeping

​ Cleaning is the process of removing stains and dust particles from the materials and
surfaces with the help of a particular cleaning equipment and cleaning. Housekeeping is the
cleaning and upkeep of a building to maintain its appearance, safety and functionality. This
involved sweeping floors, dusting surfaces, emptying trash and recycling bins, cleaning
restrooms and maintaining the HVAC system among others. Regular housekeeping prevents
the build up of dirt and debris. In addition, to clean and well maintained buildings,
housekeeping also creates a positive impression on occupants, visitors, and potential tenants.
Further, housekeeping tasks are performed either by in-house maintenance staff or outsourced
to a professional cleaning company. The frequency and scope of these tasks vary as per the
building size, type, purpose and number of occupants.

​ Firstly, develop a housekeeping plan. A comprehensive housekeeping plan takes into

account factors such as the building size, layout usage as well as the needs of its occupants.
They also need to outline the responsibilities of the cleaning staff and specify the cleaning
products and equipment required for each task. It's important to use cleaning products and
equipment required for each task. It’s important to use cleaning products that are safe and
effective for the environment and the building occupants.

​ The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system plays a critical role in
maintaining indoor air quality and temperature control in the building. Regular maintenance
of the HVAC system prevents the build-up of dust which is detrimental to the health of
occupants.

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2.4 Energy and Sustainability Management

The strategy approach known as Energy and Sustainability Management (ESM)

combines environmental responsibility, renewable energy adoption, and energy efficiency to
maximize energy consumption while reducing environmental effects. It includes
organizational procedures as well as technological ones required to accomplish long-term
sustainability goals (Reza Hafezi, 2020).

Improving energy efficiency involves adopting advanced technologies such as smart

lighting systems and energy-efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) units
to reduce energy consumption and operational costs. In addition, integrating renewable
energy sources like solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems helps reduce
dependency on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. A critical part of energy
and sustainability management also includes monitoring energy usage through data analytics
to detect inefficiencies and optimize performance. Promoting energy-conscious behavior
among employees and stakeholders is essential for fostering a culture of sustainability
throughout an organization. Furthermore, ensuring compliance with environmental
regulations and adhering to sustainability standards helps organizations maintain legal
accountability and support global environmental goals (MRI Real Estate Software, 2024).

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3.0 THE TYPES OF BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

A Building Management System (BMS) defined as an all-inclusive computer program

created to support building management. All of the building's existing systems and equipment
can communicate with the BMS once it is installed. In addition, owners can keep an eye on
and control essential systems including energy supply systems, lighting, ventilation, heating,
and air conditioning via integrated building management systems. juggling several energy
sources, including gas, electricity, and solar panels on the roof. An effective BMS system
gives owners total control over every supply by integrating each system separately
(Wattsense, n.d.) .

Common issues with manual facility management, like irregular maintenance

schedules, postponed problem reporting, and wasteful energy use brought on by human error,
are also resolved by using a BMS. Automation improves energy efficiency and user
happiness by ensuring real-time responsiveness to changes in the environment, occupancy
patterns, and equipment performance. Next-generation BMS's incorporation of machine
learning and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms improves predictive capabilities even
more, allowing.

Sustainability has been embraced by the building industry. This has brought attention
to the need to evaluate sustainable performance across the course of a building's
post-construction lifecycle. To do this, it is imperative that pertinent Building Management
Systems (BMS) be used. Similarly, when using an effective BMS for long-term facility
operations management, it is critical to strike a balance between optimizing building energy
efficiency and users' desired degree of comfort. The need for automated BMS development
stems from the high likelihood of erroneous human building inspections as well as the
absence of real-time input of dynamic elements (GhaffarianHoseini et al., 2017). Hence,
understanding the different types of Building Management Systems (BMS) is vital for
selecting and implementing the most appropriate solution tailored to a building's specific
operational needs and sustainability goals. These are the list types of building management
systems (BMS)

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3.1 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) Control System.

HVAC control systems are among the most important because they optimize energy
use while controlling heating, ventilation, and air conditioning to preserve indoor thermal
comfort and air quality. By reacting to real-time data gathered from sensors positioned around
the building, it automates the control of the heating, cooling, and ventilation systems. By
keeping an eye on temperature, humidity, CO₂ levels, and occupancy, these sensors enable the
system to dynamically modify its output to meet the requirements of every area of the
building.
For example, HVAC control in common with all process system control requires the
governance of two distinct actions; those of switching or 'enabling' and regulating or
'adjustment'. Switching in the majority of applications amounts to ensuring that the plant is
available at certain times of the day (generally, those times of the day in which a building is
in use). This will be essentially clock-based, occupancy-sensor-based or indeed based on
some other logical two-state condition such as an alarm state. Regulation, which is what this
book in essence is about, amounts to ensuring that the plant capacity is matched to the
demands placed upon the system (Underwood, 2002).

Smart technologies like IoT connectivity, artificial intelligence for predictive

maintenance, and energy dashboards for real-time performance visualization are examples of
advanced HVAC control systems. Actuators, thermostats, and variable frequency drives
(VFDs) are some of the parts that allow the system to adjust mechanical performance for
maximum efficiency. In the end, a well-designed HVAC control system lowers the building's
overall carbon footprint, which supports sustainability objectives, lowers operating costs,
increases equipment longevity, and improves user comfort. (Lu et al., 2005).

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 Figure 3.1.1: Example how HVAC control system works.

3.2 Lighting Control System.

A Lighting Control System is a key element of a Building Management System

(BMS) that automates and optimizes lighting usage throughout a building. Depending on a
number of variables, including occupancy, daylight levels, time schedules, and user
preferences, these systems are made to regulate the lighting fixtures' intensity, timing, and
operation. Also, control systems offer an important opportunity of managing lighting systems
and reducing energy consumption, due to the use of integration strategies between daylight
and electric lighting and strategies based on the occupancy of spaces. The system makes sure
that lights are only turned on when and where they are required by employing carefully
positioned sensors, such as motion detectors and ambient light sensors. By lowering wasteful
use, this not only improves energy efficiency but also prolongs the life of lighting equipment
(Aghemo et al., 2014)

For example, about 40% of the electrical energy utilized in Europe is used to light the
interiors of medium-sized and large buildings. Effectiveness and efficiency are the two main
approaches that energy-saving measures can take: efficiency through the use of better lighting
design techniques (localized task lighting systems) and new, more efficient equipment
(lamps, control gear, etc.); effectiveness through the adoption of a technical building

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management system (maintenance and metering) and improvements in lighting control
systems to prevent energy waste. (Feldmeier & Paradiso, 2010)

Energy expenses can be reduced and human comfort and efficiency can be increased
by managing the lighting so that the intensity of illumination is always precisely suited to the
actual need. One crucial step in the lighting design process is developing an integrated
lighting control strategy. High energy management efficacy can be attained by directly
regulating and managing energy consumption (Feldmeier & Paradiso, 2010).

​ ​ Figure 3.1.2: Example how Lighting Control System Works

3.3 Energy Management System. (EMS)

The electric grid is undergoing a significant evolution, transitioning into the smart
grid, noted for enhanced energy efficiency and better management of available resources.
Energy management (EM) systems, frequently combined with home automation systems, are
vital for regulating household energy usage and promote greater consumer engagement.
These systems offer consumers insights into their energy usage habits and assist them in
adopting energy-saving practices. The latest generation of EM systems utilizes cutting-edge
analytics and communication technologies to provide users with actionable insights and
control options, all while guaranteeing usability, accessibility, security, and privacy (Aman et
al., 2013).

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​ The integration of renewable energy sources and the application of effective
techniques for capturing renewable energy are also included in EMS (Selvaraj et al., 2023).
These systems frequently employ multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) strategies to
dynamically optimise building costs, energy consumption, and user comfort. They also
frequently include real-time data from Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. In order to maximise
the total efficiency and efficacy of energy systems, EMS may also integrate elements like
intelligent automation, solar power consumption control, and battery energy storage systems
(BESS) (Uzair et al,. 2023).

Figure 3.1.3: Example of Energy Management System (EMS)

3.4 Fire and Life Safety Systems

Life and fire safety systems are an essential part of contemporary building
projects, ensuring the safety of people and property. These systems typically include
evacuation routes, emergency lighting, fire suppression systems, and fire detection
and alarm systems. Reducing hazards during emergencies requires the implementation
of robust fire safety measures. Chen et al. (2022) asserted that the overall safety
framework of contemporary buildings is enhanced by combining automated fire
safety technologies with conventional techniques, enabling faster response times and
more effective evacuation procedures.

In addition to conventional fire safety components, modern systems often

incorporate smart technologies, such as sensors that detect smoke, heat and gas leaks.
A central control panel connected to these sensors sets off alarms and notifies

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 emergency services when needed. To reduce damage and danger to occupants,
sophisticated firefighting equipment, fire extinguishers and gas sprinklers, are
activated immediately when a fire is detected. According to Johnson and Lee (2023),
who state that neglected fire protection systems can seriously compromise the safety
of a building, regular maintenance and testing of these systems is essential to ensure
optimal operation.

Figure 3.4.1 Type of components smart technology fire protection systems

3.5 Security and Access Control Systems

Systems for access control and security are essential to protect completed
buildings and construction sites from potential hazards and unauthorized access.
Motion detectors, RFID card systems, biometric access control, surveillance cameras,
and alarm systems are some examples of these systems. Video analytics may be
integrated into sophisticated systems to automatically identify questionable activity
and sound alarms. Additionally, multi-factor authentication (MFA) is often used by
access control systems to ensure that only authorized individuals can enter restricted
areas.

The effectiveness of these systems depends on regular maintenance and

monitoring. Using a multi-layered security strategy that combines electronic
surveillance and physical barriers significantly reduces security breaches on building

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 sites, as stated by Williams and Garcia (2021). Additionally, integrating security
systems with building management systems (BMS) can improve the effectiveness of
monitoring and control, enabling real-time incident response and centralized
oversight. Using AI-driven surveillance systems can reduce human error and increase
the accuracy of threat detection, claim Kumar and Patel (2023).

Figure 3.5.1: example of physical security systems components

3.6 Integrated Building Management Systems (BMS)

The purpose of an integrated building management system (BMS) is to

centralize control over various building systems, such as energy management, security
systems, HVAC, and lighting. By facilitating automated control and real-time
monitoring, BMS improves operational efficiency. By integrating these solutions,
occupant comfort and safety are enhanced in addition to energy savings. Integrating
IoT-based monitoring systems and advanced data analytics is essential to increasing
the effectiveness of BMS. Through real-time data analysis, this technology optimizes
resource management and makes predictive maintenance possible. BMS can also be
integrated with security and fire safety systems to offer coordinated emergency
response. Smith and Jones (2023) claim that the operational reliability of modern
buildings and energy efficiency have been significantly improved as a result of the
incorporation of IoT into BMS.

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 ​ Facility managers can make data-driven choices on the go with tools such as
energy dashboards, remote monitoring, and mobile device integration included in
most modern BMS packages. Additionally, depending on occupancy patterns and
environmental data, the BMS may automate security procedures, HVAC operations,
and lighting schedules, promoting sustainability and cost savings. Predictive analytics,
which may anticipate system failures and suggest repairs before an outage occurs, is
enabled by integrating AI with the BMS. According to Lin and Cooper (2024), an
AI-powered BMS optimizes system controls to minimize energy consumption by up
to 30% while simultaneously increasing operational efficiency.

Figure 3.6.1:Showing components centralized control interface

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4.0 THE BUILDING PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

According to Vulpen, E. van. (2024), in order to evaluate and review job duties,
expectations, performance, and development initiatives, managers and staff engage in
performance management, a continuous process. The objective is to enable staff members to
do their best work, coordinate their endeavours with the organization's strategic goals, and
establish a productive and satisfying work environment for all. In order to promote both
individual and organisational success, a deliberate and methodical approach to performance
management fosters an ongoing dialogue between managers, HR, and employees. It
culminates in a yearly performance evaluation and includes both written and verbal
components that occur throughout the year. The process also involves establishing clear
expectations, setting individual objectives and goals that align with team and organizational
goals, providing ongoing feedback, and evaluating results.
In addition, technical indicators like energy efficiency, indoor environs quality and
satisfaction levels from the users, should be considered when developing effective building
performance management. POE is a vital way of determining the effectiveness of buildings in
actual life conditions Altan, (2022). It is useful in determining performance gaps and what is
required to make improvements in design and facility operations. These assessments enable
managers to adjust building operations to energy optimisation, thermal comfort and long-term
sustainability and integrate performance management with environmental and human centred
aspirations.

4.1 Stages of Building performance Management

4.1.1​ Planning
​ The planning stage is dedicated to establishing performance expectations with
employees. Job descriptions should clearly outline these goals to attract the right candidates.
After hiring the candidate, you need to reconfirm these expectations and set SMART goals
and employee performance metrics together.
Performance management plans must also be flexible so they can be adjusted as
organizational objectives change along the way.
The employee should be actively involved in the planning process because this
increases satisfaction and motivation to improve.

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4.1.2​ Monitoring
​ The second stage is monitoring. During this stage, HR and managers must regularly
monitor employee performance concerning the goals set and provide feedback to employees
on their progress. Doing this regularly rather than annually allows issues to be highlighted
and corrected sooner rather than later.
​ Performance management software can assist in tracking employee performance in
real time. Still, data and reports should not be a substitute for face-to-face discussions.

4.1.3​ Developing
​ During the developing stage, the data collected during the monitoring stage is
analyzed and used to boost employee performance.
Underperformance may be corrected by suggesting refresher courses, further training,
performance coaching, and other L&D methods. Managers and HR could further facilitate
superior performance by assigning an extra project to help improve knowledge and
performance, allowing the employee to excel further.

4.1.4​ Rating & Rewarding

​ The final stage is rating and rewarding. Employee performance needs to be rated
regularly throughout the year and during a performance review or appraisal. This helps
quantify employee performance, determine the value added by each employee to the
organization, and make any changes as needed. Both employees and managers should give
their evaluations for 360-degree feedback.
Continual sub-par performance could lead to a cross-function move or dismissal. Your
organization should also recognize and reward superior performance. You can do this through
praise and recognition, a raise in salary, or a promotion.

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5.0 CONCLUSION

Building Management Theory is the foundation of the modern construction industry,

serving as a framework that integrates safety, security and operational efficiency in the built
environment. By leveraging advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and
Artificial Intelligence (AI), building management systems can transform conventional
structures into smart, sustainable and highly functional spaces.

Lighting, HVAC, and energy management are just some of the building activities that
can be monitored and controlled in real time thanks to the Internet of Things. In addition to
optimizing energy use, our data-driven strategies ensure more responsible and ecologically
efficient building operations. Similarly, AI-powered systems may predict maintenance needs,
improve safety using sophisticated monitoring, and assist in decision-making by interpreting
complex data.

Effective administration of critical safety precautions, such as security systems and

fire safety procedures, reduces hazards and ensures occupant well-being. Furthermore, by
enabling building managers to monitor and operate multiple systems from a single interface,
centralized building operations streamline facility management, reduce operational
complexity, and encourage prompt resolution of potential issues.

As the construction industry continues to evolve, the adoption of innovative building

management approaches will be essential. A forward-thinking approach that incorporates
technology-driven solutions is required due to the increasing need for smart, sustainable and
safe buildings. In addition to improving the operations and safety of structures, investing in
advanced building management techniques can help achieve long-term sustainability
objectives.

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6.0 REFERENCES

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Tookey, J., & Raahemifar, K. (2017). Application of nD BIM Integrated
Knowledge-based Building Management System (BIM-IKBMS) for inspecting
post-construction energy efficiency. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72,
935–949.
2)​ Wattsense. (n.d.). What is a Building Management System (BMS)? Retrieved May 6,
2025, from https://www.wattsense.com/bms/
3)​ Atkin, B., & Brooks, A. (2015). Total Facility Management (4th ed.).
Wiley-Blackwell.
4)​ Barrett, P., & Baldry, D. (2003). Facilities Management: Towards Best Practice (2nd
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5)​ Alexander, K. (1996). Facilities Management: Theory and Practice. E & FN Spon.
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Routledge.
7)​ Lu, L., Cai, W., Xie, L., Li, S., & Soh, Y. C. (2005). HVAC system
optimization—in-building section. Energy and Buildings, 37(1), 11–22.
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Complete Guide. AIHR.
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9)​ Feldmeier, M., & Paradiso, J. A. (2010). Personalized HVAC control system. 2010
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systems: A case study to evaluate the energy and environmental performances of a
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with traditional methods in modern buildings. Journal of Safety Engineering, 15(3),
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12)​Johnson, M., & Lee, D. (2023). Maintenance of fire safety systems: Ensuring optimal
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14)​Kumar, A., & Patel, R. (2023). Leveraging AI-driven surveillance systems for
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