Transformations

Objectives: Be able to both describe and carry out: (a) translations,

(b) reflections, (c) rotations. Appreciate that some combinations of
transformations can be expressed as a single transformation.
 8
Overview of 4 types of transformation
6 A ‘transformation’ is
applying some spatial
modification to a shape.
There are 4 main types of
4
transformation…

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

Click to Click to Click to Click to

ROTATE REFLECT -6TRANSLATE ENLARGE
 8
Translation
6

2
B
A change in 𝑥 is +6 change in 𝑦 is +1

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
Describing
-2 The first mark of any ‘describe’
Q: “Describe the transformation question comes from identifying
from A to B” which type of transformation it is.
What type(1?mark)
A translation -4
This is known as a vector. While coordinates
6 𝑥, 𝑦 describe the position of a point, vectors
by
What (1 mark)
else can we say ? 𝑥
1
𝑦 describe the movement of a point (where
-6
𝑥 is the change in 𝑥 and 𝑦 is the change in 𝑦).
Update Your Table

Translation Reflection Rotation

“A translation
𝑥 Change in 𝑥
by 𝑦 ” Change in 𝑦
Describing

(Focus on one point)

As above.
Doing
 8
More Examples
Describe the transformation from
A to B in each case. 6

A
4

B
B

4 2 −1

A
Describe
A translation by ?
−1
Describe
A translation by ?2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2
A
A
-4 0
Describe
A translation by ?−4
B

−4 -6
Describe
A translation by ?−2 B
 Check Your Understanding8 (On your printed sheet)

6
B

4
R
D
2
C A
Q

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
Describe the transformation from:

E
-2 A to B: A translation?by 𝟎𝟒
−𝟑
F A to C: A translation? 𝟎
by
-4 𝟑
A to D: A translation? 𝟏
by
−1 𝟑
Translate shape Q by the vector
3
. Label it R.
-6
A to E: A translation? −𝟒
by
−𝟏
Reveal A to F: A translation? −𝟓
by
 8
Exercise 1 (On your printed sheet)

6
C .
D .
4
B .

2
E . A .

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2
F .
G .
-4
𝟕 −𝟓
A to B: ?
A translation by
𝟐
A to E: ?
A translation by
𝟎
𝟎 𝟓
A to C: ? by
A translation
𝟒 -6
A to F: A translation?by
−𝟒
−𝟒 −𝟒
A to D: ? by
A translation
𝟑
A to G: A translation?by
−𝟓
 Exercise 1 – Question 2 8 (On your printed sheet)

4
C

A 2
X

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
−7 Draw > B
a) Translate X by . Label it A. -2
0
2 Draw >
b) Translate X by . Label it B.
−4 -4

−3
c) Translate X by . Label it C. Draw >
2 -6
Exercise 1 (On your printed sheet)

4
3 A point 3,1 is translated by . What is the image of the point after the
−2
transformation?
𝟕
𝟕, −𝟏 (not which?is a vector not a coordinate!)
−𝟏
4 Give a single vector that would be required to translate a point in the way described:
𝟎
𝟑 ?
a) Up 3 units.
−𝟐
b) Left 2 units.
𝟎
?
𝟔
c) Down 7 units and right 6 units.
−𝟕
?
−𝟐
−𝟐?
d) Up 1 unit, right 2 units, down 3 units, left 4 units:

Give a single vector that would be required to translate a point in the way described. Give
N
your vector in terms of the integer 𝑛.
Up 1 unit, right 2 units, down 3 units, left 4 units, up 5 units, right 6 units, …
… down 4𝑛 − 1 units, left 4𝑛 units, up 4𝑛 + 1 units. (Hint: use 4(d))
−𝟐
Each 4 movements, we move
−𝟐
The 𝟒𝒏th movement is
−𝟐𝒏 ?
(relative to the start), so 𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏th movement is
−𝟐𝒏
−𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
 8
Reflection
𝑦
Pick a point on the blue line and determine 6
its coordinates.
1) What property is always true about the
point, regardless of which you pick?
The 𝒙 value is the same 4
? as the 𝒚 value.
2) Therefore, what suitable equation could
‘represent’ the line? 2
𝒚=𝒙
? 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4 Note: 𝑥 = 𝑦 is also
acceptable.

-6
 8
Reflection
𝑦
Pick a point on the blue line and determine 6
its coordinates.
1) What property is always true about the
point, regardless of which you pick?
The 𝒙 value is always?5. 4

2) Therefore, what suitable equation could

‘represent’ the line? 2
𝒙=𝟓
?
𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

Tip: Students often get

𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 5 mixed up. -4
We can see the line is
cutting the 5 on the 𝑥-axis,
so it’s 𝑥 = 5.
-6
 8
Mini-Exercise (on sheet)
𝑦
By considering points on each
6
line and observing any pattern,
determine the equation the
represents the line.
4

A 𝒚 =?𝟐
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2 N
C
B 𝒚 = −𝒙
? +𝟒
-4 𝒚 =?−𝒙
𝒙 = −𝟒
?
-6
 8
Describing reflections
𝑦
Describe the transformation from 𝐴 to 𝐵. 6

Click to
IDENTIFY LINE OF
4
REFLECTION

A 2
B

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4
“A reflection in the
? line 𝑥 = 1.”
-6
 8
Further Example
𝑦
Describe the transformation from 𝐴 to 𝐵. 6

Click to
IDENTIFY LINE OF
4
REFLECTION

A 2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

B
-4
“A reflection in ?
the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.”
-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
𝑦
6

4
A B

D
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
C
-2

-4
Describe the transformation from:
a) 𝐴 to 𝐵 A reflection in the?𝒚-axis (or 𝒙 = 𝟎)
b) 𝐴 to 𝐶 A reflection in the?line 𝒚 = 𝟏
c) 𝐴-6to 𝐷 A reflection in the line 𝒚 = −𝒙
?
 8
DOING a reflection
𝑦
Reflect the shape 𝐴 in the line 𝑥 = −1
6

2
A

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

STEP 1: Draw the reflection line using the

given equation. -4

STEP 2: For each point on your shape, move

directly towards the reflection line. Then go -6
the same number of squares beyond.
 8
Further Example
𝑦
Reflect the shape in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
6

2
A

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
𝑦
6

4
A
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
BB
-2
CC
-4

a) Reflect the shape in the line 𝑦 = 1. Label it B. Reveal >

-6
b) Reflect the shape in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥. Label it C.
Reveal >
Update Your Table

Translation Reflection Rotation

“A translation “A reflection in the
𝑥 Change in 𝑥
by 𝑦 ” Change in 𝑦 line ….” 𝑦 𝑦=𝑥
Describing 𝑦=⋯

𝑥
𝑥=⋯

(Focus on one point)

As above. Do point by point.

Doing Count squares.
Exercise 2 – Question 1

Click to show
B
solutions C

Reflect each shape in the nearest line

of reflection.
Exercise 2 – Question 2 8

𝑦
6

E
4
A
A B
2

𝑥
C
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
-2
C
Reflect the shape A in: -4
a) The 𝑦-axis. Label it B. D
b) The line 𝑦 = 1. Label it C. Click to show
c) The line 𝑦 = 𝑥. Label it D. -6 solutions
d) The line 𝑦 = −𝑥. Label it E.
Exercise 2 – Question 3 8

𝑦
6

C A .
4
A
2
B

𝑥
D
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
-2
C
-4
Describe the transformation from:
? line 𝒚 = 𝒙
a) A to B: A reflection in the
? line 𝒙 = −𝟐
b) A to C: A reflection in the -6
? line 𝒚 = 𝟐
c) A to D: A reflection in the
 Exercise 2 – Question 4 8

𝑦
a) Plot the points (3,0), (4,0), (7,1), (2,3). 6
Label it Bob.
b) Reflect your shape in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥.
Label it Steve. 4
A
Click to show
2
solutions
Bob
𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
-2
C
Steve
-4

-6
Exercise 2 – Question 5
𝑙2
𝑙1
A

Click to show
solutions

B
C

Reflect the shape in the line 𝑙1 followed by the line 𝑙2 .

Exercise 2 – Question 6 8

𝑦
6

C A
4
A
2
B
𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
-2
C
-4
D Describe the transformation from:
? line 𝒚 = 𝟑
a) A to B: A reflection in the
? line 𝒙 = 𝟑
-6 b) A to C: A reflection in the
? line 𝒚 = −𝒙
c) A to D: A reflection in the
Exercise 2
Question 7
Find the image of each transformation on the point (3, 4) (i.e. give the
coordinate of the new point).
a) (3,4) is reflected in the 𝑦-axis. (−𝟑, 𝟒) ?
b) (3,4) is reflected in the 𝑥-axis. (𝟑, −𝟒) ?
c) (3,4) is reflected in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝟒, 𝟑 ?
d) (3,4) is reflected in the line 𝑥 = 3 (𝟑, 𝟒) ?
e) (3,4) is reflected in the line 𝑦 = −1 (𝟑, −𝟔) ?
Question N
Find the image of each transformation on the point (3, 𝑎), giving your
coordinates in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
a) (3, 𝑎) is reflected in the line 𝑦 = 𝑎. (𝟑, 𝒂) ?
b) (3, 𝑎) is reflected in the line 𝑥 = 𝑎. (𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑, 𝒂)
?
c) (3, 𝑎) is reflected in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥. (−𝒂, −𝟑) ?
d) (3, 𝑎) is reflected in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 followed by 𝑦 = 𝑏 + 1. (𝒂, 𝟐𝒃 −
? 𝟏)
 8
Doing Rotation
𝑦
Rotate the shape A 180° about the point 6 Step 1: Draw in your
(−1, 1) centre of rotation!
A
Step 2: For each point
4
on your shape, count
A
A the squares left/right
and up/down to the
2
centre of rotation,
then go that number
of squares again. 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
Tip: You can also use -2
C
tracing paper. Draw the
shape and the centre of
rotation on the tracing -4 Tip: Students often try
paper. to ‘second guess’ the
Then just rotate your remaining points, and
tracing paper 180° frequently get it wrong
around your point. -6
when they do so.
Doing a 90° rotation 8

𝑦
Rotate the shape A 𝟗𝟎° clockwise about 6 Step 1: Draw in your
the point (−1, 1) centre of rotation!
A
Step 2: This time, for
4
each point, the counts
A
A SWAP, i.e. left/right
becomes up/down
2
1
2 and vice versa.
Use common sense to
2 1
get the correct 𝑥
direction.
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
B
-2
C
-4 Tip: Tracing paper is
probably easier for 90°
if you have it available!
-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
6

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

-6
 8
Test Your Understanding
6

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4
Rotate the object
That rotation was180°
about the
misshapen point
and (1,1).
unsightly...
like your-6
face.
 8

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

Not bad, but my dog has

Rotate
more the object
rotation skill 90°
than
anticlockwise-6
you do.about the
point (2,2).
 8

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4
I’ll tell you what... That
was one phenomenal
Rotate the object
-6 90°
rotation performance.
clockwise about the origin.
 8
Rotation - Describing
𝑦
6
Reminder:
The original shape
is known as the: 4
OBJECT ?
A
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
BReminder:
-2 The shape after being
C transformed is known as the:
Click to ROTATE IMAGE ?
-4
“Describe the transformation (3 marks)”
A rotation ? (1 mark)
-6 by 90° anticlockwise
? (1 mark)
about the centre (2,2) (1 mark)
?
Identifying the centre of rotation 8
For 180° rotations, identify two equivalent points (one on each shape), join them up, then
find their midpoint. ? 𝑦
6

4
Object

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

Image
-4
“Describe the transformation (3 marks)”
A rotation ? (1 mark)
by 180° ? (1 mark)
about the centre -6
? (-1,0) (1 mark)
Identifying the centre of rotation 8
It’s harder if it’s 90°.
6

We can see this point

4 works because the
Image counts of 3 and 1
squares ‘swap’. And it
2 looks like a right angle!

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2
Object Let’s pick these two points on the object
and image which correspond to each
-4 other.
Then keep trying sensible looking points
until you find one that works.
-6 Recall that 90° rotations causes the two
counts to ‘swap’.
Another Example 8

6
Image

4
Object
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2

-4

-6
Update Your Table

Translation Reflection Rotation

“A translation “A reflection in the “A rotation __°
𝑥 Change in 𝑥
by 𝑦 ” Change in 𝑦 line ….” 𝑦 clockwise/anticlockwise
𝑦=𝑥 about the centre (__,__)”
Describing 𝑦=⋯
For 180°: Join two equivalent
𝑥
𝑥=⋯ points and find midpoint.
For 90°: Take sensible guess then
(Focus on one point) check by counting squares.

For each point:

• For 180°, go towards
centre of rotation, then
As above. go same distance again.
Doing Do point by point. • For 90°, counts ‘swap’.
Count squares.
Use common sense to
get correct direction.

(Or tracing paper!)

 8
Test Your Understanding
𝑦
Describe the following
6
transformations.
A→B
A rotation 180° about the point B
(-2, 1) ? 4
C
C→D
A rotation 90° clockwise about 2
the origin/the ?
point (0,0)
𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2
A

-4 D

-6
Exercise 3 – Question 1 8

𝑦
6

A
2

𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 B4 6 8 10

-2
Click to show
Carry out the following
solutions
transformations:
C -4
a) Rotate the shape A 180° about the
point 0,1 . Label it B.

-6 b) Rotate the shape A 90° anticlockwise

about the origin. Label it C.
Exercise 3 – Question 2 8

𝑦
6

Describe the following transformations:

4 A→B
A
Rotation 𝟏𝟖𝟎° about? the point −𝟒, 𝟎
B→C
2 Rotation 𝟗𝟎° anticlockwise about the
origin. ?
B 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2 C
B
-4

-6
Exercise 3 – Question 3 8

𝑦
6

4
A

2
B
C 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
Carry out the following
transformations:
-2 a) Rotate the shape A 90° clockwise
D Draw >
about the point −3,0 . Label it B.

-4 b) Rotate the shape A 180° about the Draw >

point −1,2 . Label it C.

c) Rotate the shape A 90°

-6 anticlockwise about the point (0,2). Draw >
Label it D.
Exercise 3 – Question 4 8

𝑦
Describe the following transformations: 6
A→B
Rotation 𝟏𝟖𝟎° about? the point 𝟏, 𝟎
A→C
4
Rotation 𝟗𝟎° clockwise about the point
𝟐, −𝟏 ?
A
A→D
2
Rotation 𝟗𝟎° clockwise about the point
−𝟏, 𝟎 ?
B 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

-2
B
C
-4

D
-6
 Exercise 3 – Question 5 8

Describe the following transformations: 𝑦

A→B 6 D
?
Rotation 𝟗𝟎° anticlockwise about the point 𝟏, 𝟏
B→C
?
Rotation 𝟗𝟎° anticlockwise about the point 𝟑, 𝟏
4
C→D
?
Rotation 𝟗𝟎° anticlockwise about the point 𝟒, 𝟐
A→C
?
Rotation 𝟏𝟖𝟎° about the point 𝟐, 𝟎 2
C

B 𝑥
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10

A -2

-4 B

-6
Exercise 3
Question 6
Find the effect of the rotation on each of the following points.
a) Rotate 3,2 180° about the origin. −𝟑, −𝟐 ?
b) Rotate 3,2 90° clockwise about the origin. 𝟐, −𝟑 ?
c) Rotate 3,2 90° anticlockwise about the origin. −𝟐, 𝟑 ?

Question N
Given that 𝑎 > 2 and 𝑏 > 3, rotate the point 𝑎, 𝑏 90° clockwise about the point 2,3 .
Give your coordinates in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
𝒃 − 𝟏, 𝟓?− 𝒂
 Combined Transformations Investigation
Working in groups, determine a single transformation that has the same effect as
the two transformations listed. (You may wish to use an example shape to help you)
Write the question and answer in your books.

A reflection in the 𝑥-axis followed by a

reflection in the 𝑦-axis. ? 180°
A rotation Example
about the origin.

Can be done with a single

transformation:
Rotation 𝟏𝟖𝟎° about the Obj
origin.
Reflection in 𝒙-axis
𝑥
Reflection in 𝒚-axis
Img
Why would it have been a bad
idea to use a square?
We wouldn’t be able to tell whether (Questions on next slide)
the single transformation was a
?
rotation or a reflection. Use non-
isosceles right-angled triangles.
Combined Transformations Investigation
Working in groups, determine a single transformation that has the same effect as
the two transformations listed. (You may wish to use an example shape to help you)
Write the question and answer in your books.
3
A translation by followed by a 5
1 7 ? by
A translation
6
2
translation by
−1
A rotation by 30° clockwise about the A rotation 15° anticlockwise about
2 point (1,2) followed by a rotation 45° ? 1,2 .
the the point
anticlockwise about the point 1,2
A reflection in the line 𝑥 = 3 followed A rotation 180° about the the point
3
by a reflection in the line 𝑦 = 1 ?.
3,1

A reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 followed A rotation 90° anticlockwise about

4
by a reflection in the 𝑦-axis. ?
the origin.

A reflection in the line 𝑥 = 3 followed −4

5
by a reflection in the line 𝑥 = 1 ? by
A translation
0

A reflection in the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 followed 2𝑏 − 2𝑎

N A translation?by
by a reflection in the line 𝑥 = 𝑏 0