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Robotics Topics & Programming

The document outlines special C++ programming topics for robotics, focusing on Arduino IDE libraries, digital I/O, and analog I/O. It explains the functionality of digital I/O for controlling and reading signals, as well as analog I/O for handling continuously varying signals through analog-to-digital conversion and Pulse Width Modulation. Key libraries and practical examples for both digital and analog I/O are also provided.

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Saad [A801]
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6 views

Robotics Topics & Programming

The document outlines special C++ programming topics for robotics, focusing on Arduino IDE libraries, digital I/O, and analog I/O. It explains the functionality of digital I/O for controlling and reading signals, as well as analog I/O for handling continuously varying signals through analog-to-digital conversion and Pulse Width Modulation. Key libraries and practical examples for both digital and analog I/O are also provided.

Uploaded by

Saad [A801]
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Special C++ Programming Topics

for “Robotics”
 Name of the Topics:
1. Arduino IDE Libraries (Special Libraries
for specific hardware)
2. Digital I/O
3. Analog I/O
4. Serial Communication
 Arduino IDE Important Libraries:
i) <Wire.h>
ii)<TinyMPU6050.h>
iii) <SPI.h>
iv) <NRFLite.h>
v)<Servo.h>
vi) <Wifi.h>
vii) < SoftwareSerial.h>
 Digital I/O:
In the world of electronics and microcontrollers
like Arduino, "digital I/O" refers to digital
Input/Output. Here's a breakdown:
What it means:
 Digital:
This signifies that the signals involved have
only two distinct states:
 HIGH (1): Typically representing a voltage
close to the power supply (e.g., 5V or 3.3V).
 LOW (0): Typically representing a voltage
close to ground (0V).
This is in contrast to "analog" signals, which
can have a continuous range of values.
 I/O (Input/Output):
This indicates that the pins on a microcontroller
can be used for two purposes:
 Input: To receive digital signals from
external devices (e.g., a button press).
 Output: To send digital signals to control
external devices (e.g., turning an LED on or
off).
 In the context of Arduino:
Arduino boards have digital I/O pins that allow
them to interact with the digital world.
You can configure these pins as either inputs or
outputs using the pinMode() function in the
Arduino programming environment.
You can read the state of an input pin using the
digitalRead() function.
You can set the state of an output pin using the
digitalWrite() function.
 Practical Examples:
 Input:
Reading the state of a push button (pressed
or not pressed).
Detecting whether a switch is open or
closed.
 Output:
Turning an LED on or off.
Controlling a relay.
Sending signals to other digital devices.
Essentially, digital I/O provides a way for your
Arduino to communicate with and control
devices that operate on simple on/off signals.

 Analog I/O:
Analog I/O (Input/Output) refers to the ability of
a device, like an Arduino, to work with analog
signals. Unlike digital signals, which have only
two states (HIGH or LOW, 1 or 0), analog
signals can have a continuous range of values.
Here's a breakdown:
 Analog Signals:
These signals represent continuously varying
physical quantities, such as:
 Temperature
 Light intensity
 Sound volume
 Voltage levels from a potentiometer
 Analog Input:
 Arduino boards have built-in Analog-to-
Digital Converters (ADCs). These ADCs
allow the Arduino to read analog voltage
levels and convert them into digital values.
 For example, when you use the
analogRead() function on an Arduino, it
reads the voltage on an analog input pin
and returns a digital value that represents
that voltage.
 On many Arduino boards, this digital value
ranges from 0 to 1023, where 0 represents
0 volts and 1023 represents the maximum
voltage (usually 5V or 3.3V).
 This capability is essential for working with
analog sensors.
 Analog Output:
 While Arduino boards don't have true
analog output in the sense of producing a
continuously variable voltage, they can
simulate analog output using Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM).
 PWM involves rapidly switching a digital
output pin between HIGH and LOW states.
By varying the "duty cycle" (the proportion
of time the signal is HIGH), the Arduino can
effectively control the average voltage
output.
 The analogWrite() function in Arduino is
used to generate PWM signals.
 PWM is commonly used to:
 Control the brightness of an LED
 Control the speed of a DC motor
 Key Differences from Digital I/O:
 Digital I/O: Deals with discrete on/off states.
 Analog I/O: Deals with continuous ranges of
values.
In essence, analog I/O allows your Arduino to
interact with the real world in a more nuanced
way, enabling it to sense and control
continuously varying physical phenomena.

What to do:

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