MAPUA UNIVERSITY

Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1: CORRELATION COURSE 1

MATHEMATICS

Basic Mathematics Applied Mathematics

• Algebra & Counting Principles • Differential Calculus
• Trigonometry & Analytic Geometry • Integral Calculus
• Plane & Solid Geometry • Probability & Statistics
• Engineering Economy

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Engineering Mechanics Strength of Materials Theory of Structures

• Resultant of Forces • Axial Stresses • Determinacy
• Equilibrium • Axial Deformation • Influence Lines
• Truss Analysis • Thermal Stress • Deflection of Trusses
• Friction • Torsion
• Centroid and Inertia • Flexural Stress
• Straight and Parabolic • Shear Stress
Cables • Combined Stresses

FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS

Fluid Mechanics Hydraulics

• Fluid Properties • Basic Principles of Fluid Flow
• Fluid Pressure o Flow Rate
• Hydrostatic Force o Energy Equation
o Plane Surface • Flow Measuring Devices
o Curved Surface o Orifice Meter
• Buoyancy o Pitot Tube
• Hydraulic Dams o Venturi Meter
• Liquids in Rigid Body Motion • Flow Through an Orifice
o Vertical Motion • Pipe Flow
o Horizontal Motion • Three-Reservoir System
o Rotational Motion • Open Channel Flow
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

MATHEMATICS
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

ALGEBRA

Proportions and Variations

1. The average number of phone calls per day between two cities used to be approximately jointly
proportional to the populations of the cities, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the two cities. At a certain point in time, the population of Charlotte was about 1,500,000 and
the population of Nashville was about 1,200,000; the distance between the two cities is about 400 miles.
During this time, the average number of calls between the cities was about 200,000. (a) Find the
constant of proportionality. (b) Also, the average number of daily phone calls between Charlotte and
Indianapolis (which, during the time, had a population of about 1,700,000) was about 134,000. Find the
approximate distance between the two cities, using the combined variation model.

2. A military camp has 300 men. The required meal budget for six months of training is 1 million pesos.
At the end of training period, 128 men were laid off and the remaining is to undergo the next stage of
training for 2 months. What is the required budget at this point?

3. The price of a certain product partly varies directly with the number of consumers and also partly
varies inversely with the number of consumers. When the price is P20,000, the number of consumers is
10,000, and when the price is P30,000, the number of consumers is 7,000. Determine the price of the
product when the number of consumers is 5,000.

Motion Problem
4. On a 130-mile trip from Orlando to Sarasota, Roberto encountered a heavy thunderstorm for the last
40 miles of the trip. During the thunderstorm he drove an average of 20 miles per hour slower than
before the storm. The entire trip took 2.5 hours. How fast did he drive before the storm?

5. An airplane flying into a headwind travels the 2000-mile flying distance between Wilmington,
Delaware and Tucson, Arizona in 4 hours and 24 minutes. On the return flight, the same distance is
traveled in 4 hours. Find the airspeed of the plane and the speed of the wind if both remain constant.

Work Problem
6. If Jim can mow a lawn in 50 minutes, and his son, Todd, can mow the same lawn in 40 minutes, how
long will it take them to mow the lawn if they work together?

7. It takes Pat 12 hours to detail a boat. After he had been working for 3 hours, he was joined by his
brother Mike, and together they finished the detailing in 5 hours. How long would it take Mike to
decorate the boat by himself?

8. 80 men can finish the job in 60 days. At the 16th day, 5 men were laid off and at the 45th day, 10 men
were hired. How many days were they delayed finishing the job?

Systems of Equations
9. A farmer owns two square lots of unequal size, together containing 6,568 m2. If the lots are
contiguous, it would require 356 m of fence to enclose them in a single enclosure of six sides. Find the
dimension of the smaller lot.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

10. The organizer for a church picnic ordered coleslaw, potato salad, and beans amounting to 50 pounds.
There was to be three times as much potato salad as coleslaw. The number of pounds of beans was to be
6 less than the number of pounds of potato salad. Find the number of pounds of each.

Exponential and Logarithmic

11. Suppose that in a certain culture, the equation Q(t) = 15,000e0.3t expresses the number of bacteria
present as a function of the time t, where t is expressed in hours. Find (a) the initial number of bacteria,
(b) the number of bacteria after 3 hours and (c) How long will it take for the bacteria count to double?

12. In 1986, a nuclear reactor accident occurred in Chernobyl in what was then the Soviet Union. The
explosion spread highly toxic radioactive chemicals, such as plutonium, over hundreds of square miles,
and the government evacuated the city and the surrounding area. Consider the model:
𝑡
1 24,100
𝑃 = 10 ( )
2
which represents the amount of plutonium that remains (from an initial amount of 10 pounds) after
years. How much of the 10 pounds of plutonium will remain in the year 2012? How much of the 10
pounds will remain after 100,000 years? Use t = 0 as 1986.

13. Since the intensities of earthquakes vary widely, they are measured on a logarithmic
scale known as the Richter scale using the formula:
𝐼
𝑅(𝐼) = log ( )
𝐼𝑜
where I represent the actual intensity of the earthquake and Io is a baseline intensity used for
comparison. The Richter scale gives the magnitude of an earthquake.
a) If the intensity of an earthquake is 100 times the baseline intensity, what is its magnitude on the
Richter scale? (b) A 2003 earthquake in San Simeon, California, registered 6.5 on the Richter scale.
Express its intensity in terms of Io. (c) A 2004 earthquake in central Japan registered 5.4 on the Richter
scale. Express its intensity in terms of Io. What is the ratio of the intensity of the 2003 San Simeon quake
to the intensity of this quake?

Arithmetic Progression
14. A theater has 32 rows of seats. If there are 26 seats in the 1st row, 30 in the 2nd, 34 in the 3rd, and
so on, how many seats are there in all?

15. In a potato race, 8 potatoes are placed 6 ft apart on a straight line, the first being 6 ft from the basket.
A contestant starts from the basket and puts one potato at a time into the basket. Find the total distance
she must run to finish the race.

Geometric Progression
16. Moira measured the thickness of a paper as 1/512 inches. Jason took his paper and folded it in half.
Estimate the thickness of the paper after 15 folds.

17. A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 27 m. Each time that it hits the ground it bounces to a height
2/3 of that from which it fell. Find the total distance travelled by the ball until it comes to rest?
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

COUNTING PRINCIPLES

If some procedure can be performed in n1 different ways, and if, following this procedure, a second
procedure can be performed in n2 different ways, and so forth; then the number of ways the procedures
can be performed in the order indicated is the products: 𝑛1 ∙ 𝑛2 ∙ 𝑛3 …

1. Suppose a password for an email must contain four distinct letters followed by three digits with the
first digit not zero. How many passwords can be created?

2. In how many ways can one choose three cards in succession from a deck of 52 cards?
a. with replacement. b. without replacement.

3. If repetitions are permitted, from the 6 digits 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8

a. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed? c. How many are less than 440?
b. How many of these are even? d. How many are multiples of 5?

4. Answer the previous problem if repetition is not permitted.

Permutations
An arrangement of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time.

𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

5. In how many ways can a party of 7 people arrange themselves?

a. In a row of 7 chairs. b. Around a circular table.

6. A group of 3 boys and 2 girls are to sit in a row.

a. In how many ways can they sit in a row without restrictions?
b. In how many ways can they sit in a row if the boys and girls are each sitting together?
c. In how many ways can they sit in a row if just the girls are to sit together?

Permutation with Repetitions

The number of permutations of n objects of which n1 are alike, n2 are alike, ..., nr are alike is:
𝑛!
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! … 𝑛𝑟 !

7. How many 5 letter words can be formed from the word DADDY?

8. How many different signals, each consisting of 8 flags hung in a vertical line, can be formed from a set
of 4 identical red flags, 3 identical white flags, and a blue flag?

Combination
A selection of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time.
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

9. How many committees of 3 can be formed from 8 people?

10. In how many ways can a committee consisting of 3 men and 2 women be chosen from 7 men and 5
women?

11. A delegation of 4 students is selected each year from a college to attend the National Student
Association annual meeting.
a. In how many ways can the delegation be chosen if there are 12 eligible students?
b. In how many ways if two of the eligible students will not attend the meeting together?
c. In how many ways if two of the eligible students are married and will only attend the meeting
together?

TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometric Functions
1. A surveyor can measure the width of a river by setting up a transit at a point C on one side of the river
and taking a sighting of a point A on the other side. After turning through an angle of 90° at C, the
surveyor walks 200 meters to point B. Using the transit at B, the angle is measured and found to be 20°.
What is the width of the river rounded to the nearest meter?

2. An observer measures an angle of elevation of 41° for the top of a lighthouse with respect to a certain
point on the ground. She then walks 15 feet closer to the lighthouse and measures an angle of elevation
of 44°. How tall is the lighthouse?

3. A tree growing on hillside casts 10.2 meters shadow straight downhill. Find the vertical height of the
tree if, relative to the horizontal, the hill slopes 15° and the angle of elevation of the sun is 62°.

4. From a building across, the angle of depression at the base of the front edifice is 23.5° and the angle
of elevation to the top is 52.78°. The height of observation is 14 m. What is the height of the edifice?

Triangles in General
Properties: Sine Law:
• The sum of interior angles is 180°. 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
• The sum of two sides is always greater than the other side. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
• Difference of any two sides is always less than the other
side. Cosine Law:
• Angles are directly proportional to the length of the sides. 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
5. Triangle ABC has the following data: b=19 and A=50°. How many triangles may be formed if a = 12? a
= 17? a = 23?

6. A tour boat travels 10 miles due north from its starting point and then travels in the direction S40°W
on its second leg of the tour. If the boat is currently 15 miles from its starting point, how far has it traveled
on the second leg?
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

7. Two motorboats start from the same point. One of them travels in the direction N30 W at 45 miles per
hour, and the other heads due east at 35 miles per hour. How far apart are the boats after 1 hour?

8. A ship sails 15.0 mi on a course S40°10’W and then 21.0 mi on a course N28°20’W. Find the distance
and direction of the last position from the first.

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Distance Formula
1. Two surveyors need to find the distance across a lake. They place a reference pole at point A in the
diagram. Point B is 3 m. east and 1 m. north of reference point A. Point C is 19 m. east and 13 m. north of
point A. Find the distance across the lake, from B to C.

Equation of Lines
2. Determine the equation of the line passing through the points (-5, 3) and (4, 2).

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

3. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to x – 4y = 3 and passing through the point (2,-5).

Distance of a Point to a Line

4. Determine the distance from the point (5, -3) to the line 2x – 4y + 10 = 0

Angles between Two Lines

5. Determine the acute angle between the lines 4x – 3y +9 = 0 and 3x – 8y + 1 = 0.

Circles
6. Determine the center of the circle with equation x – 4x + 6y – 23 = 0.

Parabola
7. An arch 18 m high has the form of parabola with a vertical axis. The length of a horizontal beam placed
across the arch 8 m from the top is 64m. Find the width of the arch at the bottom.

8. A mirror for a reflecting telescope has the shape of a (finite) paraboloid of diameter 8 inches and depth
1 inch. How far from the center of the mirror will the incoming light collect?

Ellipse
9. The arch of a bridge is in the shape of a semi-ellipse having a horizontal span of 90 m and a height of
30 m at its center. How high is the arch 25 m to the right or left of the center?

10. Assume that the length of the major axis of Earth’s orbit is 186,000,000 miles and that the
eccentricity is 0.017. Approximate, to the nearest 1000 miles, the maximum and minimum distances
between Earth and the sun.

Hyperbola
11. A cooling tower is a hyperbolic structure. Suppose its base diameter is 100 meters and its smallest
diameter of 48 meters occurs 84 meters from the base. If the tower is 120 meters high, approximate its
diameter at the top.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

PLANE GEOMETRY

Polygon
It is a two-dimensional closed figure bounded by line segments.

Parts of a Polygon: • Apothem

• Sides/Edge • Central Angle
• Vertex • Diagonal
• Interior Angle
• Exterior Angle

1. The sum of interior angles of a regular polygon is 1260 degrees. Find the area of the polygon if its
perimeter is 45 centimeters.

2. Determine the area of a regular polygon whose number of diagonals is 5 and its apothem measures 4.

Triangles

3. Two sides of a triangle measure 8 m and 12 m and the angle opposite the 8-m side is 30 degrees,
determine the largest area of the triangle.

4. Given two similar triangles whose one triangle has sides 10 cm, 24 cm and 30 cm. Find the area of the
other triangle given that its smallest side measures 6 cm.

Quadrilaterals
5. If the sides of the parallelogram and an included angle are 8m, 12m, and 120°, respectively. Find the
length of the shorter diagonal and the area of the parallelogram.

6. Find the area of an isosceles trapezoid if the bases have lengths 22 and 10, and the legs have length
10.

Circles
7. The circle of radius 18 cm is unbent to form an arc subtending a central angle of 300°. Find the radius
of the arc.

8. The chord that cuts the circle into two segments is 5 cm from the center. The area of the circle is 1018
cm2. Find the ratio of the segments formed.

9. Two points on a circle is subtended by another point on a circle with an angle of 40°. If the radius of
the circle is 5, what is the distance between the two points along the circle and what is the shortest
distance between them?
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

SOLID GEOMETRY

Polyhedra
A polyhedron is a solid which is bounded by polygons joined at their edges.

Properties of Similar Polyhedra:

Corresponding dimensions: Corresponding areas: Corresponding volumes:
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝐴1 𝑥1 2 𝑉1 𝑥1 3
= = ( ) =( )
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝐴2 𝑦1 𝑉2 𝑦1

Polyhedron
1. The areas of two similar tetrahedrons are 24 sq. in. and 96 sq. in. Find the ratio of their volumes.

Prisms
It is defined as a polyhedron with two congruent bases that lie in parallel planes, and whose every
section that is parallel to a base has the same area as that of the base.

2. A trough has triangular ends. The top of the through is a horizontal rectangle 50 cm by 80 cm having
50 as the base of the triangle. The depth of the trough is 40 cm, (a) determine the capacity of the trough.
(b) If it contains water at a depth of 30 cm determine the wet portion of the trough.

3. A closed right cylindrical tank 8 m high and 4 m in diameter is ¼ full of water. What is the height of
the water when it is lying in horizontal position?

4. In a rectangular parallelepiped, the lengths and width of the base are 12 in. and 9 in., respectively. Find
the volume of the solid if the length of the diagonal of the solid is 25 inches.

5. Suppose that we want to paint the interior walls of a room. The room has the shape of a rectangular
prism. The ceiling lies exactly 3.0 meters above the floor. The floor and the ceiling both measure exactly
4.2 meters by 5.5 meters. The room has two windows on its walls, the outer frames of which both
measure 1.5 meters high by 1.0 meter wide. The outer frame of the doorway measures 2.5 meters high
by 1.0 meter wide. We plan to cover all the walls with two coats of paint. A “paint guru” tells us that we
can expect one liter of paint to cover exactly 20 square meters of wall area in a single coat. How much
paint, in liters, will we need to completely do the job, without a single extra drop of paint to spare?

Pyramids/ Cones
A polyhedron containing triangular lateral faces with common vertex and a polygon base.

6. A circular piece of cardboard with a diameter of 25 cm will be made into a conical hat of 10 cm high
by cutting a sector and joining the edges to form a cone. Determine the angle subtended by the sector
which was removed to form the hat. Also, determine the volume of the conical hat.

7. The volume of a regular pyramid whose base is a regular heptagon is 132 m 3. If the altitude of the
pyramid is 5 meters, find the side of the base. Also, determine the slant height of the pyramid.

Frustum
- is a solid figure created by slicing the tip of a pyramid or a cone with a plane parallel to the base.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

8. The base edges of the frustum of a regular square pyramid are 4 in and 8 in., and its altitude is 10 in.
Find the volume and the total area of the frustum.

Sphere
- is a solid bounded by a closed surface whose set of all points is equidistant from a fixed point called
center.

9. The surface area of a sphere is 314.16 cm2, determine its volume.

Spherical Segment
- is a solid formed by passing two parallel cutting planes through a sphere.

10. A sphere is cut by a plane which is 3 cm from the center of the sphere. If the diameter of the plane
area cut is 8 cm. determine the volume of the sphere.

11. A sphere is cut by a plane. If the radius of the plane cut is 4 cm and the diameter of the great circle is
10 cm, determine the volume of the spherical segment and the total surface area of the smaller segment.

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Derivative by Power, Product, and Quotient

1. Determine the derivative of (x+3)^2+x^3 with respect to x.
a. 3x^2+2x+3 b. 3x^2+2x+6 c. 3x^2+2x-3 d. 3x^2+2x-6

2. Determine the derivative of (x^2-1)(2x^2-3) with respect to x.

a. 4x(4x^2-5) b. 2x(4x^2-5) c. 2x(4x^2+5) d. 4x(4x^2+5)

3. Determine the derivative of (x+2)^3/x.

a. [3x(x+2)+(x+2)^3]/x^2 c. [3x(x+2)^2+(x+2)^3]/x^2
b. [3x(x+2)^2-(x+2)^3]/x^2 d. [3(x+2)^2-(x+2)^3]/x^2

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

4. Determine the derivative of sin43𝑥.
a. 12sin33𝑥cos 3𝑥 b. 4sin33𝑥cos 3𝑥 c. 12sin33𝑥 d. 4sin33𝑥

5. Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan2𝑥, find y’ when x = 2.

a. 3.66 x 10^-3 b. -45.69 c. -0.212 d. 5.61

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

6. Determine the derivative of log (3𝑥 + 5)

7. Determine the derivative of ln|2𝑥2− 2𝑥|

Derivatives of Exponential Functions

8. Determine the derivative of 23𝑥.

9. Determine the derivative of 𝑒5𝑥+1.

 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

Implicit Differentiation
10. Find dy/dx of the function x2 + xy + 2y2 + 3x - 2y + 5 = 0.

Slope of a Curve
11. What is the slope of the curve x2 + y2 – 6x + 10y + 5 = 0 at (1, 0)?

12. What is the equation of the tangent line to the curve x2 + y2 – 6x + 10y + 5 = 0 at (5, 0).

Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. Find y’ if y = sin(x)/[1+cos(x)]
B. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of y = sinx at the point with x-coordinate of π/3. {1/2}
C. Find the slope of the tangent line of the graph of
y4 + 3y – 4x3 = 5x + 1
at the point P(1, -2). {-17/29}

Maxima / Minima
13. A 20 ft-long water trough has ends in the form of isosceles triangles with sides that are 4 feet long.
Determine the dimension across the top of the triangular end so that the volume of the trough is at its
maximum. Find the maximum volume.

14. A window is in the shape of a rectangle, surmounted by a semi-circle. If the perimeter of the window
is 20 ft, what is its maximum area?

15. A cylindrical can is to contain 2000 in^3 of liquid. What height will minimize the cost of metal to be
used in the construction of the can?

16. A rectangular page is to contain 24 square inches of print. The margins at the top and bottom of the
page are to be 1 1/2 inches, and the margins on the left and right are to be 1 inch. What should the
dimensions of the page be so that the least amount of paper is used?

17. A triangle has a base of 24 m and an altitude of 18 m. A rectangle is inscribed in it such that its base
coincides with the 24 m base. Determine the largest area of the rectangle.

Time Rates
18. From the same starting point, a snail and a turtle run at the same time in perpendicular directions
for 3 kph and 4 kph respectively. How fast is their distance changing after 2 hours?

19. A man, 1.6 m tall is walking on a horizontal street at 3 kph away from a vertical streetlight, 3 m high.
How fast is the length of his shadow increasing when he is 2 m from the streetlight?

20. A lighthouse is located on a small island 2 miles off a straight shore. The beacon of the lighthouse
revolves at a constant rate of 6 deg/s. How fast is the light beam moving along the shore at a point 3
miles from a point on the shore closest to the lighthouse?
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

21. The legs of the right triangle are 70 cm. If one of the legs starts to shrink at the rate of 5 cm/min and
the other increases at the same rate, how fast is the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle changing 2
min later?
Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. A man in a rowboat 2 miles from the nearest point

on a straight shoreline wishes to reach his house 6
miles further down the shore. If he can row at a rate of 3
mph and run at a rate of 5 mph; how could he
proceed to arrive at his house in the shortest
amount of time? {when x = 1 1/2 miles}

B. A veterinarian has 100 ft of fencing and wishes to construct six dog kennels by first building a fence
around a rectangular region, and then subdividing that region into six smaller rectangles by placing five
fences parallel to one of the sides. What dimensions of the region will maximize the total area? {25 ft by
50/7 ft}

Flow Rates
22. There is a constant inflow of liquid into a conical vessel 15 ft deep and 7.50 ft in diameter at the top.
Water is flowing at the rate of 6 ft3/min. When the water is 4 ft deep, determine the rate of water rise.

23. Water is flowing at constant rate of 125.664 cm3/s in a hemispherical bowl with a radius of 20 cm.
If the height of water is increasing at 0.196 cm/s, what is the height of the water at this instant?

24. A spherical snowball is melting in such a way that its surface area decreases at the rate of 1 in2/min.
How fast is its radius shrinking when it is 3 in?

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integration of Powers Integration of Trigonometric Integration of Exponential

Functions Functions
𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 4
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 3(2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 3
2. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 3 + 2 √𝑥

Equation of Curves
7. A curve passes through the point (3, 2) while having a slope of 5x2 − x + 1 at every point (x, y). Find
the equation of the curve.

Plane Areas
8. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 + 2, y = -x, x = 0, and x = 1.

9. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x = 3 – y2 and x = y + 1.

10. Find the area of the region between the curves y = sin x, and y = cos x from x = 0 to x = π/4.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. Evaluate
3
∫ (6𝑥 2 − 5)𝑑𝑥
−2
{45}

B. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the equations 2y2 = x + 4, and x = y2. {32/3}

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

11. Find the centroid of the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and 𝑦 = 12𝑥 + 2.

12. Find its moment of inertia with respect to the x – axis.

Length of Plane Curves

13. Find the arc length L of the curve y = x3/2 from x = 0 to x = 5.

Area of a Surface of Revolution

14. Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by revolving about the x axis the arc of the
parabola y2 = 12x from x = 0 to x = 3.

Volume of a Solid of Revolution

15. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving about the y axis the region in the first quadrant
inside the circle x2 + y2 = 52.

16. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving about the y-axis the region in the first quadrant
bounded below by the parabola y = 2 − x2 and above by the parabola y = x2.

PROBABILITY

1. Let a card be selected at random from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Determine the probability that:
a. the card is a spade. Ans. 1/4
b. the card is a face card. Ans. 3/13
c. the card is a spade and a face card. Ans. 3/52
d. the card is a spade or a face card. Ans. 11/26

2. Let 2 items be chosen at random from a lot containing 12 items of which 4 are defective. Determine
the probability that:
a. both items are defective. Ans. 1/11
b. both items are non-defective. Ans. 14/33
c. at least one item is defective. Ans. 19/33

3. A coin is weighted so that heads is twice as likely to appear as tails. Find P(T) and P(H). Ans. 1/3 and
2/3

4. Two cards are drawn at random from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the probability p that:
a. both are spades. Ans. 1/17
b. one is spade and one is heart. Ans. 13/102
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

5. Three light bulbs are chosen at random from 15 bulbs of which 5 are defective. Find the probability p
that:
a. none is defective. Ans. 24/91
b. exactly one is defective. Ans. 45/91
c. at least one is defective. Ans. 67/91

6. When 100 coins are tossed, what is the probability that at most 50 are heads? Ans. 0.54

7. The probability that a person recovers from the fatal Katamaran disease is 0.4. Fifteen people
contacted the disease. What is the probability that at least 5 of these people will survive the said disease?
Ans. 0.7827

8. One letter is taken from each words SCIENTIST and ENGINEER. Find the probability that they are of
the same letter. Ans. 7/72

9. The probability of getting a credit in an examination is 1/3. If 3 students are selected at random. What
is the probability that at least one of the students got credit? Ans. 19/27

10. With a throw of 2 dice, what is the probability of getting a 9 or an 11? Ans. 1/6

11. If two cards are drawn from a deck, what is the probability that at least one of the cards will be a face
card? Ans. 41%

12. Two cards are drawn at random from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that both
are spades. Ans. 1/17

13. Two cards are selected at random from 10 cards numbered 1 to 10. Find the probability that the sum
is odd if the two cards are drawn together. Ans. 5/9

14. The probability that A hits a target is 1/4 and the probability that B hits it is 2/5. What is the
probability that the target will be hit if A and B each shoot at the target? Ans. 11/20

Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. A committee of 5 persons is to be selected randomly from a group of 5 men and 10 women. (1) Find
the probability that the committee consists of 2 men and 3 women. {0.4} (2) Find the probability that
the committee consists of all women. {0.084}

B. In an experiment consisting of 10 throws of a pair of fair dice, find the probability of the event that
at least one double 6 occurs. {0.246}

Normal Distribution
15. The life span of a calculator has a normal distribution with a mean of 54 months and a standard
deviation of 8 months. The company guarantees that any calculator that starts malfunctioning within 36
months of the purchase will be replaced by a new one.
a. About what percentage of such calculators made by this company has a life span between 50
to 58 months?
b. About what percentage of such calculators made by this company has a life span from 60
months and beyond?
c. About what percentage of such calculators made by this company expected to be replaced?
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. The final exam scores in a statistics class were normally distributed with a mean of 63 and a standard
deviation of five. (1) Find the probability that a randomly selected student scored more than 65 on the
exam. {0.3446} (2) Find the probability that a randomly selected student scored less than 85. {1}

STATISTICS

Situation 1. The following are the grades of the 15 students: 75, 78, 83, 84, 79, 88, 93, 89, 91, 84, 86, 88,
93, 79, and 84.

1. Find the average performance of 15 students.

a. 83.94 b. 89.34 c. 84.93 d. 83.49

2. Determine the score that divides the distribution into 2 equal halves.
a. 84 b. 85 c. 89 d. 91

3. Find the score that appears most frequently.

a. 79 b. 84 c. 88 d. 78

4. Determine the mean absolute deviation.

a. 2.446 b. 6.244 c. 2.644 d. 4.462

5. Compute the standard deviation.

a. 5.522 b. 5.552 c. 2.552 d. 2.255

6. Calculate the variance.

a. 30.825 b. 30.495 c. 6.513 d. 5.085

Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. For the following 13 real estate prices, calculate the first quartile, third quartile and interquartile
range. Prices are in dollars.
389,950; 230,500; 158,000; 479,000; 639,000; 114,950; 5,500,000; 387,000; 659,000; 529,000;
575,000; 488,800; 1,095,000
Hint: The first quartile, Q1, is the middle value of the lower half of the data, and the third
quartile, Q3, is the middle value, or median, of the upper half of the data. The interquartile range is a
number that indicates the spread of the middle half or the middle 50% of the data. It is the difference
between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1).
{308,750; 649,000; 340,250}
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

ENGINEERING ECONOMY
Simple Interest
1. The exact simple interest of P5,000 invested from June 21, 1995, to December 25, 1995, is P100. What
is the rate of interest?

Compound Interest
2. Which has the highest effective annual rate of interest?
a. 12% compounded monthly.
b. 12.25% compounded quarterly.
c. 12.5% compounded semi-annually.
d. 12.75% compounded annually.

3. What is the present worth of a future payment of P200,000 to be made in 10 years with an interest of
10% compounded annually?

4. A man wishes his son to receive P500,000 ten years from now. What amount should he invest now if
it will earn interest of 12% compounded annually during the first 5 years and 15% compounded
quarterly during the next 5 years?

Compound Continuously
5. How much should you place in an investment that earns a nominal rate of 7% compounded
continuously to accumulate P1,000,000 in 20 years?

6. Compute the nominal rate of 8.33% if it is compounded continuously.

Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. A student deposits $1000 in a savings account that pays interest at the rate of 6% per year,
compounded annually. If all the money is allowed to accumulate, how much will the student have after
12 years? Compare this with the amount that would have accumulated if simple interest had been paid.
{$2012.20, $1720.00}

B. What is the annual rate of simple interest if $265 is earned in four months on an investment of
$15,000? {5.3%}

C. How long would it take for an investor to double his money at 10% interest per year, compounded
annually? {7.27 ≈ 8 years}

Annuities
7. To prepare for retirement at the end of 20 years a self-employed engineer deposited 6000 every 3
months in a fund that gives an interest of 10% annually compounded quarterly. Find the lump sum he
could get at the end of 20th year in pesos.

8. What is the future sum of annuity of P1000 deposited at the end of every two months for 5 years if the
interest rate is 12% compounded semi-annually?
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 MATHEMATICS

9. A man acquires a loan of P500,000. He will amortize his loan by 10 annual payments but will
commence 5 years after the loan was acquired. If the money is worth 10% compounded annually, what
was his annual amortization?

10. What amount of money invested today at 15% interest can provide the following scholarships:
P30,000 at the end of each year for 6 years; P40,000 for the next 6 years and P50,000 thereafter?

Activity: Try Me! (5 – 10 mins)

A. An engineer who is about to retire has accumulated $50 000 in a savings account that pays 6% per
year, compounded annually. Suppose that the engineer wishes to withdraw a fixed sum of money at the
end of each year for 10 years. What is the maximum amount that can be withdrawn? {$6,795}

Depreciation
Depreciation is the decrease in the value of physical property with the passage of time.
Depreciation Methods:
A. Straight Line Method – loss in value is directly proportional to the age of the property.
B. Sinking Fund Method – a sinking fund is established in which funds will accumulate for replacement.
C. Sum of the Years Digit – the productivity of the asset decreases with the passage of time.
D. Declining Balance Method – also called Constant Percentage Method or the Matheson Formula.
E. Double Declining Balance Method – very similar to Declining Balance Method except for the rate of
depreciation.

11. A structure costs P12,000 new. It is estimated to have a life of 5 years with a salvage value at the end
of life of P1,000.
a. Determine the depreciation during the 3rd year.
b. Determine the total depreciation after 3 years.
c. Determine the book value at the 3rd year.
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Force Vectors
Resultant - is a force or a couple that will have the same effect to the body, both intranslation and
rotation, if all the forces are removed and replaced by the resultant.

Co-Planar Forces
𝑅𝑦
𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 ; 𝜃𝑅 = tan−1 ( )
𝑅𝑥

Where:
𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 ; 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦

For a single force:

𝐻
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐹 ( )
𝐷
𝑉
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐹 ( )
𝐷

SIT A. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the three forces.

SIT B. Determine the angle θ for connecting member A to the plate so that the resultant force of FA
and FB is directed horizontally to the right. Also, what is the magnitude of the resultant force?

SIT A SIT B

Space Forces

𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 + 𝑅𝑧 2
𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑧
𝜃𝑥 = cos−1 ; 𝜃𝑦 = cos −1 ; 𝜃𝑧 = cos−1 ;
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
Where:
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

𝑅𝑥 = ∑𝐹𝑥 ; 𝑅𝑦 = ∑𝐹𝑦 ; 𝑅𝑧 = ∑𝐹𝑧

For a single force:

𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑑
𝑦
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑦 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑑
𝑧
𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑧 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑑

SIT C. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force at A.

Equilibrium Of a Particle

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0

SIT D. Determine the maximum weight of the flowerpot that can be supported withoutexceeding
a cable tension of 50 lb in either cable AB or AC.

SIT E. If the bucket and its contents have a total weight of 20 lb, determine the force in thesupporting
cables DA, DB, and DC.

SIT D
SIT E
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Force System Resultant

Moment – is the turning effect the force produces with respect to a certain point. It is measuredas the
product of force and the perpendicular distance of the force from the center of rotation.

The Principle of Moments, also known as Varignon's Theorem, states that the moment of anyforce is
equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the components of that force.

𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

SIT F. (a) Determine the moment of each of the three forces about point A. (b) Determine themagnitude
of the resultant force and its location from point A.

Equilibrium Of Rigid Bodies

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑𝑀 = 0

SIT G. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin A and thereaction
on the beam at C.

SIT G SIT H

SIT H. Determine the tension in the cable and the horizontal and vertical components of reaction of
pin A. The pulley at D is frictionless and the cylinder weighs 80 lb.
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SIT I. Determine the magnitude of minimum force P needed to pull the 50-kg roller over the smooth
step. Use θ = 30°.

Truss Analysis

Method of Joints – The method centers on the joints or connection points between the members.

Method of Sections – The method involves breaking the truss down into individual sections and
analyzing each section as a separate rigid body.

SIT J. Determine the force in each member of the truss and state if the members are in tensionor
compression. Set P1 = 6 kN, P2 = 9 kN.

SIT K. Determine the force in members BC, CF, and FE. State if the members are in tension or
compression.

SIT J SIT K

Friction
Impending Motion – refers to the state just before surfaces start to slip. In this case the static frictional
force has reached its upper limit. [𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠𝑁]

SIT L. Determine the friction developed between the 50-kg crate and the ground if a) P = 200N, and b)
P = 400 N. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the crate and the ground are µs = 0.3
and µk = 0.2.

SIT M. Determine the minimum force P to prevent the 30 kg rod AB from sliding. The contact surface at
B is smooth, whereas the coefficient of static friction between the rod and the wall at A is µs = 0.2.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
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SIT L SIT M

SIT N. Determine the smallest coefficient of static friction at both A and B needed to hold theuniform
100-lb bar in equilibrium. Neglect the thickness of the bar. Take µA = µB = µ.

SIT N SIT O

SIT O. Determine the reversed horizontal force − P needed to pull out wedge A. The coefficientof static
friction between A and C and between B and D is µs = 0.2, and between A and B µs = 0.1. Neglect the
weight of each wedge.

Centroid And Moment of Inertia

SIT P. (a) Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the given area. (b) Determine its momentof inertia
with respect to its centroidal x-axis.
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STRAIGHT CABLES

SIT Q. Determine the tension in each segment of the cable and the cable’s total length.

Parabolic Cables

SIT R. The cable is subjected to a uniform loading of 200 lb/ft. Determine the maximum andminimum
tension in the cable.

SIT S. The cable supports a girder which weighs 850 lb/ft. Determine the tension in the cable at points
A, B, and C.

SIT R SIT S
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Analysis of Internal Forces

Internal Forces – forces acting at any section of a
body necessary to balance the external forces to
maintain equilibrium such as axial force (P), shear
forces (Vy, Vz), torsional moment (T), and bending
moments (Mx, My).

Stress – force per unit area, unit strength of

material
Strain – total deformation per gage length, unit
deformation
Deformation – change in shape (elongation,
contraction, wedging)

Axial Stresses

SIT A. A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing

strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is
limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of the
plate from which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter can be punched. (b)
If the plate is 0.25 in. thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole that can be punched.

SIT B. A steel strut S serving as a brace for a boat hoist transmits a compressive force P = 12 kips to the
deck of a pier. The strut has a hollow square cross section with wall thickness t = 0.375 in, and the
angle θ between the strut and the horizontal is 40°. A pin through the strut transmits the compressive
force from the strut to two gussets G that are welded to the base plate B. Four anchor bolts fasten the
base plate to the deck. The diameter of the pin is dpin = 0.75 in., the thickness of the gussets is tG = 0.625
in., the thickness of the base plate is tB = 0.375 in., and the diameter of the anchor bolts is dbolt = 0.50 in.
Determine the following stresses: (Disregard any friction between the base plate and the deck.)
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

(a) the bearing stress between the strut and the pin,
(b) the shear stress in the pin,
(c) the bearing stress between the pin and the gussets,
(d) the bearing stress between the anchor bolts and the base
plate
(e) the shear stress in the anchor bolts.

SIT C. A compression bar having a square cross section of width 3”

must support a load P. The bar is constructed from two pieces of
material that are connected by a glued joint (known as a scarf
joint) along plane pq, which is at an angle α = 40° to the vertical.
The material is a structural plastic for which the allowable stresses
in compression and shear are 1100 psi and 600 psi, respectively.
Also, the allowable stresses in the glued joint are 750 psi in
compression and 500 psi in shear. Determine the maximum force
P it could carry.

Axial Deformation

SIT D. A compound bar consisting of bronze, aluminum, and steel segments is loaded axially as shown
in the figure. Determine the maximum allowable value of P if the change in length of the bar is limited
to 2 mm and the working stresses prescribed in the table are not to be exceeded.
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SIT E. The rigid bar AB, attached to aluminum and steel rods, is horizontal before load P is applied.
Find the vertical displacement of point C caused by the load P = 50 kN. Neglect all weights.

SIT E
SIT F

SIT F. The rigid bar BC is supported by the steel rod AC of cross-sectional area 0.25 in2. Find the
vertical displacement of point C caused by the 2000-lb load. Use E = 29 x 106 psi for steel.

SIT G. A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial compressive
load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the allowable stresses are 6 MPa
and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Ec =14 GPa and Es = 200 GPa.

Thermal Stress

SIT H. A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at 20°C. If
the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at –20°C, what is the minimum diameter of the rod?
Assume α = 11.7 μm/(m∙°C) and Est = 200 GPa.

SIT I. At a temperature of 80°C, a steel tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to be shrunk onto a
locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel, which is at a temperature of 25°C.
Determine the contact pressure between the tire and wheel after the assembly cools to 25°C. Neglect
the deformation of the wheel caused by the pressure of the tire. Assume E = 200 GPa and α = 11.7
μm/(m∙°C)
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Torsion

SIT J. A stepped shaft ABC consisting of two solid circular segments is subjected to torques T1 and T2
acting in opposite directions, as shown in the figure. The larger segment of the shaft has diameter d1 =
2.25 in. and length L1 = 30 in.; the smaller segment has diameter d2 = 1.75 in. and length L2 = 20 in. The
material is steel with shear modulus G = 11 x 106 psi, and the torques are T1 = 20,000 lbin. and T2 =
8,000 lb-in. Calculate the following quantities: (a) the maximum shear stress τmax in the shaft, and (b)
the angle of twist (in degrees) at end C.

SIT K. A composite shaft is manufactured by shrink-fitting a steel sleeve over a brass core so that the
two parts acts as a single solid bar in torsion. The outer diameters of the two parts are dbr = 40 mm for
the brass core and dst = 50 mm for the steel sleeve. The shear moduli of elasticity are Gbr = 35 GPa for
the brass and Gst = 80 GPa for the steel. Allowable shear stresses in the brass and steel are 48 MPa and
80 MPa, respectively. Determine the maximum permissible torque in N-m that may be applied to the
shaft.
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Flexural Stress

SIT L. A steel wire (E = 200 GPa) of diameter d = 1.25 mm is bent around a

pulley of radius R0 = 500 mm. What is the maximum stress in the wire?

SIT M SIT N
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SIT M. A simply supported wood beam AB with span length L = 4 m carries a uniform load of intensity
q = 5.8 kN/m. Calculate the maximum bending stress due to the load if the beam has a rectangular
cross section with width b = 140 mm and height h = 240 mm.

SIT N. A cantilever beam AB of circular cross section and length L = 450 mm supports a load P = 400 N
acting at the free end. The beam is made of steel with an allowable bending stress of 60 MPa.
Determine the required diameter dmin of the beam, considering the effect of the beam’s own weight.
(γsteel = 77 kN/m3)

SIT O. The simply supported beam has the T-shaped cross section shown. Determine the values and
locations of the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses.

Shear Stress
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SIT P. A metal beam is simply supported and sustains a uniform load of 160 lb/in including its own
weight. The beam is rectangular with width b = 1 in. and height h = 4 in. Determine the normal stress
and shear stress at point C which is located 1 in. below the top of the beam and 8 in. from the right
support.

SIT Q. A beam having a T-shaped section is subjected to a vertical shear force of V = 10,000 N. The
cross-sectional dimensions are flange width, bf = 100 mm, flange thickness, tf = 25 mm, gross depth of
h = 200 mm and web thickness of 25 mm. Determine the maximum and minimum shear stresses in
the junction and the maximum stress in the web.

SIT R. A box beam of wood is constructed of two 260 mm x 50 mm boards and two 260 mm x 25 mm
boards. The boards are nailed at a longitudinal spacing s = 100 mm. If each nail has an allowable shear
force F = 1200 N, what is the maximum allowable shear force Vmax?

SIT P SIT R

Combined Stresses

SIT S. A cylindrical brick chimney of height H weighs w = 825 lb/ft of height. The inner and outer
diameters are d1 = 3 ft and d2 = 4 ft, respectively. The wind pressure against the side of the chimney is
p = 10 lb/ft2 of projected area. Determine the maximum height H if there is to be no tension in the
brickwork.

SIT T. A plain concrete wall, ideally fixed at the foundation, serves as a small dam on a creek as shown
in the figure. The height of the wall h = 6.0 ft and the thickness of the wall is t = 1.0 ft. Determine the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses at the base of the wall when the water level reaches the
top. Assume plain concrete weighs 145 lb/cu.ft. Determine the permissible depth of water if there is
no tension in the concrete.
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SIT S SIT T

SIT U. A short column of wide flange shape is subjected to

a compressive load that produces a resultant force of 60
kN acting at the midpoint of one flange. Determine the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the column.
Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
Determinacy
i=r–3–e
where:
r: number of external reactions
e: equations of condition
e = 2 (internal roller) and e = 1 (internal hinge)

when:
i < 0 statically unstable externally
i = 0 statically determinate externally
i > 0 statically indeterminate externally, and its degree of indeterminacy is 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒.

Classify each of the beams and pin-connected structures shown as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, determine the degree of indeterminacy.
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SIT A.

SIT B.

SIT C.

Influence Lines

Properties of Influence Lines

• The value of the function due to a single concentrated moving load equals the magnitude of the
load multiplied by the ordinate of the influence diagram.
• The value of a function due to several concentrated moving loads equals the algebraic sum of the
effects of each load described in property number.
• The value of the function due to a uniformly distributed load equals the product of weight and
the area of the influence line under the uniform load.

SIT D. A 10-m beam is simply supported; a moving wheel load of 30 kN is imposed. Using the concept
of influence line. Determine the: (a) maximum reaction at the left support; (b) maximum positive shear
at a point 2 m from the left support; (c) maximum negative shear at a point 2 m from the left support;
(d) the maximum positive moment at the mid span.

SIT E. The beam supports a distributed live load of 1.5 kN/m and single concentrated load of 8 kN. The
dead load is 2 kN/m. Determine (a) the maximum positive moment at C, (b) the maximum positive shear
at C.
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Deflection Of Truss

Virtual Work Method

𝑆𝑢𝐿
𝛥=
𝐴𝐸

SIT F. Determine the horizontal and vertical component of the deflection at joint B of the truss shown:
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

FLUID MECHANICS AND

HYDRAULICS
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Properties

FLUID
Any substance that flows or deforms continuously when subjected to shearing forces.

DENSITY, ρ (rho) UNIT WEIGHT, γ (gamma) SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜌= 𝛾= 𝑆𝐺 = =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

PROPERTIES OF WATER
(At standard temperature)
Density, ρw Unit Weight, γw
1 g/cm3 1000 kg/m3 1.94 slug/ft3 9.81 kN/m3 9810 N/m3 62.4 lb/ft3

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY, g

9.81 m/s2 32.2 ft/s2

SIT A. A tank contains Carbon tetrachloride which has a mass of 743 g and a total volume of 0.0015 m3.
A. Determine its weight.
B. Determine its density.
C. Determine its unit weight.
D. Determine its specific gravity.

Fluid Statics
Study of fluids at rest in stable equilibrium.

PRESSURE
Absolute Zero Atmospheric Pressure Gage Pressure
The lower limit of atmospheric Pressure exerted by the weight of The pressure measured relative to
pressure or the “perfect vacuum” air above us. the atmosphere

Atmospheric Pressure at sea level:

1 atm 101.325 kPa 14.7 psi
760 mm Hg 29.9 in Hg 10.34 m. H2O 33.91 ft. H2O

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE PRESSURE HEAD EQUIVALENT HEIGHT

Pressure acted by liquid (gage The vertical height ‘h’ of any liquid Height of another liquid which
pressure) plus any pressure acting of specific weight, which can be gives the same amount of pressure
on the surface of the liquid. converted to a gage pressure ‘P’ as a certain liquid.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

SIT B. If the pressure in a tank is 50 psi, find the equivalent pressure head of:
A. Water
B. Mercury
C. Heavy fuel oil with a specific gravity of 0.92

SIT C. A pressure gage 7.0 m. above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 64.94 kPa; another
gage at height 4.0 m. reads 87.53 kPa.
A. Compute the specific weight of the fluid.
B. Compute the mass density of the fluid.

SIT D. For the figure shown, the SIT E. A manometer is attached to a tank containing three
absolute pressure at the bottom of the different fluids, as shown. What will be the different in
tank is 231.3 kPa. If the atmospheric elevation of the mercury column in the manometer, ‘y’?
pressure is 101.3 kPa, what is the
specific gravity of olive oil?

SIT F. Find the difference in pressure between tanks A and B if d1 = 330 mm, d2 = 160 mm, d3 = 480
mm, and d4 = 230 mm.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

SIT G. Gate AB shown is semicircular, and hinged at B.

A. Determine the hydrostatic force acting on Gate AB.
B. Determine its distance from hinge B.
C. Determine the horizontal force P required at A for equilibrium.

SIT H. The gate, 4-foot wide, is hinged at point B, and rests against a smooth wall at A.
A. Compute the force on the gate due to seawater pressure.
B. What is the distance of the hydrostatic force from point B measured along the gate?
C. Compute the horizontal force exerted by the wall at point A.
D. Determine the reaction at hinge B.

SIT I. Water in a tank is pressurized to 85 cm Hg. Determine the hydrostatic force per meter width on
panel AB. (Use γw = 9.79 kN/m3)
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces

SIT J. In the figure, surface AB is a circular arc with a radius of 2 m. and a depth of 1 m. into the paper.
The distance EB is 4 m. The fluid above the surface AB is water, and atmospheric pressure prevails on
the free surface of the water and on the bottom side of surface AB. Determine the following:
A. The horizontal component of the hydrostatic on curve AB
B. The vertical component of the hydrostatic on curve AB
C. The resultant force on the curve
D. The line of action of the resultant force with respect to the horizontal

SIT K. The crest gate shown consists of a cylindrical surface which AB is the base,
supported by a structural frame hinged at C. The length of the gate perpendicular to
the paper is 10 m.
A. Determine the hydrostatic force on the gate.
B. Determine the position of the line of action of the force.
C. Determine the depth of center of pressure.

Buoyancy

SIT L. A stone weighs 120 lb in air. When submerged in water, it weighs 73 lb.
A. Find the volume of the stone.
B. Find the specific gravity of the stone.

SIT M. A cylinder having a diameter of 1.20 m. and weighing 800 N is held in position in sea water (SG
= 1.03) by a cable tied to an anchor block resting at the bottom of the sea such that 0.30 m. of the
cylinder is below the surface of the water with its axis vertical. The anchor block has a volume of 0.50
m3 and weighs 24 kN/m3 in air. Neglect the weight and volume of the cable.
A. Determine the buoyant force acting on the cylinder at the position indicated.
B. Determine the tension on the cable at the position of the cylinder indicated.
C. Determine the rise in the tide that will lift the anchor block from the bottom of the sea.

SIT N. The uniform 5-meter long round wooden rod in the figure below is tied to the bottom by a
string. Determine the tension in the string and the specific gravity of the wood.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

Analysis Of Hydraulic Dams

SIT O. A concrete dam retaining water is shown in the figure. There is a hydrostatic uplift that varies
uniformly from full hydrostatic head at the heel of the dam to zero at the toe. If the specific weight of
concrete is 23.5 kN/m3, determine the following:

A. Resultant vertical force acting on the dam

B. Hydrostatic force acting on the retaining side of the dam
C. Factor of safety against sliding, μ = 0.45
D. Factor of safety against overturning
E. Minimum and Maximum soil pressure intensity

Liquids In Rigid Body Motion

The fluid will move as a rigid mass with each particle having the same acceleration.

Vertical Acceleration – liquid gets heavier (up) or lighter (down)

SIT P. An open cubical tank of dimension 1 m. has oil with specific gravity of 0.80 is accelerated
upward at 5 m/s2.
A. Determine the pressure at 0.20 m. from the liquid surface.
B. Determine the force at the bottom of the tank.
C. If the container is accelerated downward, determine the required acceleration to reduce the
pressure at the bottom to zero.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

SIT Q. An unbalanced vertical force of 450 N downward accelerates a volume of 0.060 m3 of oil (SG =
0.88). If the oil is 1.50 m. deep in a tank having a square base,
A. What is the acceleration of the tank?
B. What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank?
C. What is the force acting at the bottom of the tank?

Horizontal Acceleration – liquid surface becomes inclined.

SIT R. An open tank has a square base with side 1 m contains 1.5 m of water is accelerated horizontally
to the right at 4m/s2.

A. Determine the height of the tank so that no water will be spilled.

B. If the acceleration is increased to 7m/s2, determine the volume of water spilled.
C. If the tank was closed initially and accelerated at 7m/s2, determine the hydrostatic force on the
left wall.

Rotational Acceleration – liquid surface becomes parabolic.

SIT S. An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m. and a height of 1.20 m. is filled with water at
a depth of 0.90 m.
A. How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out?
B. How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis if half of its volume is spilled out?
C. How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis to produce a zero pressure within 0.20 m. from
the center of the tank?

SIT T. A vertical cylindrical tank has a diameter of 0.50 m. and is 1.5 m. high and closed at the top. It
contains water to a depth of 1.2 m. The air above the water surface has a pressure of 49.05 kPa. When
the tank is rotated about its vertical axis at the rate of 200 rpm,
A. Determine the height of fluid above the top along its periphery.
B. Determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank at the center.
C. Determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank at the side (periphery).
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULICS

Concerned with the practical applications of fluids, primarily liquids in motion. It deals with such
matters as the flow of liquids in pipes, rivers, and channels.

FLUID FLOW – continuous deformation of fluid upon the application of shear force.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLOW
UNIFORM FLOW - flow
REAL FLOW - considers energy velocity and cross-sectional STEADY FLOW - flow velocity
and area of flow do not change
losses in the flow area of flow at a given instant
with time, a = 0
do not change with distance
IDEAL FLOW - neglects the NON-UNIFORM FLOW – flow
effects of viscosity and friction velocity and cross-sectional UNSTEADY FLOW - flow
velocity and area of flow varies
in fluid flow, thus no energy area of flow varies with
with time, a ≠ 0
losses are considered distance

FLOW RATE – amount of flow with time

MASS FLOW RATE WEIGHT FLOW RATE VOLUME FLOW RATE /

DISCHARGE
mass per unit time weight per unit time
volume per unit time

SIT U. Water flows through a 150-mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 5 m/s.

A. Find the volume flow rate.
B. Find the mass flow rate.
C. Find the weight flow rate.

Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation may be the most often used equation in fluid mechanics, but it is also the most often
misused equation in fluid mechanics. Five assumptions required: (1) negligible viscous effects, (2)
constant density, (3) steady flow, (4) the flow is along a streamline, and (5) in an inertial reference frame.

Bernoulli’s Energy Equation

Where:
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2 V = Velocity @ sections 1 and 2
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐿 + 𝐻𝐸
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 P = Pressure @ sections 1 and 2
𝑉2 𝑃 z = Elevation @ sections 1 and 2
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, ; 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, HL = Head loss (Head lost)
2𝑔 𝛾
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑧 HA = Head Added
HE = Head Extracted

ENERGY LINE – The energy line is a graphical representation of the energy at each section. With respect
to a chosen datum, the total energy (as a linear value in feet or meters of fluid) can be plotted at each
representative section, and the line so obtained is a valuable tool in many flow problems. The energy
line will slope (drop) in the direction of flow except where energy is added by mechanical devices.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE – The hydraulic grade line lies below the energy line by an amount equal to
the velocity head at the section. The two lines are parallel for all sections of equal cross-sectional area.
The ordinate between the center of the stream and the hydraulic grade line is the pressure head at the
section.

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY – The equation of continuity results from the principle of conservation of
mass. For steady flow, the mass of fluid passing all sections in a stream of fluid per unit of time is the
same. This can be evaluated as:

𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝛾1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝛾2 𝐴2 𝑣2

SIT V. Assume the conduit shown has inside diameters of 12 in and 18 in at sections 1 and 2, respectively.
If water is flowing in the conduit at a velocity of 16.6 ft/s at section 2,
A. Find the velocity at section 1.
B. Find the volume flow rate.
C. Find the weight flow rate.
D. Find the mass flow rate.

SIT W. The tank is admitting water at 100 N/s and ejecting gasoline (SG = 0.69) at 52 N/s. If all three
fluids are incompressible, how much air is passing through the vent? In which direction?

SIT X. The figure shows a siphon discharging oil (SG = 0.84) from a reservoir into open air. If the velocity
of flow in the pipe is ‘v’, the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 2v^2/2g, and the head loss from point 2
to point 3 is 3v^2/2g, determine the following:
A. Volume flow rate in the siphon pipe
B. Absolute pressure at point 2 (Use Patm = 14.7 psi)
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

SIT Y. ORIFICE METER – abruptly contracts the area of flow using a small opening, increasing velocity
with corresponding drop in pressure. A 2-in circular orifice (not standard) at the end of the 3-in-
diameter pipe shown in the figure discharges into the atmosphere a measured flow of 0.60 cfs of water
when the pressure in the pipe is 10 psi. The jet velocity is determined by a pitot tube to be 39.2 fps.
A. Find the coefficient of velocity, Cv.
B. Find the coefficient of contraction, Cc.
C. Find the coefficient of discharge, Cd.

SIT Z. PITOT TUBE – a small open, bent tube with its open end pointing upstream used to measure
velocity of flow of liquids. A mercury-kerosene manometer is connected to a Pitot tube as shown in the
figure. The deflection on the manometer is 7 in. Assume the specific gravity of kerosene is 0.81.
A. What is the difference in pressures between point 1 and point 2?
B. What is the kerosene velocity in the pipe?
C. What is the flow rate in the pipe if its diameter is 6”?

SIT Y SIT Z
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

Flow Through an Orifice

SIT AA. A calibration test of a 12.5-mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice in a vertical side of a large
tank showed a discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a constant head of 4.70 m. Measurement of
the jet showed that it traveled 2.35 m. horizontally while dropping 300 mm. Compute for the nearest
value of the following:

A. Coefficient of discharge
B. Coefficient of contraction
C. Coefficient of velocity

SIT AB. A circular orifice 20-mm-diameter is located at the bottom of a tank 0.4 m2 in plan area. At a
given instant the head above the orifice is 1.2 m. 307 seconds later the
head is reduced to 0.6 m.
A. Calculate the coefficient of discharge.
B. Using the calculated Cd, determine the time for the head to fall from 1.2 m to 0.8 m.
C. Determine the head above the orifice from 1.2 m after 240 seconds.

SIT AC. Oil of SG = 0.720 flows through a 3-in-dia orifice whose coefficients of velocity and contraction
are 0.950 and 0.650, respectively. What must be the reading of gage A for the power in the jet C to be
8.00 hp?

FLOW IN PIPES

The energy principle is applied to the solution of practical closed-conduit flow problems in different
branches of engineering practice. Flow of a real fluid is more complex than that of an ideal fluid. Shear
forces between fluid particles and the boundary walls and between the fluid particles themselves result
from the fluid's viscosity.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

FORMULA FOR PIPE FLOW

Darcy-Weisbach Formula
hf = headloss, in hf = headloss, in
meters feet
f = friction factor f = friction factor
𝐿 𝑉2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2 L = length, in meters 0.0252𝑓𝐿𝑄 2 L = length, in feet
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 ( ) ( ) ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 =
𝑑 2𝑔 𝐷5 Q = discharge, in 𝐷5 Q = discharge, in
m3/s ft3/s
D = diameter, in D = diameter, in
meters feet
Manning Formula
hf = headloss, in meters
n = roughness coefficient
L = length, in meters
1 2 1 10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2
𝑉= 𝑅 3 𝑆 2 , 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠 ℎ𝑓 = Q = discharge, in m3/s
𝑛 𝐷16/3 D = diameter, in meters
R = hydraulic radius, in meters
S = slope of energy grade line
hf = headloss, in feet
n = roughness coefficient
L = length, in feet
1.486 2 1 4.66𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2
𝑉= 𝑅 3 𝑆 2 , 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 ℎ𝑓 = Q = discharge, in ft3/s
𝑛 𝐷16/3 D = diameter, in feet
R = hydraulic radius, in feet
S = slope of energy grade line
Hazen-Williams Formula
hf = headloss, in meters
C = roughness coefficient
𝑚 L = length, in meters
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
𝑉 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54 , 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑓 = Q = discharge, in m3/s
𝑠 𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87 D = diameter, in meters
R = hydraulic radius, in meters
S = slope of energy grade line
hf = headloss, in feet
n = roughness coefficient
L = length, in feet
𝑓𝑡 4.73𝐿𝑄1.85
𝑉 = 1.318𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54 , 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑓 = Q = discharge, in ft3/s
𝑠 𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87 D = diameter, in feet
R = hydraulic radius, in feet
S = slope of energy grade line

SIT AD. A pipe has a diameter of 500 mm. It has a total length of 600 m. Its discharge was measured to
be 0.06 m3/s. Determine its head lost using:

A. Darcy-Weisbach, f = 0.015
B. Manning’s, n = 0.012
C. Hazen Williams, C = 120
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
Intramuros, Manila
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

SIT AE. For the pipe system shown in the figure below, n = 0.015 for all pipes and the flow in pipe 4 is
12 cfs.

A. Which of the following is closest to the head lost in pipe 1?

B. Which of the following is closest to the flowrate in pipe 2?
C. Which of the following is closest to the total head lost?

SIT AF. A pump draws 20 liters per second of water from reservoir A (Elev 20) and lifts it to reservoir B
(Elev 260) as shown. The head lost from A to 1 is three times the velocity head in the 150-mm suction
line and the head lost from 2 to B is fifteen times the velocity head in the 100-mm discharge line.
A. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system?
B. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
C. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?

SIT AG. A hydroelectric power generating system is shown. Water flows from an upper reservoir to a
lower one passing through a turbine at the rate of 150 liters per second. The total length of pipe
connecting the two reservoirs is 100 m. The pipe diameter is 250 mm, and the Hazen-Williams
coefficient is 120. The water surface elevations of Reservoirs 1 and 2 are 197 m., and 50 m., respectively.
A. Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of flow in the pipe?
B. Which of the following most nearly gives the frictional head lost in the pipe?
C. Which of the following most nearly gives the power generated by the turbine? Neglect
minor losses.

SIT AF SIT AG

SIT AH. Three reservoirs A, B and C are connected to pipes 1, 2 and 3 joining at a common junction at P.
The properties of each pipe are as follows:
L1 = 2000 m, D1 = 1 m, f1 = 0.013.
L2 = 2300 m, D2 = 0.6 m, f2 = 0.02.
L3 = 2500 m, D3 = 1.2 m, f3 = 0.023
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

A. If the flow from reservoir A is 4.39 m3/s, calculate the head loss in pipe 1.
B. Calculate the flow in pipe 3 in cu.m/s.
C. Calculate the elevation of water surface in reservoir B for the flow conditions to occur.

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Open-channel flow occurs when a liquid flowing due to gravity is only partially enclosed by its solid
boundary. In open-channel flow, the flowing liquid has a free surface, and the liquid is not under pressure
other than that caused by its own weight and by atmospheric pressure. Some open-channel flow occurs
naturally as in the case of creeks and rivers, which generally have irregular cross sections. Open-channel
flow may also occur in artificial (i.e., of human construction) channels, such as flumes and canals. Sewer
pipe systems normally flow less than full and are therefore designed as open channels.
The Chezy Formula, for steady uniform flow, is:
V = velocity
C = Chezy’s Constant
𝑉 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆 R = Hydraulic Radius
S = Slope of the Energy Grade Line

Constant Metric English

1 0.00155 1.811 0.00281
+ 23 + + 41.65 +
𝑛 𝑆 𝐶= 𝑛 𝑆
Kutter’s 𝐶=
𝑛 0.00155 𝑛 0.00281
1+ (23 + ) 1+ (41.65 + 𝑆 )
√𝑅 𝑆 √𝑅

87 87
Bazin’s 𝐶= 𝑚 𝐶= 𝑚
1+ 0.552 +
√𝑅 √𝑅

1 1 1.486 1
Manning’s 𝐶= 𝑅6 𝐶= 𝑅6
𝑛 𝑛

SIT AI. A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m. and side slopes of 2H:1V. If the depth of flow
1.2 m. and the flow is 20 m3/s.

A. Compute the specific energy.

B. Compute the slope of the channel if n = 0.014.
C. Compute the average shearing stress at the boundary.
 MAPUA UNIVERSITY
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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
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CE199L-1 Correlation Course 1 FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS

SIT AJ. Water flows uniformly in a 4.5-meter wide, 1.2-meter-deep rectangular channel. The channel
slope is 0.0028, and roughness coefficient n = 0.014.

A. Calculate the flow rate of the channel.

B. What is the critical depth of the channel?
C. What is the critical velocity of the channel?
D. What is the critical slope of the channel?

SIT AK. Water flows uniformly in a 4.5-meter wide, 1.2-meter-deep rectangular channel. The channel
slope is 0.0028, and roughness coefficient n = 0.014.

A. Considering its most efficient proportion, what is its depth at this condition? What is its
base?
B. How much will the excavation of the channel be reduced if the channel is of most efficient
proportion carrying the same capacity?
C. With the most efficient proportion, how much will the lining of the channel be reduced?