1. Define the IoT. How are its characteristics different from wireless sensor networks?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interconnected devices or “things” embedded with
sensors, software, and communication technologies that collect, exchange, and act on data, often
without direct human intervention. IoT enables automation, monitoring, and control in areas like
smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, and industries.
Differences from Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs):

• WSNs mainly focus on sensing environmental data and transmitting it to a central node,
while IoT integrates sensing, processing, decision-making, and control.

• IoT offers global connectivity and cloud integration, whereas WSNs often work in local,
limited environments.

• IoT supports heterogeneous devices, but WSNs usually involve homogeneous sensor nodes.

• IoT emphasizes interaction between humans and devices, WSNs typically do not.

2. Name any four services offered by Raspberry Pi.

• GPIO control: Interface with sensors, LEDs, motors, and other hardware.

• Network connectivity: Supports WiFi, Ethernet, Bluetooth for internet access and data
transfer.

• Multimedia support: Plays and processes audio/video, supports HDMI output.

• Cloud integration: Connects to cloud platforms like AWS IoT, Google Cloud for data analytics
and storage.

3. How is LiteOS useful to design IoT applications?

LiteOS is a lightweight, real-time operating system designed for resource-constrained IoT devices. It
offers:

• Low power consumption, extending device battery life.

• Real-time multitasking for handling multiple IoT tasks concurrently.

• Lightweight kernel suitable for microcontrollers.

• Built-in protocols for networking, device discovery, and management.

It helps developers build efficient, scalable IoT applications for smart cities, homes, and
industrial systems.

4. What are the resources in IoT? Give the procedure to identify the resources in IoT Network.

IoT resources include sensors, actuators, gateways, software services, and data sources.
Procedure to identify them:

1. Discover all connected devices.

 2. Categorize devices by function (e.g., temperature sensors, cameras).

3. Assign unique IDs or URIs to each resource.

4. Map the interconnections and dependencies between devices.

5. Update the resource registry regularly as the network evolves.

5. What are the components of Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style?

• Client-server architecture

• Statelessness (each request is independent)

• Cacheability (responses can be cached to improve performance)

• Uniform interface (standard way to interact with resources)

• Layered system (intermediate servers improve scalability)

• Code-on-demand (optional, clients can download executable code)

6. What are the differences between IoT and M2M communication?

• IoT involves cloud-based services, human interfaces, and big data analytics, while M2M is
limited to direct machine-to-machine communication.

• IoT supports multiple protocols; M2M typically relies on cellular or wired networks.

• IoT is designed for scalability and interoperability; M2M is often closed and specialized.

• IoT integrates smart devices; M2M usually connects sensors and controllers.

7. List the requirements of NFV Framework.

• Virtualization of network functions

• Scalable and dynamic resource allocation

• Service orchestration and automation

• Standardized APIs and interfaces

• Performance monitoring and assurance

• Security, isolation, and fault management

8. Can the IoT replace the need for human intelligence? Justify your answer.

No. While IoT automates tasks and provides insights, it cannot match human intelligence in
creativity, ethical decision-making, critical thinking, and handling unpredictable situations. Humans
are essential to design, interpret, and manage IoT systems.
9. Why are traditional security methods a poor fit in IoT?

IoT devices have limited computing power, making heavy encryption impractical. Their vast number
and heterogeneity make centralized security hard to implement. IoT systems need lightweight,
scalable, decentralized, and device-friendly security solutions.

10. What are the development challenges in IoT applications?

Challenges include device heterogeneity, integration with legacy systems, real-time data processing,
scalability, energy efficiency, ensuring security and privacy, managing large-scale data, and creating
user-friendly interfaces.

1. What is wireless sensor network?

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of spatially distributed sensor nodes that
communicate wirelessly to monitor environmental or physical conditions such as temperature,
humidity, motion, or air quality. These nodes consist of sensors, processors, wireless communication
modules, and batteries. WSNs are widely used in agriculture, healthcare, environmental monitoring,
military applications, and smart cities. They work by sensing data, processing it locally or at a central
hub, and transmitting the results wirelessly to a base station or cloud for analysis.

2. What is big-data and why are we using big-data in IoT?

Big data refers to extremely large datasets that are too complex to be handled by traditional
database systems. It is characterized by the “5 Vs”: volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value. In
IoT, millions of devices continuously generate data, creating massive data streams. Big data
technologies help store, process, and analyze this data efficiently, allowing us to extract insights,
detect patterns, predict failures, and optimize operations in real time, making IoT systems smarter
and more valuable.

3. What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services such as storage, processing, networking,
databases, and software over the internet (“the cloud”) on a pay-as-you-go basis. For IoT, cloud
computing provides scalable infrastructure, remote device management, real-time analytics, data
storage, and access to AI and machine learning tools. This eliminates the need for expensive local
servers and enables IoT devices to offload heavy processing tasks to the cloud.

4. Differentiate between WiFi and WiMax.

• WiFi is designed for local area networks (LANs) with a typical range of ~100 meters, mainly
used in homes, offices, and public hotspots.

• WiMax provides wide-area coverage (~50 km), acting like wireless broadband for cities or
rural areas.
 • WiFi uses unlicensed spectrum (2.4/5 GHz), while WiMax uses licensed or unlicensed
spectrum (2–11 GHz).

• WiMax offers higher scalability and can serve more users over larger distances compared to
WiFi.

5. What is the role of controller service in an IoT system?

The controller service in IoT manages the coordination, configuration, and control of connected
devices. It ensures that devices follow defined rules, schedules tasks, handles resource allocation,
and enables communication between components. For example, in a smart home, the controller
manages when lights turn on, thermostats adjust, or security cameras activate, maintaining system
efficiency and responsiveness.

6. How do data collection and analysis approaches differ in M2M and IoT?

In M2M, data collection is typically point-to-point between machines using cellular or wired
networks, with limited analytics. IoT involves more complex, multi-source data collection, often using
cloud platforms and supporting advanced analytics, real-time monitoring, and human interaction. IoT
also integrates big data tools and AI for deeper insights.

7. What instruction set architecture is used in Raspberry Pi?

Raspberry Pi uses the ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) instruction set architecture, which is known
for low power consumption, simplicity, and high performance, making it ideal for embedded systems
and IoT projects.

8. How to collect data in structural health monitoring system?

Structural health monitoring (SHM) uses sensors like accelerometers, strain gauges, or displacement
sensors mounted on bridges, buildings, or dams. These sensors measure vibrations, stress, strain,
and displacement. The data is then transmitted wirelessly or via wired networks to a central server or
cloud system, where it is analyzed to detect potential structural weaknesses or damages.

9. What are the architectural constraints of REST?

The REST (Representational State Transfer) architecture has these constraints:

• Client-server separation

• Stateless interactions

• Cacheable responses

• Uniform interface for resource access

• Layered system architecture

 • Code-on-demand (optional, rarely used)

10. How to monitor Air-Pollution?

Air pollution is monitored using air quality sensors that measure pollutants like CO₂, CO, NO₂, PM2.5,
and PM10. These sensors can be fixed in stations or deployed on mobile platforms (like drones or
vehicles). The collected data is transmitted to a monitoring center or cloud, where it’s analyzed,
visualized on dashboards, and used for public warnings or policymaking.

1. Define the Internet of Things.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interconnected physical devices—such as sensors,

appliances, vehicles, and machines—that communicate over the internet to collect, exchange, and
act on data. These devices use embedded technologies to monitor, automate, and control processes,
improving efficiency, convenience, and decision-making across industries like healthcare, agriculture,
smart homes, and transportation.

2. What is the use of communication APIs in IoT?

Communication APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) in IoT enable devices and systems to
communicate with each other, share data, and interact with cloud services or mobile applications.
They provide standard methods for sending, receiving, and processing data between devices and
platforms, supporting protocols like REST, MQTT, and CoAP, which are critical for interoperability and
scalability in IoT networks.

3. What is the difference between Wireless Sensor Network and IoT?

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a group of sensor nodes that wirelessly collect environmental
or physical data and transmit it to a central hub. It focuses mainly on data collection and monitoring.
IoT, on the other hand, is a broader system that includes not only sensing but also data processing,
analytics, decision-making, and actuation, often through internet connectivity, cloud services, and
human interfaces. IoT integrates WSNs but adds more complexity and functionality.

4. Compare the boards Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi with respect to speed, memory, and storage.

• Arduino Uno: 16 MHz clock speed, 2 KB SRAM, 32 KB flash storage, no OS, microcontroller-
based—good for simple hardware control.

• Raspberry Pi: 1–1.5 GHz processor, 512 MB–8 GB RAM, microSD storage, runs Linux OS—
suitable for complex computing tasks like multimedia and networking.

5. How does a soil moisture sensor work? Give two applications of soil moisture sensor.

A soil moisture sensor measures the volumetric water content in soil using probes that detect
changes in electrical resistance or capacitance based on moisture levels.
Applications:
 • Precision agriculture to optimize irrigation.

• Home gardening systems for automated watering.

6. What is Uniform Resource Identifier?

A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a resource on the
internet or a network. It can be a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or Uniform Resource Name
(URN) and is essential in web technologies and IoT for uniquely addressing devices, services, or data.

7. List any four security challenges in IoT.

1. Device authentication and identity management

2. Data confidentiality and privacy

3. Secure communication over networks

4. Firmware and software vulnerability management

8. What are the differences between IoT and M2M communication?

M2M (Machine-to-Machine) refers to direct communication between devices using cellular or wired
networks, usually without cloud involvement or human interaction.
IoT includes M2M but extends it with cloud integration, analytics, user interfaces, and a variety of
communication protocols, making it more flexible, scalable, and intelligent.

9. What is Software Defined Network?

A Software Defined Network (SDN) is a network architecture that separates the control plane
(decision-making) from the data plane (packet forwarding), allowing centralized, programmable
control over network behavior using software controllers. This flexibility is useful for managing
dynamic, complex networks like those in IoT deployments.

10. How is IoT useful in smart cities?

IoT in smart cities improves resource management, reduces costs, and enhances quality of life by
enabling applications like smart traffic management, intelligent lighting, waste management,
environmental monitoring, and public safety systems. It helps cities become more sustainable,
efficient, and citizen-friendly.

1. What is IoT? Write the characteristics of IoT system.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices, sensors, and software that
collect, exchange, and act on data over the internet without human intervention.
Characteristics of IoT systems:

• Connectivity (devices communicate over networks),

 • Scalability (can handle many devices),

• Intelligence (data-driven actions),

• Heterogeneity (different devices and technologies work together),

• Dynamic adaptation (responds to changing conditions),

• Security and privacy (protects data and users).

2. Name the four broad categories of computer network based on reachability and explain them
briefly.

1. LAN (Local Area Network): Covers small areas like homes or offices; offers high speed and
low cost.

2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Connects networks across cities; used by organizations
with multiple branches.

3. WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans large geographic regions; includes the internet; slower
and more expensive.

4. PAN (Personal Area Network): Short-range network around an individual, e.g., Bluetooth
between smartphone and smartwatch.

3. Differentiate between IoT and M2M.

IoT integrates devices, cloud, analytics, and human interfaces to automate and optimize processes
across domains.
M2M (Machine-to-Machine) is a simpler concept focusing on direct device-to-device
communication, typically using cellular or wired networks, without cloud analytics or human
interaction. IoT is more flexible, scalable, and data-centric compared to M2M.

4. With a neat diagram, explain the network communication between two hosts following the OSI
model.

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CopyEdit

Host A → Host B (7-layer OSI model)

Application → Presentation → Session → Transport → Network → Data Link → Physical → Network

→ Transport → Session → Presentation → Application

Explanation: Data moves down from the application layer of Host A to the physical layer, travels
through the network, and then moves up the stack to the application layer of Host B, ensuring
reliable communication.

5. With a neat diagram, explain the interdependency technology for IoT Planes.
mathematica

CopyEdit

Application Plane ↔ Control Plane ↔ Data Plane

Explanation:

• Application Plane: Provides services and user interaction.

• Control Plane: Manages routing, policies, and system configuration.

• Data Plane: Handles data transfer between devices.

6. With a neat diagram, explain the Internet protocol suite.

mathematica

CopyEdit

Application Layer → Transport Layer → Internet Layer → Network Access Layer

Explanation:

• Application: Email, web, FTP

• Transport: TCP, UDP

• Internet: IP, ICMP

• Network Access: Ethernet, WiFi

7. Provide any four features of Python that could be used for implementation of IoT.

1. Easy syntax for fast development.

2. Extensive libraries like RPi.GPIO, smbus, requests.

3. Cross-platform compatibility for running on various IoT devices.

4. Integration with cloud services (AWS, Azure) and machine learning tools.

8. What is the role of controller service in an IoT system?

The controller service manages device coordination, communication, scheduling, and resource
allocation. It ensures devices work together smoothly and perform tasks like turning on sensors,
controlling actuators, or managing updates.

9. What instruction set architecture is used in Raspberry Pi?

Raspberry Pi uses the ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) instruction set architecture, known for low
power consumption, efficiency, and good performance, making it ideal for IoT and embedded
applications.

10. What are the architectural constraints of REST?

• Client-server separation

• Stateless communication

• Cacheable responses

• Uniform interface (standardized interactions)

• Layered system (intermediate layers allowed)

• Optional code-on-demand (e.g., sending scripts to clients)

1. Define Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source microcontroller platform used to build electronic projects and prototypes.
It consists of a physical programmable circuit board (like Arduino Uno) and an IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) to write and upload code. Arduino is popular because it’s easy to use for
beginners and flexible enough for advanced users to control sensors, motors, LEDs, and other
devices.

2. List layers of IoT protocol.

The IoT protocol stack typically has four main layers:

1. Perception layer – Detects and gathers physical data using sensors.

2. Network layer – Transmits data through communication networks (WiFi, ZigBee, etc.).

3. Middleware layer – Processes data, manages services, and stores information.

4. Application layer – Delivers specific services to end users (like smart homes, healthcare
apps).

3. What are the challenges of IoT?

Key IoT challenges include:

• Security and privacy risks from device hacking or data breaches.

• Interoperability between heterogeneous devices and systems.

• Scalability to handle billions of devices.

• Power consumption in battery-powered devices.

• Data management and storage of massive amounts of information.

 • Network connectivity and reliability, especially in remote areas.

4. List available wireless communications boards available in Raspberry Pi.

Raspberry Pi supports several wireless communication boards, including:

• WiFi adapters (many newer models have built-in WiFi)

• Bluetooth modules (built-in on newer boards)

• ZigBee modules using USB dongles or HATs

• LoRa modules for long-range IoT communication

• 4G/5G cellular modems via USB or HAT expansion

5. What is the difference between M2M and IoT?

M2M (Machine-to-Machine) refers to direct communication between machines using wired or

wireless networks, often without human interaction or cloud involvement.
IoT expands on M2M by adding cloud computing, big data analytics, multiple protocols, and human
interfaces, allowing complex, scalable, and intelligent applications across various domains.

6. What is Shodan?

Shodan(Sentient Hyper-Optimized Data Access Network) is a specialized search engine that scans
the internet for connected devices, including IoT devices like webcams, routers, traffic lights, and
industrial controls. It helps researchers, cybersecurity professionals, and even hackers identify
exposed or vulnerable devices, making it a powerful tool for security auditing and risk assessment.

7. What is the connection between IoT and sensors in the commercial enterprise?

In commercial enterprises, IoT sensors are used to monitor operations, gather real-time data, and
optimize processes. For example, temperature sensors in warehouses prevent spoilage, motion
sensors enhance security, and vibration sensors in machinery enable predictive maintenance,
reducing downtime and costs.

8. What is the topmost layer in IoT architecture?

The application layer is the topmost layer in IoT architecture. It delivers user-facing services like
smart home control, healthcare monitoring, smart grid management, and industrial automation,
tailoring IoT solutions to specific domains and needs.

9. What are IoT testing tools?

Popular IoT testing tools include:

 • IoTIFY – Simulates virtual IoT devices for load testing.

• JMeter – Measures performance of IoT systems.

• Postman – Tests IoT REST APIs.

• Wireshark – Analyzes network traffic between IoT devices.

• Thingful – Provides global IoT device search and monitoring.

10. Differentiate between Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

Feature Arduino Raspberry Pi

Type Microcontroller board Single-board computer

Speed ~16 MHz ~1–1.5 GHz (multi-core)

Memory 2 KB RAM, 32 KB flash 512 MB–8 GB RAM, microSD storage

OS support No OS Runs Linux-based OS (e.g., Raspbian)

Use case Simple tasks, hardware control Complex tasks, multimedia, networking