Appendix A: Title Page

Function And Its Application

A Project Work Report

By:
Kritima Sapkota
Stream: Science Section: M12
Roll Number: 15

Submitted to
The Department of Mathematics
Kathmandu Model Secondary School,
Balkumari, Lalitpur
Nepal

A Report on the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

Internal evaluation of
Grade XI
 Appendix B: Declaration

I hereby declare that the report presented in this project report has been done by myself under the
supervision of Mr. G. Pokhrel and has not been submitted elsewhere for any examination.

All sources of the information have been specifically acknowledged by references from authors
or institutions.

Signature:
Kritima Sapkota
Stream: Science
Section: M12
Date: 16-11-2024

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 Appendix C: Subject Teacher’s Recommendation

The project work report entitled “Function and it’s application” submitted by Kritima Sapkota, of
Kathmandu Model Secondary School, Balkumari, Lalitpur, Nepal, is prepared under my
supervision as per the procedure and format requirements laid by the Department of
Mathematics, Kathmandu Model Secondary School, as the partial fulfillment of the requirements
of the internal evaluation of grade XI. I, therefore, recommend the report for evaluation.

Signature:
Mr. G. Pokhrel
Date: 16-11-2024

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 Appendix D: Endorsement

We hereby endorse the project work entitled “Function and Its Applications” submitted by
Kritima Sapkota, of Kathmandu Model Secondary School, Lalitpur, Nepal, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements of the internal evaluation of mathematics of grade XI.

Signature:
Bikram Gautam
Head, Department of Mathematics
Date: 16-11-2024

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 Appendix E: Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. D. Bist, for bringing this topic
to my attention and for his support and guidance during the preparation of this project work. I am
grateful to my respected mathematics teachers who contributed to building a strong foundation
of mathematics. Special thanks go to my classmates Junesh, Kritik, Manish, Pankaj and Prajwal
who helped me while preparing this project report.

Kritima Sapkota

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 Appendix F: Table of Contents

Title Page ...................................................... 1

Declaration .................................................... 2
Subject Teacher’s Recommendation .................... 3
Endorsement ................................................. 4
Acknowledgments ........................................ 5
Table of Contents ........................................... 6

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ...................................................... 7
1.2 Objectives ......................................................... 8
1.3 Limitations ....................................................... 9

CHAPTER II: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

2.1 Preliminaries ...................................................... 10
2.2 Types of Functions ............................................ 11
2.3 Applications of Functions ..................................... 13

CHAPTER III: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

3.1 Findings .............................................................. 15
3.2 Conclusion .......................................................... 15

CHAPTR IV: BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................. 16

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Functions form the backbone of mathematical analysis and are integral in representing the
relationships between quantities in various domains. A function is defined as a correspondence
between two sets, where every input (domain) maps uniquely to an output (range). This mapping
simplifies complex relationships, making it possible to analyze trends, predict behaviors, and
find solutions to intricate problems.
The significance of functions extends beyond pure mathematics. In physics, they describe
motion, energy, and forces; in computer science, they serve as the building blocks for algorithms;
in economics, they model supply-demand curves and market trends. Their ability to abstract real-
world problems into mathematical expressions makes them indispensable tools across
disciplines.

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1.2 Objectives
This project is designed with the following objectives:

1. Understanding Functions: To explore the concept, properties, and different types of

functions.
2. Interdisciplinary Insights: To investigate the role of functions in connecting
mathematical theory to other fields, such as natural sciences and technology.
3. Practical Applications: To study how functions solve real-life problems, such as
predicting economic trends, modeling population growth, or designing engineering
systems.

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1.3 Limitations
The scope of this study is confined to basic types of functions, such as linear, quadratic,
exponential, and trigonometric functions. Advanced topics, including multivariable functions,
functional analysis, or specialized fields like Laplace and Fourier transforms, are beyond its
scope. These limitations aim to maintain focus on foundational concepts and their immediate
applications.

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CHAPTER II: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
2.1 Preliminaries

Definition and Importance

A function is formally defined as a rule or relation f: A→B that assigns each element x∈A to
exactly one element y∈B. This precise mapping ensures consistency in analysis and is
foundational in mathematics and other sciences.

Notation and Representation

Functions are typically expressed as f(x)=y, where x is the independent variable, and y is the
dependent variable. This concise notation allows for systematic exploration of relationships.
Graphical representations further enhance understanding, showcasing patterns and behaviors
visually.

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2.2 Types of Functions

1. Linear Function
 Form: f(x)=mx+c
 Description: Produces a straight-line graph, where mmm represents the slope, and ccc is
the y-
 intercept.
 Applications: Widely used in economics to model cost and revenue relationships and in
physics to describe uniform motion.

2. Quadratic Function
 Form: f(x)=ax2+bx+c
 Description: Results in a parabolic graph, characterized by a vertex and symmetry.
 Applications: Commonly found in physics (e.g., projectile motion), and engineering for
structural analysis.

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3. Exponential Function
 Form: f(x)=ax
 Description: Exhibits rapid growth or decay, depending on the value of a.
 Applications: Models phenomena such as population dynamics, radioactive decay, and
compound interest in finance.
(Alt Text: Exponential growth and decay curves with annotated key points.)

4. Trigonometric Function
 Examples: sin(x), cos(x), tan(x)
 Description: Represent periodic patterns, with applications in wave mechanics, signal
processing, and oscillatory systems.
 Applications: Essential in fields like physics, music acoustics, and electrical engineering.

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2.3 Applications of Functions
1. Physics
Functions help describe motion, such as velocity as a function of time or energy as a function of
1
position. For example, a quadratic function like f(t)= at2+v0t+s0 describes the trajectory of a
2
projectile.

2. Economics
Linear and exponential functions are extensively used to model financial systems. For instance,
demand-supply relationships, break-even analyses, and market forecasts are all driven by these
functions.

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3. Computer Science
In computer science, functions are core to algorithm design. Recursive functions, for example,
play a pivotal role in divide-and-conquer strategies, such as quicksort.

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CHAPTER III: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

3.1 Findings
This study illustrates that functions act as a bridge between abstract mathematical theories and
real-world applications. The versatility of functions is evident in their wide range of use across
physics, economics, computer science, and engineering.

3.2 Conclusion
Functions are not just theoretical constructs but practical tools for solving complex challenges. A
thorough understanding of their properties, types, and applications equips students and
professionals with critical analytical skills. This foundation encourages deeper exploration into
advanced topics, paving the way for innovation and problem-solving in multiple fields.

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Bibliography
1. Durga Jang K.C. and Santosh Ghimire. Basics and Structure of Project Writing in
Mathematics, Journal of Nepal Mathematical Society, Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020), 21-30.
2. Stewart, James. Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Cengage Learning, 2010.
3. Larson, Ron. Precalculus with Limits, McGraw Hill Education, 2014.

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