1

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 590 018, KARNATAKA

A PHYSICS CCA - 2 Report( First Year) on

“Applications Of Optical Fibres In Networking And Imaging”
By
Adarsh USN: 1BY23IS247
Sushant Kowshik Sai USN: 1BY23IS230
Sujith Reddy USN: 1BY23IS221
Shreyas M USN: 1BY23IS205
Vatsal Vaghani USN: 1BY23IS244

Under the guidance of

Dr. Basavaraj R B
Associate Professor
Department of ISE, BMSIT&M.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMNT
YELAHANKA, BENGALURU-560064
2023-2024
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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI – 590 018, KARNATAKA

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

YELAHANKA, BENGALURU-560064

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project work entitled “Applications Of Optical Fibres In Networking
And Imaging” is a Bonafede work carried out by ( Sujith Reddy (1BY23IS221), Shreyas M
(1BY23IS205) , Sushant Kowshik Sai (1BY23IS230), Adarsh (1BY23IS247), Vatsal
Vaghani(1BY23IS244) ) in partial fulfillment of the CCA -2 continuous internal assessment of the
course PHYSICS FOR CSE STREAM (BPHYS202) for the award of Bachelor of Engineering
Degree in Information Science and Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in this report.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Dr. Basavaraj R B Dr. Pushpa S K
Associate Professor Professor and Head
Department of ISE Department of ISE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are happy to present this mini project after completing it successfully. This mini
project would not have been possible without the guidance, assistance and suggestions of many
individuals. We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to each and
every one who has helped us make this mini project a success.

We heartly thank our Head of Department, Dr. Pushpa S K, Dept. of Information

Science and Engineering, B M S Institute of Technology& Management for her constant
encouragement and inspiration in taking up this mini project.

We gracefully thank our Project guide, Dr. Basavaraj R B, Associate Professor, Dept.
of Information Science and Engineering, for his encouragement and advice throughout the
course of the mini project work.

Special thanks to all the staff members of Information Science Department for their help and
kind co-operation.

We also thank our parents and friends for their unconditional love and encouragement and
support given to us in order to finish this precious work.

Last but not the least we would like to thank God for giving us the strength and motivation
through the course of this Project.

By,

Sujith Reddy P

Shreyas

Adarsh

Sushant Kowshik Sai

Vatsal Vaghhani
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ABSTRACT

A crucial component of the global broadband networks’ telecommunications backbone is fibre

optic systems. In today’s applications, a wide bandwidth signal transfer with less delay is essential.
Optical fibres are presently the transmission medium of choice for long distance and high data rate
transmission in telecommunication networks because they offer massive and unparalleled
transmission bandwidth with little delay.A crucial component of the global broadband networks’
telecommunications backbone is fibre optic systems. In today’s applications, a wide bandwidth
signal transfer with less delay is essential. Optical fibres are presently the transmission medium of
choice for long distance and high data rate transmission in telecommunication networks because
they offer massive and unparalleled transmission bandwidth with little delay.

Keywords: Optical Fiber, Communication Techniques, Optical Devices, Principle.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Content Page

No. No.
1 Acknowledgement 3
2 Abstract 4
3 Introduction 6
4 Details Of Project 7
5 Conclusion 15
6 List of Reference 16

INTRODUCTION
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Optical fibre communication systems are a crucial part of the global broadband network
architecture, offering massive bandwidth with minimal latency. They are the preferred method for
long-distance transmission and are widely accepted due to their ability to handle restricted media
transmission. As the foundation of telecommunications infrastructure, fibre optics are ideal for
gigabit transmission. With the increasing global demand for high data rates, researchers are
exploring ways to provide gigabit capacity. There are various types of optical communication
networks, including the latest code division multiple access networks. Optical communication has
replaced other forms due to the surge in data services. Optical fibre communication technology,
with its low loss, high capacity, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and security, offers
significant advantages over conventional cable transmission. It uses two types of optical
modulation: direct and indirect. The technology’s wider frequency band and larger load range allow
it to carry more information capacity in a given time. Single wavelength optical fibre
communication technology enhances the effect of dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) and improves information transmission quality. The success of optical communications
technology is largely attributed to the use of low-loss optical transmission fibres. Passive optical
networks, which use passive optical splitters made with single-mode fibres (SMFs), have been
proposed for the planned fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network.

EVOLUTION OF FIBER OPTICS

The development of fiber-optic communication systems began around 1975, with the first
generation using GaAs semiconductor lasers operating in the 0.8 m range. These were
commercially available by 1980 after field tests from 1977 to 1979. They had a repeater spacing of
up to 10 km and operated at a bit rate of 45 Mb/s, which significantly reduced installation and
maintenance costs compared to coaxial systems. The second generation of these systems emerged
in the early 1980s. However, due to dispersion in multimode fibers, their bit rates were limited to
less than 100 Mb/s. This limitation was overcome with the introduction of single-mode fibers.

HISTORY OF OPTICAL FIBER DEVELOPMENT

The first laser, demonstrated in 1960, was initially seen as a solution without a problem. However,
it became key in addressing the growing demand for bandwidth in communications due to
increased telephone use, TV signal relaying, and other data transmissions. Before the 1960s, data
communications used coaxial cables, transmission lines, and radio frequency wireless, all of which
had limitations. Systems using metal wires experienced increased signal losses with data rate,
requiring many repeaters for long lines.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION

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Fibre optic communication transmits data as light pulses through a fibre optic cable. This data,
primarily digital information, is generated by computer systems, cable TV, and phone systems. An
optical fibre, typically made of silicon dioxide, guides light pulses using total internal reflection.
The system comprises an optical transmitter to convert electrical to optical signals, a cable with
fibre bundles, optical amplifiers for signal power, and an optical receiver to revert the optical signal
back to electrical.

Optical fibres are divided into step index and graded index types. Step index fibres include single
mode fibres with a core diameter less than 10 micrometres, allowing one light channel, and
multimode fibres with a core diameter of 50 micrometres or more, permitting multiple light
channels causing modal dispersion. Graded index fibres have a core refractive index that decreases
from the centre, slowing some light rays, enabling simultaneous arrival at the receiver, and
reducing dispersion.
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OPTICAL DEVICES
Planar Lightwave Circuits (PLCs) or Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs), sometimes known as
integrated optics, are advancing in the realm of optical communication devices. Integration has
emerged as a key tool in the fight to lower optical device production costs, improve the
functionality of telecommunications networks, and, ultimately, reduce the environmental impact of
the amount of carbon emissions brought on by the use of electricity. The advancement of optical
circuits predicts that the current hybrid systems will be replaced by less expensive monolithic ones.
The present hybrid integrated circuit technology mixes multiple discrete or integrated circuits that,
when coupled together, carry out certain optical and electrical activities. The passive and active
circuit elements of future monolithic integrated circuits will be combined into a single optical chip.
Integrating laser light sources, transmitters, modulators, and signal processing components (and
vice versa, detectors, demodulators, and receivers) on a single semiconductor substrate is the goal
of contemporary research. Optical receivers will continue to receive extra attention since they
require cautious handling because their signals are the weakest across the entire
telecommunications link.

Communication Techniques
Thus, increasing the transmission capacity of optical networks while also extending their range is
the goal of continuing to develop optical communications. Coherent optical systems are used today,
which is both fascinating and significant. This concept first surfaced in the early 1980s, however it
later "disappeared" as a result of the development of optical amplifiers.
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): ASK modulates the amplitude of the optical signal to
represent digital data. It is a simple and straightforward technique but is sensitive to noise and
signal distortions.
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): FSK modulates the frequency of the optical signal to encode
data. It uses different frequencies to represent different binary states. FSK is less susceptible to
noise than ASK.
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK): PSK modulates the phase of the optical signal to convey
information. It provides higher spectral efficiency compared to ASK and FSK but is more
susceptible to phase distortions.
4. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): QAM combines amplitude and phase modulation
to transmit multiple bits per symbol. It provides high data rates and spectral efficiency by mapping
multiple bits to a single symbol.
5. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): OFDM divides the available
bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers and modulates each subcarrier independently using
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techniques like PSK or QAM. It enables efficient utilization of the spectrum and can mitigate the
effects of dispersion and other impairments.
6. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): WDM enables the transmission of multiple optical
signals simultaneously by assigning each signal to a different wavelength. It allows for increased
data capacity in optical fibers.
7. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): TDM divides the time into discrete slots, and each slot is
assigned to a different signal. It allows multiple signals to share the same fiber by transmitting them
in different time slots.
8. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA uses unique codes to distinguish between
different users sharing the same frequency band. It provides multiple access capabilities in optical
communication networks.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY
Anti-em interference capability
Quartz is frequently utilised as the primary component of the insulating material for optical fibres
because it has strong insulation properties and can effectively shield the fibre. As a result, optical
fibre network connection has better antielectromagnetic interference capabilities than standard
cable communication when it comes to information transmission. The quality and speed of
information transfer are fully assured, especially in severe weather conditions and hostile
environments. The optical fibre communication technology is also given improved accuracy as a
result of the strong sensitivity of this insulating material to the unique acoustic signal[16].
Wide frequency band and large communication capacity
Invisible light with wavelengths of 850 nm and 1310 nm and a very high frequency is used in
optical fibre transmission. As a result, compared to typical copper wire, the communication
capacity is quite huge, and the information transmission rate is also greatly increased.
Low loss and cost savings
Currently, silicon dioxide is a common raw material for fibre in communication systems, and
increasing the quality of glass fibre can significantly minimise fibre loss. The distance between
relay stations can be increased due to the decline in optical fibre loss, which can significantly lower
production costs and raise the calibre of information and communication services.
Good confidentiality
Since optical waves are primarily used in optical fibre communication to transmit signals, optical
signal structures that are limited to optical wave guidance are completely confined to propagating
in the fibre core, while other leaked light is absorbed by the cladding outside the fibre line, which
will not produce electromagnetic radiation, in order to achieve the goal of preventing crosstalk and
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leakage[17].The spectrum of general electromagnetic radiation is very different from the spectrum
of visible light, and it is challenging to reach the fibre core and interfere with the transmission of
light data. As a result, common cable communication cannot compete with the confidentiality
offered by optical fibre communication technology.
Rich Raw Material Resources
All kinds of electronic communication, whether wired or wireless, require a significant number of
nonferrous metals, yet the glass silica used to make optical fibres is abundant on the planet and
challenging to obtain materials for.
Light Weight and Small Size
The fibre only has a diameter of 50 micron, which is hardly larger than a human hair [18]. As a
result, it is particularly practical for both packaging and transportation and can be finished when set
alone. Lightweight, compact, free of bending, durable cable may be used on the plastic sheath
surface, communication lines can be put on different types of terrain, and installation is very
simple.

Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication

1. Huge potential bandwidth: Compared to the optical carrier frequency, metallic cables offer a
smaller potential BW for transmission.
2. One of the features of optical fibre is its tiny diameter and light weight.
3. Electrical isolation: Glass or a plastic polymer are used to make optical fibres. Contrary to their
metallic equivalent, these are electrical insulators and do not have earth loop or interface issues.
4. The security of signal: The high degree of protection of the signals is achieved because the
optical fiber's light does not radiate significantly.

Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Communication

1. The exorbitant expense of installation.
2. Despite the low cost of fibre optics, the interfaces and connectors are rather expensive.
3. High-tech and specialised tools are used in the fibre optic repair and maintenance process. [19].

Applications of Optical Fiber Communication Technology

Application of Optical Fiber Communication Technology in Military Field

The military and economic development of modern China cannot be supported by traditional
military communication network technologies. Military communication can be improved
substantially by using optical fibre communication engineering technology, which can adapt to the
complicated environmental conditions of various societal problems[20].
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Application of Optical Fiber Communication Technology in Railway Communication
In addition to ensuring the consistency of information transfer, optical fibre communication
technology can also increase its speed. Although optical fibre communication technology has just
recently been used in railway transmission in China, it has many practical applications. Technology
like wavelength division multiplexing, for instance, is frequently employed. To assure signal
continuity, the railway department mostly uses it in low-level loss areas. Passengers can more fully
enjoy online life since wavelength division multiplexing can expand communication channels.

Application of Optical Fiber Communication Technology in Power Communication

With the continued use of this technology in power communication, power communication can
continue to advance in the direction of networks as the competition in the power enterprise industry
has grown more aware of the crucial role that optical fibre communication information technology
can play in power system communication [22].A lot of departments besides substations and the
national grid employs optical fibre. Make sure the power supply arrives on time. Additionally, the
use of optical fibre technology lessens the impact of outside factors on power communication and
helps to lower the frequency of power accidents.

Application of Optical Fiber Communication Technology in Radio and Television

The television industry has heavily marketed optical fibre communication technologies, particularly
in network television.On the one hand, radio and television use optical fibre communication
technology as a carrier, which serves as a dependable platform for network transmission to assure
the timely delivery of broadcast content. By effectively processing radio and television audio,
video, and other information during the broadcast information processing, it is possible to deliver
high-quality picture and sound for the public while also raising the bar for radio and television
services.

Future Trends in Optical Fiber Communication

1. "Advancing Optical Fiber Communication: Exploring the Potential of Next-Generation Fiber
Technologies".
2. "From Terabits to Petabits: Scaling Up Data Rates in Future Optical Fiber Communication
Systems".
3. "Optical Fiber Communication in the Era of 6G: Enabling Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Reliable Wireless
Networks".
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4. "Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Optical Fiber Communication Networks".
5. "Breaking the Transmission Barrier: Overcoming Nonlinear Effects in High-Speed Optical Fiber
Communication".
6. "Green Optical Fiber Communication: Towards Energy-Efficient and Environmentally
Sustainable Networks".
7. "Quantum Communications over Optical Fiber: Unlocking Unprecedented Security and
Capacity".
8. "Flexible and Reconfigurable Optical Fiber Communication: Adapting to Dynamic Network
Demands".
9. "Beyond Traditional Data Transmission: Exploring Optical Fiber Communication for Sensing
and Imaging Applications".
10. "Integrating Photonics and Electronics: Bridging the Gap for Future Optical Fiber
Communication Systems".

Illuminating the Invisible: Optical Fibers in Medical Imaging:

Optical fibers, those thin strands of glass or plastic, have revolutionized the field of medical
imaging. Their unique ability to transmit light efficiently over long distances makes them ideal for
a wide range of applications, offering minimally invasive procedures, improved image quality, and
enhanced diagnostic capabilities.

Advantages of Optical Fibers in Medical Imaging:

Minimally Invasive: Since optical fibers are thin and flexible, they can be inserted into the body
through narrow openings, reducing the need for large incisions and minimizing patient discomfort
and recovery time. This is particularly beneficial for procedures like arthroscopy (joint
examination) and bronchoscopy (airway examination).
Deep Tissue Imaging: Optical fibers can deliver light deep into tissues, allowing for visualization
of internal structures that might not be easily accessible with traditional imaging techniques. This is
crucial for examining organs, blood vessels, and tumors located deep within the body.
Image Clarity and Contrast: Optical fibers can transmit light with minimal distortion, leading to
clearer images with improved contrast. This allows for better visualization of subtle details and
differentiation between healthy and diseased tissues.
Remote Diagnostics: Optical fibers can be used to transmit captured images from the body to
remote locations for real-time consultation with specialists. This facilitates faster diagnosis and
treatment decisions, especially in critical situations.
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Applications of Optical Fibers in Medical Imaging:
Endoscopy: Endoscopes are thin, flexible tubes equipped with tiny cameras and light sources
delivered through optical fibers. They enable visualization of internal organs and structures like the
gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and urinary system.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): OCT uses light waves to generate high-resolution
cross-sectional images of tissues. Optical fibers play a crucial role in delivering and collecting light
for detailed examination of the eye, skin, and other organs.
Fluorescence Imaging: Optical fibers can be used to deliver excitation light and collect
fluorescent signals emitted by specific molecules within tissues. This helps identify tumors and
other abnormalities marked with fluorescent dyes, aiding in diagnosis and targeted therapy.
Laser Surgery: Optical fibers can be used to deliver high-powered laser beams for precise tissue
ablation and minimally invasive surgeries. This is beneficial in procedures like laser eye surgery,
tumor removal, and treatment of vascular diseases.

Beyond Medical Imaging:

The applications of optical fibers extend beyond the realm of medical imaging. Here are some
additional areas where they play a vital role:
Machine Vision: In industrial settings, optical fibers are used in machine vision systems for tasks
like product inspection, defect detection, and automated assembly lines. They provide precise and
controlled illumination for high-resolution image capture.
Remote Sensing: Optical fibers play a crucial role in remote sensing applications like satellite
imagery and underwater exploration. They transmit data from sensors on remote platforms back to
base stations for analysis, providing valuable information about Earth's environment and resources.
Security and Surveillance: Optical fibers can be used in endoscopes for remote visual inspection
of pipelines, buildings, and other infrastructure for security purposes.

Future Directions:
Research in optical fiber technology for imaging continues to evolve. Here are some exciting
possibilities on the horizon:

Multimodal Imaging:
Combining optical fibers with other imaging modalities like ultrasound or X-ray can create more
comprehensive diagnostic tools providing a broader picture of internal structures and functions
[13].
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Miniaturization of Imaging Probes: Thinner and more flexible fibers will enable
further miniaturization of imaging probes, allowing for exploration of even smaller cavities and
more delicate procedures [14].

Advanced Sensors and Imaging Techniques: Integrating new sensors and

advanced imaging techniques with optical fibers holds promise for real-time monitoring of
physiological parameters and early disease detection [15].

Illuminating the Path: Optical Fibers in Machine Vision: Machine vision

systems rely heavily on capturing clear and accurate images for tasks like product inspection, defect
detection, and automated processes. Here's where optical fibers come into play, offering distinct
advantages over traditional lighting methods:

Benefits of Optical Fibers in Machine Vision:

Efficient Light Delivery: Optical fibers efficiently transmit light from a source to the target area,
minimizing light loss compared to free-space illumination. This ensures consistent and focused
lighting for high-quality image capture.
Flexible Illumination: Unlike bulky lamps, thin and flexible optical fibers can be positioned
precisely and maneuvered around objects for targeted illumination of specific areas of interest. This
is crucial for inspecting complex parts or reaching tight spaces.
Heat Reduction: Since the light source is remote from the target area, optical fibers generate
minimal heat compared to incandescent bulbs or LEDs positioned close to the object. This is
important for heat-sensitive materials or situations where heat build-up can affect the inspection
process.
Uniform Illumination: Optical fibers can be designed to deliver uniform light distribution across
the target area. This minimizes shadows and inconsistencies in the captured image, leading to better
image analysis and more accurate defect detection.
Remote Light Source Placement: Sensitive cameras used in machine vision can be susceptible to
heat or electromagnetic interference from traditional lighting sources. Optical fibers allow for
remote placement of the light source, mitigating these concerns and ensuring optimal camera
performance.
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Applications of Optical Fibers in Machine Vision:
Backlighting: Optical fibers are commonly used for backlighting applications, where light shines
through a translucent object to reveal internal features or defects. This is essential for inspecting
bottles, food items, or electronic components.
Ring Illumination: Fiber optic ring lights provide uniform, 360-degree illumination around an
object. This is ideal for inspecting cylindrical objects like pipes, cables, or automotive parts for
surface defects or dimensional inconsistencies.
Line Scan Cameras: In high-speed inspection applications using line scan cameras, optical fibers
deliver focused lines of light across the moving object. This ensures clear and consistent image
capture for real-time defect detection.
Structured Illumination: Optical fibers can be used to create structured lighting patterns on the
target object. This technique can be used to highlight specific features or textures for more detailed
image analysis and defect identification.

Choosing the Right Optical Fiber:

When selecting optical fibers for machine vision, several factors need consideration:
Core diameter: This determines the amount of light transmitted and the level of collimation.
Thinner fibers offer more focused light but transmit less overall.
Numerical Aperture (NA): NA defines the light acceptance angle of the fiber. A higher NA
allows for more light collection but might result in a wider light cone.
Cladding material: Different cladding materials offer varying properties like flexibility, heat
resistance, and biocompatibility depending on the application.

CONCLUSION
Fibre optics, a key component of telecommunications infrastructure, is ideal for gigabit and beyond
transmission due to its high bandwidth and low attenuation. It has revolutionized data transmission,
enabling high-speed, reliable, long-distance communication. Optical fibre technology is poised to
meet the increasing demand for faster, more reliable data transmission in telecommunications, data
centers, IoT, and smart cities. It’s integral to modern machine vision systems, enhancing image
quality and accuracy. As this technology evolves, it will drive automation and efficiency across
industries. In medical imaging, optical fibres provide significant benefits, promising advancements
in minimally invasive procedures and improved diagnostic accuracy.
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