Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 6896–6901

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Additive Manufacturing-A Review

Gulnaaz Rasiya ⇑, Abhinav Shukla, Karan Saran
Department of Mechanical Engineering,College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In recent years, Additive Manufacturing has gained significant attention from researchers all over the
Received 4 July 2020 world. The need for light weight and high strength materials in Aerospace and Automobile sectors has
Received in revised form 6 May 2021 always encouraged manufacturing engineers and scientists to look for ways other than the traditional
Accepted 7 May 2021
methods of manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is layer by layer deposition of material. It helps in uti-
Available online 22 May 2021
lizing the material efficiently and reduces wastage or buy-to-fly ratio. Furthermore, large, complex and
intricate geometries can be produced and is applicable to wide areas. It also reduces the processing
Keywords:
and fabrication time. Improvement in set up, automation and minimization of defects are the areas which
Additive manufacturing
Stereolithography
still need a lot of research to be done. This paper explains the different techniques of Additive
Rapid prototyping Manufacturing along with materials and applications.
WAAM Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
STL Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advances in Design, Materials and Manufacturing.

1. Introduction erties. The defects like porosity, cracks, delamination, thermal

stresses etc. are seen and the ways to reduce them or completely
Additive Manufacturing is a method in which manufacturing of eliminate them is the area of prime interest for researchers. Exper-
components is done through layer by layer deposition of material iments are also conducted on various base materials, polymer coat-
on a base or substrate or without it. A CAD design is prepared ings, binding materials, etc. Increasing the dimensional accuracy
and the information for each layer is stored in STL files, also called and eliminating the need of machining of the fabricated parts is
stereolithography. The setup involves a PC which controls every- also an important focal point of ongoing research works in the
thing, robotic arms, CNC, nozzle, shielding environment and sys- world. Researchers are exploring the ways to eliminate the defects
tems for scanning and recording. ANN and some more or weaknesses in case of the materials which produce defective
sophisticated software and systems have been developed. As com- models. [1,2,3], Fig. 1.
pared to the traditional machining processes Additive Manufactur-
ing leads to higher material utilisation, reduced buy to fly ratio, 2. Rapid prototyping
reduced processing and finishing costs, reduced time, improve-
ment in mechanical properties etc. These factors are the market The idea was developed to help scientists, doctors, students,
drivers and gaining huge attention of researchers worldwide. In professors, artists etc. so that they can build small models and pro-
some cases, these methods are so accurate in producing complex totypes for their studies. Doctors could easily build models of dam-
and intricate geometries that no finishing processes are required. aged bones and organs and could carry out various tests and see
The target areas are Aerospace and Automotive sectors where com- the effects .This helped a lot in medical research. Architects and
ponents with lighter weight and high strength are desired. Addi- artists could make models out of their imagination for various pro-
tive Manufacturing methods have helped significantly in jects and used it to convince the customers and carried out market
reducing the weight of the components. Various technologies have studies. With the advancements in material science and manufac-
evolved since 1980 s for the effective and efficient deposition of turing technologies, the application of rapid prototyping expanded.
materials which are explained in this paper. The manufactured Now it is not only used for models and prototypes but also used for
components are then analysed for strength and mechanical prop- producing big components with complex geometry. It combines
CAD, CAM and CNC.3D Printing, Fused Deposition Modelling, Pro-
⇑ Corresponding author. metal, Direct Metal Laser Sintering, EBM, LOM and Polyjet have
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Rasiya). come into picture. These different methods are classified on the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.181
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials and Manufacturing.

buy to fly ratio:-the ratio of the weight of the raw material used to make a part to the weight of the final part
G. Rasiya, A. Shukla and K. Saran Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 6896–6901

Fig. 1. Classification of Additive Manufacturing Processes, Reference-57

basis of solid based, liquid based and powder based. The range of rial, high photosensitivity, oxygen inhibition, low critical energy,
materials on which these methods are applicable has to be mechanically controllable properties and relative insensitivity to
increased. [4] changes in temperature and humidity changes. The extent of their
use in applications has been limited by their poor dimensional sta-
bility and by their high volume shrinkage. A major concern is the
3. Stereolithography
distortion induced by shrinkage during post-curing .Newer
photo-polymerizable epoxies offer better properties. Thus, in con-
SL is a kind of layer manufacturing which is very similar to gel
trast to acrylates resins, they have exceptionally low volume
casting and include the photo polymerization of suspensions of
shrinkage and good dimensional stability. [31,34–36]
ceramic powders in monomer solutions as the fundamental step
Nowadays, SL is becoming popular among manufacturers. There
for forming techniques where a liquid suspension is solidified with
are few limitations such as high level of hardness and high
UV light. The photo polymerization mainly depends on the proper-
mechanical resistance are difficult to achieve when using pho-
ties of the monomer and the photo initiator as well as the transport
topolymer. Moreover, there are always few issues especially in tes-
of the photons in the suspension. The transport of photons in sus-
sellation, slicing, over curing and in fabrication like control errors
pensions involves diffusion from the particle and absorption by
and finishing errors .In addition, due to the lack of bio inks, pho-
photo initiators and inert dyes. [29]
topolymer has limited applications, as most of the photopolymers
The part is built on a platform, dipped in a liquid plastic mono-
are proprietary and can’t be easily exchanged between the printers.
mer. Solidification happens by photo polymerization resulting
Efforts are being made to expand this system using other materials
from the impact of light on the upper surface of the liquid. Once
like ceramics and metals. [30,31,34,36]
a layer solidifies, a new thin layer of liquid monomer is deposited
on it. The whole cycle is repeated until the part is totally con-
structed. [30] 4. Powder based processes
Three-dimensional objects are made from many thin layers,
with each layer having the pattern defined by a CAD design, with 4.1. Selective laser sintering
the exposure of each layer accomplished with a scanning laser
for stereolithography or mask less pattern. Information for manu- It is a three dimensional printing process in which a carbon
facturing is taken from CAD or other designing software which is dioxide laser beam is used to fuse powder. There is a piston con-
further sliced into layer by layer step by STL (Standard Tessellation trolled bed in which the particles of the powder lie freely in a
Language). In STL, an object is first designed by a geometric mod- chamber. The chamber is heated up to a temperature which is
eller such as solid modeller. The algorithm creates a simple presen- equal to the melting point of the powder with the carbon dioxide
tation where the surface of the solid is covered with triangles. Each beam. This melting is done layer by layer such that the information
triangle is described by an outward normal and the coordinates of for each layer is obtained from the CAD design. Each time the
three ordered points. Such triangular meshes stored in STL format desired thickness is produced the piston lowers down by the same
are used as definitions of geometry of real solids for several rapid amount. This continues until the whole component is formed. An
manufacturing processes. After completion of the ‘‘build”, the inert gas atmosphere is required to prevent oxidation. A great vari-
photo polymerized object is separated from the uncured liquid to ety of materials could be used like plastics, metals, polymers,
yield a ceramic green body and further processed for final object. ceramics and their combinations. [7]The range of materials (pow-
[30–33] ders) that can be laser sintered without sacrificial binder is quite
The advantages of stereolithography are its flexibility in pro- large as compared to other rapid prototyping processes. Below is
ducing parts with different geometries and dimensions, its preci- some detailed explanation of SLS process with various materials.
sion and its speed. Amorphous Polymer Powders like Polycarbonates: They can
Mostly used materials are conventional epoxy resins, acrylates only be used for the applications where part strength and durabil-
resins or thermoplastics elastomers. The original monomers were ity are not the essentially required features. But they offer excel-
combinations of multifunctional acrylates which formed cross lent dimensional accuracy, surface finish and features resolution.
linked resins. This composition has several useful properties such Semi-Crystalline Polymers like Nylons Polyamide (PA): They
as low viscosity which supports even distribution of liquid mate- can be used for manufacturing functional prototypes where high
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G. Rasiya, A. Shukla and K. Saran Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 6896–6901

mechanical strength is required, approximately equating the parts SLS of Ceramics: So far there have been attempts to use ceram-
made through injection moulding process. However, the older ics directly for sintering process without binding materials. But as
grades of nylon polymers have percentage shrinkage of 3–4% in per a general observation, the resultant parts were very fragile in
SLS process. This makes the manufacturing of accurate parts diffi- nature and viable to breakage. Thanks to the short reaction time
cult. However, the newer grades of nylon like Dura form PA12, in laser sintering, solid state sintering without a binder isn’t
even offer an accuracy and resolution of poly carbonate polymers. feasible.
SLS of Reinforced and Filled Polymers: Poly amide polymer SiC has been successfully used as material for SLS. The heat of
powders, reinforced with various grades of glass powder improve laser broke the compound into Si and C elements. Due to high tem-
their thermal and mechanical properties. For example, PA coated perature, Si was oxidized to SiO2 which acted as binder for the pro-
copper powder (Cu-PA) used for the production of plastic-metal cess. After sintering, the parts were infiltrated with pure Si and
composite injection tools. It contains 70wt per cent Cu (rest is reaction bonded to full density. Similar process was successfully
PA).As compared to plain PA parts ,Cu-PA SLS parts are 3.5 times conducted for Zirconium Silicates.
heavier (density of 3.45 g/cm3), four times more thermally conduc- SLS for Foundry Sand: There are two major companies which
tive (1.28 W/m 8C) and exhibit a similar tensile strength (34 MPa), supply sand for SLS process, DTM and EOH. Both Si and Zr based
but a higher tensile modulus (3.4GPa). sands are provided by DTM for instance, of desired grain fineness
Basically reinforced polymers in SLS are used to create inserts number and dimensional tolerance. Si based sand is primarily used
for injection moulds. They can be used directly after laser sintering for Al castings and Zr based sands are used for both Al and Fe cast-
without removing the Polyamide. ings. [21]
SLS of Metals, Hard Metals and Cermets: SLS is one of the few
Additive Manufacturing processes which can be used for direct 4.2. Electron beam melting
manufacturing of parts without using any polymer binder. Other
such processes include 3D laser cladding processes (ex. SDM, It is similar to direct metal laser sintering except that the laser
LENS), CMB and lamination of metal sheets by laser cutting and beam used here is of electrons. An electron laser beam is used for
stacking of sheet material (for example-LLCC, metal sheet lamina- melting powder in a high vacuum chamber. The voltage require-
tion, CAM-LAM process). These processes have serious limitations ment varies from 30 to 60 KV .It can process a high variety of pre-
in terms of complexity and accuracy of shapes and dimensions. alloyed metals.[8] This process basically uses various types of
Thus they are usually combined with milling process. Unlike them, electron guns like thermionic electron beam gun, plasma electron
SLS offers high degree of accuracy, resolution and detailing in beam gun ,etc. Thermionic electron beam gun uses the phe-
terms of shape and design and the extent of complexity of it. But nomenon of thermionic emissions, i.e. the phenomenon due to
yes, like the other processes, SLS also allows manufacturing of which the filaments made of certain materials, on being heated
metallic parts using some kind of sacrificial polymer binder. For in vacuum conditions, starts emission of electrons. While in elec-
example, in the process developed by DTM Corporation (Austin, tron plasma beam gun, the electrons are generated in gas plasma
USA), stainless steel powder coated with Thermoplastic or Ther- and are extracted from plasma boundary. Plasma based source is
moset plastic polymers are used. This polymer acts like binder more reliable as compared to the thermionic emission based guns
for steel. Once the process is complete, de-binding process is con- because of absence of a hot filament.
ducted and then the porous steel part is infiltrated with copper or Electron Beam Melting is an emerging process in the field of
bronze. The resulting material properties are quite close to plain Additive Manufacturing. Its scope with respect to various materials
steel material parts. has been explored, Titanium being the most explored one. Most of
While in a similar SLS process using SiC-Mg cermets, the mate- the research has been focused mainly on material characterization
rial becomes fragile after de-binding process. To strengthen the SiC and process modelling with simulation to explore the process
perform, a separate firing step at 1100 °C is used and then it’s infil- capabilities, mechanical properties and microstructure evolution
trated (unpressurised) with Mg based (AZ91D) die casting alloy. during the process. The most highlighted problem in this process
Techniques to avoid use of polymer binder have also been like many other heat based process is the residual stress in the
developed. Metal powders with a low melting point like bronze- manufactured part.
nickel based powders are directly sintered. After SLS, the part is Although this process has been in existence since 1950 s, it’s not
infiltrated with epoxy resin so that the final part is a bronze- so much in use as compared to laser based processes and is still
epoxy composite whose mechanical and thermal properties are under exploration and adaption. [23]
better. It can’t be infiltrated with Cu, because then the existing part
already containing the metal will melt too. There’s been develop- 4.3. Engineered net shaping laser
ment of liquid phase sintering in which there is a direct sintering
of a mixture of two metal powders. One has high melting point. There is a substrate/base on which molten metal powder is
It’s called structural material. Other had low melting point. It’s injected and deposited layer by layer. The deposited layer solidifies
called binder. In case of cermets and hard metals, high melting after some time. For melting the powder, a high powered laser
powder is a ceramic. Studies have also been conducted to sinter beam (500–2000 W Nd: YAG laser or fiber laser) is used. This melts
the base metal powder with copper powder, later acting as binding the injected metal powder on a metal substrate and creates a pool
material. Liquid phase sintering gives very good mechanical prop- of molten metal. A gas stream of argon gas is used to deliver the
erties to the manufactured part and also the binding process in this metal powder in the molten pool. The process occurs in a closed
is quite fast. chamber with an argon atmosphere. Generation of residual stres-
A wide variety of powder combinations have been investigated ses due to uneven heating and cooling is a major drawback of this
in Leuven using LPS mechanism, including: Fe-Cu, Cu-coated Fe, process [9].This process shows a high rate of cooling. A small heat
Fe3C-Fe, stainless steel-Cu, WC-Co, co-coated WC, WC-Cu, WC- affected zone of this process produces refined microstructures.
CuFeCo, TiC-Ni/Co/Mo, TiB2-Ni, ZrB2-Cu, etc. This process has the ability to fabricate fully dense net shaped
Although the process of SLS for metals, gives parts of great ten- metal components with good metallurgical properties, equivalent
sile strength, it’s still lower than the bulk of pure metal due to pres- or superior to forged parts. Unlike the processes like SL or SLS,
ence of remaining porosity (Abe et al., 2000). the parts fabricated through this process don’t require a secondary
firing process. The yield strength of LENS deposited 316 stainless
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G. Rasiya, A. Shukla and K. Saran Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 6896–6901

steel is almost twice of that of conventionally processed 316 Stain- or fabrication was fully demonstrated, there was a problem of fiber
less Steel. Today’s LENS facilities can be operated with metal alloys damage at interface which couldn’t be solved.).
including nickel-based super alloys, copper alloys, titanium alloys While using polymer matrix composites, the manufactured
and some functional composites with improved properties and parts experienced shrinkage, warping, delamination during the
studies on its application to hard materials such as Tungsten Car- post processing. During working with metallic materials, the major
bide Cobalt (WC-Co), cermets are also conducted.[27] challenge faced is that the huge thermal energy induced by laser
cutting, reduces the efficiency of bonding between the layers. This
issue was solved by using bridged LOM process. There have been
4.4. 3D printing
investigations in lamination of steels as raw materials.
Research has also been conducted to produce injection mould-
It is a three dimensional printing process in which the particles
ing tools on LOM process using aluminium alloy sheets as raw
of a starch based powder lie in a powder bed .These particles are
materials. The main problem of this lamination process is that
glued together when a jet of water based liquid binder is supplied
the system is limited to work at low temperature and pressure
onto it. The printing is done as per the data from the CAD drawing.
levels. Therefore a significant investigation is needed for high pres-
A large variety of polymers can be used in this process.Z402 by Z
sure and thermal distribution throughout the lamination pro-
Corporation is one of the inexpensive systems for building
cesses. [22]
concept-verification models. It is also one of the fastest modeller
with speed 5 to 10 times faster than other current Rapid Prototyp-
ing (RP) systems. The Z402 uses COM port or PC workstation for 6. Liquid based
operation and commands, although it also have an on board com-
puter system for diagnostics in necessity. Z402 system have several 6.1. Fused deposition modelling
important components for different purposes like build and feed
piston for supplying materials, printer gantry for providing XY The feeding material is a thin filament of plastic which is mol-
motion for building parts, powder overflow system for collection ten by a print head. There is substrate on which layer by layer
of excess powder and binder feed for binder systems. The disad- deposition of material is done. There are two nozzles, one provid-
vantage includes rough surfaces hence need for finishing process, ing the build material and the other providing a support material.
ink cartridges must be replaced after every 100 h hence making After the layers solidify the support material may or may not be
it little expensive and finally these models are not fabricated to removed. Experiments have also been conducted to optimize the
high dimensional tolerance, which may cause trouble while build- build time and the model material volume and make the manufac-
ing complex prototypes. [15,2] turing through FDM a cheaper one. Findings of one such experi-
ment tell us that with a contour width of 0.654 mm, air gap of
0.0254 mm, raster angle of 0° and orientation of 0°, the minimum
4.5. Pro metal output responses, build time and model material volume were
found out to be 1.6632 h and 7.1694 cubic centimetres, respec-
It is used for building injection tools and dies. There are two pis- tively[25]. Further analysis of this process using Grey Relational
tons, one is the build piston which lowers the powder bed when a Analysis tells us that the most important parameters that affect
layer of desired thickness is produced and the one is the feed pis- surface roughness, part build time and flatness of the part are layer
ton that supplies the material for each layer. The liquid binder is thickness, printing speed and raster width, in decreasing order of
spurt out in jets to steel powder. The residual powder is removed percentage contribution. [26]
after finishing process .Post processing involving sintering, infiltra-
tion and finishing is done as per different requirements. [6] Besides
6.2. Polyjet
injection tools and dies, this process can also be used to manufac-
ture lost foam pattern sand vacuum forming. The main advantage
In the polyjet process, the projection head slides back and forth
with this process is that it can produce extremely complex metal
along the direction of x-axis similar to a line printer and depositing
tools, with complex internal geometries, with multiple cores and
a single super thin layer of a photo polymerizable material. The
finished metal products with high level of accuracy, rarely possible
depth of each layer of photo-polymer is controlled by software.
with other processes. These products are not only cheaper than
Raster scanning the head across the build platform delivers the
other processes but also have the ability to withstand the produc-
capability to produce precise models. After each and every layer
tion temperatures. [24]
is build, it is cured by UV light emitted from UV bulb alongside
the jetting bridge for immediate curing and hardening of layers
and this also eliminates the need of additional post curing used
5. Solid based
in other technologies. The internal jetting tray moves down with
completion of each layer and the jetting head continue to move
5.1. Laminated object Manufacturing
back and forth building layers till completion of model resulting
in perfect and even surfaces. Two different photo polymerizable
It combines additive and subtractive techniques. The material
materials are used in jetting head; one for building actual model
comes in the form of sheets. These sheets are fused with the appli-
and other gel like material for supporting the model. After comple-
cation of pressure and heat and a thermal adhesive coating. The
tion of model, supporting material is removed by water spray leav-
additional material from each layer is removed with the help of a
ing smooth surfaces. [28]
carbon dioxide laser. The major drawback of this method is that
it leads to wastage of material .Moreover; the properties of the
material are directional dependent. This process can be used with 7. Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
papers, composites and metals. [13]Research has been conducted
on this process using ceramic composite made of SiC. As an obser- Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a technique
vation, the part manufactured through LOM didn’t have the same which utilizes arc welding process, in combination with wire feed-
overall strength as the commercially produced SiC (In experiments ing, for Additive Manufacturing (AM) purposes. Ivan Tabernero
using the Ceramic Matrix Composites, although the entire process et al. [16] studied the mechanical properties of AISI316L and Ti-
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G. Rasiya, A. Shukla and K. Saran Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 6896–6901

6Al-4 V components manufactured by Cold Metal Transfer, TopTIG 9.4. Medical applications
and Plasma Arc Welding. Two types of specimens were tested in
order to study mechanical properties of the walls in two different Additive Manufacturing is useful in medical applications in sev-
directions: bead generation direction (PL) and bead vertical over- eral ways. The defective bones of the patients can be scanned and
lapping direction (PT).The research showed that CMT is suitable their precise models can be printed .This help the doctors to anal-
for large size stainless steel parts with low/medium mechanical yse everything in a better way. It is also used in bone transplant.
requirements. Top TIG process could be used for small/medium Since bones of different people vary in shape and size, AM allows
size titanium and stainless steel parts which have medium or high to make bone implants which fit the bodies of patients and are also
mechanical properties .PAW process is recommended for medium/ easier to insert. Doctors can create a porous –controlled material
large size titanium and stainless steel parts which have medium/ that will permit osteoconductivity.The characteristics of the
high mechanical properties. A research review by Bintau Wu implants prepared such as density, pore shape and size and pore
et al. [17] reports the mechanical properties of Aluminium alloys, interconnectivity which manipulates tissue growth and mechani-
Titanium alloys, Steel, Nickel based super alloys and other metals. cal properties of the bone implant are also taken care of. Stere-
The common defects found in WAAM fabricated components are olithography is used to make prosthetic sockets .These parts are
deformation and residual stress, porosity, crack and delamination. more cost effective. It has also become possible to print cells in a
This necessitates post-process treatment of components. The cur- 3D array. There is also a possibility of printing artificial blood ves-
rent methods for quality improvement in WAAM process are post sels which can be used in coronary bypass, cardiovascular defects
process heat treatment, interpass cold rolling, interpass cooling , and medical therapy. The research on bio printing organs is going
peening and ultrasonic impact treatment. on but there is still a lot to be done. Nanolithography and pho-
tolithography permits the creation of biochips and biosensors.
8. Materials [10,11,12]

A number of waxes and epoxy based resins can be used. Mixing

different polymers can create a wide range of structural and aes-
9.5. Fuel cell Manufacturing
thetic materials. The polymers used are ABS, PLA, PC, Polyamide,
Nylon 12, Glass Filled Nylon, wax and photopolymer resins .The
In the manufacture of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
various metals used are maraging steel 1.2709, Titanium alloy-
(PEMFCs), it is necessary to precisely deposit a very thin layer of
Ti6Al4V, 15-5ph stainless steel, cobalt chrome alloy Co28Cr6Mo,
platinum which is needed for the oxidation and reduction reac-
aluminium , gold and silver. Ceramic powders including silica/-
tions. It can be also done through screen printing but involves com-
glass, porcelain and silicon carbide can be printed. Ground down
promise with the uniformity and time efficiency since it is done by
powder of glass is used for depositing very thin layers. [5]
hand. The process is greatly improved by using the 3D printing
process to deposit the layer of platinum. [20]
9. Applications

9.1. Lightweight Machines

10. Conclusion
In Aerospace and Automotive sector, the need for creating
lighter weight materials with sufficient strength is tremendously The concept of Additive Manufacturing and its importance and
increasing. The focus is on creating hollow components which benefits in comparison with the conventional manufacturing pro-
offers almost the same strength but have reduced weight .Lesser cesses has been explained in this paper. The different techniques,
material also decreases the cost. These days, extensive research is methods, suitable materials, the current development, challenges
going on smart materials and composites. Soap film method and and future scope are also discussed.
hanging method are the areas which have been explored. [15]

9.2. Shipping
11. Discussion
As compared to Aerospace industry, the use of AM is less in
shipping sector but it is still increasing. The parts of warships are It is seen that rapid development has taken place in the field of
manufactured with the help of Additive Manufacturing. This helps Additive Manufacturing in the past 20 years. There has been signif-
in reducing the cost and also makes the parts lighter. The compo- icant development in the field of medicine and architecture with
nents manufactured with 3D printing have been installed in US the help of Additive Manufacturing. Researchers are now targeting
naval ships and the performance is under observation. This will to use this process in civil and defence aerospace sector. Robotic
help to analyse the functioning of these parts and to make neces- and CNC manipulation is the area of interest for future research.
sary improvements for future use. Software and online process control [19], tool path automation
and commercialization are the most important areas. WAAM
9.3. Architectural modelling Researchers at Cranfield University are aiming to make high
strength aluminium structures which have strength greater than
Architects have to prepare models for their projects. The phys- 500 MPa [19].The commercialization of this method is an interdis-
ical models can be made manually but in projects where there are ciplinary challenge which integrates manufacturing process devel-
complex geometries and minute details, making models manually opment, material science, thermo –mechanical engineering,
becomes a tedious task. With the advancements in CAD, Stere- mechatronic and control system design. The system design which
olithography and other AM processes architects can easily give can be optimized for particular applications rather than all still
shape to their imagination. They can use these models in presenta- requires to be designed. Researchers are also showing interest in
tions to clients, can convince their customers and have market sur- the adoption of suitable ancillary processes for improvement in
veys. [14] the quality of final products [18].
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G. Rasiya, A. Shukla and K. Saran Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 6896–6901

Declaration of Competing Interest [17] Ivan Tabernero et al., Study on Arc Welding Processes for High Deposition Rate
Additive Manufacturing
[18] C.R. Cunningham, J.M. Flynn, A. Shokrani, V. Dhokia and S.T. Newman, Invited
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- review article: Strategies and processes for high quality wire arc additive
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared manufacturing
[19] Anthony R Mc Andrew et al., Interpass rolling of Ti-6Al-4V Wire+Arc additively
to influence the work reported in this paper.
manufactured features for micro structural refinement
[20] André.D. Taylor, E.Y. Kim, V.P. Humes, J. Kizuka, L.T. Thompson, Inkjet printing
Acknowledgements of carbon supported platinum 3D catalyst layers for use in fuel cells, Journal of
Power Sources 171 (1) (2007) 101–106.
[21] J.P. Kruth, X. Wang, T. Laoui, L. Froyen, Lasers and materials in selective laser
The authors are grateful to the Department of Mechanical Engi- sintering, Assembly Automation 23 (4) (2003) 357–371.
neering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur [22] B.G. Mekonnen, G. Bright, A. Walker, A Study on State of the Art Technology of
for providing them the resources and their guidance to complete Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), in: D.K. Mandal, C.S. Syan (Eds.),
CAD/CAM, Robotics and Factories of the Future, 2016.
this paper. [23] S. Negi, A. Nambolan, S. Kapil, P.S. Joshi, R. Manivannan, K.P.B. Karunakaran,
Parag,, Review on electron beam based additive manufacturing, Rapid
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