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Lab Manual Experiment 1

The experiment aimed to study and verify the truth tables of various two-input logic gates including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. Using specific logic gate ICs and a breadboard setup, the outputs were observed through LED indicators based on different input combinations. The results confirmed the theoretical values of the truth tables, demonstrating the fundamental principles of logic gates.

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6 views6 pages

Lab Manual Experiment 1

The experiment aimed to study and verify the truth tables of various two-input logic gates including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. Using specific logic gate ICs and a breadboard setup, the outputs were observed through LED indicators based on different input combinations. The results confirmed the theoretical values of the truth tables, demonstrating the fundamental principles of logic gates.

Uploaded by

Sushii Killing machine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 1:

Aim: To study and verify the truth table of two-input logic gates:
1.​ AND
2.​ OR
3.​ NOT
4.​ NAND
5.​ NOR
6.​ XOR
7.​ XNOR

Apparatus Required:
Logic Gate ICs: AND (IC 7408), OR (IC 7432), NAND (IC 7400), NOR (IC 7402), XOR (IC 7486), XNOR (IC
7426), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, Power Supply (5V DC), LED Indicators.

Theory:
Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of a digital circuit. They implement Boolean functions to
perform basic logical operations by processing one or more binary inputs in circuits to produce a
single binary output. AND and OR are basic logic gates while NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are
universal gates. Inputs and outputs of logic gates can occur on two levels, high or low also otherwise
known as true or false or simply 0 or 1. A table which lists all the possible input values and their
corresponding result is called a boolean truth table.

Basic Gates:​

AND GATE:
An AND gate is a logic gate where the output goes HIGH (or “1”) only if all its inputs are HIGH. So if
the inputs A AND B are HIGH, the output Q will also be HIGH.

​
OR GATE:
An OR gate is a logic gate where the output goes HIGH (or “1”) if any of its inputs are HIGH. So if A
OR B is HIGH, the output Q also becomes HIGH.

NOT GATE:
A NOT gate (or inverter) is a logic gate where the output is the opposite of the input. So you can say
that the output is NOT the same as the input. It’s often called an inverter since it inverts the input.
The schematic symbol for an inverter is like a buffer, just with a circle at the output to indicate that
it’s an inverted version of the input.

NAND GATE:
A NAND gate is a logic gate where the output goes LOW (or “0”) only if all its inputs are HIGH (or
“1”). The schematic symbol for a NAND gate is like the AND gate, just with a circle at the output to
indicate that it’s an inverted version of AND.

NOR GATE:
A NOR gate is a logic gate where the output goes HIGH (or “1”) only if all its inputs are LOW (or “0”).
The schematic symbol for a NOR gate is like the OR gate, just with a circle at the output to indicate
that it’s an inverted version of OR.
​
XOR GATE:
The XOR gate is a logic gate where the output goes HIGH (or “1”) if one – and only one – of its inputs
are HIGH. XOR stands for Exclusive-OR. ​

XNOR GATE:
An XNOR gate is a logic gate where the output goes HIGH (or “1”) only if both its inputs are equal. So
if the inputs A and B are both HIGH or both LOW, the output Q will be HIGH.
​
Procedure:
1.​ Place the breadboard on the observation table.
2.​ Fix the IC which is under observation between the half shadow line of breadboard, so there
is no shortage of voltage.
3.​ Connect the wire to the main voltage source (Vcc) whose other end is connected to last pin
of the IC (14 place from the notch).
4.​ Connect the ground of IC (7th place from the notch) to the ground terminal provided on the
digital lab kit.
5.​ Give the input at any one of the gate of the ICs i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th gate by using connecting
wires. (In accordance to IC provided).
6.​ Connect output pins to the led on digital lab kit.
7.​ Switch on the power supply.

If LED glows red then output is true, if it glows green output is false, which is numerically denoted as
1 and 0 respectively. The Color can change based on the IC manufacturer it’s just verification of the
Truth Table not the color change.

Observation Table:

Inputs (A, Observed Observed Observed Observed Observed Observed


B) AND NOR NAND XOR XNOR
OR

00

01

10

11

NOT Gate Observation:


Input (A) Observed NOT A

Result:
The truth tables of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates were successfully verified
through experimentation.

Conclusion:
This experiment demonstrates the fundamental working principles of basic logic gates and their
respective truth tables. The observed results match the theoretical values, confirming the expected
behavior of the gates.
Precautions:
1.​ Connect the circuit as per the diagram
2.​ Apply different input combinations for A and B
3.​ Observe the output on an LED
4.​ Record the results and compare with the generic truth table.
​
​
Video Links:
1.​ https://youtu.be/Kz9DCHjtGKA?si=P-yEeIQ9SSL5Sdsy (For AND & OR) ​
​
​

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