NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Formula Sheet (For End Semester Exam)

Order Method Name Method

Variable ∫ f ( x ) dx ±∫ g ( y ) dy=c
Separable
ODEs Solutions Homogeneous y=v x

Reducible x=X + h
Homogeneous y=Y + k
Linear dy
+ P (x) y=Q( x )
Differential dx
Equation Integrating Factor ¿ I . F=e∫ P ( x ) dx
The solution is
First y ( I . F ) =∫ Q ( x ) ( I . F ) dx +c
Bernoulli dy n
+ P ( x ) y= y Q(x)
Differential dx
Equation
I . F=e∫
(1−n )P ( x ) dx

The solution is
¿

Exact M ( x , y ) dx ± N ( x , y ) dy=0 is exact if

Differential ∂M ∂N
=
Equation ∂ y ∂x
N 1 ( y )=¿ Terms free of x in N
The solution is ∫ M ( x , y ) dx +∫ N 1 ( y ) dy =¿ c ¿
Reducible If M ( x , y ) dx ± N (x , y)=0 is not exact, then if
Exact M y −N x
Differential is a function of x only, say f (x), or a
N
Equation constant c then e∫ f ( x ) dx or e∫ cdx is an Integrating
Factor (I.F). Similarly
N x −M y
if is a function of y only, say g( y ) , or a
M
constant c then e∫ g ( y )dy or e∫ cdy is an Integrating
Factor (I.F). Then
(I . F). { M ( x , y ) dx ± N (x , y )=0 } will be exact
differential equation
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Higher The general solution is y= y c + y p

For y c
y c =c1 e + c 2 e + c 3 e when m1 ,m2∧m3 are distinct
m x 1 m x2 m x3

and real roots.

y c =e { c1 +c 2 x+ c3 x 2 } when m1 ,m1∧m1 are repeated
m x1

Undetermined
Coefficient and real roots.
y c =em x { c 1 cos m2 x +c 2 sin m2 x } when m1 ,∧m2 are
1

complex roots as m1 ± i m2.

For y p
If F ( x )=C a constant y p= A x k
If F ( x )=e−4 x , y p= A x k e−4 x
If F ( x )=x 2−3 y p=x k { A x 2+ Bx +C }
If F ( x )=cos 5 x y p=x k { A cos 5 x +B sin 5 x }
Variation of General solution y c =c1 y 1+ c 2 y 2 (Complementary
parameters function)
y p=u 1 y 1 +u2 y 2 (Particular Integral)
w w
where u'1= 1 and u'2= 2
w w
w= 1
|
y y2
y1 ' y 2 ' | |
, w 1=
0
| |
y2
f (x ) y 2 '
y
, w2 = 1
| 0
y 1 ' f (x)

Cauchy Euler The general solution is y= y c + y p

Differential For y c
Equation Put y=x m , x y '=mx m, x 2 y ' '=m(m−1)x m
y c =c1 x + c 2 x + c3 x when m 1 ,m 2∧m3 are distinct and
m1 2m m
3

real roots.
m
y c =x ¿ when m1 ,m1∧m1 are repeated and real roots.
1

y c =x { c 1 cos m2 ln x +c 2 sin m2 ln x } when m1 ,∧m2 are

m1

complex roots as m1 ± i m2.

y p will be calculated through UC method

Cauchy Euler The general solution is y= y c + y p

Differential For y c
Equation dy ' dy d
Put x=e t , x =x y = =∆ y where =∆
dx dt dt
2
2d y 2 '
x 2
=x y ' =∆ ( ∆−1 ) y
dx
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

3
d y 3
3 '
x 3
=x y ' ' =∆ ( ∆−1 )( ∆−2 ) y
dx
y c =c1 x + c 2 x + c3 x when m1 ,m2∧m3 are distinct and
m 1 m 2 m 3

real roots.
y c =x ¿ when m1 ,m1∧m1 are repeated and real roots.
m 1

y c =x { c 1 cos m2 ln x +c 2 sin m2 ln x } when m1 ,∧m2 are

m 1

complex roots as m1 ± i m2.

y p will be calculated through UC method

∞
Laplace Transform
L { f (t) }=∫ e f ( t )=L { F (s ) }
− st −1
Formulas 1. f ( t ) dt=F (s ),
0

2. L { t }=
n

s
n!
n+1
t n=L−1
{ }
s
n!
n+ 1

3. L { e }=
at 1
s−a
e−at =L−1 { s +a1 }

{ {
k k

{ {cos
2 2 2 2
L sin kt = s +k sin kt =L s +k
−1
4.
cos kt s kt s
2 2 2 2
s +k s +k

{ {
k k

{ {cosh
2 2 22
L sinh kt = s −k sinh kt =L s −k
−1
5.
cosh kt s kt s
2 2 2 2
s −k s −k

6. L {e at f (t) }=F (s−a) is called first shifting property

e f (t)=L { F (s−a) }
at −1

7. L { y ' '' (t) }=s 3 Y ( s )−s 2 y ( 0 )−s y ' ( 0 )− y ' ' ( 0 )

L { y (n ) (t) }=s n Y ( s ) −s n−1 y ( 0 ) −s n−2 y ' ( 0 ) s n−3 y ' ' ( 0 ) … … s 2 y ( n−3 ) (0)−sy (n−2 )(0)− y (n−1 ) (0)
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

n
d
L {t f (t) }=(−1) { F ( s ) } also called first t property
n n
8. n
ds

9. L { f (t)u (t−a) }=e−as L { f (t+a) } =e−as F (s),

L { f (t−a)u (t−a) }=e L { f (t ) }=e

−as −as
10. F( s), also called second shifting

property

where {
u ( t−a )= 0if 0<t< a is a unit step function
1if t ≥ a

11. { f (t−a)u(t−a) } =L−1 [ e−as L { f ( t) } ]=L−1 { e−as F (s) }, also called inverse of

second shifting property

Or

L−1 {e−as F (s) }={ f (t−a)u (t−a) }

−as
e
12. L { u(t−a) } =
s

13. If f ( t )= {
g(t )if 0< t< a
h(t) if t ≥ a

Then the unit step function of

f ( t )=g ( t ) { u ( t−0 )−u ( t−a ) } +h ( t ) { u ( t−a ) }

{ {
g(t ) if 0 ≤ t< a
14. If f ( t ) = h(t) if a ≤ t< b
k (t) if t ≥ b

Then the unit step function of

f ( t )=g ( t ) { u ( t−0 )−u ( t−a ) } +h ( t ) { u ( t−a )−u ( t−b ) }+ k ( t ) { u ( t−b ) }

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (NUST)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)