Somedav all terminals will be smart. .

• 128 Functions-software controlled .82 x 16 or 92 x 22 format-plus graphics

• 7 x 12 matrix, upper/lower case letters • Printer output port
• 50 to 38,400 baud-selectable • "CH E R RY" keyboard

CT-82 Intelligent Terminal, assembled and tested $795.00 ppd in Cont. U.S.

iTiilII::
III CIRCLE
SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL
219 W. RHAPSODY
SAN ANTONIO,

139 ON READER
TEXAS

SERVICE
PRODUCTS

78216

CARD
CORPORATION
 -
Here's how you can be fully computerized
for so much less than you thought
,
BUSINESS- EDUCATION- ENGINEERING- MANUFACTURING

We are pleased to announce the first • No round-off error in finanda1 work

professional time-sharing system in the (because our BASIC uses binary-
microcomputer field. coded decimal rather than binary
Naturally, it's from Cromemco. operation). And we've still been able
This new multi-user system will do to make it FAST.
all of the tasks you usually associatewith • Terminals and printer are interrupt-
much more expensive time-sharing com- driven - no additional overhead
puters. Yet it's priced at an almost un- until key is pressed.
believably low figure. PROGRAMMERSLOVEOUR BASIC • The conveniences in this Multi-User
Look at these Features: This new system is based on Cro- BASICmake it much easier to write
• You can have up to 7 terminals plus memco's well-known System Three your own application softwar.e.
a fast, 132-column line pr.inter Computer and our new Multi-User • A line editor simptifies ohanges.
• You can ha.ve a large system RAM BASIC software package. . BENCHMARKn: - NOW
memory that's expandable to 1/2 Programmers tell us that Cromemco In the final analvsis, the thing to do
megabyte using -the ~ank Select Multi-User BASiC is the best in the fi~d. is see this beaut.iful new sy'stemat yowr
feature Here are some of its attractions: dealer. See its rugged professional qual.
• Each user has an independent bank • You can use long variable names ity. Evaluate it. Benchmark it for speed
of RAM and labels up to 31 characters long with your own routine (yol!l'1II\leagree-
• You can have floppy disk storage of - names like "material on order" ably surprised, we .guarantee yaw).
up to 1 megabyte or "calculate speed reduction." Find out, too, about Crornerneo/s rep-
• You have confidentiality between • You get many unusual and helpful utation for quality and engineering.
most stations commands that simplify programs Look into it now because YOl:! can
• And, make no mistake, the system and execution - commands such as have the capabilities of a fully compu-
is fast and powerful. You'll want to PROTECT,LISTVARIABLES,NOllST, terized operation much quicker and for
try its fast execution time yourself. and many more. . much less than you ever thought.

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CIRCLE 114 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Sailor ... Every Chieftain is complete with
Doctor, Lawyer ... the Chieftain's here. system software and is totally burned-in
as well as tested to further insure high
No matter whether you're a serious reliability.
hobbyist or a serious businessman, the And it's expandable to 64K memory
Chieftain 6800 microcomputer with ca- with up to 2 megabytes floppy disk
pabilities that surpass the Z-80 is made storage.
for you. So see your nearest Smoke Signal
Smoke Signal's quality-packed dealer, he'll be glad to show you how to
Chieftain I features two 5.25-inch mini- get your wampum's worth. Systems
floppy drives and Chieftain II fea- start at' $2,595.
tures two 8-inch floppy drives.
Both microcomputers
provide 32K static memory, oSend information on your Chieftain
microcomputer
two serial I/O ports, a 2 o Send name of nearest dealer
MHz processor.board, a2K
Name ~---- __
RAM monitor, a nin-e-slot
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motherboard with built-
in baud rate generator Company --'-'- _

and gold connectors for Ci ty ---,---,-_

high reliability. The State/Zip _
Chieftain's stylish leath-
er-grained cabinet houses ~ SIDlE SIINIL
the above with its own
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~BBDlD~NI
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Dealer inquiries invited.

Hail to the Chieftain

Smoke Signal Broadcasting, 31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-9340
CIRCLE 125 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 In T~isissue _
articles fictioll 6 foolishness
50 Computingatthe Millenlum Dietz & Johnson 73 A Lesson in Strategy: Buying Time Wilkinson
Delphi study of the future Fiction. Or is it?
60 Shopping fora Payroll System : Feide/man 76 The Inverse Peter Principal Nonomous
What to look for Peter was wrong,
62 Pe~sonal Computers and Ma Bell Derfler
Computers can talk by telephone now

89 TheGameofGo Bradley

112
The Ultimate Programming
Pascal's Triangle
Challenge
Mechner
applicatiolls - ~arnes
What is it all about?

124 Disk Power: Howto Use It ........•............ Swenson 44 Small Business Computing Barbier
Apple's New Disk System Putting the Exidy Sorcerer to-work
68 A Social Science Survey Program Owens
A new dimension for social science classes

104 Speed Reading Made Easy Rugg & Feldman

A tachistoscope for your PET
data base rna.,a~erne.,t 110 Stopwatch: A Tiny C Program Gibson

82 Data Management System Culbertson 114 Sports Judging Winkless

Making life easier for you Made faster and easier

118 WhatAreData ...............•.......•........ Herman

Data files explained .

107 TRS-80 In-Memory Information System: Gray departments

128 Cromemco Data Base System Craig

132 TheSpaceSaver Nicastro 4 Notices , ............•.

Minicomputer techniques for a micro
8 Input/Output ...................................•.... ,
148 DataBaseforyourTRS-80 Knecht Letters from you to us and us to you
File-It from Practical Applications
28 TRS-80 Strings Gray
Basic Handbook, Switchbox, and add-on memory
33 Personal Electronic Transactions Yob
Music from your PET
e"aluatiolls 6 profiles 40 BookReviews
Eight new books for your shelf
: Gray

13 Compleat Computer Catalogue .. , .

New Software only this issue
22 TRS~80 Floppy Disk Knecht
Comparison with a MITS disk system

26 Channel Data Book Churchman

"The Organizer" for your PET March 1979 - Volume 5, Number 3

38 Record Reviews. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A hi
Creative Computing magazine is published monthly by Creative Computing, P.O.
The New Digitals, Same Old Binaurals Box789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. (Editorial office: 51 Dumont Place, Morristown, NJ

49 PET Monitor Palenik

07960 Phone: (201) 540-0445.)

Machine language for the PET Domestic Subscriptions: 12 issues, $15, 24 issues $28, 36 issues $40. Send subscription
orders or change of address (P.O. Form 3575) to Creative computing, P.O. Box 789-M, .
58 TRS-80 Math & Algebra Packages Heuer Morristown, NJ 07960. Call 800-631-8112 toll-free (in New Jersey call 201-540-0445) to
order a subscription (to be charged only to a bank card).
66 TheBroderLogicTrainer Craig
A different kind of teaching aid Foreign Subscriptions:
Great Britain: 12 issues £13, 36 issues £36 (surface postage); 12 issues £22,36 issues
84 VideoBrain Ahl £63 (airmail). Orders and payment to Hazel Gordon, Plot 27, Andrew Close, Stoke
Golding, Nuneaton CV13 6El, England.
Games for now; APLS promised
Australia: R.J. Hoess, Electronic Concepts Pty.Ltd., 52-58 Clarence St., Sydney NSW

105 The Terrapin Turtle North

2000, Australia.
Other Countries: 12 issues $23, 24 issues $44, 36 issues $64 (surface postage, U.S ..
Robot pet for your computer dollars); 12 issues $39, 24 issues $76, 36 issues $112 (airmail postage, U.S. dollars).
Orders to Creative Computing, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960, U.S.A.

Second class postage paid at Morristown, New Jersey and at additional mailing offices.

Copyright" 1979 by Creative Computing. All rights reserved. Reproduction prohibited.

Printed in USA.
 Publisher David H. Ahl Advertising Sales
Marcia Wood
Creative Cornputinq
••• ••
Editor John Craig
51 Dumont Place
Managing Editor Burchenal Green Morristown, NJ 07960 NCC '79 PERSONAL
.. Steve North
COMPUTING FESTIVAL
Associate Editor Weslern Stales, TeKas
Jul •• E. Thomp.on The Personal Computing Festival of the
Contributing Editors Frederick Chesson Hearst Building, Suite 1111 1979 National Computer Conference, to be
Margot Crit.chfleld 5 Third Street
held June 4-7 in New York City, will. take
Thomas W, Dwyer San Francisco. Ca 94103
place at the Americana Hotel. The Com-
Bill Etra (415) 362-8547
mittee is headed by Richard A. Kuzmack,
Louise Etra
Southern California senior economist with the MATHTECH
Lee Felsensteln
Stephen B. Gray Bert Cheriton Division of Mathematica, Inc., Arlington, Va.
Mery Jo Burger Burchenal Green, managing editor of
Ed Hershberger
2560 Via Tejon Creative Computing Magazine', Morristown,
Arthur I. Karshmer
Palos Verdes Estates, CA 90247
Thscdor Nelson N.J., will serve as Vice Chairwoman.
(213) 378-8361
Trish Todd Other members of the Festival Committee
Alvin Toffler include: Program Cochairmen - Jay P.
Mid-At/anlic, Nortneest
Karl Zinn Lucas and Russell E. Adams, both of the
Cherl'l Lynch
36 Sohier Street U.S, Patent arid Trademark Office,
Nils Lommerin Cohassei, MA 02025
Mary Redlern Arlington, Va.; Demonstrations
(617) 383-6136
Cochairmen - Edward J. Fox, Department of
Production Manager Robert Borrell Defense, Ft. Meade, Md., and Joe Kasser of
New York, New Jersey
Bob Nellon Comsat Labs, Silver Spring, Maryland;
Editorial Assistant Jennifer Burr
Ralph Miller Operations Chairwoman - Harriet Shair,
342 Madison., Ave., Room 830 The Computer Corner, White Plains, N.Y.;
Advertising Sales Marcia Wood New York City, NY 10017 and Publicity-Publications Chairman -
(212) 661-9234
Marketing Coordinator Nancy Wood Charles Floto, Philllps Publishing, Inc.,
Midwesl Washington, D.C.
Didier and Broderick The Personal Computing Festival will
Software Development Eric VanHorn P.O. Box 337 feature technical program sessions plus
Randy Heuer Northfield, IL 60093 applications demonstrations and commer-
Ann Corrigan (312) 446-9571 cial exhibits. Participants will examine the
Jeffrey Yuan Elsewhere growing role of microcomputers in such
Rob Rich Burchenel Green areas as aids for the handicapped, educa-
(914) 739-1144 tion, investment analysis, computer music,
Business Manager Betsy Staples professional applications, and small
Bookkeeper Jeanne Tick business systems.
The Personal Computing Festival will
Retail Marketing Angela Tsoumaris offer answers to the questions most fre-

Customer Service Ethel Fisher

This quently asked by individuals who use or

Circulation Debbie Spence

Publication •••• own personal computers, such as, "What do
you do with it?" and "Is it worth it?" More
than 25 Festival sessions will focus on
Book Service Supervisor C.J. Whitaker applications of microcomputer technology
and will feature participation by experts
Book Service Kay McKenzie with hands-on experience.
Barbara Shupe New this year will be awards for the best
Joe Ortiz papers accepted for publication in the NCC
Eastern Penna. Rep. Paula Mann '79 Personal Computing Proceedings.
Valuable prizes, contributed by NCC ex-
California Rep. F. Ray Moody hibitors, will be awarded at the Festival for
top papers in several subject areas and for
o.utstanding non-commercial applications
demonstrations.
OK to Reprint Further information on the NCe '79
Personal Computing Festival may be ob-
Material in Creative Computing may be tained by contacting AFIPS, 210 Summit
reprinted without permission by school Avenue, Montvale, N.J. 07645; 201/391-
and college publications, personal comp- 9810.
uting club newsletters, company house
organs, and non-profit publications. Only
original material may be reprinted; that is,
is Available in
you may not reprint a reprint. Also, each
reprint must carry the following notice on
MICROFORM WE'RE
the first page of the reprint in 7-point or For Complete Information SUPPORTiNG

US
larger type (you may cut out and use this
notice if you wish):
WRITE:
University
Copyright © 1979 by Creative Computing
51 Dumont Place, Morristown, NJ 07960
Microfilms
Sample issue $2.00; International
One-year subscription $15.00
Dept. FA Dept. FA
Plese send us two copies of any 300 North Zeeb Road 18 Bedford Row
publication that carries reprinted Ann Arbor, MI 48106 London, we: R 4EJ MEMBER)
~A~~e
material.
Send to attention: David Ahl.
U.S.A. England (
4
'-----"" CREATIVE COMPUTING
 Color. VP-590 add-on Color Board allows program .
control of 8bri lIiant colors for graphics, color games ..
Plus 4 selectable background colors. Includes
sockets for 2 auxiliary keypads (VP-580). $69~ .
- TIny BASIC~· VP-700
Expanded Tiny BASIC Boar€!
puts this high-level language
on your VIP. BASIC stored
in 4K of ROM. Ready for im-
'"

mediate use-no loading

necessary. This expanded
Sound. VP-595 Simple Sound Board provides 256 BASIC includes the standard
tone frequencies. Great for supplementing graphics Tiny BASIC commands plus
with sound effects or music. Set tone and duration 12 additional-including
with easy instructions. $24~ color and sound control!
Requires external ASCII
encoded alpha-numeric
Music. VP-550 Super Sound.Board turns yourVIP into a music keyboard. $39~
synthesizer. 2 sound channels. Program control of frequency,
time and amplitude envelope (voice) independently in each
" channel. Program directly from sheet music! Sync provision
for controlling multiple VIPs, multitrack recording or other
synthesizers. $49~

Memory. VP-570 RAM Expansion Board adds 4K

bytes of memory. Jumper locates RAM in any 4K
block of up to 32K of memory. On-board memory
protect switch. $95~

EPROM Programmer. VP-565 EPROM Programmer Board

comes cqmp.lete with software to program, copy and .
verify 5-volt 2716 EPROMs-comparable to units
costing much more than the VP-565 and VIP put
together! Programming voltages generated on
board. ZIF PROM socket Included. $99~

EPROM Interface. VP-560 EPROM Interface

Board locates two 5-volt 2716 EPROMs (4K Ilary Keypa.ds. Program
bytes total) anywhere in 32K of memory. your VIP for 2-player inter-
VIP RAM can be re-allocated. $34~ action games! 16-key keypad
VP-580 with cable ($15')
connects to sockets pro-
Ascii Keyboard~.· Fully encoded, 128-character ASCII vided on VP-590 Color Board
encoded alpha-rfurneric keyboard. 581ight touch keys or VP 585 Keyboard Interface
.including 2 user defined keys! Selectable upper and lower Card ($10') .
case. Handsomely styled. Under $50~

COSMAC VIP lets you add

computer power a board at a time.
With these new easy-to- easy to program and operate.
buy options, the versati Ie Powerful CHIP-8 interpre-
RCA COSMAC VIP tive language gets you into
(CDP18S711) means even programming the first
more excitement. More evening. Complete docu-
challenges in graphics, mentation provided .:
games and control func- Take the first step now.
tions. For everyone, from Check your local com-
youngster to serious hobby- :"\ '2> 0\ puter store or electronics
ist. And the basic VI P com- '\\ ~ " 0\ parts house. Or contact
puter system starts at just $249* assembled RCA VIP Marketing, New Holland Avenue,
and ready to operate. Lancaster, PA 17604. Phone (717) 291-5848.
Simple but powerful---not just a toy. "Suggested retail price. CDP1aS711 does not include video monitor or cassette recorder.
"Available 1st Quarter, 1979. .
Built around an RCA COSMAC micro-
processor, the VIP includes 2K of RAM. ROM
monitor. Audio tone with a built-in speaker.
Plus 8-bit input and 8-bit output port to inter-
face relays, sensors or other peripherals. It's
The fun way
into computers.
CIRCLE 165 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Rell
The $6,995 DP
Center. o 12" CRT, 24x80 Field, Memory-Mapped, EPROM
Controlled Font. Character and line insert/delete allows
fast program correction and text editing. Inverse video and
programmable field allows highlighting or enlarging graphic
information display. Titled fields protect information
blocks from being written over accidentally. EPROM
controlled font (up to 256 different characters) allows
foreign language and special purpose character forms.
Video board includes 4K memory-mapped refresh RAM.
o Alphanumeric Intelligent Keyboard. 62-pad main
keyboard. Programmable 12-pad control keyboard.
Standard typewriter and calculator keyboard layouts. N-key
rollover reduces operator error during high-speed data
entry.
o Commercial BASIC, FORTRAN IV, IMDOS
Software. Built-in ROM monitor allows extensive
debugging and diagnostics. BASIC, interactive or compiler
version. FORTRAN IV, Level 2 Ansi compiler. IMDOS-
The IMSAI VDP-80 IMSAI's multi-disk operating system.
Distributed processing, financial reporting and
Until now, owning real computing power meant paying analysis, word processing, whatever your application, the
unreal prices. The IMSAI VDP-80 Video Data Processor is VDP-80 is your answer.
a corriplete computer, intelligent terminal and megabyte Visit your dealer for information, or dial (415),
floppy disk mass storage system including disk operating 483-2093 and we'll tell you how you can put our $6,995 DP
system (IMDOS) and BASIC software. All in one compact Center on your desk top. When it comes to small business
cabinet. All for just $6995.* A complete desk top DP cen ter. computers, Just Ask IMSAI.
'Base price VDp·801l000 $6.995, with 32K RAM memory and dual double density floppy
For small business applications, the VDP-80 places a disk drive. U.S. Domestic Price Only.
stand-alone computer at your fingertips. And, our full line Features and prices subject to change without notice.

of add-on peripherals assures that the system can be

expanded as your needs do .
. For the large business user, with an existing central
mainframe, the VDP-80 is the ultimate remote processor.
You ha ve the advan tage of powerful local processing
capability, plus the epitome in cost-effectiveness for
implementing a distributed data communications network.
Take a close look at the following features. Then you'll
know why we call our VDP-80 the desk top DP center. .

o Powerful, High-Speed, Central Processor. 3mHz

Intel 8085 microprocessor. 32K or 64K RAM memory.
Parallel and serial I/O. Asynch, synch, and bisynch
communications. Programmable baud rates (.05-56 KB) ..
o Megabyte Mass Storage. PerSci dual floppy, double
density disk drives standard. One million byte storage
capacity. Three dual floppy drives can be added-on
providing 4 million bytes of on-line storage.
o Drives, Printers, Plotters, Terminals, Modems
and Tape Drives. Supports up to six terminals or modems,
and four tape drives. Drives plotters, serial printers and line
printers (up to 300 lpm).
IMSAI EUROPE
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The Standard of Excellence
(415) 483-2093 TWX 910-366-7287 in Microcomputer Systems Telex 1428

CIRCLE 113 ON READER SERVICE CARD

oto ~)y M J'-,fer' on Photoqraphy Dp~lqn and copv hv C Jrnpt)1 I M If h {Jf If ~ tr (Jjrnrnunl( 1'lr rl CrJPY'Iqhl 1978'- Y A1c1dr:llrl/I!Jtr)m ttnm

CIRCLE 200 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 I
Ou

Programmers, Attention! Perhaps if any reader could use the chips they could contact
me and something could be arranged. I certainly have no use
Helping In Developing for them and would like to sell/trade or whatever.
Stock Analysis Programs I used to buy all your editions at the Computerland down the
street, but I have moved, so count me as one of your satisfied
Dear Editor: subscribers. Keep up the good work.
There are 20,000,000 investors and speculators in the stock Jerry Dawson
market and hundreds of thousands speculating in commodities ~ 6425 Rogue River Highway .
(with hardly anything resembling a system). Where are all the Grants Pass, Oregon 97526
scientists, computerists, system analysts and sophisticated The PET uses 6550 and 2114 4K RAM chips. I didn't have
programmers? Come out of the wings! You keep it a secret and much success finding out the exact part number for the .TRS-80
I keep it a secret and the sum of our knowledge is X plus Y. If chip. However, I have it from a reliable source that they are the
we communicate then the sum becomes X plus Y plus 2. Two is same. - JTC.
the 'added factor of knowledge which is created and which
neither of us had before. I have developed several outstanding
models that are not theoretical. I'll gladly exchan-ge ideas, Informatio~ About Computers in
rationales, methods, etc. Let me hear from you. High Schools Wanted
C. Neil
Box 407 Dear Editor:
New York NY 11363 As an avid reader of Creative Computing I turn to you for
some information. We have a Hewlett Packard 21 MX with 5
terminals that are used in science and math courses and by
An Old Problem Rearing Its Head: students on their own projects at Schreiber High School. I
would like to get a list of other high schools that make
BASIC Conversions extensive use of computers so we may compare ideas and
Dear Editor: programs. Perhaps a national organization could be set up that
I am waiting for one of the computer magazines to tun could sponsor computerteams competmg against one another.
articles on converting or changing from one BASIC to another. Also there could be much exchange of software and ideas on
For example, I own an Apple II but have problems using how to best utilize the systems that are available.
programs written with other BASICs. A good article on the I would appreciate either a list giving names of high schools
differences and conversions would be very welcome. that have computer systems or a note in the magazine asking
Ernest Hufnagel school computer people to send me their name and school. I
II Post Road would then take it upon myself, with the help of our high
Pompton Plains NJ 07444 school computer club, to see if we could get something going.
Paul D. Schreiber High School
You're right, Ernie, and we're always on the lookoutfor such Port Washington NY 11050
articles. There have been some ... but not enough. You might
want to investigate a book by Dr. David Lien called "The Any avid reader of Creative Computing should have read
BASIC Handbook" (Compusoft Publishing, 8662 Dent Dr., about the following:
San Diego CA 92119. $14.95 + $1.35 P&H). The book is J.. A directory of exemplary institutions using computersfor
devoted to the kind of conversions you're interested in. We learni,!g and teaching called "Academic Computing Directory"
haven't had a chance to get it reviewed yet ... but we will. IS available for $3.95 from HumRRO, 300 N. Washington St.,
JTC. Alexandria, VA 22314. This includes very complete informa-
tion on 165.
2. At least three national organizations (ACM, AEDS and
IEEE) already sponsor programming and other computer
A TRS-80 Transplant to a PET! cOlyests for individuals and teams. In addition many regional
Dear Editor: fairs and contests are sponsored by both academic (NCTM,
I am hoping that you can help me as well as some other etc.) and personal computing organizations.
computer owner. I have; by virtue of the fact that I installed my 3. At least five publications in addition to Creative
16 K RAM myself, the 4K RAM chips from my TRS-80. They Computing publish excellent material for use in el-hi school
are burned in and were removed with all static guards used. My computer programs: Recreational Computing and
problem is that I have heard conflicting reports about who can Calculators/Computers (P.O. Box 310, Menlo Park, CA
use these chips. For instance, I was told that a PET owner 94025), Oregon Computing Teacher (c/o Karen Beisse, 594
could use them to increase his RAM. Is this true? Empress St., Eugene, OR 97405), Popular Computing (Box

's
 Bowtobul'
a personal computer.
Suddenly everyone is talking about personal computers. using your Apple in ways you never dreamed of.
Are you ready for one? The best way to find out is to ,. That's, when the capabilities of the computet: you buy;
read Apple Computer's "Consumer Guide to Personal . will really count. You don't want to be limited by
Computing/.It will answer your unanswered questions the availability of pre-programmed cartridges. You'll
and show you how useful and how much fun personal want a computer.like Apple, that you can also program
computers. can be. And it will help you choose a yourself. You don't want to settle for a black and white
computer that meets your personal needs. display. You'll want a computer,like Apple, that can
turn any color tv into a dazzling array of colorgraphics.*
Who uses personal computers. The more you learn about computers, the more your
Thousands of people have already discovered the Apple imagination will demand. So you'll want a computer
computer-s- businessmen, students, hobbyists. They're that can grow with you as your skill and experience
using their Apples for financial management, complex with computers grows. Apple's the one.
problem solving - and just plain fun.
You can use your Apple to How to get one.
analyze the stock market, The quickest way is .
manage your personal to get a free copy of
finances, control your the Consumer Guide
home environment, and to Personal Computing.
to invent an unlimited Get yours by calling.
number of sound and 800/538-9696. Or by
action video games. writing us. Then visit
That's just the beginning. your local Apple dealer.
We'll give you his name
What to look for. and address when
Once you've unlocked the you call.
power of the personal * Apple II plugs
into any standard TV using
an inexpensive modulator (not included).
computer, you'll be
272, Calabasas, CA 91302), Computer Education (c/o The does a beginner begin? I don't need the grade school stuff, but
Computer Education Group, North Staffordshire Polytechnic I'm not ready for post-grad work either.
Computer Centre, Blackheath Lane, Stafford, England). Anybody want to buy a computer? Cheap?
4. The National Computer Education Conference will Ron M~ Salveson
undoubtedly have afair number of papers of interest to people 570 Morris Way
at the el-hi level. Writefor information. Sacramento CA 95825
5. The ACM Elementary and Secondary Schools Subcom- For some reason this letter hit a certain chord and I got on the
mittee has working groups in virtually every area of el-hi phone and called Ron (mainly to see if he had sold the
computing. For information, write David Morsund, Dept. of system ... or was still plugging away). I was gratified tofind that
Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403. he's still plugging ... and he says he intends to stay with it. Ron
-DHA reported that he was rather put off by his local computer club
and hasn't gone back. That's sad. Newcomers need the help
and we're the ones who need to help them. We all lose if
someone walks away from personal computing muttering
Man Bites Computer under their breath how technical and confusing it is. -JTG.
Dear Editor:
I realize that maybe this letter should be addressed to the
Tandy Corp., but I thought it might get a better response from Micros For Business
you. It is not intended to be a complaint, it is actually a request --- Yes or No?
for assistance or an inquiry as to where or how to get it.
About three months ago I bought a 4K Level I TRS-80. Let Dear Editor:
me go back even further, I was one of those guys who paid Controversy over the usefulness of personal size computers
$12.50 back in the forties for the first Reynolds ball point pen. I for business applications continues. Various opinions have
was also one of those guys who not so many years ago bought a been expressed in many computer magazines and other
hand held calculator for $100, threw it in the wastebasket a technical journals. Some have said that personal computers
year later, and replaced it with a better one (and one that absolutely cannot be used to run a business: Others say of course
worked) for about $15. they can! Obviously, there is some measure of truth to both
I now suspect that I am once again one of those "guys." points of view.
That's OK though, I sort of suspected that when I bought it. More specifically, the personal size computer can be used to
That's not what bothers me. What does bother me, is now that automate any business where failure of the computer or loss of
I have it, what good is it? What can I do with it? Who gets their data will not prevent continuation of the business. Prior to
, kicks out of playing blackjack with a machine for funzies? I'll installation of the computer, systems analysis should show
take Reno anytime. Besides, at Reno they give you free booze that: '
while they are taking your money. • Suitable audit trails exist and are functional.
As far as I can determine this machine can't wash the clothes, • Supporting back-up data is maintained.
or dry the dishes; it can't turn the coffee on in the morning or • Manual capability will remain viable.
the lights off at night. It can't lock the doors, clean the oven, or Also very important, are the techniques used to write the
.sound an alarm. What can it do for me? I know - for only business programs. Every program must include all possible
$1·,598 more I could buy an expansion interface and a line error prevention, detection and correction capabilities. If you
printer (grand total of $3,153 including state tax) and I could can cause a data entry or processing error that goes undetected
use it for an electric typewriter. No, I already have one of those. or is not readily corrected then the program is not for you.
r think I would rather spend it on a TV recorder. That way I Error protection must be built into the program because it's
could watch the daytime programs like Bozo the Clown and not usually built into personal computer hardware. Including
Popeye. If it's fun you're looking for, they're more fun than error correction and protection in programs is'expensive but so
watching a rectangular dot bouncing around simulating a ping- is loss of your business.
pong ball. Besides that, they're "talkies." I learned arithmetic a Most of the personal computer "Business Programs" that I
long time ago, so I don't need that. And a recipe multiplier? have seen so far are nothing more than utility routines, Some
Are they serious? Talk about garbage in! I don't want an very good, some not so good. But none were really suitable for
adult's toy (for a child's mentality). more than quickly processing data and records. To rely on
If you say the Level I User's Manual is the best thing around them for ope~a.ting Y0!-lf business would be inviting early
for learning BASIC, I will accept that. But I went through it retirement. Utility routmes however, can have a significant
twice doing all the little things it said to do, and I still consider Impact on business operation. A system of utility routines can
myself completely ignorant .when it comes to computers and provide a useful management decision making tool. Use the
programming (I read an article in your magazine, and it could computer to provide immediate data about your business
just as well have been in Latin. I don't understand it either). operations. This is one way to handle the problem of real-time
I reasoned (erroneously?) that this machine should be able to management decision-making.
do almost anything I wanted it to do. I figured its limitations Answering the question then, whether a personal computer
were my knowledge and imagination as to how to do it and can be. used to .run a business, is not an easy yes or no. Systems
what to have it do. One day, a few weeks ago, I thought (I'm analysis, intelligent research and a lot of common sense will
trying to upgrade my ham license), hey, why can't I get this help you with the answer.
thing to send me random letters and numbers in Morse code? Chuck Carpenter
Perfect code, at any speed I wanted? Great! So I talked to 2228 Montclair PI.
people - many of them. I even called Ft Worth. (That was a Carrollton, TX 7500,6
nickel wasted. I was given the number to call by the Radio
Shack regional office here in Sacramento. The guy who
answers the phone in Ft Worth is like a switchboard operator
who cannot refer you to anyone else, and whose main concern
in life is answering 200 phone calls a day). A couple people said
sure, it can be done. But nobody can tell me how, or even give a
clue as to a start point. '
I thought maybe, if I upgrade the machine to a 16K Level II
that that might teach me a little more about computers, and I
could take it from there on my own. What a mistake that was.
Tome, going from Level L to Level II is like going from pre-
school to post-graduate work. Now I'm into this machine for
roughly $1000, still know nothing about it, and can do
nothing (really functional) with it.
What am I missing? Where did I go wrong? I've seen the
advertisements for the tons of literature printed, but where

CREATIVE COMPUTING
10
 When Microsoft put Level II BASIC on
TRS-80, you got a glimpse of its full
potential.

Now Microsoft introduces:

-80 and TRS-80 will never be the same!

Plus· TRS-80 FORTRAN includes the finest

Z-80 development software available:
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and Linking Loader.

Total price: Only $350.00

TO: Microsoft, 10800 NE Eighth, Suite 819, Bellevue, WA 98004

o Send me free TRS-80 FORTRAN overview.

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ware for $350.00.

o Check enclosed 0 Master Charge D VISA

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 Interfacing Update

~***** -
Dear Editor: .
In.January, 1979 you ran my article "Who Needs Interfacing
Problems?" You may be interested in a note of update:

tftS~80 . My problem with interfacing a Selecterm with my H8

eventually led me to buy another computer (Xitan), After some
shake-down problems with that, 'and even less help from
vendors or manufacturers in getting up and running, I have been

1\\llSfO"M£O operating full-time since August. I kept the Heath, however, and
now and then tried to make it work. Reliability kept declining,
along' with my enthusiasm.

1\1\\ . A month ago, in a conversation with a fellow-member of the

local Heath User's Group; I picked up an idea -the voltage
regulator on the CPU card is a plug-in affair; rather than

,"Off.SS\Olll
soldered. My friend suggested checking the plug contacts. The
H8 comes with the CPU fully assembled, and with a warning
that to attempt to repair it will void the warranty. Since the
warranty had expired, I took the friend's suggestion, cleaned
and strengthened the connectors, and the computer has been

SOf1W~:l running perfectly ever since.

Two morals: For amateurs, clubs can be among one's most
valuable resources; and, Don't take anything for granted - in

'lC\\~.
u\O! dis,s~''''
ecialists Ifl.mlc{O~o~Psed laflguage .afld
this world you are on your own.
My present evaluation of the H8: a well-designed machine, for
all its lack of buss compatibility. Its outstanding features relate
to its target market - the neophyte. Front panel keypad and
digital display, tested system compatibility, even to specified
lileboat f\sso~lat~~~~frst proless\ofla\~~:~ computer.Wnttefl cassette recorders, generous operating tolerances. (You have to
is proud to 0 er he Radio Shack . ackage rUflSOfl try hard to make a load fail.) My big complaint now is, as a
utiliWpackage lor {ors 01 level II Bf\SIC,t~~ ~ore drive.s afl? writer, I am not happy with its text editor. The Zapple in my
Xitan is far more powerful.
b~ N\icroso\t,crea 'th 32K Rf\N\, o~e tt .afld COflSIStSOl. I'm learning assembly-language programming now, so I can
iRS-SO s~stem WI. upplied on dlske es design my own ...
;RSGOs.1he so\tWareISS e mac\"linecode Don Skiff

fO"l"" a true r~~~~:~ X39 (e)(Cept

ler lor ANSIf
comppLEX variables').
2448 Vera Ave.
Cincinnati, OH 45237

COM
"IlICID
1ft"
,sstM.1'1:.1\ .
\<._based
I"~glifo~smnemonics
bl r utlllZln d
macro assem g ~elocatable CO e.
and produ cln . nd load . Fortran and Basic Are Languages!
"'1111116 lO'Ot" to lin~~g~\:s lor executIon Dear Editor:
'" RTRANan
I'" d assembler
ro
SUBR~!J~!~t}!s
B"'''' a complete
eXi~\,,~:~ ~~I~~:~~~er
One statement in a recent Creative Computing obscures a
very basic concept of high-level language programming. Dr.
Hogg (Jan '79., p.62) says "the largest difference between
library 0 odules lor fO ciSion Square FORTRAN and BASIC is that the former is a compiler while
linkable rn -eg., double Pde ntals: etc the latter is an interpreter". Nonsense. Fortran and Basic are
programs I 109 transcen e languages. Fortran is most commonly implemented via a
root. natura '. d modily compiler, while Basic is most often interpreted.
It is very important not to obscure the distinction between a
O'SITR1~~!~!~!!~I~~ PgC~~~l~Eu~~g~: language and its implementation. People used to claim that
fOR. be used as a and ot\"ler . PLI I was an inefficient language wheri actually they were
liles, also ct~ correspondence describing the behavior of IBM's PLI I F-level implementation.
text edItor 0 Honeywell had ari excellent optimizing PLI I compiler at the
docUments.. . I soltware pac\<.- time which, unfortunately only worked on MULTICS so no one
red proless\Ona available at the knew about it.

age with u
mscoUtH PRICE OF $ 325
This hi9h-IP~wdeOcumentatlon IS ER COMPUiER S~S1EM
P
One further nit to pick: Hogg says "the uppercase is easier to
read anyway". Nope, wrong again. Upper may be easier to read
than lower on a limited font dot-matrix display, but in general,
lower case is much easier and faster to read (for humans, that is).
A story I heard many years ago when I worked at Bel Labs:

I
...._--------.
LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES •
DealerInquiriesinvited.

164West83rd Street/New York.NY10024 (212) 580-0082 •

When the Bell System was first putting together the earliest
Teletype, they did some formal testing and discovered that lower
case was much more easily comprehended than upper case. With
a very limited character set they had almost decided to use lower
case only despite proper nouns. Then someone said, "How
about God?" - and upper case it was.
Please send me Ihe
I TR5-80 FORTRAN
Package @ $325.00
Name·

Address
•

•
Richard L. Wexelblat
Sperry Univac
• (plus $2.00 shipping or P. O. Box 500
I $5.00 foreign) City. State.Zip • Blue Bell, PA 19424

.:=•..••••.•••
o Check enclosed
0 C.O.D. ($1.00 add' I) Acct. No. pires__ •
I o Master Charge '. C

.••
;1;._••
CREATIVE COMPUTING
12
 programs which children will enjoy and among computer hobbyists and amateur
some computer lore that will delight programmers.
dedicated "hackers." Further information can be obtained by
This unusual magazine is distributed sending a self-addressed stamped envelope
each month by First Class mail on a C-30 to J. Dvorak, Authorized NSUG Program
cassette. It is available for $24 for 12 issues Library. Distributor, 704 Solano Ave.,
from CURSOR, Box 550, Goleta, CA Albany, CA 94706.
93017. CIRCLE 230 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CIRCLE 228 ON READER SERVICE CARD
TWO NORTH STAR
PROGRAMS
The Complete Amortization Schedule
GUIDE TO TRS-80™ Package, #AM-INS, will calculate and
INFORMATION print a comprehensive loan repayment, or
NOWa custom built all wood desk, by amortization, schedule including dates and
Oregon woodworkers, for your computer The Guide to TRS-80 Information specific payments. It can be used to quickly
system. Features a split level 55"x26" top (Second Edition) is a very special hand- calculate monthly payments, or in its
with walnut grain formica. Upper level is book for business persons, hobbyists, extended iorm it will print a month by
26"x26" and is perfect for a printer of your computer journalists, programmers, scien- month or payment by payment accounting
choice. Lower level is 30"x26" and places tists and engineers, and teachers - anyone of all important balances and ac-
keyboard at elbow height for minimum interested in microcomputer systems. cumulations. $20.
fatigue. Under the printer area is a The Guide permanentizes in one place a The Program Locator/File Package,
23"x23"x24" compartment with two fully large number of exciting references to or # PL-I NS, will enable a user to keep a file or
adjustable shelves. Plenty of room for a about Radio Shack's TRS-80 microcom- log of all diskettes and all programs which
CPU and disk memory of your choice. puter, and the broad field of hard/ software are contained on those diskettes.
Door opening is 21"x23". Standard finish is designed for it. You could not otherwise Operations include: ADD a filename,
walnut stain. Options available are right or find all this information about the TRS-80 DELETE a filename, CHANGE a
left hand design, other finishes and tops, unless you searched extensively for days filename, PRINT filenames, and a very
and minor variations in dimensions sizes. and weeks through many thousands of flexible program SEARCH routine. This
Desks are built to customers requirements pages of Iiterature. $2.80 + $.50 shipping. will be a definite aid to anyone who has a
so send 50% deposit with order. Two to six F. E. Huebner, Dept. B, P.O. Box 37206, library of several diskettes and wishes to be
. week delivery. Visa and Mastercharge Oak Park, MI 48237. able to quickly locate where a particular
welcome. $295. Stephen Moe Company, program resides. $15.
CIRCLE 229 ON READER SERVICE CARD
3698 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, OR. Mail Williams Radio and TV Inc., Computer
Address P.O. Box 595, Springfield, OR Division, 2062 Liberty Street, P.O. Box
97477. Telephone 503/726-7613. 3314, Jacksonville, Florida 32206. Phone
NORTHSTAR USERS GROUP . (904) 358-3707.
CIRCLE 227 ON READER SERVICE CARD
RELEASES PROGRAM CIRCLE 231 ON READER SERVICE CARD
LIBRARY
SOFTWARE Probably the single biggest release of
inexpensive software in the relatively short
history of microcomputing was initiated by
CASSETTE MAGAZINE FOR the Northstar Users Group this month. BOOKKEEPER
PET COMPUTERS Some 300+ programs on 20 diskettes are
now available for a small copying charge Bookkeeper is a client write-up system
CURSOR is a monthly cassette plus the price of a new diskette. The disks for the small to medium size accounting
magazine of programs written just for the are designed to run in microcomputer firm.
Commodore PET computer. Each issue systems that utilize the Northstar DOS and Bookkeeper will make client write-ups
contains a featured game, as well as a Northstar BASIC, a high level interpreter. easier and faster. Financial reports can be
variety.of other professionally written and The library includes business and tailored to answer a client's specific needs.
tested programs for the 8K PET. finance programs, mailing list programs, Typical turn-around time to produce
However, CURSOR is not just fun and math; programming utilities, a PILOT Financial Statements for a client with 1000
games! It provides practical programs for interpreter, a Palo Alto Tiny Basic inter- transactions is under six hours, compared
business, for statistical data analysis and preter and an enormous number of games. to several days for service bureaus. The
for use in the home. There are educational Computer games are still a pet change-over from manual write-up systems

MARCH 1979
13
or service bureaus can be accomplished You can type the original text without
simply, even during peak load periods. worrying about how many words to type
Bookkeeper is written for accountants by a
CP A. The reports needed and wanted are
available: general ledger, chart of accounts,
Financial Statements, payroll reports and
on each line. Then, before you print it, you
merely specify the maximum number of
letters to type on each line and PRO-TYPE
will fit as many words as it Can on each line.
SeeSol®
more.
Bookkeeper software is designed to run
on a Z-80/8080 micro computer system
Your right margins will look straighter
than ever before!
Any number of commands can be
at all these
using North Star DOS, a Soroc or
Hazeltine terminal, and a high speed dot
matrix printer (LA 180 or Centronics 779).
combined on a single command line. With
PRO-TYPE's macro capability, you can
execute any command line any number of
fine
computer
Bookkeeper is available now through times.
local computer stores across the nation. You can save text files on your mass
Interested dealers and OEMs should storage device for later use. PRO-TYPE
contact MicroAge Wholesale, 1425 W. has special provisions to handle long
12th Place, Tempe, AZ 85281 or call (602)
967-1427.
CIRCLE 232 ON READER SERVICE CARD
documents in computers
memory capacity by automatically
with limited

ing in additional text from disk or tape

bring- centers
AL: Birmingham: Computer Center lnc.,
during the printing. (205) 942:8567. CA: Costa Mesa: Orange County
You can type in a list of names and Computer Center, (714) 646-0221. Los
AUTOSCRIBE addresses and store them on disk or tape Angeles: Computers Are Fun, (213) 475-0566.
for multiple uses. Later, you can read them Modesto: Computer Magic, (209) 527-5156.
Autoscribe, offered by MicroSource, a Mountain View: Digital Deli, (415) 961-2670.
division of the Phoenix Group, is a into text buffer I and type the body of a Walnut Creek: MicroSun Computer Center, (415)
professional word processing system letter in text buffer 2. PRO-TYPE can type 933-6252. CT: Bethel: Technology Systems, .
designed for the business world. Time the same letter to each person, halt at the (203) 748-6856. FL: Ft. Lauderdale: Byte Shop
bottom of each page and ring the bell to let of Ft. Lauderdale, (305) 561-2983. Miami:
consuming corrections and retyping can be Byte Shop of Miami, (305) 264-2983. Tampa:
done quickly and accurately. Standard you know that it is time to insert a new MicroComputer Systems, (813) 879-4301.
sheet of paper. . 10: Boise: Byte Shop Computer Store, (208)
documents can be assembled from pre-
PRO-TYPE on North Star disk: $75. 345-3811. IL: Lombard: Midwest
recorded paragraphs or entered directly Microcomputer, (312) 495-9889. IA: Davenport:
PRO-TYPE on Meca tape: $75. PRO-
from the' keyboard. Memory Bank, (319) 386-3330. MA: Waltham:
With Autoscribe, typed text appears on TYPE on other media (please ask): $100. Computer Power, (617) 890-4440. MD: Silver
a video terminal screen as it will be printed PRO-TYPE manual (deductible): $25. Springs: Computers Etc., (301) 588-3748.
and corrections, deletions or revisions can Interactive Microware, Inc., 116 S. Pugh Towson: Computers Etc., (301) 296-0520. MO:
St., State College, PA 16801. (814) 238- Florissant: Computer Country, (314) 921-4434.
be made in seconds. Then when it's letter NJ: Cherry Hill: Computer Emporium, (609)
perfect, the finished document is typed at 7711. 667-7555. Iselin: Computer Mart of New Jersey,
hundreds of words per minute. (201) 283-0600. NY: Endwell: The Computer
CIRCLE 234 ON READER SERVICE CARD Tree, (607) 748-1223. NYC: Computer Mart of
Autoscribe software operates on Z- New York, (202) 686-7932. White Plai ns: The
80/8080 systems utilizing North Star DOS, Computer Corner, (914) 949-3282. NC: Raleigh:
a Soroc or Hazeltine terminal and a letter ROM's 'N' RAM's, (919) 781-0003. OH: Akron:
quality printer (NEC Spinwriter or Diablo • REDUCTION IN PRICE.
(AXTOlt PRESS, Self-inkino. only ~!~4
The Basic Computer Shop, (216) 867-0808.
OR: Beaverton: Byte Shop Computer Store,
for example). COLUMBIAN PRESSES, Self-Inking, Ircm $2&
(503) 644-2686. Portland: Byte Shop Computer
to $56, will do the work or a $2$0 press.
Autoscribe is now available nationwide. p.resses from $3.50. Send sta.np for catalogue. Store, (503) 223-3496. PA: King of Prussia:
Ask about it at your local computer store, CURTIS & MITCHELL, IS Federal St. Computer Mart of Pennsylvania, (215) 265-2580.
Interested dealers and OEMs should Boston, Mass. Established IS"7. RI: Warwick: Computer Power, (401) 738-4477.
contact MicroAge Wholesale, 1425 W. TN: Kinqsport: Microproducts & Systems, (615)
245-8081. TX: Arlington: Computer Port,
12th Place, Tempe, AZ 85281 or call (602) KEY FILE ACCESS METHOD (817) 469-1502. Arlington: Micro Store, (817)
967-1421. . 461-6081. Houston: Interactive Computers,
(KFAM) DATA BASE (713) 772-5257. Houston: Interactive Computers,
CIRCLE 233 ON READER SERVICE CARD
MANAGEMENTSVSTEM (713) 486-0291. Lubbock: Neighborhood
Computer Store, (806) 797-1468. Richardson:
Micro Store, (214) 231-1096. UT: Salt Lake
COMPUSOFT, working in conjunction City: Home Computer Store, (801) 484-6502.
with COMPUTERCO, was tasked by VA: McLean: Computer Systems Store, (703)
PRO-TYPE WORD· COMPUTERCO to design a data base 821-8333. WA: Bellevue: Byte Shop
management system that would force Computer Store, (206) 746-0651. Lynnwood:
PROCESSOR Byte Shop Computer Store, (206) 775-7436.
modular program design and alleviate the Seattle: Byte Shop of Seattle, (206) 622-7196.
Sit back and relax! Even if you type with time required to write new or modify WI: Madison: The Madison Computer Store,
one thumb, PRO-TYPE will print out application programs. After two years of (608) 255-5552. Milwaukee: The Milwaukee
letter-perfect copies for you, If you make testing and debugging, COMPUSOFT Computer Store, (414) 445-4280. DC:'
Georgetown: Georgetown Computer Emporium,
misteaks during text entry, PRO-TYPE's announces the answer to the businessman's (202) 337-6545. CANADA: London, Ontario:
versatile editing features will help you to problem and the programmer's nightmare The Computer Circuit Ltd., (519) 672-9370.
correct the errors quickly and easily, ----- K FA M ----- Toronto, Ontario: Computer Mart Ltd., (416)
(Oops, we can correct that little misteak by KFAM utilizes a WINDOW for calls of 484-9708. Vancouver, B.C.: Basic Computer
Group Ltd., (604) 736-7474. ARGENTINA:
typing "JSmisteaksj mistakes!"). It's easy subroutines to handle data transmittal, Buenos Aires: Basis Sistemas Digitales,
to learn to use PRO-TYPE because the packing and unpacking of data to max- 93-1988 or 57-7177. AUSTRALIA: Prospect:
manual contains many examples. The imize disk storage space, self-verification A.J.F. Systems and Components Ply. Ltd.,
Beginner's Section of the PRO-TYPE of files, and structural programming 269 1244. Sydney: Automation Statham,
(02) 709.4144. ~ELGIUM: Bruxelles:
manual introduces all of the basic com- techniques. The use of the KFAM Computerland, 02/511.34.45. COLOMBIA:
mands that you will need to get started. alleviates the sorting required by present Bogota: Video National, 326650. DENMARK:
Within one hour, you will be able to read programming methods and allows RAN- Copenhagen: Peter W. Holm Trading ApS
and type the examples in this section of the DOM ACCESS to files during batch 01-543466. MEXICO: Mexico City: Industrias
Digitales, (905) 524-5132. SPAIN: Barcelona:
manual, type a business letter, edit it and processing. An unheard of savings in CPU Interface SA, (93) 301 7851. SWEDEN:
print out a perfect copy, The Intermediate processing time. Stockholm: Wernor Elektronik, (0) 8717-62-88.
Section explains each command in detail The concept behind KFAM was to UNITED KINGDOM: Huntingdon, England:
and introduces some other handy com- alleviate the need for sort programs of Comart, Ltd., (0480) 74356. London: The Byte
Shop Ltd., 015542177. VENEZUELA:
mands that you will want to use after you input data, allow for integrated programs, Los Ruices, Caracas: Componentes Y Circuitos
become more familiar with PRO-TYPE. and remove the redundant programming Electronicos TILCA, 355591.
The Advanced Section· of the manual logic from the application sections of
describes additional commands that are coding. This allows for the application
useful for longer and more complicated sections to be only application calculations
manuscripts. and print formating. A minimum of coding

14
Sol:The small computer that won't
fence you in. .
A lot of semantic nonsense is spectrum. They stand up to the has a full set of extensions designed
being tossed around by some of the capabilities of mini systems for the "stand alone" computer
makers of so-called "personal" costing four times as much. environment.
computers. To hear them tell it, an No wonder we call it the Our PILOT is an excellent text
investment of a few hundred serious solution to the small oriented language for teachers.
dollars will give you a computer computer question. Sold and serviced only by the
to run your small business, do Sol is the small computer best dealers.
financial planning, analyze data in system to do the general ledger and Sol Systems are sold and serviced
the engineering or scientific the payroll. Solve engineering by an outstanding group of
lab - and when day is done play and scientific problems. Use it for conveniently located computer
games by the hour. word processing. Program it stores throughout the U.S.
Well, the game part is true. for computer aided instruction. and Canada.
The rest of the claims should be Use it anywhere you want For more information contact
taken with a grain of salt. Only versatile computer power! your nearest dealer in the
a few personal computers have the
Build computer power adjacent list. Or write Department
capacity to grow and handle
with our software. B, Processor Technology,
meaningful work in a very real
At Processor Technology we've 7100 Johnson Industrial Drive,
sense. And they don't corne
tailored a group of high-level Pleasanton, CA 94566. Phone
for peanuts.
languages, an assembler and other (415) 829-2600.
Remember, there's no packages to suit the wide In sum, all small computers
free lunch. capabilities of our hardware. are not created equal
So before you buy any personal Our exclusive Extended BASIC and Sol users know it to their
computer, consider Sol~ It is a fine example. This BASIC everlasting satisfaction.
costs more at the start but less in features complete matrix functions.
the end. It can grow with your It comes on cassette or in a
ability to use it. Sol is not cheap. disk version which has random as
But it's not a delusion either. well as sequential files.
Sol small computers are at the Processor Technology FORTRAN
very top of the microcomputer is similar to FORTRAN IV and ProcessorTechnology
CIRCLE 149 ON READER SERVICE CARD
It may be a hobby, or it may be an asset ...
It SHOULD be a Heathkit' Computer System
No matter what your computer system II and our new floppy disk, you'll have state-of-
GET YOOR FREE CATALOG
needs may be, Heathkit computers make the-art computing power at its very best!
Read all about these Heathkit computer
sense! Heathkit "total design" computer
OUR PERIPHERALS products and peripherals in the new FREE
systems give you a wide selection of
peripherals, software programs to get The Heathkit Computer peripherals offer the Heathkit catalog. Write Heath Company,
you up and running fast; plus the reliabil- same competitive advantages of our two Dept. 355-510 for your FREE copy. Or
ity, service and responsibility that come computers. Our H9 CRT terminal, H10 paper visit your Heathkit Electronic Center (Units
from being a leader in the electronics tape reader/punch, ECP-3801 cassette stor- of Schlumberger Products Corporation).
industry for some 50 years! age recorder/player, and our new WH14 line
printer, plus the new floppy disk storage sys-
tems all give you the quality, performance HEATHKIT
and value that Heath company is famous
OUR 8-BIT COMPUTER for. And we sell the memory, I/O interfaces
and accessories you need to custom design
COMPUTERS
Every Heathkit Computer Product is designed a system to your particular specifications! Systems Engineered
to offer substantial benefits over competitive
products on the market. Our 8080A-based
for Personal Computing
ALL THIS,
H8 for example, is more than just a simple
PLUS HEATH DOCUMENTATION,
8-bit machine. With its "intelligent" front
panel and keyboard entry and digital dis- St:RVICE AND SUPPORT
play, it actually lets you compute and pro-
One of the most important parts of ANY com-
gram without the addition of any peripherals.
puter system is documentation. And Heath
It's an ideal computer training system, and
documentation is quite simply, the best
when you're ready to advance, it's ready too.
around. If you buy our computer products in
It's one of the most expandable computers
kit form, you get a comprehensive step-by-
around, and now with its NEW floppy disk
step assembly manual that takes you every
system,cit could be the only computer you'll
step of the way from unpacking to final plug-
ever need.
in. The knowledge you gain in building your
Heathkit computer is invaluable-for service
OUR 16-BIT COMPUTER if it's ever needed, for quick troubleshooting
and correction, and just for understanding
If you need the power, speed and versatility the workings of the machine. In both our kit
of a 16-bit machine, there's nothing better and fu)ly assembled products, our compre-
than our H11A. Based on the famous DEC LSI- hensive operating and instruction manuals
11/2, the H11A provides complete DEe com- are fully detailed, thorough and accurate.
patibility and access to the thousands of This documentation, plus Heathkit technical
practical software programs and applications consultants and service nationwide, make
that entails. Along with our own complete
systems software and our line of DEC-com-
your Heathkit computer system one you can
depend on-to work right the first time, and
Heath Co. Dept. 355-510
Benton Harbor, MI 49022
---iiiii.:~
patible peripherals including the DEC Writer to last for years! CP-160

CIRCLE 162 ON READER SERVICE CARD.

 /

IS called for and complete writes and DATA ANAGEMENT AND PASCAL/QTM: PASCAL FOR
rewrites of programs are accomplished in a SORT/MERGE iN MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
fraction of the normal time required by MICROPOLIS BASIC
conventional means' without a data base. PASCALI QT. is a comprehensive
The KFAM window lists the subroutine The Data. Management System will software system for 8080 and Z-80
entry points residing in KFAM. These manage an unlimited number of files for microprocessor systems, based on UCSD
WINDOW call points assist the applica- any applications. Each file is defined by the PASCAL Featured are many refinements
tion programmer' by allowing entry to user, who specifies the file name and up to and additional features, including QSAMT.
routines that: 24 fields for each file. Each of these fields is structured files and automatic disk file
I. handle file manipulation assigned a name (one meaningful to the storage allocation (QSAMis an enhanced
2. open and close files user ... even in a foreign language) and ISA M access method). Current versions
3. read and write records other attributes. Records may then be are designed for MITSI Altair, iCOM, and
4. add or delete records added, deleted, updated, scanned for, or Intel floppy disk systems, and
5. control cursor position inspected using the field names and I or MITSI Altair cartridge disk systems. Iin-
6. automatically dimensions memory record numbers. Any of the files may be plernentations for other systems will soon
for file buffers. easily accessed by other user programs for become available. A unique feature of
COMPUSOFT offers a toll free number specialized applications. PASCALI Q is the monthly update service.
to assist users in utilizing the KFAM. Also part of the DMS is a report writer. Each subscriber to the service will receive a
General business application packages and Reports and/ or labels can be produced for monthly diskette containing the latest
specialized business packages are also any file defined to the system. The user software updates and a news leiter. The
offered. The toll free number will also be selects fields to print, titles, column price for PASCALI Q is $300 for a thirty-
available to purchasers of application totaling and sub-totaling, editing and other year user license and $191 month for the
software. Updates will be sent to all options. update service. Queue Computer Corp.,
purchaser's of full packages. The Sortr Merge system will sort any 1044 University Ave., Berkeley, CA 94710.
KFAM user manual, $50 (credited if file, whether defined to the DMS or not. (415) 845-5300 ..
KFAM purchased): KFAM package on Any size file can be sorted using up to 10 CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD
disk (includes user manual) $275: Business sort keys. The Sort r Merge program is an
applications (manual listing library and integral part of the DMS system.
sample reports) $15. Both systems are field proven with many
KFAM operates on the following satisfied users. The system is provided on a
systems and is presently being converted to diskette with comprehensive documenta- TARBELL BASIC
other major hardware systems: tion. A CP I M version is currently under
a. North Star Disk System development. $150. Tarbell Electronics of Carson, Califor-
b. North Star Horizon Creative Computer Applications, 2218 nia has announced the immediate
c. TRS-80 Disk wi BASIC-II. Glen Canyon Road, Altadena, CA 91001. availability of Tarbell BASIC on cassette
COMPUSOFT, Building 2200-A, 6710 or CP/M Disk. The CP/M version is
CIRCLE 238 ON READER SERVICE CARD capable of disk interaction, including
Dorchester Road, Charleston, S.c. 29405.
1-800-845-8950. saving and loading programs, chaining
programs, and loading data. The inter-
CIRCLE 236 ON READER SERVICE CARD NEW VECTOR GRAPHIC DISK preter occupies 21 K of RAM.
OPERATING SYSTEM Most of the features 'of ALTAIR
Extended BASIC have been implemented
MULTI-TASKING MONITOR A new disk operating system for the Z-80 in Tarbell BASIC, and several new ones
and Micropolis disk drives, featuring have been added. New features include
FOR 8080 / Z-80 complete compatibility with software assignment of [/0, long variable names,
PROCESSORS written for the North Star DOS, has been cassette string data SAVE, procedures with
introduced by Vector Graphic Inc., local variables, and alphanumeric line
A Real-Time Monitor (RTM) program designers and manufacturers of computers labels. Additional capabilities, not found
is now available from Oasis Systems. The and peripherals for the personal and small in other versions of BASIC, greatly
RTM program forms the basis for multi- business markets. enhance Tarbell BASIC. For instance, two
processing systems which can perform The new operating system, called statements, ASSIGN and DROP, let the
many separate processes at the same time. MZOS, is designed to support the Vector user assign or de-assign as many as ten
RTM enables the user to think III terms of MZ computer system or a similar con- physical devices to six separate logical 1/0
"T AS KS" which are independent figuration, and incorporates several in- devices. Alphanumeric line descriptors. can
programs that run simultaneously inside of novative features to upgrade system replace normalline numbers, and the use of
one microcomputer. RTM does the dif- performance such as implied execution lengthy variable names is permitted. These
ficult job of dividing up time and resources which permits a file to be executed by just features improve readability .and
between these tasks. typing the name, rather than using the old maintenance. The use of procedures allows
RTM features include the ability for 'GO' command. MZOS allows the direc- arguments to be passed to subroutines, and
tasks to communicate via "Messages," tory to be listed in two different formats, local variables may be declared to enable
Synchronize each other with P and V either in a two-column format for viewing subroutine libraries to be developed and
operations and schedule time. dependent 32 entries at once or in a six-column 'fast' utilized efficiently. Subroutines may then
processes. RTM can also function with or format. In addition, the drive is be appended to Tarbell BASIC programs
without a real-time clock. recalibrated each time the directory is listed using a single command. .
R TM is self relocating and generates a so that any drive may be set to the default, The I 10 section listing, included in the
kernal system less than 1300 decimal bytes eliminating the need to reload .. documentation, is easily modified to suit
in size. RTM is completely ROM compati- The Micropolis drives hold 315K bytes the user's requirements. Good access to the
ble which makes it great for OEM apiece, providing over 3.5 times the storage user's machine. language subroutine is
applications. All operations are .invoked of a conventional Shugart drive and seven facilitated by the CALL function.
with simple CALL's which as a bonus are times the storage in i.l dual system. In Both cassette and CP 1M Disk versions
compatible with Microsofts (TM) FOR- addition, four drives may be supported of Tarbell BASIC are available with
TRAN IV. rather than just three. complete operating manual for $36 each.
A complete package is available with Price for the MZOS is $60.00, and can be The source listing is available as a printout,
documentation on CP I M diskette $75. purchased from any authorized Vector or on disk, for $25,
Documentation only $15. Papertape and Graphic dealer or factory direct. For complete information contact
CUTERT• cassette versions available. For more information, contact Yvonne Tarbell Electronics, 950 Dovlen Place;
(California residents please add sales tax.) Beck at Vector Graphic Inc., 31364 Via Suite B., Carson, California 90746.
OASIS SYSTEMS, 2765 Reynard Way, Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361. (213) Telephone (213) 538-4251, or (213) 538-
San Diego, CA 92103. 991-2302. 2254.
CIRCLE 237 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 239 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 235 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MARCH 1979 17
 CASSETTE MAGAZINE FOR I floppy disk drive. Audio cassette storage is is aimed at a specific small business
PET, TRS-80 APPLE II supported; Phi-deck support will be application, such as real estate, automotive
GAUDEUS, STARTING IN MAY - a most available soon. sales, mailing lists, inventory, accounts
economical and fun way to animate your General Technics is distributing, free of receivable/ accounts payable, inven-
microcomputer.' charge, an assortment of public-domain tory/invoice, ledger, personnel files, retail
The monthly issues are to contain at least 10 software from the CP/M Users' Group, sales and medical files, to name just a few.
programs with emphasis in Computer Assisted including a Z-80 assembler and the Because the microcomputer uses terms
Instructions mostly under the feature topics of BASIC-E compiler / interpreter. familiar to each specific application, the
CAI. - HOME ECONOMICS - BUSINESS - The Digital Group CP/M package user doesn't have to learn exotic program-
TRIVIA - GAMES - LANGUAGE (computer) - comes complete with diskette, bookstrap ming languages. The low cost of each
with programs in Math, Physics, Geography,
ROM, CP/M manuals and supplementary program (manufacturer's suggested retail
Chemistry, Cooking Recipes, Nutrition, Speed
Reading, Buzz Phrase Generator, Basic Tutor
documentation. $\00 .. General Technics, of $300) makes it easy for a business to add
(Also Machine Language in future issues). Inc., 1515 W. Main, Peoria, IL, 61606, on programs as the need arises.
As for quality of the programs, we think that (309) 673-8080. An example of the startling utility of OS-
our Chemistry tutor is the jewel of the DMS is using it to create a personnel file
CIRCLE 243 ON READER SERVICE CARD
microcomputer software industry. for a company in conjunction with a
The subscription's introductory price is to be specific application such as the OS-DMS
$30.00 per year. payroll program. The system can easily
If yOU have children, you can't afford to be NEW 6800 SOFTWARE FROM generate other useful information in
without Gaudeus. If YoU have a wife you can't addition to payroll. Another OS-DMS
afford to be without G'audeus, if you are alone, PERCOM program called "Query" can be used by an
Gaudeus and your computer will keep you
PerCom Data Company announced the untrained office person to quickly obtain
company. .
A pre-introductory price of $25.00 will insure availability of Hemenway Associates, Inc. an employee's phone number. An OS-
your being the first on our mailing list, plus an software for the Company's LFD-400 D M S mailing list program can
extra C-30 cassette as a bonus. This offer mini-floppy disk storage system. automatically generate mailing labels for
expires April 15, 1979. Included in the Hemenway line offered all employees. One of OS-DMS's report-
GAUDEUS by PerCom are a macro linking assembler, writer programs can be used to generate
BOX 113 BASIC compiler, text editor and linking management reports such as employee
OZONE PARK, N.Y. 11417 loader. lists, wage lists, seniority reports, etc. All
CIRCLE 153 ON READER SERVICE CARD The programs are for 6800-based com- these tasks and many more can be
puters using PerCom's mini-floppy disk accomplished by a computer user without
FORTRAN ROUTINES storage unit) and are suitable for both any programming knowledge. The person
business and personal computing simply makes a few-menu selections and
Key Bits Inc. announces THE STRING applications. answers some simple questions to obtain
BIT'M, a collection of FORTRAN The assembler, designated RA6800ML, these results.
character string handling routines. Includ- generates relocatable and linkable code, Ohio Scientific, Inc., 1333 S. Chillicothe
ed are routines to find, delete, fill, move, and features (user-defined) macro instruc- Road, Aurora, Ohio 44202, U.S.A. Phone:
separate, concatenate and compare tions. It resides in 16K of RAM, and uses a 216/562-3101.
characters and character strings. One hash-coded table to cut execution time. CIRCLE 245 ON READER SERVICE CARD
routine counts the occurrences of anyone The BASIC compiler, STRUBAUM
string's appearance in another. There are (Structured BASIC Language), generates
routines to insert, replace and reverse relocatable code, and separately compiled
characters and character strings within program modules may be linked to form a IMSAI'S FORTRAN IV
other strings. Character strings can be single program. STRUBAUM, which re- VERSION 2.9
truncated, scanned for numeric data, and quires 16K of RAM or more, implements
converted to numbers. Characters can be hash-coded symbol table searches and In addition to meeting the ANSI
extracted from the left, from the middle, binary-searched keyword tables. standard, IMSAI FORTRAN IV is a true
from the right, and from between any set of EDIT68, the text editor, may be used on compiler, with an enhanced disk I/O
specified characters. both data and programs. In addition to package, an extensive subroutine library
THE STRING BIT is ideally suited for Search, Change, Delete and the usual and facilities for generating and managing
applications such as commani:! identifica- editor functions, EDIT68 supports macros relocatable object modules. The FOR-
tion, parsing and interpretation, test of often-used edit functions. TRAN compiler processes several hundred
editing, character string file management, The linking loader, LINK68, inter- statements per minute in a single pass and
inquiry systems and report preparation. connects object modules produced by needs less than 24K bytes of memory to
The package is fully supported bya either the assembler or STRUBAUM com- compile most programs, Among the
comprehensive orientation and reference piler. compiler enhancements over the ANSI
manual. $45.00. For further information STRUBAUM (includes Run- standard are true random disk file access,
contact Key Bits Inc., P.O. Box 592293, Time package) $99.95 transfer of control at end of file or error
Miami, FL 33159. RA6800ML Assembler includes condition, mixed mode arithmetic, hex-
MACLIB) $49.95 adecimal constants, LOGICAL variables
CIRCLE 242 ON READER SERVICE CARD
EDIT68 Text Editor $29.95 which can be used as integer quantities,
CP/M FOR DIGITAL GROUP LINK68 $19.95 LOGICAL DO loops and sixteen digit
PerCom Data Company, 318 Barnes, double precision arithmetic. IMSAI'S
SYSTEMS Garland, Texas 75042, (214) 272-3421. FORTRAN IV is a revised version of
General Technics, Inc. is now offering Texas residents must add 5% sales tax. Microsoft FORTRAN, with an enhanced
release 1.4 of the popular and versatile disk I/O package. Additional diskette
CIRCLE 244 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CP / M * floppy disk operating system, protection and program error security are
configured for Digital Group microcom- offered by the file OPEN call that lets the
puters. Digital Group owners using CP / M user optionally specify volume, drive and
can readily exchange programs' with OHIO SCIENTIFIC DATA-BASE access privileges. IMSAI FORTRAN IV
owners of other systems, and will also be generates RELOCATABLE CODE
MAr..IAGEMENT SYSTEM enabling the user to write and test
able to take advantage of the wide variety
of software that runs under CP/M, OS-DMS, Ohio Scientific's data-base programs in modules. If the user changes
including several BASICs, FORTRAN IV, manage-system is a system which 'brings only one module of a program, only tl1at
COBOL, business packages, and much the use of microcomputers down to the module need be recompiled. A compatible
more. level of non-programmers. It allows assembler and linking loader allow the user
This implementation of CP/M is fully Virtually untrained computer users to store to link FORTRAN and/or Assembler
compatible with other CP/M systems and and recall information from anyone of modules. IMSAI MANUFACTURING
runs in any standard Digital Group 8080 or Ohio Scientific's full line of floppy and Corporation 14860 Wicks Boulevard, San
Z-80 system having a minimum of 18K of hard-disk microcomputer systems. Each Leandro, California 94577 (415) 483-2093.
contiguous memory and one full size program.in the extensive OS-DMS library CIRCLE 246 ON READER SERVICE CARD

18 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 the $988 Surprise •••
If you haven't looked carefully This means TRS-80's memory Radio Shack's 58 years of con-
at the Level.:II 16K TRS-80, is equivalent to a 28K RAM- sumer electronics leadership,
you're in for a big surprise! based system. our 50 regional repair centers
Level-II BASIC gives TRS-80 New for 1979~ TRS-80's (growing to 100 this year), our
advanced features like com- numeric (calculator) keypad new Radio Shack computer
prehensive string handling, included on every 16K com- centers, and our NYSE-listed
multi-dimension arrays, puter, and available as an billion-dollar parent, Tandy
multi-letter variable names, add-on for present owners. Corporation, insure that cus-
named cassette files, full edit- tomer support is always avail-
ing, integer arithmetic, TRS-80's modular design able right where it should
single (o-digit) and double allows easy expansion. Add be-c-Iocally.
(Io-digit) precision arithme- up to 48K RAM, Expansion
Interface, printers, 1 to 4 So if you haven't seriously
tic, formatted printing,
Mini-Disks, RS232C, tele- looked at TRS-80 yet, ask
memory-mapped video (print
phone acoustic couplers, your 'local Radio Shack for our
directly at any of 1024 screen
Voice Synthesizer, dual cas- new 20-page fact-filled catalog
positions), 128x48 video
sette recorders, our System and be prepared for a $988
graphics (may be intermixed
Desk and Printer Stand. Sur- surprise. Surprising power-s-
with text), error trapping, auto
prisingly, these are not prom- features- price- support!
line numbering, TRACE,
ises of things to come, but real Level-II 16K systems include
PEEK and POKE ... to name
products being delivered right everything pictured, plus the
just a few. Because Level-If is
now. Software from games to manual. Better to be surprised
in ROM, TRS-80 powers-up
General Ledger are available, now ... before you choose
ready to go with the full 16K
with more cassette and disk the wrong microcomputer
RAM available for your use.
software being added system.
monthly.

PRICE MAY VARY AT INDIVIDUAL STORES AND DEALERS.

 with Smoke Signal, SW, Percom disks or
TWO-PART COMPUTER cassette. Almost any 6800 system that uses

Get Your
MUSIC basic. Program will tabulate payroll
record, print paychecks, list employee
NEWTECH Computer Systems' new records, summarize employer tax records,
"Americana Plus" music software is now create new file, open a different file, and
available for use with the Model 6 and end of year or quarter records.
Model 68 Music Boards, NEWTECH's
S-100 bus and. SWTPC-compatible Music
Boards. "Americana Plus" contains more
than a dozen pre-coded tunes, ready to
BILLING SOFTWARE FOR 6800
Available NOW - Billing Software for
6800. Designed to run on SWTPC CPU
Up-Grade
load and run, including five American
favorites arranged for TWO VOICES.
Each voice can. have a different sound
quality, and two Music Boards can be used
with Smoke Signal, SW, Percom disks or
cassette. Almost any 6800 system that uses
basic. Program prints mailing labels, bills,
overdue and aging notices. It will furnish
Kit Here:
for stereo. The MD-I NS disk for the North reports for customer A/ R, sales, and last
Star Micro Disk system, and iheMD-ISW purchase. Also has file handling
AL: Birmingham: Computer Center, (205) 942-8567;
disk for the SWTPC Mini FLEX Disk capabilities. Huntsville: Computerland, (205) 539-1200. AZ:
System (both $19.95) also feature Visa and Mastercharge welcome. Each Tuscon: Myotis Enterprises, (602) 326-5306. CA:
Berkeley: Byte Shop, (415) 845-6366; Davis: Capito!
"Jukebox,"a user interactive BASIC package on disk or cassette for $200, and Computer Systems, (916) 483-7298; EI Cerrito: Compu-
program that permits easy selection of any runs in 16K. Stephen Moe Company, Mail terland, (415) 23:J..601 0: Hayward: Computerland, (415)
538-8080; La Mesa: EDP Management lnc., (714) 462-
tune. The MC-ISW cassette ($15.95) for Address P.O. Box 595, Springfield, OR 5400; Los Altos: Computerland, (415) 941-8154; Marina
the SWTPC AC-30 interface contains the 97477. Offices at 3698 Franklin Blvd. Del Rey: Base 2, (213) 822-4499; Mt. View: Byte Shop

same tunes as the MD-l SW disk. An audio Eugene, OR Telephone 503/726-7613. Computer Store, (415) 969-5464; Digital Deli, (415) 961-
2670; Palo Alto: Byte Shop, (415) 327-808OSacramento:
demo cassette with the above songs is also CIRCLE 249 ON READER SERVICE CARD Capitol Computer Systems, (916) 483-7298; San Diego:
Byte Shop of $an Diego, (714) 565-8008; San Francisco:
available. Model 6 and Model 68 Music Byte Shop, (415) 434-2983; Computer Center Inc., (415)
Boards, assembled and tested, are available 387-2513; Computer
0640; Computerland,
Store of San Francisco;
(415) 546-1592; San Jose: Elec-
(415) 431-

for $59.95 at over ,50local computer stores. DATA BASE/QUERY SYSTEM tronic Systems, (408) 226-4064; San Rafael: Computer
Newtech Computer Systems, Inc. 230 AVAILABLE FOR CP/M AND Demo Room lnc., (415) 457-9311; Santa Clara: Byte
Shop Computer Store, (408) 249-4221; Walnut Cr8E!k:
Clinton Street, Brooklyn, New York 11201 Computerland, (415) 935-6502. CO: Denver: Compu-
(212) 625-6220. NORTH STAR USERS terland of Denver, (303) 759-4685; Englewood: Byte
Shop, (303) 761-6232. CT: Fairfield: Computerland of
CIRCLE 247 ON READER SERVICE CARD WHATSIT - or, "Wow! How'd All Fairfield, (203) 374-2227; New London: R & R Computer
store, (203) 447-1079. FL: Ft. Lauderdale: Computer
That Stuff get In There?" is a self-indexing Age, (305) 791-8080; Computerland, (305) 566-0776;
INCOME TAX PREPARATION query system now available in a CP/M Jacksonville: Williams Radio & TV, (904) 354-5460;
Panama City: Boyd Ebert Corp., (904) 769-4492; Tampa;
SYSTEM compatible model. Microcomputer Systems,.(813) 879-4301 GA: Smyrna:
Capable of storing up to 25,000 free- Computerland of Atlanta, (404) 953-0406. HI: Hono-
lulu: Computerland. (808) 521-8002. IL: Champaign:
Softbyte announces the development of format entries, the system typically Byte Shop, (217) 352-2323; Niles: Cornputerland, (312)
a Federal. Income Tax System (FITS) responds in 4 to 15 seconds to queries, 967-1714; Oak Lawn: Computerland, (312) 422-8080;
Peoria: Computerland, (309) 688-6252. KY: Louisville:
program for the use of Professional slightly longer for updates. Computerlllnd, (502) 425-6380. MA: Cambridge:
Preparers of Federal Income Tax returns. Want to index your investment portfolio Computer Shop, .(617) 661-6270; Waltham: Computer
FITS is a disk based system to be used on ... computerize your customer list ... Mart tnc., (617) 899-4540.
land of Gaithersburg,
MD: Rockville;
(301) 946-7676.
Computer-
MI: Ann Arbor:
microcomputers. It is an interactive system organize professional files? WHA TSIT can Newmann Computer Exchange, (313) 994-3200; East
which does the calculations for, and prints do it, as well as many other chores that Lansing: New Dimensions
2880; Kentwood: Computerland
in Computing lnc.. (517) 337-
of Grand Rapids, (.616)
out Forms 1040, 1040A and Schedules A, demand quick access and easy updating of 942-2931; Royal Oak: Computer Mart,(313) 576-0900.
B, C, D, E,F, G, R, RP, SE and TC. FITS disc files. MH: Bloomington: Computerland of Bloomington, (612)
884-1474; Minneapolis: Computer Depot tnc., (612) 927-
unlocks the tremendous potential of the Automatic cross-indexing makes all 5601. NB: Omaha: America Computers, (402) 592-
microcomputer for the Tax Return In- entries accessible by a variety of conver- 1518. NC: Raleigh: Byte Shqp, (919) 833-0210. NJ:
Budd Lake: Computer Lab of NJ, (201) 691-1964; Clark:
dustry. It is available on North. Star, sational query Requests, which may be as S-lUO, (~tJl) ~82-1318; tsenn: Computer Mart of NJ,
Micropolis Metafloppy, full size floppy simple as: "When's Dr. Jekyll's Appoint- (201) 283-0600; Succasunna: Computer Hut, (201) 584-
4977. NY: Carle Place: Cornputerland of Nassau, (516)
under CP/M and TRS-80dis.ks .. Price is ment?" 742-2262; Elmira Heights: Red Ten Electronics, (607)
$'285.00 for a disk and operating instruc- Unlike many systems, WHATSIT im- 734c3566; Ithaca: Computerland of Ithaca, (607) 277-
4888; Johnson City: Micro World, (607) 798-9800; New
tions. FITS provides an option for com- poses no predetermined categories or rigid York City: Computer Mart of NY, (212) 686-7923;
puter generated forms for which IRS formats. The data structure evolves Syracuse: Computer Shop of Syracuse lnc., (315)446-
1264; White Plains: Computer Corner, (914) 949-3282.
approval has been requested. Delivery will through normal use of the system, by OH: Cincinnati: Digital Design, (513) 561-673.3; Colum-
start at the end of November, 1978. incorporating index "headings" chosen by bus: Mjni Micro Computer World lnc., (614) 235-5813;
Consumer versions of the professional the user. Entries may be cross-indexed Ohio Microcomputer
Dayton: Computer
Speclallsts,
Solutions,
'(614) 486-1849;
(513) 223-2348. OK:
program will also be available. For further under any number of headings, and Oklahoma City: Microlithics lnc., (405) 947-5646;
information, contact your computer dealer whenever new headings are needed, they Micronics,
Computing
(405) 942-8152. PA: Fraze" Personal
Corp., (215) 647-6463; Philadelphia: Micro-
or Softbyte, 315 Dominion Dr., Newport can be added in a matter of seconds. tronix, (215) 665-1112; State College: Micro Computer
News, VA. 23602 Entries may be as short as a single Products lnc., (814) 238-7711. TX: Austin: Computer-
land, (512) 452-5701; Dallas: KA Electronic Sales, (214)
character or as long as 200 characters and 634-7870; Ft Worth: Patrlck Assoclates, (817) 531-2761;
CIRCLE 248 ON READER SERVICE CARD
entries. of a~y length may be freely Garland: Digital Research Corp., (214) 271-2461;
Houston: Computerland of SW Houston, (713) 977-
intermixed Without waste of disc space. 0909; Houston Computer Mart, (713) 649-4188; San

INVENTORY SOFTWARE FOR WHATSIT automatically stores each Antonio: Micromart, (512) 222-1426. UT: Orern: John-
son Computer ElectroniCS, (~bl) 224-5361. VA:
entry in the smallest possible space.
6800 The Model CP-I runs in CBASIC and
Alexandria: The Computer
546-8085; Computers
Hardware
Plus,(703)
Store lnc., (703)
751-5656; Arlington:
Arlington Electronics Wholesalers, (703) 524-2412.
Available NOW - Inventory Software requires a minimum 40K CP/M system WA: Bellevue: Computerland of Bellevue, (206) 746-
for 6800. Designed to run on SWTPC CPU with one to four single-density disc drives; 2070; Seattle: Magnolia Microsystems, (206) 285-7266.

with Smoke Signal, SW, Percom disks or The system supports a printer if desired.
WI: Madison: Computerland of Madison, (608) 273-2020;
Neenah: Fox Valley Computer Store, (414) 725-3020.
List price is $125.00, including a clearly
cassette. Almost any 6800 system that uses written CANADA: ONTARIO: Mississauga: Arisia Micro-
l20-page manual. systems, (416) 274-6033; Toronto: Computer Mart Ltd.,
basic. Program provides a capacity of up to (416) 484-9708. BRITISH ISLE.S: CHESIRE: _Cheadle:
1000-80 character items per disk. Contents Also available is Model NS-3 for North New Bear Computing Store, 061-491-0134. ESSEX:

are item search, daily activity report, Star systems, offering the same immediate
llltord: Byte Shop Ltd., 01-554-2177. HARTFORD-
SHORE: New Barnet: Computer Components, 14
minimum quantity search, list by item, list access to data stored on 5-inch discs. List Station Rd. ISRAEL: Haifa: Microcomputer Eng. Ltd.,

by class, list by vendor, access a different price of the North Star model is $75.00.
31-070. WEST GERMANY: Munich: ABC Computer
.Shop, Schellingstrasse 33, 8000 Munchen 40; Micro-
file, up date a file, create a new file. Both models are available through local computer Shop, Toelzerstr, 8, 0-815 Holzkirchen;
computer stores, or through the dis- Wedel: Digitronic Computer Systems, Bei-der Doppe-
liche 3-5.
PAYROLL SOFTWARE FOR 6800 tributor, Information Unlimited, 331 West
Available NOW- Payroll Software for 75th Place, Suite 21, Merrillville, IN 46410.
6800. Designed to run on SWTPC CPU
CIRCLE 250 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Ithaca Audio
20
 Everything you need to up-grade your
Apple II in blocks of 16K,
"'\

• s tested and guaranteed 16K RAMs,

• New Memory Select Untts,
• Use only a household screwdriver.
Everything you need to up-grade your • Easy instructions.
TRS-80 to a 16K system,

• 8 tested and guaranteed 16K RAMs

,.. New programmIng Jumpers - Easy-to-follow Instructions .
• Only tool required IS a nou-seh.old screwdriver.

Everything you need to up-grade your

Sorcerer in blocks of 16K.

"

• 8 tested and" guaranteed 16K RAMs

• New prQ9famming jumporG
• Use only a screwdriver and soldering iron.
• Easy instructions.
 A Creative Computing Equipment Profile ...

The Battle Against Slow TRS-BO

Computing
It's being won with floppy disk
systems
Reviews which compare one product with another
are usually more interesting. This review of
Radio Shack's new disk system offers some com-
parisons with MITS' disk hardware and ope . rt~· ~"""'I
system.

Ken Knecht

Ken Knecht, 1890 W. Colorado St., Yuma, AZ

I just got my first disk drive for my Comparisons Storage Capacity

TRS-80 and I'm very happy with it. Ran A random record is 128 bytes long in I mentioned earlier that the total disk
perfectly ever since I unpacked it. MITS, 255 in TRS. The maximum storage area was 55K or 85K bytes.
I'd been using Level II BASIC and number of records that can be stored Well, if the disk is in drive 0 it has 55K
was anxious to have the much faster on a disk in MITS is 2046, 329 on a TRS bytes of storage, in drives 1,2 and 3 it
saving and loading of programs with disk (remember though, the TRS rec- has 85K bytes. The reason for this is the
the disk, and since I write business ords are essentially twice as long). You DOS system keeps most of its utility
programs for part of my livelihood I was can store 255 files on a M ITS disk, 48 on programs and the extensions to Level II
anxious to try those I had written while a TRS disk. BASIC on the disk until needed. Thus
waiting for the disk. It's obvious that the TRS-80 disk will 30K of disk space is pre-empted by this
I've previously used MITS 4.0 disk hold much less data, roughly 1/3 as software. This disk must be in driveO to
BASIC and will first give a few com- much. Thetotal capacity of a MITS disk use the system. I'm wondering if all the
parisons. Incidentally, this is version is 250K bytes, a TRS-80 55K or 85K extensions to Level II BASIC might not
2.1 of the TRS-80 DOS (TRSDOS). bytes. We'll discuss this "or" later. run with a blank disk in drive 0 after disk
I'll have to admit I'd sure like more BASIC is loaded. I can't try this until I
disk storage for some programs, for get my second drive and can FORMAT
instance when I have to keep a very a disk.
large data-base on line, but in most Now you are probably wondering if
other programs I find I have more than .you are going to be stuck with only one
enough room. For one program I find usable disk if you only have one drive.
I'll need four drives, and would like to No problem, you can copy this
use one more, but TRSDOS will only software onto another disk quickly and
handle 4 drives. Perhaps later on we'll easily, thus making as many drive 0
have a dual density drive available, or disks as you wish. Yes, you can copy a
full size floppies, or whatever, to disk even if you only have one drive!
choose from. I wish that the records were 128
The disk drive runs much more bytes, as in MITS disk BASIC, instead
quietly than does the MITS; no fan and of 255 bytes. Note 255, so you can't fit
the head loads very gently. You can't in two 128 byte records. This means I'll
hear the motor run unless you listen for have to do a lot of rewriting to use my
it. Also, the motor only runs when the old MITS programs using random disk
drive is being used, not all the time .. files on the TRS-80. Rats!

CREATIVE COMPUTING
22
 /

The Basic you wish. You can also make a file TAPEDISK is a DOS utility program
However, the disk BASIC is very invisible to a normal DIR (file name which allows loading Radio Shack (and
much like that of MITS, almost all listing) if you wish. This DOS com- other?) System tapes into RAM, then
BASIC commands are the same, with mand is ATTRIB with the various into a file on disk. Programs must load
the TRS,missing a few present in MITS options. after 54F4 hex in memory, Which
disk BASIC, such as SWAP, RENUM, You can use the DOS command eliminates most programs.
ERASE, WAIT and possibly a few more, APPEND with the names of the two
The only one I really miss is RENUM, files to add one sequential file to the DISKDUMP/BAS is a BASIC program
and that is available on tape as a end of another. This is very useful to (run under BASIC, not DOS) which
System program. So if you are used to extend a sequential file without having permits you to make a sector by sector
MITS BASIC you will find the to write a subroutine to re-record it. examination of any specified user file.
Changeover an easy one'. I suspect it Then there's the DOS 0 IR mentioned It prints out each sector in hex, then
would be from most other BASICs as earlier. This is like FILES in MITS disk with corresponding ASCII code, if
well, as the dialects aren't all that BASIC only more so. printable. This shows how data is
different. If you write your programs in DIR prints out all visible BASIC file stored on the disk. Educational.
modules to be loaded off disk as names (remember the invisible files .... ,;,;" ,',

required, as I do, then you can general- under protection?). If you add S (DIR: ,.• j ....
-,
ly use CLEAR to replace ERASE. (S) ) then it also displays System files. ....
i....

Two commands conspicuous by An I gets you all invisible and non-

-s:
their absence in the TRS disk BASIC system files. An A gives you the disk
are MOUNT and UNLOAD, Nope, no allocation for the files displayed. So
equivalent either. Just put the disk in DIR: (S,I,A) gives you everything.
the drive and go, or pull it out when you CLOCK turns the clock and display on
Notice two things, the disk drive
wish. Of course, don't remove the disk and off; it is displayed in the upper right
number in all cases is optional and
if the LED on the drive door is on, corner of the CRT screen. The DOS
spaces, especially in DOS commands,
indicating it is reading or writing. So commands to set the time and date are
are critical. Even in BASIC some are
much for MITS. On to the' DOS. Now it TIME and DATE. The clock and date
crltical. Forexample, FIELD3,128ASC$
gets interesting. can be read (and printed) under BASIC
is illegal, it has to be FIELD3,128AS C$
with RIGHT$(TIMES$,8) for the time
because ASC is a reserved word. and LEFT$(TIME$,8) for the date,
Earlier versions of MITS disk BASIC
had this problem too, but not 4.0. TRACE turns on or off a display next to
You might have noticed the Systems the clock showing the program counter
files I mentioned. These are machine contents in hex. I haven't figured out a
language program files, used by DOS use for this yet. This is different than
or us~ generated. the BASIC TRACE command.
AUTO is another DOS routine. This
The following is a list of more DOS forces the DOS to load any DOS
(not BASIC) commands: program upon power on. This could be
used to load BASIC automatically
The DUMP command permits loading when you turn on the computer. It can't
a file located in a consecutive series of force a BASIC program load because
memory locations, for example a BASIC hasn't been loaded yet. Only
machine language program. You also one argument allowed.
specify the loading address for when
the file is read. BACKUP is the DOS program used to
copy disks. It will also copy itself, and
The Disk Operating System
FRE lists the free disk space on all used can copy with only one drive. It
The DOS is more like you'd expect a drives in terms of files available and automatically FORMATs (initializes)
DOS to be. That is, like a micro version granules (1.25K bytes, or 1/2 track) by diskettes if this has not already been
of a big computer's operating system. drive number. done, It will only copy to a disk with no
And that's what it is, BASIC is just one LIB lists all available DOS commands data stored on it. Therefore you must
of the programs itcalls. There are many in that version. bulk erase a disk before you copy to it.
other interesting programs and That makes it pretty difficult to erase a
LOAD loads a machine language
featu res as well. disk by mistake.
program file into memory. This is
The TRSDOS permits file protection different than the disk BASIC LOAD. When BACKUP runs it tells you which
- at three levels. You can protect a file track it's FORMATing as it does, then
to be available in any of the following PROT changes file and disk tells you' as it reads and verifies each
categories, with or without a password. passwords. It permits changing all the sector, then the copy routine begins.
passwords to one, or to remove the DOS tells you as it loads each track into
Execute passwords, or change the disk
Read, execute RAM for a one drive BACKUP, It loads
password (all only if you know the disk as much data from the disk as it has
Write, read, execute password),
Rename, write, read, execute room for in RAM, then requests you to
Total Access RENAME permits changing a file change disks, then puts the data into
name. This does not affect that file's the same tracks on the blank disk, and
You always have total access with password or protection. so on. Runs pretty fast too, only a few
your password. Of course if you forget VERIFY(ON) causes DOS to verify all minutes and disk changes for a single
the password you have problems. But BASIC disk write operations. That is, drive BACKUP. MITS takes 30 minutes
each disk also has a password, allow- for a two disk drive copy.
read them after they have been written
ing you to change the file passwords if to be sure they were recorded properly, COPY records a file under a new name,
you know the disk password. The DOS system disk writes do this retaining the old file under the old
Of course you can change the automatically. The default is name. Passwords and protection re-
passwords and protection whenever VERIFY(OFF). main the same.

MARCH 1979
23
 Another thing you should note, the
REALTY EXPENSE ANALYSIS PROGRAM
- - with - minimum length of a random or se-
tax-ready totals for IRS filing quential file is one granule (1.25K bytes
or 1/2 track). Thus one record random
REAP is designed for the property owner files are very wasteful, as are short
or manager, providing complete expense sequential files.
infqrmation for each building in payment
by payment or summary format including - When you FORMAT a disk you are
notified of any bad tracks on the disk.
BUILDING~PAYEE report displays buildfngs These are locked out automatically.
expenses for all or a selected payee. You are also given the option of locking
out other tracks, and FORMATing or
UTILITY-SUMMARY report displays yearly, not these locked out tracks as well.
year-to-date, or .average monthly expense
by building for electric, gas, water, If you use the reset button on the
trash computer you lose any program in
TAX-TOTALS report lists building totals RAM.
for utilities, insurance, property tax, Power up is very easy, it's all
and repairs for each building. FORMAT initializes the disk. You can't
FORMAT with only one drive, but if you automatic. Just put a DOS disk in drive
Complete data input, edit, and sort cap- only have one drive you need to use o and turn the system on. I use a power
abilities with extensive error recovery BACKUP to copy the 30K bytes of strip to provide power for everything
make data maintainence easy. Each 16K and use its on/off switch. The disk LED
of memory will handle 500 yearly expenses software you need to keep on the drive
larger data files are possible with disk o disk anyway, so this is no loss. goes on for a few seconds and you get
BACKUP does its own FORMAT. DOS READY before the monitor has
REAP is available on cassette w/complete FORMAT takes less than a minute, not warmed up. No loader programs to fool
documentation for - TRS-80, Apple, PET 7 minutes like MITS DOS. with or switches to flip or buttons to
push.
Introductory Price - $25.00 The last program is a DEBUG, called by
D08. This is a pretty standard
REALTY SOFTWARE CO., 2045 Manhattan Ave. debugger; it permits you to display (in
Hermosa Beach, CA., 90254
hex or ASCII), or modify, any address
VISA/MC call 213 372-9419 in memory, load a register pair, display
registers, display memory sections in
full screen, set up to two breakpoints,
and single step or single step with
CIRCLE 150 ON READER SERVICE CARD CALLs completed.
File names are the usual 8 charac-
ters, but you can add up to three char-

Ii; acters as an extension: thus ST AR-

TREK or STARTREK/ONE or

HOME
>< ST ARTREK/#1, etc. Nice for different
versions of the same program.
Another nice feature, drive numbers

POISON
CONTROL Roger O. Littge, MD
are optional. If you LOAD a program in
DOS or BASIC without a drive number
all drives will be searched until the
program is found. Watch out for the
same file name on several disks. Also, if
WARNING: your home contains
you SAVE a program with no drive
products which MAYBE HARM- number specified it will be saved on the
FUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. first disk found with enough room to You can also useyourLevel1i BASIC
This North Star BASIC program de- hold the file. and Systems tapes in two ways without
termines the necessary EMERGEN- Of course you can return to DOS going to the trouble of disconnecting
CY MEASURES for ingestion of from BASIC at any time. Just type the expansion module. Ask for BASIC2
household products. Disk utility al- CMD"S". To get to BASIC type BASIC instead of BASIC when you get DOS
to the DOS READY. READY. Push the reset button on the
lows expansion of substance vocab-
Disks are dated when they are computer to return to DOS. You can
ulary to over 2400 names. Access
initialized or copied. The date shows also get Level II BASIC when you
time less than 6 seconds. Free an- up when you use DIR. power up if you hold down the BREAK
nual updates. Complete Source
Some Closing Thoughts key when you turn the computer on.
listings. A few more interesting items I should I'd recommend you purchase 16K of
mention. When you return to DOS from R·AM in the expansion module for a
Diskette and Manual $28.00 BASIC you lose the program you had total of 32K. With 10K of RAM used by
Manual only, with listings 8.00 stored in memory. A bit inconvenient at DOS and disk BASIC the 6K left is not
times as you always have to remember very much.
WATCH FOR cassette versions. Incidentally, the DOS disk is free
to SAVE a new program before you
Available at your computer store leave BASIC, even if only for a DIR.Of with the purchase of the disk drive'
or from: course this also means you can't use MITS charges an extra $200. Radi~
some of the more useful (to aprogram) Shack gets $5.98 for additional blank
Berkeley Medical Data Associates. Inc.
DOS commands in a program like disks, I can generally find them
Microcomputer Consultants
P.O. Box 5279, Berkeley, CA 94705 APPEND, FRE.and RENAME. elsewhere at $3.50. •
(415) 653-6707

CIRCLE 144 ON READER SERVICE CARD

24 CREATIVE COMPUTING
~

\ --

Introducing the personal

computer you've waited for.
The EDdy Sorcerer.
I didn't buy my personal computer I wanted easy to use graphics. interfaces are built-in, and the optional
until I found the one that had all the Programming pictures is as easy as 6-slot S-loo Expansion Unit captures
features I was looking for. typing messages on the screen, and the all the hobby computer creativity and
The Exidy Sorcerer does everything I 256 character set includes 128 user- prevents obsolecense.
wanted to do and a few things I never definable graphic or foreign language I wanted a computer that's easy
dreamed of. symbols. enough for children to use. I just
It isn't magic. Exidy started with the I wanted the best video. With connect my Sorcerer to a video display
best features of other computers, add- 122,880 points in a 512 x 240 format, and a cassette tape recorder, and if I
ed some tricks of their own, and put it I get the most detailed illustrations. have any questions the easy-to-
all together with more flexibility than I wanted to display more infor- understand Operation and BASIC Pro-
ever before available. Presto! My mation. The Sorcerer displays 1920 gramming manuals have the answers.
reasons for waiting just disappeared. characters in 30 lines of 64 characters I wanted to buy from an ex-
I wanted pre-packaged pro- - equal to a double-spaced typed perienced manufacturer. In five
grams. Software on inexpensive page. years Exidy has become the third
cassette tapes for the Sorcerer is I wanted a full, professional largest producer of microprocessor-
available from Exidy and many other keyboard. The Sorcerer's 79-key data based video arcade games.
software makers. processing keyboard provides I wanted an affordable price. This
I wanted user programmability. designated graphics, the complete is where Exidy does a little magic.
The Sorcerer's unique plug-in ROM ASCII character set in upper and lower $895 for 8k, $1150 for 16k and
PACTM Cartridges contain program- case, and a 16-key numeric pad for $1395 for 32k!
ming languages such as Standard calculations. Now, what are you waiting for?
(Altair 8k') BASIC, Assembler and I wanted memory. The 12k of Call Exidy for the name of your
Editor (so I can develop system soft- ROM holds a Power-On Monitor and nearest dealer. (408) 736-2110. Or
ware), operating systems such as DOS Standard BASIC; the user memory is write Exidy, 969 W. Maude Ave.,
(so i can also use FORTRAN and internally expandable to 32k.
COBOL) and applications packages I wanted expandability. Com- ~~'§40~i;~
such as Word Processor. munications, printer and tape storage
. ~ inc .
• Altair is a trademark for Pertec Computer Corp. CIRCLE 198 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 11I80RG"n1ZHR
Channel Data Book

Lee Churchman

PET owners rejoice! Here's the ideal method for organizing

the documentation·on your system . .. and findoutwhat you
haven't been getting from Commodore! .

Lee Churchman, 227 W. Cook St., Santa Maria,

CA 93454.

The Channel Data Book, ($20 from class, but it seems to include wheel each time a block ori a flowchart
Channel Data Systems, 5960 Mandarin everything else, and that's plenty! I is to be turned into lines of Basic.
Ave., Goleta, CA 93017) for owners of was pleased to see a reformatted Wisely, the previous sections of the
the Commodore PET, is really a very version of the IEEE-488 device list that book have not listed the address and
simple idea; an organized repository Commodore was supposed to have phone number for each name, To do
for all the bits and pieces of "things sent me but never did. If you need help so would involve a lot of repetition and
worth saving" we keep encountering in connecting your Pet to any of the not generate' a very' useful look-up
but once saved, seem never to find devices on this list, Channel Data table. The last section is just such a
again. Systems, the producers of the book, table. If you want the address of the
It is a large 3-ring binder with room say they can help you, . Pet Users of Japan, the Pet dealer in
for several hundred pages, and a set of The software section of this useful Dallas, TX, or the name of the man to
dividers to help organize those pages, book accounts for the largest number talk to at the Lawrence Hall of Science
There are six attractively tabbed of pages, I counted fifty-five, and most Computer Project, it's all there, and all
divisions: Commodore Com- of the pages list a dozen or more easy to find.
munications, Hardware, Software, programs available on cassette tape. Things change, of course, and in the
Information Sources, Address List ... That adds up to a whale of a lot of field of microcomputers they change
and Notes and References. programs. It also adds up to a very rapidly. The publishers plan a major
Some of the sections start out useful list I found several programs I, annual update of the Channel Data
containing quite a bit For example, intend to get, in categories where I Book, to be published in the first
the Commodore Communications thought nothing was available, and quarter of each year, with supple-
section showed me just what Com- from firms I hadn't known existed, ments at least quarterly. For the. initial
modore hasn't sent me, and it's worse That has to be a Significant value of purchase price of $20 you get the book
the book! and the update service for one year.
than I thought That alone is worth the
$20 price of the Channel Data Book, as The book is valuable just as it comes
Just as valuable, if not more so, is from Channel Data Systems. It will
well as an angry letter to Commodore. the list of information sources. Pet assume its true value, however, only as
Pet owners who have suffered under owners need information sources, you fill it with the pages that mean
Commodore's secrecy syndrome real- since Commodore left a vacuum there. something to you. Each of us has his
ly need this book! This section lists magazines, manuals, or her own needs; I will populate my
The hardware section has what newsletters, schematics and work- book with listings for valuable sub-
seems to be a very complete list of books. The list of newsletters may be routines, articles from magazines,
things. that can be connected to the the most useful part of this section to ideas for things to do (some distant
Pet. It doesn't include the most expen- anyone who wants to do more with the day when I have time) and all the
sive, which are properly considered to Pet than playa pre-recorded cassette, variety of things I want but haven't
be out of the personal computing price but who doesn't want to re-invent the been able to keep track of before...

26 CREATIVE COMPUTING
Build your own microcomputer
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T~S-SO
SrrirJ~s
Stephen B. Gray

For the fourth column, let's look at CompuSoft may publish a disk book, "To REWIND or FAST-Forward a
"The BASIC Handbook," which will perhaps around the end of 1979, or cassette, place Recorder in REWIND or
help you translate "foreign" programs early 1980. CompuSoft will publish a FAST-Forward, then type CLOAD and
into TRS-80 language; a dual-cassette Level-II manual in the same style that hit ENTER. When the tape has reached
switchbox to help you CLOAD and made the Level-l manual so immensely the desired position, push the Reset
CSA VE; a new edition of the "Guide to popular. Dr. Lien's "best guess" is that button inside the Expansion Port
TRS-80 Information;" and someoi the it will be about 300 pages long and cost access door (rear left of the TRS-80).
suppliers of 16K memories for your about $14.95, and may be available by (Instead of using the CLOAD/Reset
machine. late spring of 1979. It will be available sequence, you could remove the
only through CompuSoft or computer REMote plug from its jack; however,
BASIC Handbook: The TRS-80 Level-I stores, not Radio Shack. Please don't repeated insertion/removal tends to
manual was written by Dr. David Lien, write CompuSoft to ask when any of wear out any plug and is not
"a longtime technical author and their future manuals will be available; if recommended.)"
college dean," according to the jacket they take time out to reply, publication That takes care of one problem, but if
of his latest work, "The BASIC Hand- of the manuals could be delayed. you want to listen to the source tape to
book," available at $14.95 plus $1.35 for Incidentally, the manual that Dr. Lien know when the "bit stream" starts
P&H, from CompuSoft Publishing, wrote for Radio Shack, titled "User's flowing, you've got two choices:
8Q62Dent Drive, San Diego, CA 92119. Manual for Level 1," with silver printing remove the EARphone plug, which
This encyclopedia explains over 250 on a black cover, is still being packaged ruins the recording; or put an AM radio
BASIC statements, functions, with every Level-l TRS-80. For sale as a near the keyboard.
operators and commands, from over 50 separate $5.95 book in Radio Shack A neat solution to all these problems
of the most-used dialects. Nearly all the stores, the title has been changed to is Dick Fuller's RF-II switchbox. It's
TRS-80 words are here. "BASIC Computer Language" and a about the size of 1Y2 TRS-80 power
For each word you get a description, very different cover is used, featuring a supplies, is a close match to the TRS-
a test program and sample run using photo of Peter Nero, musician and 80 design, and sits atop your recorder.
the word, helpful hints (if needed), TRS-80 user.
The computer cables plug into the
variations, and other information. The
RF-II, and the RF-II has cables for
best part of the book is the section,
plugging into one or two cassette
provided with some of the words,
recorders. The RF-II alse contains a
called "If your computer does not have
computer/recorder switch that puts the
it," which gives "alternate ways to
recorderts) under computer control or
accomplish the same objective USing
which yields control to the recorder(s),
other BASIC words, when possible ...
a both/off/cross switch used only if a
and it isn't always possible."
second recorder is connected, LEDs
This is exactly the book you need if
that indicate computer and recorder
you're trying to convert programs that
status, and an internal speaker.
use words not available in the TRS-80
With the RF-II switchbox, you can:
instruction set, such as MAT READ,
DSP or SLEEP, into Level-lor Level-II -II dUClI-\~CI:;:;t:((t: • Monitor CLOAD and CSAVE
programs. This is the only book I know from Fuller Electronits, eliminates through the internal speaker,
of that will show you how. And it is having to plug and unplug cables when • Monitor fast forward or rewind, if
beautifully written: clearly, concisely you CLOAD or CSAVE, and facilitates your cassette recorder is the Radio
and thoroughly. copying data (or audio) tapes. Shack CTR-41 or similar,
The only disk statements are the few • Adjust monitor volume without
mentioned in passing in the # pages. Switchbox. If you CSAVE any of your affecting data volume,
Even without the disk words, the book TRS-80 programs, you know the • CSAVE with two cassette
was targeted at 280 pages, and wound problems of having to plug and unplug recorders simultaneously:
up at 360. Had the disk words been cassette cables. Some of this can be • CLOAD with either of two
included, the handbook could have eliminated by following the instruc- recorders without pulling cables,
cost $20 to $25, Dr. Lien says. tions in the Level-II manual: • Cross-tape (copy tape) from

28 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 recorder one to recorder two, or can put it together, but "after reviewing not essential to the operation of the RF-
vice versa. the instructions you feel you would II. If you have a "battery card," free 9-
prefer an assembled version, return the volt batteries (or other sizes) can be
After you've used RF-II awhile, you'll
kit, unassembled, with $15 and we will obtained at your Radio Shack dealer,
wonder how you got along without it.
send you an assembled RF-II. one battery a month for a year.
You may have seen construction
Remember, you may return the kit for a Guide to TRS-80 Information. The first
articles for a similar "cassette interface
full refund, if you so desire." What edition was reviewed here (Nov/Dec
switching box" in other publications,
could be fairer? 1978, p 36) as "a must for any really
but with this kit, you don't have to go
looking for parts. The on Iy problem I had with the RF-II serious TRS-80 nut," but is not easy to
The RF-II, from Fuller Electronics, was the instructions' comment that for read because of poor typing and/or
7465 Hollister, Suite 2.32, Goleta, CA cross-taping, "the level control on the printing.
93017, is $34.95 in kit form, $49.95 recorder that is in' the play mode should The publisher, acting on comments
assembled, plus $2 postage (CA be about 2." At that level, I got no such as these, "went out on a limb and
residents add 6% tax). . flashing asterisk at all, not until I raised obtained an IBM Selectric ... and
The price would be lower if Dick the volume to 4 or 5. begged the pri nter to do the best job he
Fuller had used cheaper parts, but to After duplicating several data tapes, I could." The second edition is now
make it easier for people who destroy wondered if the RF-II could be used to much easier to read, packs twice as
parts during construction or use of the copy audio tapes, since I have a much information into a reduced
RF-II, nearly all parts are Radio Shack collection of folk music on cassette. format (now 8V2 by 5V2 inches) and
parts and are available nationwide. But when I tried it, there was a bad hum costs only a little more: $3.30 including
Dick Fuller, incidentally, was the first on the copied tape. Thought it might be P&H, from F.E. Heubner, Box 37206,
editor of CLOAD magazine, and his AC-line hum, so ran both recorders on Oak Park, M I 48237.
voice is on the audio portions of all the batteries (four C-size in each), and the Converting to 16K. There are many
early issues, when they were still using hum was gone. Very easy to copy tapes ways to bring your 4K TRS-80 up to
voice. Dick is now devoting full time to now. 16K. Here are only a few, as taken from
the RF-II and to some other goodies Although the instructions for cross- the ads:
we'll talk about when they're ready. taping data recommend that you use
The RF-II kit "is not recommended batteries only, and remove the cassette • Radio Shack: 16K memory, in-
for the first-time kit builder," as the DIN plug from the computer, I did stalled at no extra installation cost.
instructions say, and I agree, after six neither of these and had no trouble $290.
hours of cramming a lot of components when cross-taping data only. • Advanced Computer Products
into a small box. For $15, let Dick's The battery, incidentally, is used (Box 17329, Irvine, CA 92713): 16K
crew do the hard work. If you think you only to power the green LED, which is memory with jumpers and instructions

TRS-SO
MEMORY EXPANSION $79
KITS
Each Kit-consists of: 8 Memory Chips, Jumper Blocks, and
Complete EASY TO FOLLOW Instructions
Expands 4K TRS-80 up to 48K (3 sets)
TRS-aOFLOPPY Disk (SA-400) Add On
COMPLETE Ready to use with power supply and case $389

ADD to your APPLE or $100 Bus Computer

$89 - Set of 8 250 NS
$99 - Set of 8 200 NS

No. 4116 - 200 NS (w/16K Chips), 16K, $279, 32K, $375, That's right. The famous Computalker able on either 5% inch diskette or
48K,$469,64K,568 CT-1 Speech Synthesizer that produces cassette. TRS'80 Level II and 16K words
highly-intelligible natural sounding memory required, 32K words recom·
No.4115,8K,$189, 16K,$229,24K,$269,32K,$30~ speech can now be installed on your mended.
TRS-BO.
5100 Bus Expandoram Kits* Completely self-contained, the Model SAVE $100
"Expand NOW or LATER to 64K (32K for "K Chips) CT·n comes with its own chassis and SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY PRICE
8K Chips: $49/Set of B power supply, on·board audio amplifier
ASSEMBLED, TESTED AND BURNED IN - ADD $50 (2 Watts), CSR1 software, and inter' $495
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE connect cable. The CT·n comes with Suggested retail price is $595
FULLY WARRANTED FOR 6 MONTHS complete documentation and is avail· Calif. residents add 6% sales tax.
Master Charge - VISA - C.O,D. (25% with order) -
Money Order - California aesidents add 6% Sales Tax
Shipping Charges: $2.00 COMPUTALKER
CONSULTANTS
M MicroComputerWorld M 1730 21 st St.. Suite A
P.O. Box 242 San Dimas, CA 91773 Santa Monica, CA 90404
(213)392·5230
(213) 286-2661

CIRCLE 195 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 103 ON READER SERVICE CARD

29
 (specify Level-lor Level-II), $119.95. • A B S- S oftwa rei H a rdwa re open your TRS-80 to install additional
• Deltronics (Box 29363, Atlanta, GA Specialists (P.O. Box 8297, Ann Arbor, RAM, you void the Radio Shack
30359): Eight 250nS dynamic RAM MI 48107): 8 MOSTEK chips, instruc- warranty.
chips, 2 plug-in DIP shuts, complete tions, lifetime guarantee. $89. Reichert offers six modifications, all
set of instructions; 16K RAM package, • MicroComputer Systems (144 S. requiring that you send in yourTRS-80:
$129.95; 32K RAM package, $238.50. Dale Mabry Hwy., Tampa, FL 33609):
1. Add RAM for lower-case
• Digital Micro Systems (Box 1212, 16K memory upgrade kits, TI prime
characters, clean up horizontal
Orem, UT 84057): 16K RAM expansion industrial quality ICs, (TMS 4116-
smear, $59.
kit $125 with free software. Or we can 30JH). $125. 2. Install 16K memory, $189.
install it for you for $35 w/shipping. • F. Reichert Sales (1110 E. Garvey 3. Install your Level-II so you keep
• Bill Godbout Electronics (Box Ave., W. Covina, CA 91790): Install 16K
Level-I and flip a switch for either,
2355, Oakland Airport, CA 94614): memory. Send your TRS-80
$69.
Upgrades TRS-80 mainframe from 4K microcomputer. 16K of memory and 4. Clock mod, increases processing
to 16K, or populates Memory Expan- labor, $189. For 16K of memory, parts
speed by 30 percent, switch select
sion Module. 1-year warranty. $159. 3 and installation data [you install], $159.
between two speeds, $49.
kits $450. [All factory seals must be intact. Any 5. Serial printer interface mod, install
• Ithaca Audio (Box 91, Ithaca, NY unit whose seals have been tampered switch-selectable baud rates, from
14850): 8 prime dynamic RAMs and with will be shipped back immediately.] 75 to 9600, $119.
complete set of pre-programmed Locations in Los Angeles, Portland, 6. You provide expansion interface,
jumpers. Lifetime guarantee. $140. Denve~ _ they install Pertec FD200 mini
• Jade (4901 W. Rosecrans, • UHF Associates (90 Transport Ave floppy, $425.
Hawthorne, CA 90250): 4116 dynamic #4 Rohnert Park, CA 94928): 16K
RAMs, jumpers, instructions. $98. M~mory Retrofit. ICs plus 'instructions Reichert repairs any original TRS
• Jameco Electronics (1021 Howard $95. Prime ITT 4116 ICs, 200nS. UHF microcomputer "or one of our
Ave., San Carlos, CA 94070): 8 each installs $115. modifications," $69. Package rates
UPD416 (16K dynamic RAM), $115. • West Side Electronics (Box 636, save by having more than one mod
16K conversion kit plus Sup 'R' MOD II Chatsworth, CA 91311): Includes 8 done at a time:
(RF modulator tuned to UHF channel MK4116 RAMs and instructions, $130. • Mods 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-$449
33), $139.95.
By the time you read this, .sorne of • Mods 1 and 2-$234
• MicroComputer World (P.O. Box • Mods 2 and 2-$243. •
these prices may have dropped,
242, San Dimas, CA 91773): 8 memory
although Radio Shack has said they
chips, jumper blocks, instructions. $79.
won't lower theirs. Note that if you

_.._.•...__.,...,
•••
• • ••••
I
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Do It! Subscribe Now!

...-.
• ·H·••
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Box 1267
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welcome

MAGAZINE
© 1978 CLOAD MAGAZINE
CIRCLE 134 ON READER SERVICE CARD

30 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 Postage, paper, and printing prices have been soaring out of sight and itIs just a matter of time
before we'll have to raise our subscription prices. However, before we doso, we're giving you,
our readers, a chance to subscribe or extend your subscription at the current rate. Not only that,
but we're giving you an incentive to do it today. Wot a deal!

A complete set of all 9 issues of ROM is yours The great children's game "Computer Rage"
free with a 3-year renewal, extension, or new or the hilarious "Colossal Computer Cartoon
subscription to Creative Computing. Book" is yours free with a 2-year renewal,
ROM magazine was published from July 1977 extension, or new subscription to Creative
to April 1978 and contained some outstanding Computing ..
articles by' the "leaders in the field: Lee Computer Rage has been hailed by educators
as an outstanding game for teaching youngsters
Felsenstein (designer of the SOL), Joseph
between 7 and 14 about the binary number
Weizenbaum (AI guru at MIT); Theodor Nelson
system (the game uses 3 binary dice!), parts of a
(author of Computer Lib/DreanfMachines), Bill computer system and how a program is
Etra (a video/computer artist), Frederick. processed. In addition the game is sheer fun!
Chesson (computer cryptography expert), and Recommended by Instructor, The Arithmetic
many others. Each issue of ROM, "the com- Teacher, The Science Teacher, Curriculum
puter magazine for the curious," had a full- Product Review and others.
color heavy centerfold suitable for framing, The Colossal Computer Cartoon Book is our
outstanding fiction, how-to articles, games, best-selling book containing over 300 side
puzzles, and much more. ' splitting, wacky, droll, punny, cute, and clever
cartoons. "The funny side of computers, robots,
and other malicious machines."

Here's what you get: Here's the offer:

36 issues of Creative Computing $72.00 24 issuesof Creative Computing $48.00
~<I- single copy price $2 each single copy price $2 each
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31
All Systems Are Not
.. Created Equal
 location 3000 (decimal). The
Dis~Q Fever
parenthesis may be ignored, i.e., SYS
Those of you waiting for the big C to
3000 will work too. If you want to
provide a floppy disc system for the
transfer data between BASIC and SYS
PET now have sotne alternatives to
use PEEK and POKE to some location~
look at. If you are an individual hob-
known by both.
byist with an interest in minifloppies,
USR - This one's almost too much
drop a line to: Computhink, 3260
trouble to use. BASIC sees it as a
Alpine Rd., Palo Alto, CA. Their price is
function, and to use USR, you must
around $1300, and your PET needs an
fi rst make locations 1 and 2 the add ress
Expandapet fc:>rth is system. You do get
of the machine language code (Low
two floppy drives with this one.
byte for 1, High byte for 2). Then when
If you are with a company or institu-
USR is seen in an expression, i.e., like
tion, there is a very interesting dual 8"
20 Q = 12*USR(3)
floppy system which can be shared
BASIC will place the value in
among several (up to 15) PETs. Your
parenthesis in memory at the "floating
contact for this one is: Nestar Systems,
point accumulator," and then does a
810 Garland Drive, Palo Alto, CA
JSR (indirect) through location 1
94303.
which leaves you in your machine
Both of these are in the production
value in address 1024 (or 400 in hex). code, To get back RTS will suffice.
prototype stage as I write this (Late
POKE - This BASIC statement The floating point accumulator con-
November 78), and should be deliver-
~rites the value of its second argument sists of 5 bytes starting at B(Jhex-
ing when you read this. If you are
Into the address provided by the first. (I adecimal (176 decimal), and is in the
comparison shopping, the PET
h~te to say this,. but sometimes putting following format:
Gazette and the XXX Paper have
things In plain English is a cir- B(J Binary Exponent + 8(J (128
mentioned some other disc systems
cumloquatious pain ... ) For example, decimal)
produced on the East coast.
POKE 1000,123 will make the byte at B1 - B4 Mantissa (normalized)
Machine Language Machinations B5 Sign - (J if mantissa is (J
lOQO have the value 123 - ail in
After discussing the matter at length + if mantissa + (i.e., 128 or
decimal, of course! POKEing in the
with John Craig (our noble Editor) I more in decimal)
wrong places will crash the PET
have decided not to do a great deal with - if mantissa is -
particularly if you POKE into the bas~
6502 machine language in this column. Normalization means that the MSB of
page (0 - 255). Any address below 1024
However the 10% of you who like B1 will always be 1 and the exponent
is sacred to the PET.
assembly coding do have loud voices adjusted accordingly.
Bugs have thelrestnetlc side, and so
an.d I can be of some help - novices, If your machine code changes these
do crashes. A really nice one can be
skip on to the music section! bytes, when USR returns, BASIC will
done by entering these two commands.
If you want to learn "how to" a good Wait a short while between them: . use the new value as USR's value.
bibliography is on Page 97 of the Nov- POKE 1026,3 . As I said, USR is lots of trouble to
Dec issue of Creative Computing. The use, and this is enough on machine
LIST
PET Paper is planning a series of language at present. Good luck to you,
!ry it several times - the PET will vary
articles for the beginner in machine and check the bibliography that was
In ItS response!
language for this year. mentioned.
SYS - Here, BASIC will jump to the
The PET has these facilities for
address mentioned, and run the Music At Last
making life with the wild coder. at least
machine language found there. When If you read the preceding column,
livable:
an RTS (Return from Subroutine) is the PET can be made to generate tones
PEEK - This is a BASIC function
encountered, control resumes in and sounds by the CB21ine in the User
that. r.eturns the. value of the byte Port. Now let's go on to doing
specified In decimal. For example, BASIC at the next statement. For
example, SYS (3000) will start at "musical" things.
PEEK (1024) returns (J which is the

MARCH 1979 33
 The reason I use quotation marks is hear the errors in the 2nd octave, and I 30 N=ASC(A$)~64
that even though the PET can play expect that those of you who play 40 IF N>36 OR N<1 THEN 20
simple tunes by controlling pitch and music will hear errors in the first 50 GOSUB 1000
duration, the sounds made do not octave. 60 GOTO 20
qualify as music. If your interest lies in The best PET values for the first Now when you press a letter (A to Z)
making instruments, compositions, octave are: 227, 211, 199, 187, 177, 167, the PET will play a note, and you have
etc., I advise you to peruse these two 157,148,140,132,124, and 117. Toget the world's clumsiest keyboard instru-
publications: 1) Computer Music Jour- the next two octaves there's a nice ment! Those of you who like such
nal, PO Box E, Menlo Park, CA 94025 trick!!! (Computer programming is full things can make the PET keyboard
2) Electrollotes, 1 Pheasant Lane, of 'em!) The square wave in the shift more like a piano or organ. (Hint: Scan
Ithaca, NY 14850. register isn't the only wave that can be the string ASDFGHJKL by MIP$ to
CMJ is'concemed with quality digital put there. Figure 1 shows two other select N, the note number.)
synthesis techniques, and Elec- waves, which just (heh, heh) happen to Playing Tunes
tronotes covers analog synthesizer be one and two octaves higher in pitch! The next thing to tackle is playing
techniques and digital control of Program A consists of two routines tunes. The following scheme is
musical electronics. Anyways, back to for making 'music. The first one plays borrowed from the article "Scott Joplin
diddling with the PET ..... note N for D jiffies. The second one sets on Your Sci-Fi Hi-Fl" by Dorothy
Making a Scale everything up for the first routine. Siegel, ROIv1,October 77, page 61. The
The PET can make some 255 tones SAVE it away on tape for your' own tune is stored as a set of DATA strings
with CB2 of which one or two are musical adventures. as follows. Each string has 4
inaudible. The problem is to select characters:
those tones that are closest to the Program A First Character: This is the note
musical notes. Rather than sit down Music Program name, A,B,C,D,E,F or G
with a piano tuner, I wrote a program to 1000 REMPLAYNOTENFORDJIFFYS Second Character: Sharp ( # ), Flat
find my notes: 1010 T1 = TI ( ! ), or Natural ( sp ).
10 REM FREQUENCY HELPER 1020 POKE AF,P(N) Third Character: Octave, with 1
20 REM 6522 FREQ FUNCTION 1030 POKE AW,\fJ(N) being the lowest, 3 the highest.
30 DEF FNF(X)= 1E6/(16*(X+2)) 1050 IF TI~T1< D THEN 1050 Fourth Character: Duration
40 REM MUSIC FREQ FUNCTION 1060 POKE AW,rJ S,E,Q,H, or W - Sixteenth thru
50 DEF FNM (X)=262* + (X/12) 1070 RETURN Whole notes.
60 FOR N = 1 TO 36 , Fifth Character (optional): "." will
70 M = FNM(N) 1100 REM FREQ DATA increase duration by % the amount
80 FOR P=1 TO 255 1110 DATA227,211,199,187,177,167 in the 4th character.
90 IF'FNF(P) > M THEN NEXT P 1120 DATA 157,148,140,132,124,117 One improvement has been made. The
100 PRINT"dn dn NOTE:"N" 1S "M" note name R means a Rest, and will
110 P1 = FNF(P) . 2000 REM INITIALIZE play note # 0 - which will be a silence
120 P2 = FNF(P ~ 1) 2010 DIM P(36),w(36) on the PET. If you make an error
130 R1=100*(M~P1)/M 2020 W ='15 encoding the DATA strings, the P~T
140 R2=100*(P2~M)/M 2030 FOR J = 1 TO 36 Will ignore the note. You car add error
150 PRINT"PET LO:"P;P1;R1 2040 IF J = 13THEN RESTORE:W= 51 messages if you like.
160 PRINT"PET HI:"P~1,P2,R2 2050 IF J = 25 THEN RESTORE: W = 85 Figure 2 has the listing. Note that the
170 GET A$:IFA$="" THEN 170 2060 READ P(J): W(J) = W: NEXT J song DATA must come after the notes
180 NEXT N 2070 AW = 59466: AF = 59464 data, and that much use is made of
The function in Line 30 computes the 2080 POKE 59467, 16 scanning strings by a loop and the
frequency that a square wave in the 2090 RETURN MID$ function. The DATA statements
shift register will be made by the PET have the tune "The Entertainer" by
The play routine, 1000, takes note of
when the number X is POKEd into the Scott Joplin for your pleasure.
timer at 59464. For example, the se- the time as T1 (Letter T, digit one) and I don't have enough space to explain
quence pokes the frequency (timer 2) location
the music player in detail (sorry 'bout
AF to the value in the frequency array that!). Take note of the string in Line
POKE 59467,16: POKE 59466,15:
POKE 59464,100 PO· Then it pokes a wave from the wave
260 - this is an easy wayof skipping
will make a tone of 612.7451 hz. Line 50 array WO into the wave (shift register) counts when scanning, in this case, the
computes the even tempered frequen- AW. The loop at 1050 waits for D jiffys,
positions of the musical notes. Lines
cy for the note X, starting at middle C, and then a zero is put into AW to turn
330 and 340 have some trickery to
262 Hz as note # 1. . the sound off.
switch from the musical scale to the pet
The initialize routine, 2000, sets up note number.' .
The program then starts with note
the arrays PO and WOo PO holds the 12
N=1 and searches through the possible If you code your own tunes, I'd liketo
frequencies; repeated 3 times, and WO hear a copy - I will return any
values to POKE until a frequency less
holds the three waves in sets of 12. This
than the musical note is found. Then cassettes that you send.
lets the play routine cover a 3 octave
the PET prints the POKE values just Random Music
range with reasonable pitch fidelity.
above and just below the musical note There isn't any reason why the pet
To see how well this performs, add
along with the % error in frequency. can't be a composer too ... though
the following lines. BE SURE TO SAVE
Line 170 provides a pause while I write what you hear might not be oriented
IT FIRST!! RUNNING MUSIC
the best POKE value down. towards humans. The RND function
PROGRAMS MAKES THE PET
The pitch error gets worse as the provides several possibilities which
FORGET HOW TO SAVE TAPES
notes get higher, as the PET's selection sound quite different to the ear:
CORRECTLY. If you have goofed, you
of frequencies is sparser and sparser. 1) "White" Music - Here the notes are
can recover by entering: POKE
The first octave had errors around .2 to chosen with equal chances over the
59466,0: POKE 59467,0: POKE
.3%, the second around .4 to .6% and scale (0 to 37 for the PET). The
59468,12.
the third was even worse. (Find out by duration is also made random in the
10 GOSUB 2000:D=2rJ
running the program!) My ear could same manner.
20 GET A$; IF A$="" THEN 20

34 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 2) "Brown" Music - Each note is provide top and bottom limits. An Lines 300 to 330 throw the dice the
chosen by adding or subtracting a interesting variation is to permit larger first time. Lines 350 to 380 select the
small number from the preceding ranges, say, +2,+1,0,-1,-2 for each dice to throw according to the number
note - for example, choosing from note. A range of 10 notes sounds more C by checking the appropriate bit via
-2,-1,0,+1,+2 at random and adding. like White music for the 36 notes the AND. Line 390 counts up one and limits
3) "Fractal" Music - This is "between" PET can play. C to 255 (though it would take awhile to
White and Brown Music. For a Making Fractal Music is more com- play 32000 notes!) Line40Qadds up the
detailed description, see Scientific plex. Take several dice (say 3) and label dice for the note.
American, April 78, Mathematical them A, Band C. Then using the If "smoother" music is wanted, 9 dice
Games dept. following table, with 5 sides each can be used - that's
White Music tends to be too "ran- up to you. The "smoothest possible"
dom" and chaotic - the changes are A B C First throw all three die and would be 36 binary dice - a projectfor
abrupt, and there is no relation to past 0 0 0 add the numbers. This isthe machine coders. '
notes. Brown Music is too dull, with first Fractal number. Then, If you entered the code for all three
each note only varying a little from its
0 o 1 take the first entry in the kinds of music, why' not provide the
predecessor, Fractal is "in between" 0 0 table (000) and throw the user with a choice by asking what he
and is more interesting than White or 0 dice that are indicated with wants and playing until he presses a
Brown. 1's ~ that's no d ice the fi rst key? (That's why theline numbers are
0 0
.To try these out, LOAD the music time, Dice C the second set to not collide iNith one another.)
routines (Program A) and add some 0 1 time, etc. Each time, add the
Transitional Music
code. For White Music, add: 0 dice to get the fractal
~ure random music gets dull rather
10 GOSUB 2000 number. When the table. is quickly - another method is to limit
100 N=37*RND(1) finished, start at the top and
the choices that each note can take.
110 0=15 continue.
For example,
120 GOSUB 1000
130 GET A'$: IF A$="" THEN 100 NOTE Next Note Choices
For the notes 0 to 37, I chose 4 dice 1 2,3
140 END
with 10 sides each, with the numbers 0 2 3,4
Line 100 selects a note from 0 (rest) to
to 9 on them - this gives sums from 0 3 4,5
36. Line 130 provides a way to stop the
to 36. Here's the code: . 4 5
music. See if you can change Line 110
to provide random durations as well. 10 GOSUB 2000 5 1
Again, SAVE before playing!! 20 GOTO 300 (skip the others)
300 D1=10*RND(1)
Brown Music goes like this':
310 D2=10*RND(1)
10 GOSUB 2000 320 D3=10*RND(1)
20 GOTO 200 (To skip White
·330 D4=10*RND(1)
. Music)
340 C=O: 0=17
200 N=18
350 IF C AND 1 THEN
210 IF RND(1».5 THEN N=N+1:
01 =10*RND(1)
GOTO 230
360 IF C AND 2 THEN
220 N=N-1
D2=1 0*RND(1}
230 IF N <0 THEN N=O
370 IF C AND 4 THEN
240 IF N >36 THEN N=36
03=1 0*RND(1)
250 0 = 15
380 IF C AND 8 THEN
260 GOSUB 1000
D4=10*RND(1)
270 GET A$: IF A$="" THEN 210
390 C = C+1 AND 255
280 END
400 N=D1+D2+D3+D4
Line 210 flips a coin, and if "heads"
410 GOSUB 1000
(i.e., more than .5), the note rises. If
420 GET A$: IF A$="" THEN 350
"tails" the note falls. Lines 230 and 240
430 END

PET ANALOG
Analog to Digital Conversion System for the Commodore PETComputer
INPUT
Give, the PET t..he abilit..y La sense,. measure,. and
cont.rol t.t'eworld around it. with DAM SYSTEMS IJlodules. 1,-A1M161 - 16 ANALOG INPUTS-B BITS-lOO MICROSEC
Just. plus t..he F"ETSETlint..o the PET La sre-t, 16 channels
of analog input.. Screw t.erminals are provided for each 1- PET MOO - ~~TSEA~~O~~R_-12d:~E S~~~S PORT
channel so YOU can hooK UP ~st..icKs,. poLs,. or what-ever
apppOPriat..e sensors ~u have. 1- CABLE A24 - 24 INCH INTERCONNECT CABLE
Each of t.he 16 analog input..s,. in t.he range of' 0 La
1- MANMOD1 - ~~~liNO~~T;,O~~~i;iNCC~,WG:5~:6NALS
5.12 valLs,- is convert.ed Lo a decimal number bet.ween 0
and 255 (20 millivol;L.s per count.. >. Conversion Lime is 1- POWl - POWER MODULE
100 ec cr-oeconos ,
PETSET1Q for 110 VAC $295
In addit..ioo,. t..he PETMOD providest..wo IEEE port..s and
PETSET1e for 230 VAC $305
CJ!le user s-or-t, as well as a DAM SYSTEMS s-or-t.,
Soft.ware is provided. A one line program is all VISA AND M/C ACCEPTED - SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER, EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER.
Uhat. is necessar~ t.a read a channel. ADO $3 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING a HANDLING - FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE.

CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER, Inc.

150 POCONO ROAD· BROOKFIELD. CONNECTICUT 06804
@J[R][~J
SYSTEMS
(2031 775-9659

MARCH 1979 CIRCLE 166 ON READER SERVICE CARD

35
 Figure 2

Subroutine 1000 has been modified 290 REM SHARP OR FLAT 3020 DATA 80
to play the note while the next one is 300 IF B$="#" THEN N=N+1 3030 REM SONG NOTES
being computed. The rest in Line 5000 310 IF B$="!" THEN N=N-1 3040 bAT A D 3S,E 3S,C 3S,A 3E,B
permits correct completion of the last 320 REM OCTAVE & FINAL 3S,G·2E
note. FIDDLING 3050 DATA D 2S,E 2S,C 2S,A 2E,B
330 0=ASC(C$)-48 AND 7 2S,A 2S .
SCOTT JOPLIN MUSIC PLAYER 340 N=N-15+12*0 3060 DATA A!2S,G 10,G 3E,D
10 REM MUSIC PLAYER 350 IF N< 1 OR N>36 THEN 140 1S,D#1S .
20 REM SCHEME FROM 'SCOTT 360 REM FIGURE DURATION 3070 DATA E 1S,C 2E,E 1S,C 2E,E
JOPLIN' 370 FOR J=1 TO 5 1S,C 20
30 REM ARTICLE, ROM, OCT 77 380 IF D$=MID$("WHQES",J,1) 3080 DATA C 3S,D 3S,D#3S
PG 61 THEN 400 3090 DATA E 3S,C 3S,D 3S,E 3E
40 REM CODED BY GREGORY 390 NEXT J: GOTO 140 3100 DATA B 3S,D 3E,D 30,D
YOB FOR PET 400 D=FNI(2! (J-1)) 1S,D#1S
50 GOSUB 2000 410 IF E$="." THEN D=1.5*D 3110 DATA E 1S,C 2E,E 1S,C 2E,E
60 REM READ TEMPO & CON- 420 REM PLAY NOTE!! 1S,C 20
VERT TO JIFFYS . 430 GOSUB 1000: GOTO 140 3120 DATA C 2S,A 3S,G 2S
70 READ TM 1000 REM PLAY NOTE N FOR D 3130 DATA F#2S,A 3S,C 3S,E 3E,D
80 BT = 3600/TM JIFFYS 3S,C 3S
90 REM INTERVAL FUNCTION 1010 REM **** T1=TI 3140 DATA A 3S,D 30,D 1S,D#1S
100 DEF FNI(X)=INT(BT/X+.5) 1020 POKE AF,P(N) 3150 DATA E 1S,C 2E,E 1S,C 2E,E
110 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY TO 1030 POKE AW,W(N) 1S,C 20
PLAY" 1050 IF TI-T1< D THEN 1050 3160 DATA C 3S,D 3S,D#3S
200 GET A$: IFA$=""THEN 120 1060 T1 =TI 3170 DATA E 3S,C 3S,D 3S,E 3E,B
130 R EM REA D S T R I N G & 1070 RETURN 3S,0 3E
DECOMPOSE 1100 REM FREO DATA 3180 DATA C 30.,C 3S,D 3S (note
140 READ S$ 1110 DATA 227,211,199,187,177, the "."!)
150 S$=S$+" sp sp sp sp sp" 167 3190 DATA E 3S,C 3S,D 3S,E 3E,C
160 A$=MID$(S$,1,1) 1120 DATA 157,148,140,132,124, 3S,D 3S
170 B$=MID$(S$,2,1) 117 3200 DATA C 3S,E 3S,C 3S,0 3S,E
180 C$=MID$(S$,3,1) 2000 REM INITIALIZE 3E,C 38
190 D$=MID$(S'$,4,1) 2010 DIM P(36),W(36) 3210 DATA D 3S,C 3S,E 3S,C 3S,D
200 E$=MID$(S$,5,1) 2020 W=15 3S,E 3E
210 REM CHECK FOR END 2030 FOR J=1 TO 36 3220 DATA B 3S,D 3E,C 30,C 3S,E
220 IF A$~"X" THEN CLR; GOTO 2040 IF J=13 THEN RESTORE: 2S,F 2S
50 W=51 3230 DATA F#2S,G 2E,A 3S,G 2E,E
230 REM CALC NOTE NUMBER 2050 IF J=25 THEN RESTORE: 2S,F 2S
240 IF A$="R" THEN N=(J: GOTO W=85 3240 DATA F#2S,G 2E,A 3S,G 2E,E
370 2060 READ P(J):W(J)=W:NEXT J 2S,C 2S
250 FOR J=1 TO 12 2070 AW=59466: AF=59464 3250 DATA B 1S,A 2S,B 2S,C 2S,D
260 IF 2080 POKE 59467,16 2S,E 2S .
A$=MID$("AABCCDDEFFGG"J,1) 2090 RETURN 3260 DATA D 2S,C 2S,D 2S
3000 REM SONG DATA 3270 DATA C 2E,G 1E,C 1E
THEN 280 5000 REM END MARKER
3010 REM TEMPO IN BEATS/
270 NEXT J: GOTU 140 5010 DATA "R 1W","X"
MINUTE
280 N=J

DAM YDUR CDMPUTER

AIM161 STARTER SET
DATA rf'l NOW YOUR COMPUTER CAN LISTEN TO THE
1 . AIM1&1
16 ANALOG INPUTS
ACQUISITION by Ih!l ~JJ rr> REAL wuRLD. YOU GET 16 8 BIT ANALOG 8 BITS· 100 M1CROSEC
MODULES Ih!l INPUTS WITH OUR AIMIG.
1 . POWl POWER MODULE

INPUT CONNECTOR· 20 PINS

1· ICON SOLDER EYELETS

OUTPUT CONNECTOR· 18 PINS

MEASURE - REcORD - CONTROL 1· OCON SOLDER EYELETS

• TEMPERATURE • ENERGY CONSERVATION EQUIPMENT '189.00

• DIRECTION • GREENHOUSES
• PRESSURE • SPEED
• L'lGHT LEVELS • WEATHER STATIONS
• NOISE POLLUTION
•
•
db
POLLUTION CONTROLS pH CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER
• DARKROOMS EARTHQUAKE TREMORS
• HUMIDITY • VELOCITY 1SOPOCONO ROAD BROOKFIELD, CONNECTlCUr 06IJ04
• LIGHT • ACCELERATION
(203) 775·9659
• JOYSTICKS • GAMES

CIRCLE 167 ON READER SERVICE CARD 36 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 Figure 3 3020 DATA 1, GI 3010 REM FORMAT:
3030 DATA 2,KM NOTE#, CHOICE STRING
TRANSITION MUSIC PLAYER
3040 DATA 3,OQ 3020 DATA 1,AAAXXDDDNO
Note: Subroutines 1000 and 2000 are 3030 DATA 2,BBBYYEEEOP
3050 DATA 4,WY
in Program A. 3040 DATA 3,CCCZZFFFPQ
3060 DATA 5,CA
10 REM TRANSITIONAL MUSIC 3070 DATA 6,DB 3050 DATA 4,DDDAAGGGQR
20 GOSUB 2000 3080 DATA 7, EC 3060 DATA 5,EEEBBHHHRS
30 D=HJ 3090 DATA 8,FD 3070 DATA 6,FFFCCIlIST
40 DIM C$(36) 3100 DATA 9,LN 3080 DATA 7,GGGDDJJJTU
50 READ N,A$ 3090 DATA 8,HHHEEKKKUV
3110 DATA 10,GE
60 IF N >a THEN 100 3100 DATA 9,IIIFFLLLVW
3120 DATA 11,IP
70 C$(N)=A$ 3110 DATA 10,JJJGGMMMWX
3130 DATA 12,JH
80 GOTO 50 3120 DATA 11,KKKHHNNNXY
3140 DATA 13,PS
90 REM SELECT START NOTE 3130 DATA 12,LLLl1000YZ
3150 DATA 14,JR
100 N=INT(37*HND(1)) 3140 DATA 13,MMMJJPPPZN
3160 DATA 15,RT
110 IF C$(N)="" THEN 100 3150 DATA 14,NNNKKKQQLM
3170 DATA 16,NL
120 REM PLAY & SELECT NEXT 3160 DATA 15,000LLLRRKL
3180 DATA 17,TO
NOTE 3170 DATA 16, PPPMMMSSJK
3190 DATA 18,PN
130 GOSUB 1000 3180 DATA 17,QQQNNNTTIJ
3200 DATA 19,VW
140 L=LEN(C$) 3190 DATA 18,RRRMMMUUHI
3210 DATA 20,RP
150 IF L=a THEN END 3200 DATA 19,5SSPPPVVGH
3220 DATA 21,XY
160 R=INT(1 +L*RND(1)) 3210 DATA 20,TTTQQQWWFG
170 N=ASC(MID$(C$(N),R,1) )-64 3230 DATA 22,TR
3240 DATA 23,US 3220 DATA 21,UUURRRXXEF
180 IF N< a OR N >36 THEN
3250 DATA 24,VT 3230 DATA 22,VVVSSSYYDE
PRINT "BAD NOTE": END
3260 DATA 25,ZM 3240 DATA 23,WWWTTTZZCD
190 GET A$: IF A$="" THEN 130
3270 DATA 26,AN 3250 DATA 24,XXXUUUAABC
200 END
4000 REM END MARKER 3260 DATA 25,YYYVVVBBAB
3000 REM TABLE DATA 4010 DATA -1,XX 3270 DATA 26,ZZZWWWCCAM
3010 REM FORMAT: NOTE#, 4000 REM END MARKER
3000 REM TABLE DATA
CHOICE STRING 4010 DATA -1,XX

If Note 1 is played, then the next note to the characters @ to Z. Second, use are the music player (Program A) so
mu~t be 2 or 3. A look at this shows that an array of strings, one for each note to they aren't listed twice. Two transition
an Irregular rising tune would always indicate the possible choices. Our little arrays are shown in the Data
be played. An entire table for all 36 tune above becomes: s~atements which sound quite
notes can be constructed, with the NOTE Choices String different. If you want a smoother
chance for each new note indicated - 1 "BC" sounding player, use the subroutine
the above list would be like this: 2 "CD" 1000 in the Scott Joplin program and
3 "DE" add these Lines:
Old Note New Note 4 "E"
1 2 345 6 7 135 N1 = N
1 0.5.5 0 0 O· 0 5 "A" ,185 IF N=N1 THEN T1=TI: GOSUB
2 0 0 :5 .5 0 0 0 The last thing is that the chances for a 1050
3 0 0 0 .5 .5 0 0 giv.en note in the string is 1/(length of 200 POKE AW,a.:END
4 0 0 001 0 0 string) - so BC in the first note's
More complex rules for composition
5 1 000 000 choices has equal chances of choosing
can be devised and made for the PET'
B or C (2 or 3). If you want to make one
. Changing the values in the "transi- t~o~gh there comes a point wher~
note more likely than another, just
tion .table" will change the "style" of finding the next note cannot be finish-
repeat it - for example, "AAAAB" will
music made. As programming this is a ed while playing the previous one. In
choose A 4/5 of the time, and B 1/5 of
formidable task on the PET (That's a the 18th and 19th centuries many
the time. If there is no choice for a note
challenqe for you!!), let's look at a compositional schemes were devised
(null string), the tune will end.
Simpler scheme. First, let's only use the to simu.late most of the styles of music
Figure 3 shows the transitional music
27 notes 0 to 27. This can be converted of the times -let me know if you build
program. Subroutines 1000 and 2000 a PET sonata player. _

PET PRINTER ADAPTER

GET HARD COPY FROM YOUR
COMMODORE PET USING A
The CmC ADA 1200 drives an $9850 ADA 12008
RS-232 printer from the PET Assembled and tested
STANDARD RS-232 PRI~TER
IEEE-488 bus. Now, the PET
owner can obtain hard copy
listings and can type letters.
manuscripts, mailing labels,
tables of data, pictures, in- Order direct or contact your local computer store.
voices, graphs, checks, needle- Add $3.00 lor postage and handling per order.
point patterns, etc., using an
RS-232 standard printer or
CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER rru
1200C 150 POCONO RD, BROOKFIELD, CT 06B04 lb!l rnm rru
terminal. (203) 775.9659 UUU lb!l

MARCH 1979 37 CIRCLE 168 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 APPLE IWtlERS: Record Reviews:
You chose the best.
Now, make it better!
The New Digitals,
With our exclusive Superchip (ROM
firmware) your APPLE can deliver the best
Some Old Binaurals
of both-graphics and text-processing.

David H. Ahl

• Full ASCII character set (lower case)

• 31 other, useful non-ASCII characters
• User-defined characters with our
Character Edit Cassette
• Enhanced editing capabilities for
program and data modification
And, it works with your existing
APPLE programs-Integer BASIC
and Applesoft.

Holst: Suite #1 in Eeflat, Suite #2 in F; Handel: Music for the

Royal Fireworks; Bach: Fantasia in G. Frederick Fennell, The
Cleveland Symphonic Winds. Telarc 5038. $14.95. (Telarc
• The Character Edit • Since you can now Records, 4150 Mayfield Rd., Cleveland, OH 44121) .
program defines each build characters, you Stravinsky: The Firebird; Borodin: Overture and Polovetsian
new character in a can also create new Dances from Prince Igor. Robert Shaw, Atlanta Symphony
magnified format with character sets- Orchestra and chorus. Telarc DG 10039.
a few easy key strokes. foreign alphabets,
These discs are two of the first truly digital recordings. This
music, games, whatever. means the sound goes from microphone directly to an analog-
to-digital converter which samples it 50,000 times per second;
The Superchip plugs into your APPLE with each "sample" is then recorded in memory. The process is fully
no modification. described in the extensive jacket notes on the two Telarc disks.
The music? First of all, it has amazing depth and clarity. The
ORDER NOW SUPERCHIP $99.95 incredibly deep bass will blow you right out of your seat. I have a
Character pair of ancient A R-2 speakers which, if nothing else, ha ve superb
Please send me! Edit Cassette $19.95 bass response even compared with Klipshorns and other
exotica. However, even at modest volume, my AR's were
Shipping Charge (each) $.75 literally quaking on their stands. Don't get me wrong-I'm not a
bass nut-but the fantastic sense of being in Row I a few feet
I attach check or money order for $ _ away from the bass and 'cello sections was overwhelming. The
Or, charge my: 0 VISA 0 Master Charge Holst suites are particularly impressive. (I listened to the same
piece on London Phase 4 and Mercury "Living Presence"-
BankCardNo. _
recordings which are awfully good-right after the Telarc one
Expiration Date _ and there's just no comparison. The Telarc disks blow the others
Name _ out).
Incidentally, with these disks it is very important to have a
Address _ more-than-decent sound system (leave the kids' portable out of
City State Zip __ this), however it is truly the record that makes the difference. I
tried the Telarc disks driven by a Scott 40-watt amplifier into
Signature _
Fisher FP-9 and Radio Shack Optimus I B speakers as well as
Telephone orders accepted with charge card: the AR-2's and all combinations sounded great. A Marantz 55-
watt amp driving a pair of Lafayette Criterion 2002's produced
214-358-1307 equally mind-boggling results.
Today Soundstream and 3 M are among the few manufac-
turers of digital sound recording equipment. A basic setup goes
for a cool $150,000 which partially explains the high list price of
the records. Nevertheless, you owe it to yourself to try at least
one of these discs.

CIRCLE 157 ON READER SERVICE CARD CREATIVE COMPUTING

38

- -- --------
 /

:
'" ~ ....···fo
••.•••• 0' ••
: ....... ".::
Stravinsky: Concerto in D; Bach: Brandenburg Concerto #3,
Suite for Strings; Villa-Lobos: Bachianas Brasileiras #5. Willis
Page, Orchestral Society of Boston. Cook 1026. (Cook
Laboratories" Inc., P.O. Box 802, Norwalk, CT 06854).
"The Organ At Symphony Hall" (Boston) played by Reginald
Foort. Cook 10545.
"Percussion and Pedal" Vols I and 2. The Richmond Mosque
organ played by Reginald Foort. Cook 1050 I, 10523.
Dubois: The Seven Last Words of Christ. Willis Page, Boston
Chorale. Cook 1094.
No, not only new is great. I recently had the good fortune to
obtain several rare unplayed Cook discs made in 1952!! (Can
you imagine, this is truly "ancient history"-transistors were not
yet invented and stereo records were called binaural). I
previously had a number of Cook records but all had been
played hundreds of times on cartridges with tracking weights of
3 to 5 grams or more which absolutely destroys the grooves.
Anyway, these new ones prove that there was some
fantastically good sound way back then. Not digital, mind you,
but these pure virgin vinyl records have exceptional highs and
remarkable presence.
The Foort organ disks are the showy ones, but personally, I'd
select 1062 (Stravinsky, Villa-Lobos and Bach) or 1094 (Dubois)
for outstanding performances that you'll want to play over and
over. A word of warning: these discs are long out of print and are
probably 'available only from the dusty back shelves of the
largest and oldest dealers. Worth checking on tho!

ET WORD PROCESSOR

This program permits composing and printing letters. • (lJ

flyers. advertisements. manuscripts. etc .. using the Uo

2~
COMMODORE PET and a printer.
Script directives include line length. left margin. cen-
tering. and skip. Edit commands allow the user to
-
UJ~
insert lines. delete lines. move lines and paragraphs. Wc:i
change strings. save onto cassette. load from cassette. .J~
move up. move down. print and type. <{D
The CmC Word Processor Program addresses an RS-
232 printer through a CmC printer adapter.
UJ~IT:
The CmC Word Processor program is available for
t-u.. o
a:
$29.50. Add $1.00 for postage and handling per order. 2~ c(
U

Order direct or contact your local computer store,

W~ II.!
U

2~ s
a:
II.!

O~ II)

l.. VIS4·,1
D.~
~rn
a:
II.!
o
c(

•
CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER II.!
a:
I
z
150 POCONO ROAD
BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804
O~ o
U~ •..
II)

'"
,I~
(203) 775-9659
...I
II.!

U
CIRCLE 169 ON READER SERVICE CARD a:
o
MARCH 1979
39
 IBM Buys Qume.
Now You Can Too!
The Qum,e. Sprint 5 Daisywheel
Termina].

Stephen B. Gray
FAST. At 55 characters per second the fastest daisywheel printer made.
SMART. The Qume Sprint 5 is the printer for word processing and plotting
because microprocessor controlled Sprint 5 logic responds to all 128 ASCII Consumer's Guide to Personal Computing and Microcom-
codes plus 43 Qume-defined commands for specific paper handling and
carriage movement controls. That means it supports bidirectional printing,
puters, by Stephen Freiberger and Paul Chew. Hayden Book
proportional spacing, right justification and high resolution graphics (5760 Co., Inc., Rochelle Park, NJ. 176 pages, paperback $7.95. 1978.
points per square inch). Although a dozen of the 64 microcomputers described here
FLEXffiLE. A variety of configurations guarantees there is a Sprint 5 for are commercial computers, or software development items, the
you, whether you have a TRB-SO, an IBM 370 or anything inbetween. comments offered are of value. This may be the only book to
• Keyboard (KSR) or Receive Only (RO) contain comments such as, on the Poly 88 System 6, "Each
• RS·232C. DC Current Loop or Par"'lel Interface expansion chassis has its own power supply. However, this can
• 45 or 55 characters per second
A multitude of daisywheels (over 70) in various typestyles, pitches and be cumbersome with respect to space." And on the now-defunct
language variations plus a colorful rainbow of carbon and fabric ribbons gives Sphere 310, "This system does have several limitations."
you a dynamic range in the appearance of your letter perfect printouts. However, most of the comments are laudatory, and no adverse
comments are made regarding many computers that are
generally known to have problems.
Reconditioned Qum,e-based After two picture-filled chapters on the basics, there are
chapters on Input/ Output Devices, Software, Selection and
Daisywheel Termina] Sources of Hardware and Software, Microcomputer Systems
was $4500+, now $2150. (Sol 20/8, Heathkit H-8, PET, etc.), Limited. Input/Output
Systems and Systems on a Card (MJKE 3,. COSMAC VIP,.
Gen Com's 300Q Qume Terminal, fully KIM-I, etc.), Microcomputers in a Cabinet (lMSAI8080, Poly
reconditioned 88, PCM-12A, etc.), Microcomputers on a Card and CPU
• Qume Q30 print mechanism (30 cps) Cards, and Microprocessors (with a two-page chart of various
• Bidirectional printing/proportional types).
spacing The book ends with a four-page Reader Response Survey
• Plotting-Super Plot firmware package
standard that "provides reader feedback and suggestions to the authors."
• 1/120" horizontal control, 1/48" vertical For a second edition?
control Available from Creative Computing Book Service.
• Wheeled pedestal standard
• 86 key keyboard w/15 key numeric pad
• RS·232C serial interface, cable included
• ASCII encoded w /256 character buffer
• 30 day limited warranty
• Nationwide service
••••
Computers and Communication: Implications for Education,
Qume Sprint 5 55 CPS, KSR $3295 edited by Robert J. Seidel and Martin Rubin. Academic Press,
45 CPS, KSR 2995 New York. 429 pages, hardcover $15.50. 1977.
55 CPS, RO 2895 This is the proceedings of the conference on Computer
45 CPS, RO 2695
Gen Com 300Q 2150
Technology in Education for 1985, held at Warrenton, Virginia
DTC 300A (similar to Gen Com 300Q, but w/Hytype I mechanism) 1995 m Sept. 1975. Many of the names of the authors of the three
Forms Tractor 210 dozen papers will be recognized by Creative's readers, including
Pin Feed Platen 160 Dave Ahl, Alfred Bork, Ludwig Braun, and Thomas A. Dwyer,
TRB-80 interface (for any above terminal) 39.95
Electric Pencil Word Processing Software (TRB-80 version) 99.95
and most of the rest are well known in the educational field ..
Daisywheels and Ribbons (Qume and Diablo) write for list The papers are in five categories: LSI Technology and 1985
TAX and SHIPPING (FOB San Leandro, GA), if applicable, not included Educational Computmg Systems (The Million-Terminal
System of 1985, The Personal Computer and Ed ucation),
uirite or call Storage Technology: Effect on Education (magnetic-bubble
technology, A Database Resource Center); What Do
COMPUTER TEXTile Developments in Communications Imply for the Distribution
10960 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1504 of Educational Resources? (Broadcast Delivery of CAI Dave
Los Angeles, CA 90024 Ahl's Does Education Want What Technology Can Deli;er?), If
(213)477-2196 the Machine Gets Smarter, Does the Student Learn More?
(artificial intelligence, A Learning Environment for Children),
Dealer Leasing and How Will Improvements m Man-Machine Interface Affect
Inquiries Information
Learning? (Learning through Graphics, Intelligent Video Disk
Data Wholesale Corporation Data Capital Company Systems).
700 Whitney Street 700 Whitney Street These. are only a few of the papers presented by an
San Leandro, CA 94577 San Leandro, CA 94577
(415) 638·1206
outstandmg group.
(415) 638·1206

CIRCLE 112 ON READER SERVICE CARD

•••• CREATIVE COMPUTING
40
 Bugbook VII: Mlcrocomputers--eanalog Converter, by
Jonathan A. Titus, Christopher A. Titus,Peter R. Rony, and LEADERIN
David G. Larsen. 'E&L Instruments, Inc., 61 First St., Derby,
CT 08418. 284 pages, paperback $8.5.0. 1978, miCROCOmpUTER EDUCATION
Bugbook VII's full- subtitle is "Microcomputer-s-Analog
Converter Software ana Hardware Interfacing With Ex-

.~,«
periments for 8080A/.Z80 I 8085 System~.". . .MlCRCiPRocISSOI!
The book demonstrates how SD80-fam\ly microcomputers are • INTEifACING
interfaced to real-world analog devices . for measurement;

r~,
TECHNfQ~ES

control and display applications., The nine experiments are

configured for the E&LMMD-I, an 8.D80A-basedmicro, and
include program-controlled waveform .generators, data-
acquisition and' display systems, a precision voltage-measuring
system, and CRT-display generators, A great deal can be
learned from the book without having a computer, but all the
examples and experiments do assume the use of an 8D80-based AN INTRODUCTIONTO PERSON- mICROPROCESSO~
micro with an uninverted, bidirectional data bus. ', Al AND BUSINESSCOmpUTING INTERFACII'IG TECHNIQUES
C Bugbook VII begins with microcomputer interfacing toDj A
by Rodnay Zaks Austin Lesea and Rodnay Zaks
. converters, .and proceeds to software control of ramp, successive
approximation, and dual-slope AI D converters. Data acquisi- 250 pp, ref C200 S6.95 416 pp, refC207 511.95
tion approaches using software interrupts and.real-time clocks The basic introductory text All the basic interfacing
are J;ompared. Sample-and-hold amplifiers and analog mul- on microcomputers, with a techniques, from keyboard to
tiplexers take a chapter. The factors in selecting and interfacing detailed evaluation ot the fea- floppy, disk, including the
packaged AID and D/ A data-acquisition modules are treated tures and peripherals required standard buses ($100 to
in an appendix. for specific applications. No 1EEE488).
prior computer knowledge

•••• required .

miCROPROCESSORS:from Chips
miCROPROCESSOR lEXICON
120 pp, ref Xl 52.95
Dictionary and tables. All the
Your Own Computer, by Mitchell Waite and Michael Pardee. to Systems definitions of the micropro-
Howard W. Sams &. Co., lnc., 43QD West 62·St., Indianapolis, by Rodnay Zaks cessor world in a pocket
IN 46268. 80'pages, paperback $1.95. 1977. 420 pp, ref C201 59.95 book format.
According to the preface, "The purpose of this book is ~o
An educational text, used
introduce the novice to the new horne computers and to reveal III
worldwide at universities and mlCROPROGRAmmED APl
the simplest possible terms the incredible potential of these
technical marvels .... This book has been especially designed to in industry designed to teach ImPLEmENTATION
be .your first investment in the personal computer field." all the fundamentals of mi- 330 pp, ref Zl 0 525.00
On that basis, it's worth the $1.95, as a surface treatment that croprocessors, the assembly How to design an APi.
presents .about a.s much detail as possible in 8.0 pages. The of a system, and its use. interpreter.
language is simple, all acronyms are. explained, an eight-page
"Glossary of Computer Buzz Words" is provided, many
photographs are used, and the drawings are entertaining.
The five chapters. are: .Introduction, Personal Computer
Applications, Programs for Your Computer, Nuts and Bolts
(hardware), and Getting Started (educating yourself, buying a
computer). . .
The authors do very well in living up to their prefaced hopes,
"Because of the stigma of complexity and mystery that
surrounds the computer, it is hoped that in these pages you will SELFSTUDY COURSESON
PROGRAmmiNG THE (>502 CASSETTES
find that, in fact, computers are simple, easy to understand, and,
by Rodnay Zaks Ten courses to study at home
most of all, extremely helpful devices."
320 pp, refC202 510.95 or in the car. The most time-
An introductory program- efficient way to learn. Includes
ming text for the 6502. Does workbook and cassettes.
The Computer Quiz Book, by Donald D.Spencer. Camelot not require any prior pro- INTROQUCTORY $29.95 ea
Publishing Co., Box 1357, Orinond Beach, FL 32.074. 128 pages, gramming knowledge. From S1-INTRODUCTION TO MI-
paperback $5:95. 1978. .' arithmetic to interrupt-driven CROPROCESSORS (2.5 hrs)
. Written for anybody who would like to test himself on basic input-output techniques. S2-P.ROGRAMMING MICRO-
computer concepts, this book contains 425 multiple-choice PROCESSORS (2.5 hrs)
questions under these headings: history, applications, equip- 6502 APPLICATIONS BOOK
COMPREHENSIVE $59.95ea
ment, programming, languages, data processing, computer by Rodnay Zaks
SB 1 - MICROPROCESSORS
concepts, number systems and codes, and occupations, Answers refD302 512.95 (12hrs)
to all "exercises," as the author calls them. are at the back of the Actual application programs SB2 - MICROPROCESSOR
book, along with the solutions tothe eleven simple, computer- to interface the 6502 to PROGRAMMING (10 hrs)
oriented crossword puzzles. . . the real world, from LED to SPECIALIZED $49.95
Few of us could get anywhere near 1.0.0 percent correct on motor, and analog-digital
these 425 questions, since they require at least a superficial SB7 - MICROPROCESSOR
conversion. Available Shortly INTERFACING (6 hrs)
knowledge of mote fields than most of us are familiar with.
What is the Japanese word for abacus? A language for

8
simulation problems is called (APT, SIMSCRIPT, BASIC, or TOORDER
LOGO)? A technique used to fill out a block of information with By phone: 415 848·8233, Visa, MC,
dummy records, words, or' characters is called (packing, Amer Express
By mail: circle books on ad. Include
shifting, padding, or moving)? The top edge of a punched card is payment.
called the (4, 12,6 or 10) edge? Shipping: add 65¢ per book (4th class)
This is a good source of quiz material. As tho: preface notes, or $1.50 raster snipping (UPS).
'Teachers are. advised to use the exercises in their classes, Double for cassettes and overseas. 2020 Milvia Street
Tax: in California add tax.
expand them, and create more of their own." Berkeley, CA 94704

MARCH 1979
•••• 41
FREE DETAILEDCATALOGUE

CIRCLE
Tel 415 848-{l233 Telex 336311

140 ON READER SERVICE

Dept

CARD
cc
 P.O. BOX <43 AUDUBon. PA. 19<407
(215) 631-9052 An ARESCOPublication
Small Systems Computers Sourcebook, edited by J.C.
The only comprehensive monthly newsletter dedicated solely to
Boonham. Rococo Press- Ltd., distributed by Chapman and
owners of the Commodore PET 2001 Personal Electronic Transactorl Hall, London; distributed in the U.S.A. by Halsted Press, div. of
Volume One - $15.00 for all ten issues - available immediately John Wiley & Sons, New York. IS3 pages, paperback $14.9$.
Includes, Teach Your PET To Bark
Sequential Program Storage
1978. . .
Cursor Control - For Elegant Graphics Although published in England, this book, "devoted to those
Data File f{ead/Wri te Routines - That Work
Introduction To PET BASIC small computer systems currently on the market which are based
Interface
PET Editing
A Second Cassette on microprocessor integrated circuits," is almost entirely about
- and much, much morel You won't want to miss the
American machines. What few prices are given. mostly for
PET Parade - in which. reader questions are answered I or the comparisons, are in dollars,
PET pr-ogr-am listings; or 'the hardware how-to st Specify Vol. 1
on the order form below and have all ten issues wi thin
J

two weeks. The main part, 83 pages on Available Hardware, provides the
Volume Two - $15.00 for all ten issues - Eeaue #1 will be mailed
specs (and photos) of a great many of the personal computers
on February t s t., 1979, and 'ther-e+Ll, be an issue a month (except and peripherals available, giving great attention (by covering
in July and December) -thez-ea.r ter-, The first issue contains I
most of their products) to OSl. MITS, Cromemco, E&L;
A Review - of Software Vendors
Fast-Forward To Find Your Program lntersil, North Star, MAl, Solid State Music, Tarbell, TDL
Microchess 2. a Review
A Decoder Add-On To The Mem-Explorer (now Xitan), Vector Graphic and Wave Mate. Also included is
BETS! - A Review
New Product Announcements
ihf~rmatHmorr some commercial micros and peripherals; from
What Makes Your :)?ETReally Tick? Data General; Honeywell, Intel; Motorola, National Semicon-
Software Shelf Program Catalog ductor, TI, etc.
- and lots of other goodies! Helpful hints and neat
tricks to make ~ PET really do its stuff. Specify Vol. 2 on
The other main section, 30 pages on Software. gives the specs
the order form below and start with the very first issue! on various operating systems.. editors and 'other utility
Mail this form to, THE PAPER * P.O. ~OX 43 * AUDUBOIl PA 19407 programs, assemblers, high-level languages, and ~ couple of
games.
YES! I want to subscribe to THE PAPER! Send me all ten issues Designed to "assist the prospective purchaser in many fields,"
of Volume One / Volume Two
payment (or charge my credit card)
• I enclose
for each volume I order.
full this handsomely produced book makes a splendid reference
N~' _
work. .
illDR~S

CITy: -'STATE, ZIP

_

_ ••••
An Introduction to Personal and Business Computing, by
MC/VISA/BAC #
(If using MC, we need the "other" 4 dl.g1ts
EXP DATE
on the card)
Rodnay Zaks. Sybex, lnc., 2020 Milvia St., Berkeley, CA 94704.
245 pages, paperback $6.95. 1978,
Z~~~~~~~'-f~o-r-a~l~l-c-r-ed.,.,',."t-c,.,ar"""d,..-::o"""rd""'ec=r-:s
'j ------------------ Fourteen chapters and six appendixes here provide a good
"introduction to all the elements of a real computer system" for
"the reader who does not know about computers yet." .
* Sorry - no billing or C.O.D. orders can be accep'ted , US funds The first three chapters are introductory, covering system .
only. Outside USA add $10./volume for airmail postage.
components and basic definitions. Chapter four, on How 'it
L- CIRCLE 161 ON READERSERVICECARD -'
Works, "will take you inside the box." The next two chapters
look at software, with a very good short summary 'of BASIC and
a quickie on APL.
MICROPOLIS SOFTWARE Chapter seven looks at Business Computing, and the
remaining chapters provide information •.on choosing a
WHY computer: Selecting a System, The Peripherals, Selecting a
Do you need the CCA Microcomputer, Economics of a Business System, How to Fail
DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?
With a Business System, Help, and Tomorrow. The "How to
Fail" chapter tells what can go wrong with hardware.software,
BECAUSE and security. .
The apendixes <Ire on Computer Logic (gates and flip-flops),
With this pO\yerful system, Bits and Bytes (number systems), Basic Computer Corn-
municatiorrs, Files and Records, and lists of business-systems
You're in control and microcomputer manufacturers, . .
The many photos and drawings add to the usefulness of this
o YOU decide on the files you need (Name & Address, text. . '
AlA, AlP, Payroll, Inventory; Customer Llsts, etc.).

o YOU choose the names for the files and all

of the data fields in the files.
••••
Programming in BASIC for Business, by Bruce Bosworth and
o YOU let the.DMS assist you in maintaining Harry L. Nagel. Scientific Research Associates, Inc. 239 pages,
your files using YOUR fleldnames. Records paperback $8.95. 1977.
can be added, updated, deleted, inspected, This textbook "can be used in a course completely devoted to
or scanned for in any file. -
computer programming. It can also be used as a supplement in a
course on data processing." After a brief introduction to
o YOU let the OMS sort your files as needed. programming, flowcharting and timesharing in Chapter I. eight
chapters prqvide a short course in BASIC. Chapters 10through
o YOU select the report or mailing label format, 13cover,advanced asp~cts of BASIC, including string variables,
selecting title, fields, totaling, SUb-totaling, P.RIN'F USING, matrices and data files.
editing and more.
Most of the programs are short, 10 to 20 lines in length, and
nearly all but the simplest ones are business-oriented, The
Stay in control! writing style is clear and concise. Exercises are provided at the
end of each chapter; the back of the book has answers and
Order the CCA Data Management System today! solutions toselected ones.
Only $150.00 - Comprehensive Documentation If fault must be found, then the Teletyped examples could be
15to 20 percent larger, for increased readability, since the book
Creative Computer Applications has extra-wide margins (an inch inside, IY2 inches outside) that
are not put to good use. . "
Dealer 2218 Glen Canyon Road That's a small poi~t, however, in a book that's very well
Inquiries
Invited
Altadena, CA 91001 designed as well as being very easy to read find 'understand.
(213) 798-4529
L..------CIRCLE 181 ON READERSERVICECARD------'

CREATIVE COMPUTING
42
 Vector

Vector Graphic's new' super-star Vector MZ, complete DOS and extended disk BASIC-
the most powerful complete Z-80 micro- all standard. -
computer on the market today. It has four Completely assembled and fully tested
times the disk storagecapacity of other as a system, the Vector MZ is ready to go-
systems - over 630K bytes formatted- just connect itto a terminal and optional
enough power to get things done. Also .printer and you'll have a complete
standard is 48K of directly addressable microsystem.
memory - easilyexpandable to 56K. - That's why it makes good sense to see
Expansion is easy with its 18-slot S-100 your local dealer and ask for Vector MZ.1t
motherboard. All Vector Graphic circuit also makes good sense to buy Vector MZ
boards (High Resolution Graphics Display, now at its low introductory price - $3750.
Flashwriter Video Display, Precision Of all the leading microcomputer
Analog Interface and other S-100 com- companies, Vector Graphic - and only Vector
patible boards) can be utilized. Graphic can make this offer.
The Vector MZ includes: four MHz Z-80
CPU, two quad-density Micropolis mini-
floppy disk drives, disk controller board, Bit
Streamer 110 board with one serial and two
parallel ports, 48K RAM, 12K PROMj
'to~ iC me,
c:U •••.
Vector Graphic Inc., 31364 Via Colirias
RAM board with extended monitor, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 991-2302
See us at the NCC Show in New York, June 4, 5, 6 and 7, Booth No. 340, 341 and 342.

MARCH 1979 43 CIRCLE 214 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Can a minimum small computer
keep in a small business environment?
Everyone knows' what wonderful Larger companies with full time desert town of Borrego Springs,
things a business computer can ac- accountants have little trouble adap- California. No stranger to the field, a
complish. Such as, relieve the ting to the better software packages, decade ago Randy was employed by a
bookkeeping department of much since both use "accepted accounting computer manufacturer. However; he
drudgery or make inventory control so practices." The owners of the hordes of knows that a lot can change in ten
efficient that capital requirements are Mom and Pop stores who can now years, and he hasn't even tried to keep
minimized. They can also issue dun- afford a computer are reluctant to up. Why try, when living in the clean
ning letters to accounts with a balance adapt their way of life to that required fresh desert air is the alternative to
of "$0.00" and insist on receiving by the new "servant." They wonder employment in the smog-bound com-
payment in that amount. who is the master. puter industry?
The proprietor of a small business Long before the urge to purchase a Since Randy knew that I had been
has heard both sides of the story. The computer for the business occurs, they keeping up with small computer
wonderful accomplishments of com- are exposed to influences like the letter technology he asked me to help him
puters, and the awful. However, today from a supplier with fouled up find a system which could speed upthe
the wonders overwhelm the terrors, deliveries which explains apologetical- most time consuming tasks in the
and hardware prices have dropped to ly: " ... because of rapid growth, was store: inventory control and billing. We
such a low range that the equipment forced to jump into the Computer Age discussed the available general ledger
required becomes cost effective when the hard way.... then the plague packages also, arid he and Betty
compared with the potential savings in started a firm lacking the agreed that adapting to someone else's
time. technology or financing to do the job procedures was not worth the time
Still the rush to buy is only a fraction .... constant delays on promises of saved. So conversion to a com-
of what it Gould be. The greatest parts ... forced to buy a new larger puterized general ledger system was
objection to the packaged com- computer, procure a skilled tabled. However, inventory control and
puter/software small business system programmer and staff." billing were real problems due to the
is that it requires the user to do things That letter was actually received by number of stock items and the large
the way the computer wants them Randy and Betty Townsend, who own percentage of their customers who
done. the Borrego Hardware Co., in the little charge purchases.
Ken Barbier, Borrego Engineering, PO Box 1253, Borrego Springs, CA 92004.

44 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 A quick analysis of the inventory
problem proved that a system with dual
floppy discs was the minimum con-
figuration that could handle the large
number of low cost items that is the
basis of the hardware busi ness. My fi rst
estimate of $8000 for hardware alone
rapidly cooled off the inventory control
fervor. I suggested that a consortium of
about four local retailers could support
a really practical system. While this
solution was economically attractive, it
would create its own problems with
scheduling and that most difficult area
of system design, the human-to-
human interface.
Suddenly there appeared on the
market a new computer with a com-
bination of features that seemed to
eliminate the need for the floppy discs.
The Sorcerer Computer from Exidy,
Inc. seemed the perfect medium to A "kitchen table" computer system based on the Exidy Sorcerer computer, ready to begin earning its
keep as a small business computer in a small store.
fulfill our immediate requirements. The
computer comes complete with inter-
economically feasible. I tried to im- The actual flow of activity is virtually
faces for two cassette tape recorders
press upon them that operation with identical to that described earlier as
and a printer. This minimum configura-
the cassettes would be slow, but could "real data processing." Without going
tion will allow real data processing: old
of course be overlapped with other into details of the program and
records are read in from one tape and
tasks around the store. operator activities at this time, we can
displayed on- the CRT monitor; current
We agreed to experiment. see in Figure 1 the end result of these
data is input through the keyboard; an
That experiment is still in progress. operations. Here we see a sample
updated tape is written on the other
While the final results are not yet in, statement which when folded and
cassette; and the required report is
Betty has informed me that no way am I stuffed into a window envelope
generated on the printer.
I I' '1'111' 11'·· .. 'I, ever going to pull the plug on "her" provides the mailing address as well as
,Iif i'!;, ',,' '
o

I ' ' . I ,II, computer. The major question yet to be the account data.
~ ,. ,I III, answered is: Are the results worth the All this had been previously written
time invested? out long hand. With over four hundred
Since we each value our time at a credit customers to process each
different rate, the question cannot month, it is no wonder Betty is happy
really be answered. If you have time to with the automated system, slow as it
'I spare and would enjoy the challenge of is.
developing your own software package Let's look now at the hardware
designed to do things your way, I required to accomplish this task.
would recommend giving it a try. I'd be
willing to bet that you will come out BORREGO HARDWARE co.
The Great Experiment way ahead in the long run. 652 PaLmCanyon Drive P.O. Box 72S
Borrego Springs, Co. 92004
Phone 767-5310
These procedures are basic to every Specifying the First Task
data processing task we could imagine, With Borrego Hardware Company's
and would provide the capability to large percentage of charge account 11/i::J2/76

handle the two tasks we had originally customers, there is a first of the month INSEG?:EVIO CO ..1PUTER com .
990 DREl..d AVl:..
proposed, as well as many others. The rush to prepare and mail statements. 30RAC.-ll.) CITY, TA d3319

greatest disadvantage of the cassettes Before the arrival of the Sorcerer, this
versus disc is in data transfer rate, and task involved much long hand
PHEVI JUS 3t'._hNCE 123.45
we never lost sight of the fact that such calculating and writing of addresses. It TOTAL PAY.'i[.NTS 23.lj5
lyEIoI BAl..AI'C E I ae
a system would be slow. With this in was an obvious candidate for selection TA•••.
A5i.1:. CrlAnGES
mind we agreed to an experiment: we as the first job to be automated. SAi.ES TAt.
;>JOi\-TAI.AdLi:: C •.iA"GE.S

would spend less than $2000 on It was also an easy task to specify (if 524'\0

hardware, develop the software on a not to code) as the computer would be

time-as-available basis, allow no in- merely duplicating a procedure
terference with the "old way" of doing already handled by humans. That
things in the store, and if the system did procedure includes:
not prove capable of earning its keep in 1. Input a customer .account record. ST ATE MEN T

two month's time, abandon the project. 2. Subtract payments from previous
There are some healthy attitudes balance to give new balance. IFIG 1J
obvious in that last parawaph. All the 3. Total taxable charges. A highly fictionalized sample statement, as
horror stories they had read provoked prepared by the Billing program, the first task
4. Compute sales tax. tackled by the new system.
the Townsends into the conviction that 5. Total non-taxable charges.
they would not be lured into blind 6. Add 1, 2, and 3 to new balance to
reliance on any pile of hardware and Selecting the Computer Hardware
give closing balance. The Sorcerer was picked for the CPU
software. My experience with develop-
ing software packages made me reti- 7. Print a statement. as it had the interfaces we needed
cent to guarantee beforehand that 8. Write out the updated account ready to go without having to add an
what I was going to do w.ould be record. expansion chassis, except. ...

MARCH 1979 45
 The initial budget would have been By this time it became obvious that The use of these switches becomes
badly stretched to include a new line there were some additional tape con- obvious once you have tried to operate
printer, although there are several trol functions which should be includ- without them. The most common use is
available within our price range in both ed in the interface box. What started as to rewind a tape that has been read.
electrostatic and impact varieties. In a housing for the TTY driver grew into They can also be used to find a
spite of their speed and quiet, the the "Exidy Sorcerer 1/0 Control" particular record on a tape, or to listen
electrostatic printers were immediately shown in Photo 2. For those readers for suspected tape "drop outs" or
ruled out, as a carbon copy of the who may want to add some or all of changes in level which are not too
statements we would be printing was a these features to the Sorcerer, we will uncommon with some cheap tape.
concrete requirement. Since there was examine them in detail in the section Such tapes are not bargains for com-
a possibility that the experiment would which follows. puter use.
fail after the first month's run, I agreed Next month we will continue the The POL switches allow the use of
to use my ASR-33 Teletype in place of a description of the billing program and cassette tape drives with different
line printer, temporarily. Since the its operations. polarities of motor drive voltage. We
Sorcerer did not include a TTY com- discovered that there is a polarity
patible interface, I had to spend a day difference from one cassette manufac-
wiring up a Sorcerer-to-TTY interface turer to another when the connections
(20mA current loop). The Sorcerer for the Sanyo cassette first used proved
does provide an RS-232 interface to be different from the Radio Shack
which would normally be used for units later connected. The POL
connecting a printer. switches allow instant reconfiguration
A 110 baud printer would seem to be of the motor drive to permit changing
a poor choice, but since we were going from one make of deck to another.
to be working with slow tapes anyway, They are obviously optional if you
the extra time for slow printing was not never need to make the chance.
expected to be as much of a disaster as Figure 2 is a schematic of the tape
it might seem. Besides, it was only control functions of the control box.
"temporary." You will note that in the ON position the
A high resolution CRT monitor was [PHOTO 2]
motor drive switch places a direct short
also borrowed from my stock to get the The added control box, which includes auxiliary across the computer's motor control
system going. Meanwhile Randy was cassette tape recorder controls and the interface
to the Teletype machine used as an inexpensive
lines, This is perfectly compatible with
modifying an inexpensive TV set for the Sorcerer motor driver but may not
printer.
permanent use in the hardware store. be necessarily so for other computers.
This required the installation of aline An optional double pole double throw
isolating transformer, and a video jack Cassette Tape Controls switch could be used here to insure
coupled into the set's video amplifier Three auxiliary controls for each of that the short is applied tothe cassette
stage The Sorcerer's video output the two cassette recorders appear on only and not to the computer's motor
signal proved compatible with both the the top of the 1/0 Control. For each control lines in case such a short might
monitor and the modified TV set. cassette there is a motor ON-AUTO damage your computer. The Sorcerer's
Two Radio Shack model CTR-40 switch. This allows you to override the drive circuit Is not damaged by a direct
cassette recorders were smuggled out computer's motor control permitting short.
of their store while Radio Shack's own the operator to FAST FORWARD, The monitor speaker we used is a 2"
TRS-80 computer wasn't looking. We REWIND, or PLAYa tape even though diameter 8 ohm speaker that provides
didn't want to hurt its feelings, using the computer has not requested any usable volume (for monitoring
the recorders on a competing machine. tape operations. Augmenting this con- program tapes, not for listening to
They have proved to be operationally trol is the MON switch, which is a push music!) even with the 50 ohm resistor in
compatible with the Sorcerer's inter- button allowing the tape audio to be series. The isolation provided by the
face, but in order to connect the monitored by a speaker built into the series resistance is enough that
second tape to the Exidy computer, control box. monitoring a tape while the computer
some connectors and cables had to be is loading from it does not cause
added. trouble. Less isolation would allow the
As it comes out of the box, the speaker to load the audio signal
Sorcerer computer includes a video enough to interfere with the com-
output jack and matching cable, and puter's ability to read the tape.
the jacks and cables to provide the There is one caution to observe in the
audio signals for'recording onto and use of these controls. When the com-
reading from one cassette only. The puter is trying to read from tape 2, for
other interfacing signals we would example, as directed by the operator or
need, including the motor on-off con- a program statement, it will turn on the
trols for both tape decks, appear on a cassette 2 motor only, but the com-
DB-25S connector on the back panel of puter's tape read circuitry wi/l"hear"
the computer. This necessitates the Signals from either tape. If you have
purchase or construction of a cable to overridden the motor control on the
run from the DB connector to cassette
other tape and are moving the tape in
compatible plugs. Since we also need- the PLAY mode, the two audio signals
ed to connect to the Sorcerer's parallel
will be mixed together and a load error
output port (on another DB-25S con-
will occur. Fortunately, the cassette
nector) for the TTY interface, we
audio is muted in FAST FORWARD and
decided to build up ourown cables and REWIND. so these operations will not
an interface box to house the TTY
cause trouble. But be careful how you
driver. use the auxiliary controls.

CREATIVE COMPUTING
46
 SORCERER
"SERIAL"
C.ONNECTOR
A similar condition is true on the tape
write side. It is possible to write to both
cassettes at the same time. With both
tapes in RECORD mode, tell the
computer to write on one, and use the
ON-AUTO switch to run the second
tape at the same time. You will end up
REVERSE
POLARITY
with a duplicate tape in half the time!
Under the usually expected con-
ditions, with one tape used for read, the
other for write, and with the computer
controtlinq both motors, these
peculiarities of the tape I/O Circuitry
would cause no problems. Just be
CASETTE
": aware that using the auxiliary controls
EAR1 ••---,------------------(g) "EAR" at the wrong time can give the Sorcerer
61- MONITOf>.l 50""- 2." a real headache.
8~
SPEAKER Summary
~~
I CASETTE~2. It is reassuring at this point to realize
EAR2. ll----I------------------Ie) "EAR"
that we have configured an under
"1
CASETTE $2000 system which has already prov-
MIKE 1 IS---------------------@ "Hie"
ed that it can earn its keep in a small
CASETTE'l business environment.
MIKEZ 1.--------------------~9) "Mle"
In next month's article we will take a
close look at the billing program, and
SHIELD
1 I
see how it operates. We may even give
you a peek at the operator. _
5HIELD2.I*~
[FIG 2J Schematic diagram of the auxiliary cassette tape
recorder controls.

Ille~;l
;111.1.'III~~11
L-. __ l.e_h~:_,.! ' Ilet-I
, •-I
4 The stand-alone
Tape Storage System.
BETA-1 is the answer to the many requests MECA has received for a universal tape unit. So we are
proud to present the first massstorage solution for non-S100 bus microcomputers. Now you can
own a BETA-1 complete, assembled and tested, for only $399.
STANDARD FEATURES
• Random seek to file at more than 100 • Up to 1 megabyte on-line with a single
inches per second. drive.
• Typical accesstime is 10 seconds or less. • Replaces disk at a fraction of the cost and
• Plugs directly into standard 8-bit parallel delivers similar performance.
I/O port. • Interfaces to most popular microcomputers
• Fast load time at 8000 bits per second. and requires only a parallel or serial port.
• Reliable - Usesprofessional phase-encod-
ing technique. OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
• Internal 8035 microprocessor with 1K byte • Serial I/O Port
program. • Double the loading speed for 16,000
• Self-contained high level operating system. bits per second.
The BETA·1 will interface easily to most popular microcomputers. Deliv- Dealer inquiries welcomed.
ered assembled only' (sorry, no kits). Limited quantities available from
first production run, SO ORDER NOW! Ille~;1
Sound too good to be true? Then judge for yourself and place your order 7026 O.W.S. Road, Yucca Valley, CA 92284
today. Call MECA, or your favorite dealer, for more details. (714) 365·7686

CIRCLE 184 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MARCH 1979
47
 WHY NOT ORDER ONE OF THESE FINE BOOKS TODAY ...
_____ FOR A FREE 10 DAY EXAMINATION ...,
: Mail to: McGraw-Hili Book Company 0 Garland INTRO TO MICRO (022870-1) I
P.O. Box 400 0 Kernighan-P PROG STYLE 2/e (034207-5) I
I Hightstown, N.J. 08520 0 Hamacher-V-Z COMP ORG (025681-0)
I Please send me a copy of the book(s) checked off, for a free 10 day 0 Hayes COMP ARCH (027363-4) I
examination. If not completely satisfied, I will return the book(s) within the 0 Peatman MICROCOMP-BAS DES (049138-0) I
I trial period; otherwise I willremit payment, plus postage, handling, and 0 Davis-H FORTRAN (015901-7) I
I local sales tax. (McGraw-Hili pays postage and handling if payment is 0 Peckham BASIC (049146-1)
included with order.) 0 Moursund BASIC PROG (043565-0) I
I 0 Ruston PL/1 (054350-X) I
I Name 0 Bitter-G BASIC FOR BEG 2/e (005492-4) I
I. Address 0 Silver SMALL COM SYS (057463-4)
1
1 City State ZIP 1
11 Offer good in USA only Prices subject to change . . U-070-0041-1 Rev 62/CrComp _I
379

CIRCLE 201 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 A Creative Computing Software Profile ... --....:;.-~-----

Tired ~f Basic?' Here's a low-Ie~el monito,r, \~or

expanding your PET's programming capabilities
an~ for expanding your understanding of'how the machine works.

After waiting over nine months for the seeond drive cannot be used during· operating the Monitor and found that in
Commodore's Monitor program I the monitor execution. some cases no error message was
found that Home Computer Centre in The Display command is the most displayed or that the error message
Toronto has been selling their PET- useful. It displays the memory address, was not very clear.
Monitor program for some time. The memory contents In hexadecimal and I would recommend this program to
program comes on SONY 30 minute in ASCII, which is quite handy. It will anybody who is interested in exploring
cassette with a 2-page program manual allow you to view all addresses within a his PET behind the BASIC level. Itcan
and sells for $20. PET which is not possible by using be used for programming in machine
I . immediately got one and began PEEK and POKE commands only. With language, familiarization with PET
experimenting with it. The Monitor is the P and S commands one can create memory allocation and other research
written in BASIC using the PEEK and programs il') MOS.16502 machine code into PET operation. _
POKE commands. It occupies about and store them in any unused area.
4.5K of memory which leaves enough I would like to see another command
room for machine language programs. which would display the contents of Order info:
The Monitor program could be com- the registers. A .step command allow- Home Computer Centre
pressed even more by using multiple ing a step-by-step execution of the 6101 Yonge St.
BASIC statements; thus eliminating entered program would be desirable, Toronto, Ontario Canada. $20.
many line numbers. The Monitor uses too.
the second cassette drive buffer for Not being the best typist in the world
machine language programs so that I made several typing errors while

o - display contents of specified memory locations

P - Put ASCII characters into specified memory location
S - Substitute memory location with keyed hexadecimal value'
G - Go to specified location and execute program
M - Move memory block to another location
Y - Search in specified memory range for a particular value
R - Read object code from a cassette into specified memory area
W - Write object code from memory onto a cassette
F - Fill memory block with specified hexadecimal code
.Z - Set high address for !3ASIC programs
Table 1. PET-Monitor commands. Photo t.Dtsplay (D) locations !p60 thru ID77.Search (Y) for word "TEST"
between locations ID5A and IDFF.(YID5A IDFF54 =T 45 =S 54 =T)
Search for letter "T" (54 hex) between locations ID5A and 1D80:
Les Palenik. 25 Silversprings Blvd .•Suite 512. Ontario NIV IM9. Canada.

MARCH 1979 49
co PUTING AT
THE ILLENJU
BY THOMAS M. DIETZ and C.A. JOHNSON

Thirty-five centuries ago, the ponderous structure of Stonehenge was

the state-of-the-art in computational hardware. Progress has been slow
but steady for about 99 generations. In the last half of the twentieth
century, the pace of change has accelerated astronomically. On the
horizon is a world permeated by networks of talking computers 10,000
times more powerful than current machines, filling space with three
dimensional images. Computing h~s become more than a technology,
more than a .media. A technigenre of its own, computing already
permeates every aspect of life, and yet its major impacts are only
beginning to merge. Creative Computing (CC) and the DaVinci Group
have used the expertise of the CC readership and a variety of data
analysis tools to peer into the future of computing and its effects.
In the May/June 1977 issue, readers were asked to submit their
questions, ideas and. opinions on the future of computing. These
responses, and a survey of the existing literature, were distilled into a
questionnaire which appeared in the November/December 1977 issue.
The response was amazing. More than 250 questionnaires were
returned, along with dozens of insightful comments. Even the respon-
dent profile 'is interesting. Since the respondents selected themselves,
they are not necessarily representative of the overall CC readership.
Questionnaires take time to complete, so our respondents are probably a
bit more energetic, more bored, a bit less absent-minded or more
interested in the future of computing than those who did not respond. In
fact, the study is not focused on the representative random sample
typically used in public opinion polling. The respondents are actively
involved in computing (half use computers daily), thoughtful about its
,.
impacts and concerned enough to complete the questionnaire. The ways
in whioh they differ from the general public or the overall CC readership
are exactly what makes their participation uniquely valuable.

Copyright 1978 by T.M. Dietz and C.A. Johnson

CREATIVE COMPUTING
50
 " I

Twenty-nine
years old.
Male Ohioan
currently
working in
Washington,
D.C. .

·Respondent
Liberal

Profile

The average respondent was young,

more than half of them were under 30,
Uses ,
85%' were under 40. Only 4.2% were
computers daily
female, reflecting the overwhelming
'sex bias in computer science. Nearly
60% have a college degree, a substan-
tial number were still in college and 20
had doctoral degrees..
About •40% of the respondents
labeled themselves liberals. Forty-
seven percent were optimistic about
the future of the world, 57% felt
optimistic about the future of the U.S., Wears
and 86% were optimistic about their computer-
own futures. This may reflect a realistic designed Moire
shirt
assessment of the fate of the
technologically advantaged, or it may
be no more than positive thinking.
Over 30% of our respondents were
from California, New York and Ohio.
The highest response rate per million
population was from the District of B.S. degree
Columbia, reflecting the prevalence of with some
graduate work
government and research employment
there. Overall 43 states and 4 countries
are represented in the results.
The varied written responses includ- Advanced,
ed the creative,' provocative, dull, professional
absurd, religious and downriqht tunny. level training in
All respondents thought forecasting Computer
Science
studies useful, but only 30% COI'-
sidered them very useful.
Respon<;lentswere asked to.evafuate
the likelihood, importance and
desirability of each of forty events on a
1-5scale. Using the Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences on a Burroughs
6700, we generated descriptive
statistics portraying the overall
response patterns. Later reports will
focus on more complex analyses. In
this article we sketch the basic imageof Optimistic
the future generated by. our about the future
respondents. Our goal is to provoke
further thought and debate by our
readers. The technically inclined will
find a summary of the results in the
Data Cahagram as follows:

MARCH 1979
51
~----------------------~----------~------------------------~------------
 Technology/ Applications
It is hot surprising that 85% of those
responding expect computing costs to
drop by a factor of 100 in the next
quarter century. Between 40 and 50%
expect costs to decline by a factor of
,10,000! Over three-fourths thought the
reduction important and highly
desirable. The precipitous reduction in
computing costs is consistent with the
rise of micro-computers. Half the
respondents expect pocket computers
with a capacity equivalent to current
third generation machines, with
memories of a billion bits per cubic
inch to back up the processing power.
Sixty percent expect hand-held units
capable of linking into computing
networks from 'a distance o,fa mile.
These changes in hardware are
impressive. However, many argue that
software is the weakest element in
current computer technology and the
area where change will have the most
dramatic impact. Over 75%of our panel
expects to chat with their computer as
conversation becomes a common
mode of progr,amming. Two-thirds
want their computers to be educated
rather than programmed in. a
traditional way, but only about 40%
think this will actually occur. Morethan
half expect holographic modes of input
and output will be common, filling
space with complex programs, data
structures and .lrnaqes.
Will computers at the turn of the
century be intelligent? There are many
ways of defining intelligence, and thus
many answers to the question. The
mathematician Turing proposed a test
which has come to bear his name. In
one version of this test, an interviewer
asks questions of an unknown respon-
dent via a terminal. The interviewer
must decide ifthe respondent is human
or machine. The machine, which can-
not be detected by most interviewers, is
presumed intelligent. Roughly one-
third of our respondents felt the next 25
years will see computers passing this
test. Looking at intelligence from a dif-
ferent perspective, two fifths of our re-
spondents thought computers with a
measurable 10 of over 200 will come
into existence.
There are limits to what our
respondents feel will occur. Only about
a third expect audio-kinetic program-
ming (programming by song and
dance). So much for the Fred Astaire
School of Programming. One-fifth
foresee direct brain-computer links.
One-third expect a single network to-
link most computers. Only about 10%
anticipate current metallic and
crystalline circuitry to go ubi", as a
result of the widespread use of
biochemical and biological circuitry.
CREATIVE COMPUTING

52
 USE
The incursion of computers into in world affairs, and only twelve per-
everyday life will be substantial. Three- cent think the country can solve
quarters of the respondents expect the problems of poverty, population
majority of American homes to have a growth and environmental decay.
computer terminal. Eighty percent feel Fewer still expect world-wide solution
programming will be taught in elemen- to these problems.Lessthan half expect
tary schools, and just as many think it's American quality of life to improve
a good idea. It may be a necessity. greatly, and only about a third an-
About eighty percent foresee a ticipate such a change for the world.
.cashlesssociety, and computer control Technology shapes and is shaped by
of most home appliances. Three social, economic and political forces.
quarters expect a large computer Will computing, perhaps the most
hobbyist industry. fundamental of all technological
The majority of respondents do hold developments, improve the human lot?
some cows perpetually sacred. Only Although our respondents are
about half expect automatic translators pessimistic, some rays of hope are
for natural languages, and only 35% visible. Over sixty percent expected
expect computer-based data files to improvements in health to result from
replace hard copy books. Eighty-six the continuing infusion of computer
percent stoutly defend against defiling technology into medicine, and about
art and entertainment with the in- half think computer data collection and
human influence of computers. analysis would lead ~to triumphs in
social and environmental sciences.
SOCIAL IMPACTS The problem, it seems, is developing
Despite the vast changes expected in positive strategies within an overall
technology and computer use, the framework of social crisis. The infusion
group was cautious in projecting social of computer technology into the
change. A minority feel computer political process has been suggested
based bureaucracies would generate as a solution to present problems.
widespread alienation, and only an However, respondents were cautious
eighth expected computers to make about computer based democracy,
most government and business only forty percent think electronic
decisions. About half think computer plebiscite a good idea. Perhaps the
and communications industries will concept smacks of-the Nielsen ratings,
dominate the economy, and only a which force choice amongst dismal
quarter think it desirable. Invasion of alternatives. Collaborative effort by
privacy is a much debated impact of scientists (collecting and analyZing
electronic data systems. Our data) and artists (focusing public
respondents are sanguine about the attention and facilitating communica-
outcome of present conflicts, less than tion) is more palatable. Over 79%think
a quarter expect fears related to this development is desirable, and a
privacy will block the development of similar proportion think it important.
data networks. Unfortunately, only a minority think it
Future developments in computing likely. .
are not without risks. Nearly half those There are limitless ways to interpret
returning questionnaires thought that the results of a survey. Our purpose
breakdowns in computer controlled here is to challenge our readers and
systems will cause major disasters. respondents. The future' is made, not
Less than' 20% expect automation to projected. Computers will playa cen-
create widespread unemployment, but tral role in the next quarter century, and
less than. half expect computer job those working at the craft are shaping
searches to reduce unemployment. events to come. This report is meant
The general picture for the future is not to fix the future, but to suggest an
not rosy either. Forty percent expect image which the tools of computing
the United States to lose its dominance can help transfigure.

,
\ I

MARCH 1979

53
 TABLE 10: COMPUTER USAGE IN THE
DATA CARTAGRAM Last Year N %
Rarely (a few times) 36 13.6
TABLE 1A: AGE Occasionally (once a month) 24 9.1
Frequently (once a week) 62 23.4
N %
Dally 143 54.0
Less than - 20 37 14.2
20-29 102 .39.0 TABLE: lE:
TABLE 1C: EDUCATION POLITICAL ATTITUDES
30-39 83 31.8
8.4 N % N %
40-49 22 Very Conservative
Less than High School Grad. 20 7.6 13 5.0
50-59 11 4.2 Conservative
High School Grad. 10 3.8 60 23.0
60-69 4 1.5 Middle of Road 81
Some College 76 28.8 31.0
70 and Up 2 0.8 Liberal 82 31.4
College Grad. 88 33.2
Very Liberal 25 9.6
Average Age Master's Degree 50 18.9
31.0
Doctorate 20 7.5
TABLE 1F: FEELINGS ABOUT
Median Age 28.9 PERSONAL FUTURE
TABLE 10: TRAINING IN COMPUTING
N % N %
TABLE 1B: SEX Very Pessimistic 3 1.1
None 12 4.6
Pessimistic 10 3.8
N % Slight 39 14.8
Male Neutral 25 9.5
253 95.8 Significant 94 35.7
Female Optimistic 155 58.7
11 4.2 Professional Level 118 44.9
Very Optimistic 71 26.9

54 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 THE FUTURE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
Improve Your Game With
% % %

"- -
Probability
of
Event
Considering
Event
Likely
Conside~ing
Event
Important
Considering
. Event
Desirable
> > > FASTGA •• Oft > > 0;'
Costs ot computing (costs per An Exciting New Backgammon Opponentl
instruction executed) will decrease 0.84 84.2 80.4 90.5
by a factor of 100 from current
(12111 levels ..
Costs of compubLng(cost per
instruction executed) will decrease 0.58 43.4 79.2 85.3 I
~i~7r~~~~s ~f 10,000 from current

Costs of rapid, randomly-access! ble

memory (cost per bit accessed) will 0.85 85.0 83.8 89.4
decrease by a factor of 100 from
current (l2II1 costs.
Costs of rapid, randomly-accessible
memory (cost per bit accessed) will 0.63 50.6 77.8. 87.2
decrease by a factor of 10,000 from
current (l2I71 costs. -
Pocket computers will have independ- Ready to run on your
ent capacity equal to current "third
0.62 50.2 63.0 75.1 •TRS·BO (level III
~~~~~~;~~n~~gmp~~:C(~836~tc.)
•APPLE II
Pocket-sized memory units will have ·SOL
capa'city equal to contemporary disk 0.63 51.3
memories (will have capacities of 69.8 79.2 I· POLY·SS
approximately 1 billion bit·s per •COMPAL·SO
cubic inch1. AlI,versions require at reast t ~K. Applediskrequires

Pooket oomputers will be capable of

automatioally linking to computLng
. 24K, poly·aa and Sol not available on dIsk.

OUTSTANDING FEATURES! - Computer

"nets" (networks) if they are with- 0.66 61.0 58.1 67.9 makes good moves instantaneously.
1n a mile of a two-way tele- Literal and graphic displays ofeach move.
communications channel. Option to replay same rolls. Eight-page
instruction manual.
The. majority of U.S. computers will be.
linked into a general computing/ 0.48 33.2 53.2 38.4 OUTSTANDING VALUES! - Only $20 on
memory network. cassette or $25 on diskette. California
residents add 6% sales tax.
be 0.80 78.5 58.1
!U~~;:.,i~P~~~~f/~~:~~i~~~!~n will 70.9 AVAILABLE AT COMPUTER STORES EVERYWHERE

I(LI Quality Software

OR ORDER DIRECT FROM
HoLognaphf,c (three dimensional) audio/ D.65 55.8 .
visual output will be 1n common use. '40.3 64.5,

Complex interact10ns with computers' ""'S 10051 Odessa Avenue

will be carried out by a mix of audio 0.49 21.9
communicatIons and movement through 35.1 25.3 Sepulveda, CA 91343
:n~e~:~~ef~eld (programming by song
CIRCLE 135 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Direct two-way brain/computer
(biocybernetic) links will be 0.33 19.2 56.6 43.4
common.
Computers which IIlearn" from experience
and are "educated rather than pro-
ll
0.55 40.8 67.2 62.7
grammed will be in commonuse.
Intelligent, self-aware computers
0.44 29.1 55.4 40.4
~~:W!~l~f e~~:~~ng the Turing

Computers will exist which can cornpre-

hend standard intelligence (IQ) tests 0.53 41.8 41.5 36.2
and score over 200 on them.
Computer hardware will be largely based 0.28 9.8 38.1 20.0
on biological and b10chemical circuitry.

THE FUTURE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Probability
of
% Considering
Event
% Considering
Event
% Considering
Event
TRS-SO COMPUTING
Event LikelY Important Desirable
non-profit newsletter
A very large "computer hobbist" industry
will develop. 0.74 69.4 49.8 61.9 $15 (U.S.)/12 issues payable
The majority of American homes will and now
have a computer console. 0.78 75.8 61.9 69.9
Most maJor househo Id appl1ances will
contain microcomputers to operate them 0.84 83.4 50.9 68.3
PEOPLE'S SOFTWARE
1n home use.
at Popular Prices
Almost all financial transactions will be
carried out by computer with no physical 0.76 79.3 64.2 49.5 25¢ per program + $1 tape
exchanze of money. Tape 1 includes 26 Level I
Libraries with "hard copy" (books, etc) \ busi ness/home/educational
will be largely replaced by computer-
based data files.
0.51 35.1 52.1 39.2 just $7.50 + 50¢ P. & H.
, (C~ residents add 45¢ tax)
Basic concepts of computer SCience will
tie taup:ht 1n elementary school. 0.84 83.8 75.5 83.8
Computer Information Exch., Inc.
Automatic translators for natural Box 158
(human) languages will be in common 0.53 41.2 71.0 80.0
use. . San Luis Rey, CA 92068

Most art and entertainment will be

p;:enerated and viewed v1a computer. 0.32 13.6 19.2
CIRCLE 171 ON READER SERVICE CARD
7.5

MARCH 1979 55
 SOCIAL IMPAC;:TS·OF COMPUTING

Probab1lity % Considering % Considering % Considering

~ l/lnntasll~nmes ~ of Event Event Event
(JIIJ\. "oftwnre JS'j
Computer/commun1cations'utilit1es will
Event L1kely Important Des1rable

P.O. Box 1683 0.60 48.3 26.0

become the largest in~)stry (in dollar 49.5
Madison. Wisconsin 53701 volume of transact10ns 1n the U.S.
NEW IO~~h. PET Diffus10n of information and author1ty
throughout large computer-based 0.46 30.9 .49.4 4.6
Full scale role·playlng adventure bureaucracies will produce widespread
games for the PET! alienat1on.
." Action games with vivid graphics!
Most governmental and business decisions
~~~w~~?~~~!v/::;'.~~'7,y
, Suddenly,
~g:r~~~~: w111
~~~~~~th:hec:~~~e little
be made directly by computer
human. intervention.
out of the darkness hurtfes a nightmarish form. Red
with 0.28 12.8 56.2 9.8

eyes gleam and langs seek your throB' as\you put all vour .
strength behind the downward
handed broadswo(d .
stroke of your mighty two- Brea~downs or errors in computer-.
controlled systems will cause several
-
You seek the jewels and holy sword in the demon·haunted disasters of serious proportions 0.59 48.3 ~ 79.2 3.8
tcmb.ct a long·dead wizard-can you survive? It.. unique ap- (resulting 1n hundreds of deaths or
plication of the PETgraphics. lnjurles.
Cassette and Instruction booklet .. . $12.95
I
ESCAPE FROM THE DEATH PLANET The air Rapid increase in automation will
crackles with 'aser b9Bms as you burn down anothe, armored generate large number'S of unemployed 0.38 18.8 72.8 4.9
slormtrooper and dodge Into 8 side passage 8 split second workers.
ahead of the energy bolts slamming Into the bulkh8ad behInd
you. Computer-based job-search pr-ocedur-es
will reduce unempLoymenband un~er- 0.60 4,7.5 75.5 66.0
~~l~~I~~~~r:et~~eo~~t~~rll~ls!t~~~~rg~f~I~I~n~~~~.ft~I~~
Laser beams, explosions. etc.
employment.
Cassette and Instruction booklet.... . . $12.95

:~:=.
::-;:c-r~~
memory mtohl be
..:,.t:l~t:!l:o
utillud for the 88"'".
1~~':':~:tl
~'K
The health of the U.S. population
will improve because of computer-
baoed dlagnostlc and health-
0.67 62.7 82.3 90.5
I
Bothca•••U••tor $21.IS monitorlng teehnlques.

Computer-based data gatherlng and

CIRCLE 205 ON READER SERVICE CARD analysls systems wl11 provlde the
basis for rapld advances in the social 0.58 49.0 75.1 73.9
a'nd envlrorunental sciences.
Integrated teams of artists and
SCientists using computer communica-
tions and data-handllng w111 be used 0.54 41.2 70.2 72.8
to attack major social and
envirorunental problems.

12" BLACK & WHITE Moet governmental decisions will be

made by debate and opinlon analysis 0.36 17.3 1\ 51.3 38.5
over a computer network.
LOW COST VIDEO The United State; will no longer
domlnate global economlc and 0.52 41.2 63.4 18.8
TERMINAL pOlitical affairs. . -

Problema of poverty, population

growth and envlronmental decay wlll
&139.00 LIST be largely solved ff1r the United 0.30 12.0 89.2 90.9
Add $5 for shipping and handling states.

Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Problema of poverty, population growth

and envlrorunental decay will be 0.18 6.4 91.3 91.3
/~---.- -.-~-~-.,
..-.. laI'gely solved for the world.
The overall quality of life for the
average American wIll be greatly 0.57 41.2 80.0 89.4
improved.
The ov~ra11 quallty of 11fe for the
average human wlll be great Lv imj>I"oved. 0.48 34.4 86.4 92.8
Pear of invasion of prIvacy and general
technical and economic problema will
e~:~:~t (~~~w~~~:f~pment of large data I' 0.41

I 23.8 53.5 23.0

• Ideal for home, personal and business corn-

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put impedance-75 Ohms· Resolution-650 EDITORIAL ARTICLES covering use or understand-
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Minimum beyond central 80% of CRT ref EIA Submitted articles should cover software. ·or hardware
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CIRCLE 102 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CIRCLE 173 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CREATIVE COMPUTING

56
I

Journev Intothe World of Tomorrow

SUBSCRIBE TO ,STARLOG & FUTURE LIFE TODAY'

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 TRS~80S0FT,WARE REVIEWS

'-

Math I Program, Radio Shack Software answers. In the final section, the twice on each side, for ;1 total of six
(26-1701), $19.95. problems are reprinted, this time lessons. Each lesson presents a por-
This is a basic math instruction without the answered problems above tion of a typical algebra course such as
program system for a Level-I system them, and the student then enters the equations of one variable, real
with 4k of memory. Three tapes are correct answers. This four-sectiori numbers, factoring, etc.
provided; .one for learning addition & procedure is then repeated with four Unfortunately, this system fails to
subtraction concepts, one for learning new problems, and finally all eight accomplish what a good algebra I book
multiplication & division concepts, and problems are combined for the student does, and this is not surprising. It just is
the final tape has a series of qulzzes to to answer. This entire procedure is not possible to put as much informa-
test the student's progress. Each tape called a group, and there are 23 tion in six computer lessons as in a text.
contains the listed program, recorded addition/subtraction and 23 mul- Instead, the program package attempts
twice on each side. I had no problems tiplication/division groups on the two to present a number of concepts or
in loading any of the. tapes. . learning tapes. . definitions on the screen at one time.
The instruction method used is The accompanying manual is written This' certainly has to be confusing to
similar on both the addition/subtrac- primarily for the teacher or parent. It the student trying to learn algebra for
tion and the multiplication/division explains the concepts of the' teaching the first time. As a supplemental
tape. The basic procedure consists of technique, and suggests when the third program, however, it has considerably
four sections. For each section, the evaluation tape should be used to test more merit. .
student is required to correctly com- the student's performance. The evalua- But we found that in the areas where
plete the section, otherwise he will be tion program gives the student 16 the computer could be most helpful,
required to do that section over again. problems at his level, and requires him this package also falls short of its
Upon completing each section correct- to answer them with no assistance. possibil ities. In a few cases, the student
Iy, a rocket flies up the screen through, Based on the student's ability to solve cannot progress into further sections
a "VERY GOOD!" sign, and the these problems, the student is advised without successfully answering the
program proceeds to the next section. either to review previous groups or problems. However for most of the
In the first section, the student is proceed to the next. problems the student must answer, the
presented with four related math In general, this is an excellent computer will accept 'any answer, and
problems and their solutions (called package, similar to, but better than the then tells the student the correct
fact sets), and is told to say the flash card approach to teaching answer. This procedure lets the less
problems out loud. Next the four elementary math. It could be used as a motivated student fail to fu11yunder- ,
problems are reprinted, without supplement to formal math education, stand his mistakes.
answers below the answered or as a tool for the above average In summary, this package is not
problems, and the student is required student to explore new areas. ideally suited for the new Algebra I
to enter the correct answers from the Algebra I Program, RadiO Shack student due to the compressed nature
keyboard. Then the four problems are Software (26-1702), $19.95. of the package. The Algebra I package
again reprinted, this time in an order 'This three tape package is designed is better suited for the individual who
different than that printed above, and to run on a 4k, Level-I system. Each wishes to review previously learned
the student then enters the correct tape contains two lessons, recorded material, or as a supplement to a
standard algebra course. _

CREATIVE COMPUTING
58
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 There are very likely a lot of considerations you
aren't aware' of that you should be when shopping
, for a payroll package for y'our business
,
system. .

Introduction must know what you need. other than at these times may be
The importance of the payroll ap- For those users whose payroll re- impossible.
plication to a company depends quirements are less complex, standard What Should It Have?
heavily on the nature of the business ized payroll packages will almost There are some basic payroll needs
itself. In the case of the manu- always work well. Some payroll that should be considered .cnce the
facturing company, computerization packages work on an exception basis payroll function is definitely going to
of payroll is generally a more impor- and only require entry when' an be automated.
tant consideration than with a unusual condition occurs. This situa-
wholesaler or distributor, due to the tion works well in a heavily salary- Specifically, some of the following.
number of employees, as well as to only-oriented environment, or where items should be considered:
input to management labor produc- number of hours worked in an hourly 1. How easy are the conversion tools
tion reports. Whatever your type of environment do not vary significantly. and the plan to make sure everything
business, and even if your payroll is Do not become concerned with is in balance?
small in numbers (e.g., 15 or 20 up to extensive cost center and department 2. What is the mode of entry:
45 to 60), payroll should still be viewed breakouts of labor costs unless these keyboard, punched cards, tapes,
as a possible application for your can be made useful. This type of good cassette, etc.?
small business computer. Not only is management reporting capability is a. payroll generally does not require
time saved every week, but at month's excellent, but is cumbersome if not on-line capabilities for its prepara-
end, quarter's end, and at year's end as used. tion. .
well. What must be considered is: How It may be Free 3. What type of data security is
expensive is the payroll? Is it simple Look at the cost of the software provided? (This could be a touchy
enough to set up and run? Will it save charge for payroll. Some industry- issue with payroll.)
time over manual methods? What oriented total software packages in- 4. Will the system handle salary and
labor data must be entered into the clude payroll as part of the over-all hourly and mixed situations?
system for obtaining accurate package. In fact, excluding the pay-
management reports? 5. Will it handle and do you require
roll module may not result in any ap- mixtures of weekly, biweekly, semi-
Look at Your Requirements preciable savings. (It is wise in any monthly, and monthly paid people?
When the decision is made to software package purchase to deter- Can all types be processed in the same
computerize payroll, you must 'con- mine the price of all the.elements then run? . ,
sider exactly what the package should the price of a subset.) Complete
do for you to be really beneficial. For packages that include payroll may 6. Can salaried people be prorated in
example, piece work and other incen- make automation of even a 15 person some fashion if departmental charging
tive bonus payroll requirements may payroll worthwhile. is desired?
not really be a good approach. Where Best Time for Conversion 7. Can the system handle payroll Tor
extensive labor dlstribution is re- The end of the year is always the multiple locations and multiple com-
quired, such as with a contractor in job best time to convert to computerized panies? Will separate reports be
cost accounting. a specialized module payroll. Quarter end is the second produced?
may be needed to handle these best. This is because most firms at 8. How difficult is the charging of
requirements. There are many payroll least balance payroll quarterly. If some hours and dollars to cost centers and
package systems available that do mechanized payroll method or service departments?
handle these requirements, but' you bureau is being utilized, conversion

CREATIVE COMPUTING
60
 9. Does it handle all local taxing Reporting Capabilities industries, this may not only be useful
requirements, which includes none or Payroll reporting requirements will but required.
partial taxing? vary greatly depending on the nature Summary
10. Can it handle various types of of the business. However, the As in the case with any other com-
deducting (e.g., one time, fixed rate minimum expected from the system puterized system, payroll can be the
with cut off). includes summary totals of all earn- simple mechanization of a clerical
11. Check for the mundane but ings, hours etc., types of earnings function, or more importantly, the
necessary .requirements of error cor- such as vacation and sick pay, as well transformation into a management
rection, reversals, prepays, etc. as summary totals for all deductions. tool. The payroll program can not only
Quarterly 941A and state reports be utilized, for keeping track of costs,
12. The audit trail to search back from should also be part of the system. Year
the finished product to its source must end W-2's are a must. There are very but for projecting costs as' well. We
be trackable. Files must allow few payroll packages that do not once examined a program set up as an
reference to each pay entry. include these reports. addition to payroll writing and record
Remember state and federal auditors maintenance that allowed school
A monthly check reconciliation is a directors to place the specifications of
will require this. Do-not give this up. ' useful tool in reconciling payroll a teacher contract offer into the
13. The system should give the user accounts. This would be expected system. The system was designed to
flexibility. It is desirable to be able to from any disc oriented small business thoroughly analyze the teacher per-
change withholding rates, FICA rates, computer. sonnel file. Since teachers' pay is
state tax rates, local rates, etc., without based on years' service, degree at-
requmnq program background or The Extras tained, etc., the computer system was
vendor assistance. This can be buill" As mentioned, many other types of
able to project ,accurately how much
into systems, but some vendors detailed and summary reports are the contract-offered package would
overlook it. available to you. Some come standard
with payroll packages. The secret is to cost the school district. They could
14. Processing of payroll is generally a then determine whether the school
determine what is really going to be
sequential operation, done in the same district could afford this: settlement,
useful to you. Some of these reports
order every week. Ask what happens based on the anticipated tax base.
can be quite useful. Would labor costs
to entry files if the payroll operation is , by department allow you to make any Payroll can indeed be a manage-
aborted for any reason? The worst tha_t ment tool. •
modifications to the way you now
should happen is just rerunning the utilize. perso'nnel? Would the
job from the beginning. maintenance of detailed personnel Reprinted with permission from "Packaged
15. Complete earnings and deduction records be useful? In strongly unioniz- Software Buyer's Guide" - Management Infor-
journals are expected. mation Corp" 140 Barclay Center, Cherry Hill, NJ
ed environments and heavily requlated 08034, $15. Copyright 1978 MIC.

o PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001' 0 PET 2oo\,

The~~j g
N
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Programmer's Guide.
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~ ~
Our Price $2,195 (List Price $2495) "-
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WORKBOOKS FOR THE COMMODORE PET 2001 0

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Covers the fundamentals of PET BASIC: calculator
WB·1 $4.00 ~

• Controller with Western Digital 1771B controller chip and on board ti

G-
and program mode, data input and output, data
~•
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prom boot strap loader for CP/M'·', which is the disk operating o
system Software recommended and available separately from EAS PET String end Arrey Handling WB·2 $3.95 .••

including assembler, texLeditor and debugger, and EAS's I/O Covers string and substring search, concatenation, ~
replacement and manipulation. ~
handlers (BIOS) together with
PET Grephlca WB·3 $4.95 •
powerful utilities.
Covers use of cursor control and special graphics "
• Available with or without con- symbols to draw plots, histograms, and sketches. ~
troller, PET C ••••H. 110 WB"" $4.95 ~'
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• Storage capacity is a quarter of a million bytes per drive, a total of a PET Control end Logic WB-6 $3.95 0

half a million bytes per system Covers IF, GOSUB, logical operations, and ON X. ~
• Shugart drives used in our systems have the most mechanical i
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i :~~i~~es Loo AlIImoo, NM 87544 ~
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Electro AnalytiC Systems, Inc. It!o We also sell PET Software. Write for details. •
.••
PO Box 102. Ledgewood, NJ 07852 2 -- !!I
~ peT Is a trademark of Commodore' Business Machlne~ ~
Phone: (201) 584-8284
J
'CP/M" is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc .. "; PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0 PET 2001 0

CIRCLE 117. ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 180 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MARCH 1979
61
 Jerry had his long frame stretched Terri, his \17 year old sister, was seated it's long narrow shape. The selonoids
out comfortably on the front porch. It in front of a keyboard attached to a on the typewriter did operate with a
was a quiet evening and the sun was Poly 88 computer. certain amount of noise, but Terri
getting red in the west. He put down "Hey, leggo my Poly!" Jerry com- . never had developed an appreciation
the magazine he was reading and plained. Actually, he was happy to see for the beauty of hardware. She was a
reached for a small push-to-talk her using the computer system, but he good programmer though. She was
microphone on the table beside him. couldn't let her willful appropriation better than even their father at using
Pressing the switch on the microphone go unnoticed. He saw that she had random files and at programming in
he said, "Porch light on." A micro- SCRATCHED his AC controller machine language, but to her the
second later, a light attached to the program and had loaded a disc computer was just an appliance that
hammock above his head spranq to containinq the family address book. did what it was told.
life. He settled back to read when. "I'm looking for Amy's address at Jerry had literally cut his teeth on
suddenly the light went out. Wearing a college. Dad's using the Horizon, so I transistors and grown up with in-
puzzled expression, he checked the borrowed your little orange toaster." tegrated circuits. He had his general
'switch on the lamp and the connection As she spoke, Terri typed in Amy's last class amateur radio license when he
of the lamp .into the wall socket. He name and the computer displayed the was 12 and his advanced class license
picked up the microphone again and complete address. She typed a by 14. He and. his father shared the
repeated the same command he 'had "control P" and a number of selonoids ham rig that occupied one wall of the
spoken before. Only this time, instead began banging away on the keys of an room. To him, software was a kind of
of the light coming on, a female voice old but serviceable electric typewriter necessary evil.
floated down from the open second in the corner. The address appeared "Jerry, when you go away to school
floor window which said, "Hey lazy, neatly typed on the envelope that had this fall, are you. going to write us or
turn the light on yourself!" been rolled into the machine. what?" Terri asked.
"Terry!" Jerry shouted exasperated- "Amazing! The popcorn popper "Or what,1 guess," he replied. "Dad
ly, "What are you doing with the worked again," she exclaimed. and I have talked about it and at first we
computer?" . Jerry winced. His sister's pet names thought I could take a ham radio rig
"Come up and see!" was 'the for each piece of electronic hardware , and keep weekly schedules with the
response that floated down. were based on some attribute like family. But after our visit to the
.Jerry's long legs carried him inside shape, size, or sound, but he didn't dormitory last month, it doesn't look
and up the stairsin a couple of strides. appreciate the popcorn popper too good. I'd have to make do with an
He entered a large- room that was a description of his home. converted indoor antenna. The place is loaded
combination workshop, library, com- printer. Ever since he and his father, a with stereo and audio gear my Signal
puter room, hams hack and family den. physics teacher at the local high could get into, and the interference
school, had built the Poly 88 it had from razors and hair dryers.Is fierce.
Frank J. Derfler, Jr., 99-1440 Aiea Hts. Dr. #25,
been dubbed "the toaster" because of Three strikes I guess, but you know
Aiea, HI 96701.

CREATIVE COMPUTING
62
 how I hate to write. We are looking for "All right; Mr. Hardware Magician, receive pair that the cassette interface
a ham there in town who would 'let me give me a few minutes to clean up." needs. I tried it,' but it wouldn't work
use his rig, but I don't know ... " When Terri entered the computer over any distance. I guess there must
"Take your popcorn popper," she room, she saw that things had been be too much phase delay between the
volunteered. "It's so loud you could rearranged.' Next to the Poly 88 was a two tones the cassette interface uses
send Morse code with it and they small box with a telephone cradle on when they travel over long unequaliz-
would hear the sound 40 miles away." it, a telephone answerinq machine, ed lines. ,
With a wicked smile and a bound she and some' test 'equipment. The whole "That leaves me with the RS-232
was down the stairs and headed for thing seemed to be stuck together and ports,on the Poly. and the Horizon as
the mailbox. bound up with clip leads. the best means of communicating. But
Jerry sat down and put his feet up "Ugh!" Terri sniffed, "Another if I use RS-232, then I'll need
on thedesk. He had already intended haywire contraption." modems."
to take the whole Poly system to "Not 'too bad really, Sis." Jerry said "A modem converts the RS-232
school with him. After the family had patiently. "You gave me the idea when signal into audio tones that can go
gotten the Horizon II the Poly' had you told me to take the printer to over a phone line, right?" Terri asked.
officialy become his. It could do school. \1 had intended to take the "Right. The tones a modem uses are,
decent word processing and, they had, whole system anyway, but you started not critical and they can be passed
some good education programs for me thinking about using it to com- over noisy or distorting phone lines
drilling and' memorizing facts such as municate back home. Computer to and still be understood. But modems
scientific terms and people or dates in computer communications has a lot of aren't cheap. The Pennywhistle here," .
history, but he hadn't considered the advantages. I can place a very short he indicated the box with' the
communications aspects before. He phone call when the rates are low. telephone coupler on top, "is about
reached, for a piece of paper and Likewise 'you can send me a lot of the most economical at $130 for the
began doodling a block diagram. information in just a few seconds kit." '
One afternoon about two weeks including' any programs or data you "I begin to understand," she said
later, Terri returned from a set of have here. So I started to think about tapping a pearly front tooth with a long
tennis to find Jerry waitin'g for her on ways of communicating. The cassette fingernail. "You now have a way to put
the porch steps. "How's your two- interface is audio and the phone lines RS-232 into one end of the phone and
handed serve?" lie asked. are audio, so the simplest thing to do get RS-232 out the other end, but you
"OK, Jerry," she said. "I know the seemed to be. to pump the cassette don't quite know what to do with it
only service you are interested in is in audio down the phone lines directly. I when you get it there, do you?"
a restaurant. What do you want?': used this ham radio phone patch to "That's about it," he admitted.
"I need a little programming advice," couple the audio. It separates the "I think I followed you most of the
he admitted. phone line into the send pair and way Jerry, but why not just send a

TRS-SO LEVEL II AND DOS

_Follow the GENERAL SUBROUTINE FACILITIES 'GSF' ....•............................................
RAINBOW Collection of tast easv-to-use machine language routines.
IN· MEMORY SORT with multiple variables and keys.
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software SCREEN scrolling, save screen displays, and more ,
OISK SORT PROGRAM 'DSP' ......................................................•.............
.

this side of OZI - SORT/MERGE mufti-diskette files. Fast and easy to use,
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PLEASE ADD $1.25 fOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING, Must specify 16, 32, or 48K on above, System house discounts.
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Telephone (213) 360-2171 702 Palmdale, Orange CA 92665 714 637.5016

CIRCLE 123 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 187 ON READER SERVICE CARD
63
~etter?" she asked half seriously. "This would be a good way of or whatever as program lines with a
"Computer mail is the wave of the setting up hobby computer networks," number in front of each one. The
future Terri. We have the equipment Terri observed. "Most hobby computer 10 REM Hi everybody! This is a test
and we may as well use it. Besides, users don't neea real time COIn- of the
think of all the information I'll have for rnunications anyway. Audio recording 20 REM' kind of messages I will be
my .computer science courses. Why gives the advantages of a dial up with sending from
with a little expansion this lash-up only a little wait for a response and a 30 REM school. Please send money.
alone could provide me with research lot less cost. Much less software - Jerry
paper topics for all four years of hassle too. If you want to keep the
school!" When it was his turn to receive, Jerry
software really simple, and Iknow you
"Oh," she groaned, "I 'knew there had his father call him. The telephone
do, just type your notes or comments
had to be some lazy man's answer in AU10 numbering feature in BASIC answering machine picked up the line
there somewhere. Well, iet me see makes that easy. Then we'll just enter and gave its short pre-recorded: an-
what kind of a program I can come up it, LIST and read it off. Don't try to nouncement. Then Jerry heard a
with to recognize your little messages. RUN it though!" stream of' data coming into the
How do you plan to use the system recorder. When it was done, he re-:
A week or 'so later, after another wound the tape, changed a few jacks,
, anyway?"
modem kit had been built, all had been and loaded the tape into the computer
. "As I said, I'll call in when the rates prepared for the system smoke test.
are low. Our computer isn't on all the Jerry took his Poly 88, a modem, the through the modem. His father's reply
time and we can't afford to have telephone answering machine and all was:
'.
dedicated phone lines, so the best of the other paraphernalia to a friend's 10 REM Son, thank you for the nice
thing to do is for me to call in and have house across towh. After connecting note.
somebody record the tones from my the modified answering machine/- 20 REM In response to your request,
modem on a cassette recorder con- recorder to his friend's phone, Jerry I can only
nected to the phone line through the called his home. His father answered 30 REM say: Send your report card!
phone patch. Then you or Dad can and said, "OK Son, the recorder is 40 REM Data table follows:
play that tape back into your modem . running. Send your data." Jerry had a 50 REM A=$50
and load it into the Horizon. When the program of words in RAM that he 60 REM B=$25
family wants to respond, you can put played into the phone line through the 70 REM C=$ 5
notes into a file as you think of them. modem. After it had stopped, his father 80 REM D= YOU OWE ME
The beauty of this sytem is that you said, "Hang on and I'll see what we 90 REM Please re-submit request
can send me software too. You just got.'· when
call IT1Y dorm room. If I'm there, I'll 100REMcompiete data is available
In a few moments Jerry heard his
record the data. If I'm not, then the -Dad
father laugh and he knew the
telephone answering machine I
transmission had been a success. The "Oh no!" Jerry groaned. "I wanted
salvaged from the junk heap last year
terminal attached. to his father's electronic mail, but I wound up with a
will do it for me."
\.. Horizon computer had printed out: drive-in teller instead!" -

DISK TRS"80 DISK P.~.T. food

NOURISH YOUR HUNGRY P.E.T. WITH SELECTIONS
Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, CPA Gen. Ledger,
FROM CREATIVE SOFTWARE'S EXTENSIVE MENUI
Gen. Payroll, Farm Payroll, Job Cost, Word Processing,
Restaurant Payroll, Utility Billings, Depreciations. DUAL JOYSTICK INTERFACE: This Creative Software interface
allows you to plug in two AtarHype joysticks (not included) with no modifi-
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY cation to the P. E.T. Comes with two games and complete programming in-
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ALL'SYSTEMS LICENSED JOYSTICKS: for above intertace, price each••••••••••••••.••$12.50
BREAKOUT: 'NEW -- Written in machine language for increased speed
For sample reports send $6.00 to cover postage & handling. and enjoyment. Uses either keyboard input or any CREATIVE SOfTWARE
Each system is priced at $240.00. joystick (single or dual). You get ten balls to knock out three double layers
First time user cookbook documentation. of bricks. Positively addicting •••••••••••••••..•••••••••••••••• $10.00
. Money Order, VISA Master Charge only, Please. LIFE: (By S. Bartonsmith) Possibly the finest personal computer version
Please state 2 or 3 disk systems. . 01 LIFE currently available, this program uses machine language routines
to displayup to four new generations per second. User"1lefinable initial
configuration, complete screen wraparound, and introducing two original
2 DISK- SYSTEM 3 DISK SYSTEM additions--"posts" and '.'holes." •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• $20.00
PA YROLL i25 EMPLOYEES 250 EMPLOYEES
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ACCTS. REC. 250 CUSTOMERS HURKLE and ONE-QUEEN Uoystick or keyboard input) ••.$10.00
500 CUSTOMERS
GEN. LEDGER 125 ACCOUNTS 250 ACCOUNTS HOUSEHOLD FINANCE Parts I and 11 ••••••••••.•••• $15.00
JOB COST 25-45 JOBS 50-130 JOBS
.ORDERS: Send check, money order, or VISAIMastercharge (include
expiration date) and add the fOllowing shipping charges: 1-2 programs (or
dual joystick interface)-I, 50. 3-4 programs- 2. 00. 5 br more programs-
COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2.50. Extra joysticks, each-I. SO. California residents ad~ 6" sales tax.

DESIGN, INC. INFORMATION: fv'ore information on these and many other currll/ltly
available programs are available on a free flyer. Write directly to Creative
Software for a complete list.
P.o. Box 735
,
Yakima, W A. 98907 .Creative Software
Call 1-509-575-0320 P.O. BOX 4030, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

,~--~----------------------~----~
CIRCLE 119 ON REAQER SE,RVICE CARD
64
CIRCLE 196 ON READER SERVICE CARD
HEX ENCODED E.sTRS-SO 4K EPROM &--'!l~/;nc SOSOA CPU IWith EightL •••1
Victor Interrupt Capability] [JL~~ne.
KEYBOARD SERIAL 1/0 This board is designed to operate with any
E.S.
speed or power 1702A. Addressable in 4K Uses the 8080A and the 8224 clock chip.
This HEX keyboard • RS-232 compati- byte increments and can be configured to The crystal frequency used is 18 MHz and
has 19 keys, 1 6 encod- ble • Can be used with occupy either 2K or 4K segments. It can be the vector interrupt chip is the 8214. The
ed with 3 user defin- or without the expan- populated one memory chip at a time. Bare board will function normally without the
able. The encoded TTL sion bus • On board board $30, beard with parts $200, assembled interrupt circuitry. When the interrupt
outputs, 8-4-2-1 and switch selectable baud $230. Part No. EPM-1 circuitry is built up, the board will respond to
STROBE are debounced rates of 110, 150, eight levels of interrupts. Designed to be a
and available in true 300, 600, 1200, 2400, plug-in replacement for the IMSAI CPU board
and complement form. parity or no parity odd and will work in other computers with the
Four onboard LEOs or even, 5 to B data appropriate modifications made to the ribbon
indicate the HEX code bits, and 1 or 2 stop cable connector pin out from the front panel.
generated for each bits. D.T.R. line. Board The board will work in systems without a
key depression. The
only $19.95 Part No. front panel if the system has a PROM board
board requires a single 801 0, with parts $59.95 that -simulates the functions of the front
+5 volt supply. Board Part No. BO1OA. as- panel. Bare board $30, with parts $185,
only $15.00 Part No. sembled $79.95 Part assembled $220. Part No. CPU-1
HEX-3, with parts
No. 801 ~C. No con-
$49.95 Part No. HEX- nectors provided, see ••------------ ~
3A. 44 pin edge con-
below.
nector $4.00 Part
44P.
16K OR 32K EPROM
/wmc/;nc.
Designed to operate with any speed or power
2708 or single voltage (+5V) 2716. Address-
able in 4K increments and can occupy
multiples of 4K. It can be populated one
memory chip at a time. Has bank addressing
and Phantom Disable. The board comes with
an exclusive software program that can be

nector Part No
placed in a 2708 or 2716 that will, when usee
in conjunction .with a RAM memory board,
16K
.
STATIC RAM
/wmc/;nc.
DB25P $6.00, with check out every line on the EPM-2. Bare
9', 8 conductor board $30, board with parts with 2708 Operates with any speed or power 2114. All
cable $1 0.95 Part
$455, assembled $485. Board with parts input and output lines are fully buffered.
No.0825P9. Addressable in 4K byte increments. If the
with 2716 $1,225, assembled $1,255. Part
3' ribbon cable No. EPM-2 system has a front panel, the board will allow
with attached con- itself to be protected. If there is no front
nectorstofitTAS- panel, the board will not allow itself to be
80 and our serial
board $19.95 Part protected. The board has Bank Address
No.3CA840. capability, Phantom Disable, MWRITE, and
selectable wait states. Bare board $30,
board with parts $665. Part No. MEM2
S-100 BUS
ACTIVE TERMINATOR
Board only $14.95 Part No. 900, with parts
$24.95 Part No. 900A

PIICEON

65K DYNAMIC RAM

9 AND 13 SLOT{wmcI;nc Main memory for microcomputers, intelligent
terminals, business systems, medical sys- SK EPROM PIICEON
MOTHER BOARDS tems, and OEM systems. • High density
random access memory 48K bytes or 64K Saves programs on PROM permanently (until
bytes. Fully buffered. S-1 00 bus compat- erased via UV light) up to 8K bytes. Programs
All traces are reflow solder covered and both
ible • Low power (dynamic memory) • Trans- may be directly run from the program saver
sides are solder masked. The connectors
parent refresh. Digital delay line techniques such as fixed routines or assemblers .• S-
used on these boards are the IMSAITM type
for reliable operation • Multiple boards 100 bus compatible. Room for 8K bytes of
[,125" between pins, .250" between rows).
allowed using hardware or software controlled EPROM non-volatile memory (2708's) .• On-
Spacing between connectors is .750". All
bank select. "Phantom" signal for RAMI board PROM programming • Address
lines, except power and ground, have a
ROM overlap. All boards are fully tested relocation of each 4K or memory to any 4K
passive RC network termination available.
prior to shipment. Operating System test boundary within 64K • Power on jump and
There is a kluge area available that will accept
and extensive bit pattern testing .• Works reset jump option for "turnkey" systems and
two 40 pin sockets and one 36 pin socket.
directly in 80BOA processors or Z-BO computers without a front panel. Program
The circuitry for supplying three separate
regulated voltages to the kluge area is environment at 2M Hz • Currently used by saver software available •.Solder mask both
industry • 1 year warranty. Only available sides • Full silkscreen for easy assembly.
contained on the board. Part No. QMB-12
assembled and tested with 48K $1,250 Part Program saver software in 1 2708 EPROM
$40 bare, $105 kit, $1 20 assembled. Part
No. 48K, or with 65K $1,475 Part No. 65K $25. Bare board $35 including custom coil,
No. QMB-9 $35 bare, $90 kit, $105
assembled. board with parts but no EPROMS $139, with
4 EPROMS $179, with 8 EPROMS $219.

Mention part number, description. and price. In USA, shippi~g paid for orders accompanied by check, money order. or Master Charge. BankAmericard. or VISA
number, expiration date and signature. Shipping charges added to C.O.D. orders. California residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail
postage and handling. no C,Q.D.'s. Checks and money orders must be payable in US dollars. Parts kits include sockets for allies, components, and circuit
board. Documentation is included with.all products. Prices are in US dollars. No open accounts. To eliminate tariff in Canada boxes are marked "Computer
Parts." Dealer inquiries invited. 24 Hour Order line: (408) 226-4064 ,:- Circuits designed by John Bell

ONIC SYSTEMS
CIRCLE 118 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 A Different Teaching Aid:
The Broder Logic Trainer

I was 'an instructor for several years There are a total of 52 , .. 20 sequential right indicates the output. (The on/off
before I became a magazine editor, I've logic problems (gates) and 20 com- state of the display at the output of the
taught courses in digital logic and binational (tllp-tlops and gates) and 12 gate is the only one of interest ... the
wished, on many occasions, that I had miscellaneous. The inclusion of those others are disregarded.) The student
a logic trainer (or trainers) to supple- 40 exercises as supplementary places a piece of clear plastic over the
ment the course material. At one point I material in a digital logic class should circuit and can use a grease pencil to
even started to build a trainerfor use up add a lot to the course. The trainer go through arid indicate the logic levels
in front of the class, It never got would be ideal for homework at the inputs and outputs of the g.ates.
finished, At another point I checked assignments and lab exercises in the When working with the clocked logic
into the cost of some trainers " , and beginning of the course (when learning exercises (flip-flops) a counter ln the
was shot down on that before I could how to interpret logic diagrams is lower right-hand corner keeps track of
even get a purchase order written up, being taught). It's even conceivable the number of clock pulses. The unit
Naturally, the most desirable situa- that the Broder trainer could be used can also be used for introduction to
tion would be to have a digital trainer for the entire semester. However, I feel binary counting (see far right-hand
for each and every student. Notice that the most value would be obtained by side) and BCD counting.
I said "digital trainer," For the purpose using it to supplement actual lab As I mentioned before, I believe the
of this review perhaps we should exercises with a digital trainer. The Broder Logic Trainer would make a
distinguish between a digital trainer logic trainer for teaching logic diagram valuable contribution in supplemen-
and a logic trainer, Let's consider a interpretation .. , the digital trainer for ting a course in digital electronics. The
digital trainer as one which has the "real-world" building. and student still needs to have access to,
capability of giving the student actual troubleshooting of logic circuits, and use, a digital trainer for building
exercises in using digital integrated There's no way that I can see the circuits, seeing the waveforms on an
circuits, The Broder Trainer, which Broder, trainer replacing a digital oscilloscope, getting familiar with IC
we're looking at here, is a logic trainer trainer. But ... if the school doesn't specs, worst-case conditions and
- one which provides exercises in have digital trainers the Broder would troubleshooting. In the, beginning
analyzing and interpreting logic be even more significant (because of stages the student needs to concen-
diagrams, The student must be able to what it could accomplish by itself). trate on learning to interpret logic
understand the diagrams before get- The operation of the unit is straight- diagrams .,. not wire up a circuit. I
ting into the circuits, Now, the question forward and enjoyable to anyone wouldn't mind teaching a course using
is, is the Broder Logic Trainer a viable challenged by logic exercises. A card the unit. I believe it would dothetrick in
means of achieving this goal? with the circuit to be analyzed is placed meeting those objectives.
At first glance, l telt the unit might be in the middle of the trainer. The
somewhat limited in the number of switches on the left are used to set the L. J. Broder Enterprises, Inc., 3192
exercises available, After going over logic "1" or "0" levels into the circuit Darvany Dr., Dallas, TX 75220, Ph: 214-
those exercises I've changed my mind, and the liquid crystal display on the .357-7763, $69:95. •

66 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 Pay a UHIe bit more
and get a printer that's
brighter than your computer.
The BrighterWriter:
When a few dollars more buys Picture your page as thou- button to turn it on. A test button to
you a nrst-closs impact printer, sands of dots. The BrighterWriter self-test your printer. A paper feed
why settle for a toy? The Brighter- can fill in the dots, plot them con- button to advance the sheets or
Writer gives you quality to start tiguously; stack them, or scatter forms. A line feed button to
with. And versatility that stays them. And its special set of gra- advance the paper a line at
even if you outgrow your phic characters a time.
present personal computer. (:.~.::::E;b simplifies the ·!:ij:i. :i:;;;l: .:!:r~.. :i:;;;l: Prints
Built smart like the big ones. process. any-which- way.
i..··i-·. I i!..~
9

The BrighterWriter's a smart .............. '..: Prints any char- The BrighterWriter comes in
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CIRCLE 145 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Teachers!
A Social Science
Survey Program!
Dr. James Owens

This program will add a whole

new dimension to social science
classes ... from elementary
school to college! All you
need is an inexpensive
4K microcomputer.

Dr. James Owens, Professor of Management, The

American University, Washington, D.C.

Many teachers, especially high- virtually infinite in number and poten- system. A 4K system, therefore, can
school and college teachers, can easily tial course subject areas. handle a survey of, for example, a forty-
use a small computer (even one with as person sample with twenty-five
The "Survey" program described here questions in the questionnaire, a 100-
little as 4K of RAM memory) to conduct was developed and used with an Ohio
and process professional-type social person sample with ten questions in
Scientific 6502 computer providing 8K the questionnaire, or any propor-
science surveys. Obviously, such sur- BASIC in ROM and 20K of RAM
veys and studies contribute to the tionate combination of sample number
memory. However, the essential values and question number between the two
teacher's research, and publication- of the "social science survey" in
record in the "publish or perish" extremes exampled. Conserving
classroom use can be achieved in as memory, as this program does, any
academic world. More importantly little as 4K of RAM memory and most
(and interestingly), social science user, restricted to 4K of RAM, will still
BASIC-IN-ROM systems (e.g., other find room in memory for very useful
surveys of a teacher's own classroom Microsoft BASIC systems such as the
students, when quickly tabulated and research or classroom-oriented social
Level II TRS-80, Apple II, Sorcerer, science survey projects. It should be
processed, provide rich material for PET).
enhancing and making relevant course noted that a large survey, for example a
topics. For example, the function ofthe The Questionnaire 100-person sample with 50 questions
Social Security program in the USA The program permits a highly refined in the questionnaire, will require about
can be rescued from dull abstraction in gra<;Juationof questionnaire responses 20K of RAM.
classroom lectures by a survey ques- ranging from very strong agreement to The Video Display-
tion forcing the student to record his very strong disagreement with all items or Output-of the Program
own opinion and discuss it within the on the questionnaire (including provi- The program generates for each row
context of the tabulated opinions and sion for "no opinion" responses). of output-information (each row being
statistical conclusions of the class Figure 1 presents the basic format of equivalent to a particular question in
population as a whole. The same is true such a questionnaire. The program the questionnaire) a . full twenty-one
for a multitude of other routine high- here dimensions fifty rows for fifty ques- "columns" of calculated values. Since,
school and college course topics such tions or fewer. Depending on memory however, it would be a rare conven-
as the ERA amendment, function of available, the program can process tional page of paper or computer video
taxation in the USA, corporation about forty full DATA lines, including screen that could list twenty-one
profits, political voting patterns and 1K of memory for the RUN, within the horizontal columns, the programmer
more. Such classroom appl ications are contraints of a typical4K RAM memory has the choice of arraying the columns

CREATIVE COMPUTING
68
 /

closely (using a ';') or vertically (using Figure 1. Typical questionnaire form.

no punctuation at all in the Line 490 Please enter in the column at the right a number from "1" to "9" for each question/
Directions:
PRINT statement) or, as used in this item indicating your degree of agreement or disagreement on the 1-9 scale where:
program, completing the PRINT state-
ment with a comma. Only the latter 1= "I disagree very strongly." 6 = "I agree sli~htIY."
programming tactic emerges as useful 2= "I disagree strb'ngly." 7 = "I agree su stantially."
3= "I disagree su stantially." 8 = "I agree strongly."
in terms of esthetics, styling and 9 = "I agree
4= "I disagree slightly." very strongly."
readability - and, thus, is used here. 5 = No 0einion
II or Preference II

The "comma," ending Line 490,

produces for each Question/Item For Reference please check appropriate categories: Male'/ Female
number an easily
systematically
readable
consistent
and
array of
Age 30 or over ./ Age 29 or under I
'columns' in five vertical rows as Enter 1-9
# QUESTION/ITEMS
illustrated in Figure 2. Use of the full in this
twenty-one 'columns' permits calcula- C"I"mn
1. The Social Security System, including premiums and payments, should be abolished. /
tion output of professional-type values
2. The "ERA" amendment should be ratified and become law. .iL-
such as standard deviation for the 3. All taxes, including Federal and State income taxes, should be decreased. .Y
sample total as well as internal sample 4. Etc.
elements such as "males" vs "females"
or "age 30 or over" vs "age 29 or under." Figure 2. illustration of typical video display of calculations (question #1 is illustrated). Note: In the
Most importantly, calculations of the actual video display generated by the program the column numbers and descriptions above are deleted
standard error of the difference (to conserve memory) and only the calculated values are printed. See Figure 3 for actual video display
output.
between "means" (such as between the
mean for Males and the mean for Column # 1 Column # 2 Column # 3 Column # 4 Column #5
Females or the mean for those over age Question R Males' Score Females' Score Age 30+ Score 29- Score
30 vs those under age 29) become
21 17 12 26
possible - as well as reports, on the
"significance of the difference between Column # 6 Column # 7 Column # 8 Column # 9 Column #10
means" (as in Figure 2 columns #18 Mean for TotoI Sample Mean for Males Mean for Females Mean for 30+ Mean for
and #20). Note: Many users of this 29-
program maynot need, or want, all of 4.22 5.25 3.4 2.4 6.5
the calculations-results produced in Column # 14
Column # 11 Column # 12 Column # 13
the RUN output; in which case, un- Standard Deviation Standard Deviation Standard Dev-
Standard Deviation
wanted lines can easily be deleted from for Total Sample for Males for Females iation 30+
the program. Also, the 21-column
output display formatted as in Figure 2 2.44 2.68 1.85 1.5
requires a video display of 64
Column # 16 Column # 17 Column # 18 Column # 19
characters per line available with many Significance of the Standard Error
Number of "No Opinion' Standard Error of the
small systems such as Radio Shack's Difference between the M./F Difference of Difference of 30+/29-
TRS-80, OSI's C2 Challenger series of Male vs Female Means (3 = 99% level of between 30+ Difference
systems and others; if your system confidence) vs 29- Means
provides fewer than 64 characters/line 4.7
2 1.58 1.17 .87
display, a semi-colon - or no punctua-
tion at all - at the end of line 490 will Column # 21
position the twenty-one columns in a % of "No Opinion
more readable format than the comma
used in the program here. .22
Just prior to the video display of the Note: In the actual video display generated by the program the column numbers and descriptions
first question (as in Figure 2), the above are deleted (to conserve RAM memory) and only the calculated values in the order
program generates a display sum- above are printed. See figure 3 for actual numerical video display output for Question/items
marizing the sample and its sub- #2 and 3.
samples, as follows:

Without this function the video display

Total Sample = 9 becomes overcrowded with useless
Total Males = 4 Total Females = 5 decimal expressions of six or more
Total Age 30+ = 5 Total Age 29- = 4 digits (such as 4.2247653). The "FNH"
in 490 implements the function.
Line 20 dimensions an array of fifty
The Program Methodology rows, each row consisting of twenty-
and Documentation one columns. As mentioned above,
An explicit goal of the program each row (1,2,3 etc.) represents a
development was to economize Single, particular survey question iden-
memory use to a minimum. One main tified by the same question number and
method was, of course, to eliminate all row number (thus, Row 1's displayed
documentation (REM statements) from calculations display the calculated
the program lines. That documentation results for Question 1 of the survey, as
will, therefore, be presented here in in Figure 2). Remember, too, that
line-order by line number (orgroupsof within each row. as displayed on the
lines). video screen, the row's twenty-one
Line 10 rounds off all decimals to two columns are themselves formatted into
only for purposes of readability. five vertical elements ("rows" within

MARCH 1979
69
the basic Row) and five horizontal
columns (Figure 2).
------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL SAMPLE= 9
Lines 30 to 80 enter the row (or TOTALMALES = 4 TOTALFEMALES= 5
question) number, from 1 t050, intothe TOTALAGE 30+ =5 TOTAL29- = 4
first column of each row and set all ============================================================
twenty remaining columns for each 1 21 17 12 26
row at zero. 4.22 5.25 3.4 2.4 6.5
Lines 90 to 230 place survey 2.44 2.68 1.85 1.5 1.12
responses (numerical values) into 2 1.58 1.17 .87 4.7
Columns 2,3,4 and 5 for each question e
(row). The variable P reads either a 2 or
a 3 (2 = Male, 3 = Female) from the first
DATA entry in each DATA line (Line ~***~~******************************************************
2 12 36 27 21
901) and keeps a count of total males
5.33 3 7.2 5.4 5.25
and females; the variable R does the
2.62 1.58 1.6 2.42 2.86
same count for respondents aged 30 2 1.07 ~ 1.79 .08
and over vs those aged 29 and under
e
(30+ vs 29-) as read from the second
datum from each line (every data line
representing one individual respon- *~*~~~~~~~**~**~~~********~~~~*~~~****~~~~~~*~*~************
dent). The variable R reads either a4 or 3 30 35 37 28
a 5 (4 = age 30+,5 = age 29-). Although 7.22 7.5 7 7.4 7
obvious, it may be of interest to many 1.47 1.5 1.41 1.36 1.58
readers that the P and R variables can 2 .98 .51 1 ..:...1.
be used, with no structural change in e
the program, to record and calculate a
variety of "categories" such as srnok-
ers. vs non-smokers, liberal vs conser- *******~************~********~****~*~***********************
vatives, Protestants vs non- 40000
Protestants, Yankee baseball fans vs o 000 0
their opposite and so on. Also, if only a 000 0 e
single discrimination of sample
o 0 000
categories is needed, or none at all,
e
then simply eliminate the program
lines which involve the P variable and
the R variable respectively. Line 95
************************************************************
5 0 0 0 0
registers dummy data to move the o 0 0 0 0
program toward its end. Lines 180 and o 0 0 e 0
210 calculate and total the sums of o 0 e 0 0
squared values needed for the later e
standard deviation calculation and
store these temporarily in Columns 17
and 20. After the standard deviation ************************************************************
calculations are completed, and the 60000
sums of the squared values no longer o 0 000
relevant, Columns 17 through 20 are 00000
"erased" and used to record, and o 0 0 0 0
display, meaningful values as in the e
Figure 2 format. Although a bit in-
tricate, or "tricky," the loops in 170
through 220 minimize memory use by ************************************************************
7 0 0 0 0
quantum proportions as compared to a
o 0 0 0 0
series of GOTO's. Line 190 records "no o 0 0 0 0
opinion" responses for their total as o 0 0 0 0
displayed in Column 16. e
Lines 250 through 290 calculate the Figure 3. Actual program output (for 3 sample
averages (arithmetic means) for, questions from DATA statements in Program A). Lines 380 and 390calculatethesignif-
respectively, the total sample, males, Note: The underlining of 3.94 in Question 2 and .51 icance of the difference between means
and .4 in Question 3 is to draw attention to an
females, age 30+ and age 29-, while line
enormous statistical significance in the difference (where 2 = a 95% statistical confidence
300 records the sample total. (See between "male" and "female" responses to Ques- level, 3 = a 99% statistical confidence
Figure 2.) tion 2. This, contrasted with virtually no significant level, etc.). For example, in the hypo-
Lines 310 through 350 calculate the differences in Question 3 ("males" and "females"
thetical and illustrative data here,
of all ages indicate a preference for lower taxes).
standard deviations for, respectively, there is virtually no significance in the
the total sample, males, females, age difference between male and female
30+ and age 29- (see any standard responses on "abolishing the Social
Statistics text for statement and ex- between the Means for males vs Security System" (Q 1) but a very
planation of the formula for the stan- females and age 30+ vs 29...•
, respective- significant difference in the responses
dard deviation). Results are displayed ly, recording these values for printing of respondents over and under age 30
in Columns #11 through #15, respec- in Columns 17 and 19 for each (Column 20 for Q 1 shows a "4.7" value,
tively, as in Figure 2. question/item (see Figure 2). (Formula meaning 4.7 standard errors of
Lines 360 and 370 calculate the is available in any standard Statistics difference or a greater than 99%
standard error of the difference text.) probability that the difference is real

CREATIVE COMPUTING
70
 COMPUTER
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Delivery from w/1 K RAM _$375.00 w/Sanyo 9" Monitor
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Model * KTM-2 CRT!TV Keyboard. BASIC Interpreter in ROM experiment using RCA's fine
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(diablo compatible) $2820.00 63 Key Unencoded Keyboard. $32.95
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ADVANCED COMPUTER PRODUCTS All prices FOB Santa Ana. Please add shipping/handling.
P. O. Box 17329 • Irvine, California 92713 For credit card purchase can (act for quotation. Complete
1310 B E. Edinger • Santa Ana, California 92705 FREE 1978 Catalogue - send 25ft for postage. Pricing
TWXfTELEX 910 595 1565 • TEL (714) 558-8813 subject to change without notice.

CIRCLE 199 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 rather than due to any kind of sampling
chance). In Q 2, regarding the ERA
amendment, Column 18 shows a
3 REM -----------------------------------
4 REM SOCIAL SCIENCE SURV~Y PROGRAM ~
similar huge significance of difference 5 REM BY DR. JAMES OWENS
between. male and female responses 7 REM
(3.94) while, in Q 3, no significant 8 REM CREATIVE COMPUTING MAGAZINE
differences appear in either Columns 9 REM -----------------------------------
·18 (males vs females) or 20 (age 30+ vs 10 DEF FNH(X)zINT(X*100+. 5)/100
29-), meaning that there is not much 20 DIM S(50,21)
difference among the categories about 30 FOR R-l TO 50
the desire for tax reduction. 40 LET S(R,1)=R
Lines 420 through 550 are the 50 FOR C=2 TO 21
printing routine. Again, please note the 60 LET S(R,C)=0
comma ending Line 490.
70 NEXT C
80 NEXT R
In each DATA line, one for each
90 READ P
survey respondent, the first datum
95 IF P=-l THEN GOTO 240
indicates sex, the second datum in-
U~0 IF P=2 THEN LET M=M+1
dicates age, the third datum indicates 110 IF P-3 THEN LET F;=F+l
numerical response to the first ques- 120 READ R
tion, the fourtH datum indicates 130 IF R=4 THEN LET 0-0+1
response to the second question and 140 IF R=5 THEN LET U-U+l
the fifth datum indicates response to 150 FOR Q=l to 3
the third question. Important Note: In 160 READ A
actual use, the user will want more than 170 LET S(Q,P)=S(Q,P)+A
the three "questions" illustrated here; 180 LET S(Q,p+15)aS(Q,p+1S)+AA2
thus, Line 150 must be changed to 190 IF A-5 THEN LET S(Q, 16)-S(Q, 16)+1
establish the exact number of 200 LET S(Q,R)-S(Q,R)+A
questions such as 150 FOR Q = 1 TO 10 210 LET S(Q,R+15)=S(Q,R+15)+AA2
(for a survey of ten questions) or 150 220 NEXT Q
FOR Q = 1 TO 50 (for a survey of fifty 230 GOTO 90
questions) . 240 FOR R=l TO 50
The last DATA line must end with a 250 LET S(R,6)-(S(R,2)+S(R,3»/(M+F)
-1 dummy data to move the program to 260 LET S(R,7)-S(R,2)/M
270 LET S(R,8)-S(R,3)/F
an end.
280 LET S(R,9)=S(R,4)/0
A special note about the .0001 in
290 LET S(R,10)=S(R,5)/U
lihes 380 and 390: the .0001 assures a 300 LET T=M+F
RUN and avoidance of an occasional 310 LET S(R, 11)=SQR«(S(R, 17)+S(R, 18»/t)-S(R,6)A2)
"division by zero" error message 320 LET S(R, 12)=SQR«S(R, 17)/M)-S(R,7)A2)
without affecting the substantial 330 LET S(R, 13)=SQR«S(R, 18)/F)-S(R,8)A2)
results produced in Columns 18and 20 340 LET S(R, 14).SQR«S(R, 19)/0)-S(R,9)A2)
for eacH row (question) number. 350 LET S(R, 15)=SQR«S(R,20)/U)-S(R, 10)A2)
Varieties of Application 360 LET S(R, 17)=SQR«(S(R, 12)A2/M)+(S(R, 13)A2/F)~
With minor changes in the basic .370 LET S(R, 19)=SQR«S(R, 14)A2/0)+(S(R, 15)A2/U»
380 LET S(R, 18)=ABS«S(R,7)-S(R,8»)/(S(R, 17)+IE-04)
program, a user can obtain
professional-type statistical results for
390 LET S(R,20)=ABS«S(R,9)-S(R, 10»)/(S(R, 1~)+lE-04)
400 NEXT R
a large variety of combinations of
sample categories, number and type of 420 PRINT "-----------------------------------------"
430 PRINT"TOTAL SAMPLE"" "iT
a
questions in questionnaire, statistical
440 PRINT"TOTAL MALES = "iM, "TOtAL FEMALES - "iF
calculations and video display. _ 450 PRINT"TOTAL AGE 30+ -"iO,"TOTAL 29- •••• JU
460 PRINTII===_===============_.a=a= •• ._n
470 FOR R=l TO 50
480 FOR C=l TO 21
490 PRINT FNH(S(R,C»,
500 NEXT C
510 PRINT
520 PRINT
530 PRINT
540 PRINT ••
*************************************** ••••••••
SS0 NEXT R
560 END
901 DATA 2,4, 1,2, 8
902 DATA 2,4,5,4,9
903 DATA 3,4,2,9,5
904 DATA 3,4,3,7,7
905 DATA 3,4,1,5,8 Program A. Social Science Survey Program.
(With the exception of the title, REM statements do
906 DATA 2,5,8, 1,5
not appear in. the program in order to conserve
907 DATA 2,5,7,5, e memory. Documentation for the program
908 DATA 3,5,6,9,6 statements is provided in the article. The program
9139 DATA 3,5,5,6,9, -1 lines, excepting DATA, use 1.4K of memory.)

CREATIVE COMPUTING
72
....:: ', :-,:
'

<.>.

"What are you going to do The scoreboard went to 10:3. blow and put clothes on our backs?
tomorrow?" asked Barbara as she "Why don't you stay home and play What are you going to do, buy a sewing
loaded the dishwasher. with the girls in the morning?" machine attachment and produce
"I thought I might drop by the "Because I want to go to the store." computer made clothes?"
computer store and look around." She "You know we can't afford to buy a Casually, I wiped away the moisture
glanced at me and poked a spaghetti computer, so why be a masochist and that had gathered on my upper lip.
coated fork into the cutlery basket. tempt yourself with something that you "Well not exactly. I am not going to
"How much do you think we can are not going to get?" work at it full time. It would be stupid to
afford to spend on that trip to Canada The lights on the scoreboard flashed, give up my job now, wouldn't it?"
in August?" she asked, smiling in- but stayed at 10:3 in favor of Barbara. I I paused for effect and watched her
nocently. I was puzzled at first by this had to get some of my plays inaction, move four spaghetti stained plates like
apparent digression into the world of and fast. a sergeant marshalling recruits into the
family finance, until I suddenly realized "Well it's not exactly tempting shower. The scoreboard had jumped to
that it was a Trojan horse aimed at myself. I think of it more as a learning 12:4 after the last Samurai slice. This
defeating the computer purchase I had exercise." time it stared back at me with unblink-
not even mentioned yet. On the mental I smiled confidently. The scoreboard ing electronic eyes.
scoreboard that I reserved for these flickered reluctantly to 10:4 for a "What I meant was a little more subtle
contests, ten points flashed to Barbara moment before settling back on 10:3. than that. We have to keep up with
for three star triple distilled sneakiness. "In fact, by 1980 every home in the today's technology. Modern man has
Nonchalantly, I held up the country will probably have at least one become alienated and depersonalized
newspaper and pretended boredom. microcomputer. To get in on the by the machines and the computers."
"It's not going to be too bad. I figure ground floor now is "an investment in Buried in the jungle depths of his
that with the concession fares that the future." newspaper, the great white hunter
Canadian Airways offers it won't hurt Looking like they might fade out waited for the prey to step inside his
us too much at ail." altogether, the scoreboard lights final- trap.
"Even with the two girls figured in?" ly settled on 10:4. Barbara smiled "If man is depersonalized by com-
"Yes I figured the girls in. If you sweetly, then cut through my verbiage puters, why are you talking about
compare the cost of driving up there we like a Samurai warrior. buyi ng one? That does not make sense
are actually saving money. It's over two "An investment in the future. That to me. Won't that just add to our
thousand miles, and with food, gas and certainly sounds nice. I guess you problems, particularly the monthly
hotel bills for three days we are saving mean that you are going to make payments?"
money by flying." money with it. Feed hungry mouths, The great white hunter leapt from
Philip L. Wilkinson, 755 Pt. San Pedro Rd., San
keep us all warm when the winter winds cover as the trap clanged shut.
Rafael, CA 94901.

MARCH 1979 73
 "On the contrary my dear. The book. This conversation is really about "Wrong."
personal computer will reverse this the old statement that the only Second stage ignition faltered.
trend. It will give the ordinary person difference between men and boys is "There is no way that the IRS would
like you and me access to the data the cost of their toys. You wantto buy a fall for that. You would have to show
banks just like any of the huge cor- two thousand dollar toy. Just try and them that you bought it specifically for
porations. We will be able to use it to tell me that I'm wrong." tax preparation and that might be a
access all kinds of information. In fact it The scoreboard flashed 16:8 in mite difficult, don't you agree?"
will be an information revolution that purple and white neon. It looked like The ICBM was burning up on reen-
you and I have control over, that we will time to call a time out. try, and the scoreboard had gone to
be part of and which will give us "You didn't put any soap in the 20:8 in the last quarter.
personal power." dishwasher." 'Well if I used it for business it would
The scoreboard went to 12:8 without "I put it in before I started loading it." be a legitimate business expense. I
hesitation. I decided that it was time to end this could write some programs and sell
Barbara comes from tenacious tactical war and start escalating the them. I would then be a software
stock. With great care she packed the conflict. I pushed a button that launch- business and it would be OK to
last two cups into the dishwasher and ed a verbal ICBM with multiple fusion depreciate it at least, wouldn't it?"
closed the door. warheads. I dabbed at the sweat on my
"Don't try and tell me that you really "There is a way that I can almost forehead. Sadly she looked at me, the
expect me to believe all that. Even if it is halve the real cost. All I have to do is executioner about to deliver the coup
true it has nothing to do with what we make it tax deductible. You can get a de grace.
are talking about here. You want to buy program for preparing tax returns "My dear husband. I love you and all
a computer so that you can get lost in which makes the computer the that stuff, but sometimes you are so full
the basement dreaming up exotic equivalent of an accountant and of lt that I have to stand back before I
programs to turn the lights on and off, therefore tax deductible. Am I right or get buried up to my knees. To put it
and to balance your overdrawn check am I right?" another way, you are a cross between
an Irishman and a hot air balloon. Now
can we please forget this whole
silliness and agree together that you
will spend some time with the children
in the morning?"
The scoreboard went to 30:8 and in
the distance I heard the final siren.
Disconsolate, I dropped my head for
a moment. Then from somewhere
inside a voice whispered that I change
the game. With a flash of inspiration,
Captain James Kirk of the Starship
"Enterprise" initiated the computer
sequence to fire a photon torpedo. On
the viewscreens he watched it arc in
towards the scoreboard, until at a
thousand yards the proximity fuse
armed the warhead. The scoreboard
disappeared in a blinding white flash,
and in the silence little pieces of
charred wood fell like rain.
I lifted my head and looked at
Barbara with what I hoped looked like
defeat.
"I tell you what, I'll take the girls with
me. They can play Wumpus while I look
around."
Surreptitiously, I felt my pocket to
make sure that the check book was
there. It was going to be a great day
tomorrow, at least until I came home.
Whistling a tuneless tune, I pretended
U.P.S. charges will be added to all orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. to read the newspaper. _
o Payment enclosed DVisa/BankAmericard DMasterCharge

Card No. Interbank No. _

Expiration date _

Name _

: Address _

: City State Zip _

I
I
: Signature _

~~-------------------------------------------------------------
Send to P.P.S.
POBox 2051. Seal Beach. California 90740
For fast service or Information call "Honey, were you saving this for anything specia/?"
(714) 894-3736 between 12 and 5 p \\. California limp

CIRCLE 191 ON READER SERVICE CARD CREATIVE COMPUTING

 AFTER READING The Peter Princi- come a "manager"
ple and its sequel The Peter Prescrip- In either case, all that is required
tion, it has occurred to me that Dr. is a jazzed-up resume stating the
Peter, astute though he undoubtedly is,
got the whole process backward when
he stated that an employee starts off
competent, then rises, through promo-
Inverse glories (in the most obscure jar-
gon, acronyms and abbrevia-
tions) of past systems he "de-
signed" (technical side) or the

Pet~r
tion, to a position where he is not com- number of "project teams" he
petent to perform his job. I have found managed (managerial side) .
that more often than not, the very op- From here on, a curious phe-
posite happens: those employees who nomenon takes place: our hero, no

Pri!~,ple
demonstrate competence in performing matter how inept, will be protected by
menial technical tasks tend to remain the "system." Specifically, he will con-
at the bottom performing those tasks, tinue to rise, in spite of his incapability
since it is in the company's interest to to do anything right, because those
make sure those basic functions are who hired/ promoted him in the first
performed with as little fuss and re- place must vindicate their judgment by
a living. It requires ingenuity, continuing the charade and heaping
training of newcomers as possible.
analytical ability, infinite pa- rewards on our hero. This is sometimes
Conversely, those who enter at the
tience and a high tolerance for referred to as "promoting from with-
bottom and soon demonstrate an ina-
frustration. His first project is in." Sometimes it is called "career
bility to perform their assigned routine
over-budget, late, and won't run pathing." Sometimes it is called throw-
tasks are promoted upward in hopes
right more than once in a row. ing good money after bad.
that they will make a greater contribu-
Our hero decides to change jobs. In any case, once the manager/ con-
tion as supervisors, coordinators, ad-
2. Realizing his incompetence at sultant level is reached, our hero is
ministrators, and the like. In short, hav-
programming, our hero decides protected by the very strong self-perpet-
ing failed as specialists, they become
to advertise himself as a systems uating, self-preserving instincts of the
generalists. It would be satisfying to
analyst. (Our hero is no dummy; upper-echelon hierarchy. It takes a
complete the reverse analogy with the
he is merely no good at pro- major disaster of practically national
Peter Principle by concluding that most
gramming.) After all, systems proportions to reveal incompetence at
such people go from a level of incom-
analysts have more prestige than this high level. Our hero started at the
petence to one of competence, but I
programmers and are paid bet- bottom as an incompetent programmer
cannot in good conscience say that.
ter. Also since no one really and simply kept rising until he came to
What happens is that they move from
knows what systems analysts are rest at a level where the job require-
a level where their incompetence is
supposed to know or do, or even ments were so general that his incompe-
glaring to one where it is not so obvious.
(It is more difficult to prove a general- what, exactly, systems analysis is, tence all but disappeared from view.
it is harder to spot an incompe- He did not become more competent
ist wrong than a detail rnan.) So we
might formulate our "anti-Peter Prin- tent systems analyst than an in- but appeared to do so due to the
competent programmer. Also it changing nature of his job.
ciple" thus:
takes longer. Therefore an in-
"Incompetents rise to a level
where their deficiencies are no competent systems analyst can Case history number one
longer obvious, while those who survive longer at higher pay with Jane Doe (name fictitious) was a
greater prestige than an in- competent programmer. She wrote
are truly competent at the bottom
competent programmer. Our programs which not only ran when
tend to stay there."
Let me illustrate this revolutionary hero needs only common sense they were told to, they could be under-
thesis with a hypothetical example, and one or two disasters in pro- stood, and (due to their modular de-
supported by three actual case histo- gramming to discover this. sign) could even be modified by other
ries, of how this applies to the field of Eventually, though, after several programmers. Jane was so unusual in
data processing. years of "designing systems" a her group that her supervisor realized
pattern begins to emerge. Our his job would be in jeopardy if she
Hypothetical dp example hero has a habit of designing stopped writing programs (for one rea-
Back in the good old days, when jobs systems no one can use, that are son or another). To keep Jane reason-
in data processing were plentiful, the expensive to run (when they are ably happy, instead of promoting her,
typical career path went something like run), and which need a full-time he gave her annual salary increments
this: maintenance programmer to until she was at the top of her "salary
1. New college graduate enters dp keep "up." Time for the next bracket." It was not in her company's
field as a programmer-trainee, "promotion. " interest to promote her because she
After six weeks of bits and bytes 3. Two possibilities present them- was too valuable' to be given a teaching
he is turned loose to write a pro- selves: assignment to train others in her skills.
gram. At this point our hero (a) go technical and become a It was not even in her own interests to
learns his first great truth: pro- "consultant" be promoted, since she would have to
gramming is a hard way to make (b) go administrative and be- take a cut in salary to enter the next

Reprinted with permission from Datamation, April 1974. Copyright 1974 Technical Publishing Co., Greenwich, CT 06830.
MARCH 1979
75
 Some computing magazines are practically timeless.
Take ROM for example. The nine back issues are
filled with ideas, applications, techniques, games and
November 1977 The
just plain good reading by authors such as Lee
Felsenstein, Theodor Nelson, Joseph Weizenbaum,
Solar Energy Measurement; A Beginners Introduc-
tion to BASIC; The Kit and I, Part Ill; More Music to computer
BillEtra and Frederick Chesson. Play on Your Computer; Micro Maintenance; •
Solomon and Viet: Putting Together a Personal
Computing System; Time Sharing on the Family
magazine
Get Your Back Copies While They
Last!
MICRO.
December 1977
for the curious
A Beginners Guide to Peripherals; The Best Slot
July 1977 Machine Game ever; Artificial Intelligence?; An
SOL. The Inside Story; Braille and the Computer; Electronic Jungle Gym for Kids; File Copy Program;
Video newspaper; A Chip is Born; The Care and' Better Health Through Electronics; the Kit and I Part 100 Pages Per Issue!
Feeding of Your Home Computer; Digital Foam-the IV.
peripheral of the future.
January 1978
August 1977 Synthetic Skin for Your Robot and How to Make It; Regular Columns by:
The Kit and I, Part I, by someone who's never TLC: A Visual Programming Language; The Code
soldered before; Introduction to the fundamentals of
Lee Felsenstein
That Can't Be Cracked; Beginners Guide to Com-
Computer Memory; Tips for the do-it-yourself puter Graphics; The Computer and Natural Theodor Nelson
hardware beginner; Binary clocks; APLomania. Language; First-Timer's Guide to Circuit Board Joseph Weizenbaum
Etching. Bill Etra
September 1977 Frederick Chesson
Xeroxes and other hard copy off your CRT; Payroll February 1978 Eben Ostby
Program; How Computers Work; The Kit and I, Part A Practical Mailing List Program; Artificial In- - A. I, Karshmer
II: or Power to the Computer; CCD's: How They telligence; Assemblers; Flowgrams-A New Program- Andrew Singer
Work and How They're Made; A look at PLATO, an ming Tool; Refresher Course in BASIC; Micros and
Educational Computer System; IBM 5100. Analyzing Election Results; Upgrading Your BASIC.
October 1977 March-April 1978
Binary Arithmetic For the Beginner; Introduction to real time concepts; Felsenstein: An Get your back copies
Microprocessor Aid for the Deaf and Blind; The Absolute-Time Clock; Dreyfus: Things Computers while they last!!
Kilobyte Card; Scott Joplin on Your Sci-Fi Hi-Fi; Still Can't Do; Introduction to Interpreters; Othello
Building a Basic Music Board; Flowcharting; Payroll Games; Weizenbaum: Incomprehensible Programs; (We are not planning a Best of ROM
Program The Quasar Robot Revealed; Chesson: Cryptanalysis. book.)

----------------------------
I Please rush me the following back issues of ROM:
issue (month) ( ) $ 2.25 each postpaid
I
I In a hurry?
I () 5.00 for 3 issues postpaid Call your Visa or Master/Charge
I () 14.00 for all 9 issues postpaid I order in to:
I ------- () Cash, check, m.o. enclosed I 800-631-8112
I Address
Name _ I (In NJ, call 201-540-0445)

I City
Send to: Creative Computing, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960 .
State Zip ----
.JI
I
--------------------------- CREATIVE COMPUTING
salary bracket in the middle, where
everyone else did. She could not quit, Apple II is at The Computer Store
of course, for the same reason: she was
grossly overpaid for the job-level she
was at. So there J al1e stayed until the
last 370 was shoveled out the door in
favor of the new IBM 390/225 TVM,
a totally virtual machine. Jane had nev-
er been sprung from her programming
tasks long enough to learn the ins and
outs of programming for totally virtual
machines. At this point, she was early-
retired at the age of 43 at 10% of her
annual salary averaged over the pre-
ceding five years.
The Apple" II, today's most popular personal computer, is at The
Case history number two Computer Store. Along with the latest in Apple peripherals. Like
John Doe (no relation to Jane) was the new Disk ™ II floppy disk drive. Or, printer and communica-
a medium-competent programmer, tions interfaces. And, the latest in software including the new
but, having more moxie than Jane, Apple/Dow Jones Stock Quote Reporter. The compact Apple II
threatened to go elsewhere for a twenty gives you 48K RAM memory with full color graphics and high
percent raise (this was 1968) if he was
resolution graphics. It's the most powerful computer in its price
not promoted to project supervisor. In
this position he functioned rather well; range.
he was highly motivated, and just ar- At The Computer Store, we have more than ever before in
rogant enough to press those under microcomputers, memories, terminals and peripherals. All backed
him to get his first project out on time by a technical staff and a full service department. Stop in today,
and under budget! Being highly moti- you'll find more than ever before at The Computer Store.
vated, he was now ready for a quick
second promotion to programming The Computer Store
manager. But, as luck would have it, 820 Broadway, Santa Monica, California 90401 (213) 451-0713
the clients were so pleased with the The Original Name In Personal Computer Stores
Store Hours: Tues.c-Fri., Noon-8pm, Saturday, lOam-6pm
new system they funded a second proj- Located two blocks north of the Santa Monica Freeway at the Lincoln Blvd. exit.
Phone and mail orders invited. BankAmericard/Visa and Master Charge accepted.

CIRCLE 124 ON READER SERVICE CARD --'

Disassembler
Now available!and Text
ELF!!!
a newEditor,
Video Assembler,
Display Board for

The TEXT EDITOR gives you word pmcessmq ab;lity

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2~g~~S~~
and the ability to edit assembly language programs
while displayed on your video monitor. Lines and
characters may be quickly mserteo.uereted or
changed.!Add a printer and ELF II can type letters for
you-error free-pIllS insert names and addresses trom
your mailing listll
ElF lI's ASSEMBLER translates assembly language
programs into hexidecimal machine code for ELFU
use. The Assembler features mnemonic abbreviations
lor instructions (rather than numerics! so your
programs are easier to read and debug
ELF II's OISASSEMBlElttakes machine code
programs and produces assembly language source
listings. This helps you better understand the
programsyouareworkingwith.sotheybecomealol
easier to improve. -.
The new ELF II Video Display Board lets you
generate a sharp. pretessional 32 or 64 character by So stop reading about ELF 11 and get your hands an aile! power te salve "real world" problems than you woutd get tram
16 line upper and lower case display on your tv screen ing with a $99.95 Elf II and our super simple Soon course 01/ "famous name" computers selling lor many times ELF II's low
or video monitor-dramatically improving your MiCroprocessor & Computer Programnllng, you can master ELF II price. No wonder IEEE chapters, universities and major corpora
unexpended $99.95 ELF II~When you get into longer in no time at all! Then, as your understanding glOWS, you can tions are all ordering Elf II to train their personnel! Now you can
programs, the Video Display Board is really a blessing! expand ELF II with advanced add-ens that offer you a lot more order your ELF II, direct 110m the factory, with the coupon below-

N.;troni~R&illid., DeptCC-3 - - PHON E ORDERS ACCEPTE~

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776 Call (203) 354.9375 . I
Yes! I want my own computer! Please rush me-
ORCA COSMAC ELF II language, us a learning breaktbrouqb for engineers and laymen
handlrng 1~~q~:re$s9969? r~u1 $;ot)R~gepo~ne~ ahke $5 postpaid
o Deluxe Metal Cabmet wrth plexrqtas dust cover lor ELF II.,
Total Enclosed S
(Conn. res. add tax)
I
$29.95 plus$250 p&h
o Power Supply trequrrec). $4.95 postpaid
postage & handling) tor ~H~~GEg!M~:fe'r ~~~~ge--I
ORCA 1802 User'S Manual. $5 postpac
(Bank It )
ect, to add certain "enhancements" to o 10m Pmman s Shorl Course On Microprocessor & Computer 0 I want my ELF II wired and tested with power supply. ReA
Programming teaches you Just about evervthmq there is 10 know 1802 User's Manual and Short Course-all for just $149.95 plus
the original system, but only on condi- about ELF II or Clny RCA 1802 comp,u",:e,~w:::'~'tt:en~"::,'
ALSO AVAILABLE FOR ELF tt r-
:no:::n.:,e:Ch:::"':::'"::,1
..::S::.3:P&:::h A~c=co~un::.'~#======_

tion that John be project supervisor o GIANT BOARDTM

C/TTY 1/0. B-blt P
26 variables A·Z. LET. IFITHEN. INPUT. PRINT. GO TO
GO SUB. RETURN. END. REM, CLEAR. LIST, RUN
programs and produces assembly language source I,sl·
mqs to help you understand and Improve your programs
(again) . mstrucuons and a PLOT. PEEK. POKE Comes fully documented and 10- $19.95 on cassette tape
SAVE $9.90- Tex; Editor. Assembler &
John did not like the prospect of $2 p&h
o Kluge (Prototype) Board accepts up to 36 ICs
~:~~~~u~~r~~~~~r~r~fer~~~r~~t\~r 0~~6~r:~~ s~~ee~I~~\~y
out acdihonal hardware. Also prays trek-tack-toe plus a
purchased together. only $49.95! (ReqUire
play Board plus4k memorv.j
sitting in the same old job for possibly S17.00 prus $1 p&h
o 4k Static RAM kit. Aooressabe to any 4k pilge 10
draWing game that uses ELF us hex keyboard as a JOy·
stick 4k memory requueo. $14,95 postpaid
o ElFl1 LighlPen. assembled & rested S7.95plusSl
p&h
another six months, but he had estab- 64k $89.95 plus S3 p&h
o Gold plated 86-pinconnectors lone reemreo lor each
0 Tom Prnmans Snort Course on Tiny Basic lor El.F II.
ss cosrcao
o ELF II Color Graphics & Music System Soard kit
S49.95 plus $2 p&h
lished a reputation as a "doer," and it ptuq-m board) $5.70 ea .. postpaid
o Expansion Power Supply ueqinreo when adding 4k
0 ELF-BUGTM Deluxe System Monitor on cassette
tape. Allows d!splaYlng the contents ot all registers on
o ELF II connects directly to the Video mout 01 your Iv
set Without aaoruonar hardware ro connect ELF II to
would be silly to go elsewhere and start RAMI S34.95 plus S2 p&h
o Professional ASCII Keyboard kit with 128 ASCII
your tv at any point In your program Also displays 24
bytes 01 memory With lull addresses. bhnkmq cursor
your antenna termnats msteao. order RF Modulator.
S8,95 postpaid
again from scratch. Also he might not upper/lower case set. 96 printable characters. onboarc
regulator. panty. logic serecuon apd cnoce ot a hand
and auto scrolling. A must for the senous procrarrmer'
$14.95 postpaid Coming Soon: A-D. O-A Converter. Controller Board
and more'
be so lucky a second time. So John Shilklng Signals to mate With almost any computer
$64.95 plus $7 p&h -
0 Text Editor on cassette tape gives you the ability to
insert delete or edit lines and wcros trom your programs
stayed on and built on his reputation o Deluxe metal cabinet lor ASCII Keyboard. S19.95 while they are displayed on your vrdeo monuor. (Add Print
Name _
plus 57 ~o p&h printer and you can use ELF II to type error tree letters
of competence. He delivered the "en- lJ vroeo Display eoaro 1\11 lets you oeoerate a
protessionat 32 or 64 character bv tbnne upper
plus mseu IIdl!le~ dilU auuresses IIUIII yuul IIldillllV Irs! )
S19.95 postpaid Address _
hancements" on time again, using the lower case dlsplClY on your tv screen or Video rrootor-.
oramancauv nnorovmq your unexpanoec S9995ELF II
0 Assembler on cassette tape translates assembly
language programs mro hexcecnnermactune code lor
same cOT tent programming team, IFris msice AS.. CII Keyboard cabmet I $.89.95
usS2p&h
ELF 11 use Mnemonic accrevranons for mstrucnons
(rather than numencs) make programs easier to read
City

o ELF II Tiny BASIC on cassette tape and help prevent errors S19.95 postpaid
n~lnclud~. LOA~. x . ~ 0 Disassembler on cassette tape lakes machine code St~-D-E-A-LE-R-I~'bul~IES INVITED
MARCH 1979
CIRCLE 160 ON READER SERVICE CARD
naturally. After this "follow-on" proj- Case history number three longer apparent. Bob's boss relied
ect came another "follow-on" project Bob Roe was a semi-competent pro- heavily on him to answer questions of
to soup up the system still further. In grammer who managed to stay out of the "what does your department do?"
the end, the client was so pleased with trouble for five years and was finally variety, since he himself didn't have
John's handling of the follow-on proj- promoted to systems analyst. As a sys- too clear an idea. (He could explain it
ects that he requested that John be- tems analyst he managed to avoid di- in concept but people just went away
saster by judiciously hedging his bets shaking their heads and asked Bob the
come permanent client coordinator.
and staying away from large, expen- same questions.)
There John sat, at the second level
sive, visible projects. But he could not So there Bob sat, one level below his
from the bottom, until the client
be said to be noticeably incompetent, boss, whose function no one was sure
switched td a new time-sharing service
and managed to give the impression of of since he hadn't done anything in
and the system had to be rewritten to
knowing how to do things. (In fact, he five years. He couldn't be fired either,
take advantage of the new capabilities.
spent most of his time giving advice to since he spoke so impressively that the
Of course John had been so busy hold-
others, having learned that advising is listener went away convinced that
ing the client's hand that he had never
safer and easier than doing.) Bob's whatever it was he did do, it must be
had time to be trained in time-sharing.
trouble was that his immediate boss very complicated and beyond the un-
John was early-retired at the age of 45
had achieved final placement (see The derstanding of the average intellect.
at 25% of his annual salary averaged
Peter Principle), having achieved a Bob was finally early-retired at the age
over the preceding five years.
level where his incompetence was no of 47 at 35% of ....

•' CONVENIENT - Programsare loaded on top quality cassettetapes stored;:n.convenient

three ring notebooks. "

The Software Factory 515 Park Street

CIRCLE 192 ON READER SERVICE CARD

~\!.~TRS-80 PET
CASH CHARGE PAID OUT

FOOD BEVERAGE TAX TOTAL

17.00 3.50 .92 21.42

AMT. TENDERED 30.00

BULLS-HITS'· ... Hitch up your horse sense, wind up yourwits, load the Computer and get ready to play BULLS-HITS'·. A NEW game of logic and luck
developed by Michael O'Toole. It means spellbinding, sophisticated. stimulating fun for the entire family. One, two players or partners will be at odds
trying to beat each other orthe Computer. Score-that's the object-SCORE, and the higher the better. Completely interactive ... ENJOY . Only $14.95
BLACK-STARS'· ... If you enjoyed Microchess you'lllove BLACK-STARS'·, another NEW strategy game by Michael O'Toole. The action is fast and
furious. Two, three, four or more players utilize the strategic locations of the BLACK-STARS'·, to capture and recapture areas on the space grid.
Everygamedifferenl.SURETOBEACLASSIC Only$14.95
INSTANT-CASH-REGISTER'· ... For the TRS-80 Level I and II, Pet and Apple soon. Register Sales, Paid Outs, Charge, Cash, Tax, AmI. Tendered,
Customer Change, Daily Read Out on Totals, and more. Easily Customized Cash Register by day, game player at night? Only $19.95

ORDERS: SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO:

the COMPUTER BUS ™ P.O. BOX 397E GRAND RIVER, OHIO 44045

CIRCLE 105 ON READER SERVICE CARD CREATIVE COMPUTING

 I hope these examples have con-
vinced the reader of the wrongness of Build The Worlds Most
the Peter Principle. People do not rise
to their level of incompetence. The Powerful 8·Bit Computer
competent stay put; they are too valu- Featuring The Famous Intel BOB5!
able where they are. Eventually they be-
come overpaid for their rank and are Explorer/85™
thus locked in to low-level jobs. The Starting for just $129.95 you can now build
generally incompetent (the vast major- yourself a sophisticated, state-of-the-art
ity of the business and technical popu- computer that can be expanded to a level
suitable for industrial, business and EXPLORER/8Sshown with Video Monitor and Keyboard/Video Terminal.
lation) move upward through promo- commercial use. You learn as you go ... in CHOICE OF HEX KEYPAD OR TERMINAL INPUT
tion or through intercompany diagonal small, easy- to-understand, inexpensive levels! If you plan to customize EXPLORERfor dedicated use, we recommend that you order
hex keypad input. But. if you are planning to go whole hog and blow EXPLORERup
transfers to the point where their in- o Features Intel 8085 cpul100% compatible with into a tqlJ size, state-ot-the-art system wIth BK 0( extended basic (coming soon), up
to 64K of memory, floppy disks: telephone interface, printers, an.dall sorts of 5-100
8080A software!
competence becomes invisible to all plug-ins-you'll be better all with the KeyboardlVideo Terminal mput. The $149.95
o Onboard S-1OObus (up to 6 slots)! EXPLORERKeyboard/Video Terminal includes lull ASCII decoding with 128 ASCII
but the most discerning and cynical ob- o Onboard RAM and ROM expansion!
upper/lower case set, 96 printable characters, onboard regulators and selectable
display lormats-32xl610r lv set or 64x16 lor video monitor (not included).
servers from below. o Built·in deluxe 2K Monitor/Operating ROM! EXPAND EXPLORER, LEVEL·BY·LEVEL
o CassetteiRS 232 or 20 maJ4-1/2 8·blt parallel level "8", at $49.95, adds 5-100 signals plus cnboard RAM/ROM decoding.
Dr. Peter was off the track again 110 and timer all on beginner's Level "A" system!
Includes aUparts necessary to generale the signals lor S-100 bus accessories. Just
add two 5-100 bus connectors and you have a complete 5-100 compatible computer
when he assumed that the rational ern- with a world of ace-ens at your fingertips. Choose trom hundreds of products to
EXPLORER/85gives you "big computet" features immediately, without t.urninp you satisfy your individual needs. Level "B' kit also includes the address decoders for
into an appliance operator, doomed to run pre-developed software for life. Simply onboard RAM and ROMexpansion. which are addressable anywhere in the 65K field
connect EXPLORERtoa terminal. video monitor or tv set and 8 volt power supply and teee! "C" expansion, at $39.95, expands the 5-100 bus to allow a total 01six
start running programs, the very first night! Level .. A" . teaches you. mach.ine 5-100 cards to be plugged into EXPLORER's motherboard and contained in
language and computer fundamentals. It lets you run exe.rclseprograms including EXPLORER'ssteel cabinet. Includes all hardware, mounting brackets, board guides.
programs to examine the cpu registers examine memory.. f,f[ memory move memory etc. Just add the number of 5-100 bus connectors you need.
and make up games You can load and play back these programs on an ordinary tape Level "D" expansion, at $69.95, gives you 4K of onboard static RAM utilizing
cassette-and display your efforts on any tv screen Videomonnor or printer ($895 2114 IC's. Your board will also accept four 2716 EPROM's,which can be purchased
RF-modulator required for tv use.) The Simplified architecture ot the Intel 8085 separately. You now have an advanced mainframe tnat can be customized with the
makes EXPLORERfar easier to understand than computers usmq the older, mere peripherals 01 your cncice 10 lit any (or all) scecrnc requirements. Each le~el 01
complex but less powerful 8080A. Then. when you're ready. EXPLORERcan be EXPLORERis separately regulated for the ultimate In stability. Factory service IS
expanded-:-by you-to rival. the power of any 8-bl! computer on earth. Or you can 'available lrom Netronics. Orderyour EXPLORERtoday!
cuslomi~e 11to perform a dedicated task. thanks to onboard r - - - - - ORDER FROM THIS COUPON TODAY! _ _ _ _ _ ..•
r~~~~',~~"R~~~~~;I~~~6~s~on capabilities. Netronics R&D lid., Dept CC-2,333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06676 I
EXPLORER'sLevel "A" system features an advanced Intel 0 level "A" EXPLORER/85kit (specify 0 ter- 0 Deluxe Steel Cabinet lor EXPLORER/85,
8085 cpu. which is 50% laster than its 8080A prede- minal or 0 hex keypad inpul), $129.95 plus $39.95pIUS$3p~h. .
cessor. yet 100% compatible with 8080A software. . $3 p&h. 0 Deluxe Steel Cabinet lor Keyboard/Video Ter-
which, you'll discover, exists by the ton. "Big computer" 0 Power Supply kit, 5 amp, ± 5 volt, $34.95 mmal, $19.95 plus $2.50 p&h.
leatures include an 8355 ROM with 2K deluxe monitor/ plus $2 p&h. 0 RFModulator kit, $8.95 ppd.
operating system which has two ~rogramma~le a-bit 0 Intel 8085 User's Manual, $7.50 ppd. 0 TOla1Enclosed(Conn. res. add tax) $ _
~il~ir:;~~o~~~rr~~a~li~~~ft~~:~li:il~~li~~s~~~~~~!e~ifl~~ 0 ASCII Keyboard/Video Terminal kit, $149.95 0 VISA 0 Master Charge Exp. Date __ I
and commands which include: "display cootents 01 plus $3 p&h. Account' I
memory," "run at user location (go to)," "insert data," 0 Hex Keypad kit for hex version, $69.95 plus
"move contents 01 memory." "examine reg lsters indlvid·. .$2 p&h. PHONE ORDERS CALL (203) 354-9375 I
ually or alt." fill command (to fill the contents of memory 0 Level "8" S-I00/0nboard RAM/ROM Decoder Print
with any variable), automatic baud rate selection, program- kit (less S-100 connectors), $49.95 plus $2 Name I
mabie characters per line display output format. and more! p&h.
An 8155 RAM-I/O chip contains 256 bytes of RAM, two 0 Level "C" 5-100 5-Card Expander kit (less Address _
f~~Wa~-~i~~b~i~~~r1~~d~~~tt~o~~~sa,ngroOg~;J:~fem~:-~i~0 ~~~~~c~~r:~0~~~~~~r~I~;0~;):::..85 each. City _
binary counter/timer. user interrupt and reset s.witches. 0 level "D" 4K onccaro RAM kit, $69.95.pluS State Zip I
~~EWR5'~.S-IOO L ~&h~
g~~r~;,d4~xgfa~11~na~~o~~s~n~o~,js~R~~ _ _ ' DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED _ .-l
CIRCLE 159 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Its intb~bag. Fantastic New

The biggest and best selection of microcomputer
software anywhere. And the list grows bigger every day. TARBELL DISK BASIC
CPIM configured for the most popular 80801Z-80
microcomputer systems and other terrific software, now
Only $48.00
available. "Call or write for our latest literature.
• Runs on 8080, 8085, or Z80
Lifeboat Associates, Suite 506, 164 West 83rd Street • Searches a file quickly for a string.
New York, NY 10024/(212) 580-0082 • Up to 64 files open at once.
• Random access.
• Assignment of I/O.
• Alphanumeric line labels are allowed.
• Read and write string or numeric data.
• Unlimited length of variable names and strings.
• Procedures with independent variables.
• Number system 10 digits BCD integer or floating
point.
• Chain to another program.
• Cause programs to be appended onto programs
already In memory.
• Cause interpreter to enter edit mode using 15
single character edit commands.
Tarbell BASIC occupies 24K of RAM. Tarbell
BASIC on CP/M* Disk $48. Source on paper or
CP/M Disk $25.
'CP/M is a Tr adcmark/Tr adcnarnc of Digital Research.

950 DOVLEN PLACE. SUITE B

CARSON. CA 90746
12131538-4251 12131538-2254
0

ERVICE CARD
MARCH 1979
 ployee would wish to avoid final place-
ment. On the contrary, that is what we
all strive for, rational or not. The
More method of achieving final placement
is, amazingly enough, exactly the pre-
scription advocated by Dr. Peter as a
Basic means of avoiding final placement:
mask your competence behind the

Computer guise of mild incompetence! The read-

er should not be surprised at this cur-
ious negative reasoning, since we now
Games realize Dr. Peter was 1800 turned
around in the first place. Remember,
those who flaunt their competence will
remain exactly where they are ... at the
bottom of the hierarchy, since they are
too valuable to be promoted. To move
upward, exhibit at least the normal
Our fabulous new book, More Basic Computer Games, brings you 90 brand new amount of incompetence, and, since
games in Basic, ready to run on your computer. Some have been published in you are not making a contribution
Creative Computing magazine but most are completely new! where you are but have done nothing
Includes space games like Close Encounters, Deepspace and ICBM. Or match to warrant firing, the only choice is to
wits with Lewis Carroll, evade a. man-eating rabbit, become a millionaire, race your promote you. This play can be re-
Ferrari, playa tennis match, throw mud pies at a schmoo (who throws back), crack peated as often as you like, achieving
a safe, joust with the evil black knight, or trek across the desert on your camel. constant upward movement. In fact,
your security in doing this is directly
More Basic Computer Games has complete listings and sample runs in large
proportional to your length of service,
type, along with thorough descriptions of every game. Large format paperbound,
("we can't just let him go after twenty
192 pages. $7.50 plus $1.00 shipping and handling in U.S. ($2.00 foreign). NJ
years with the company"), and your
residents add 5% sales tax. Send your order and payment to Creative Computing, rank ("he must be good, otherwise
P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. Visa, MasterCharge and American Express how did he get this far?'.') . *
okay. For faster service, call in your bankcard order to: I apologize to Dr. Peter for contro-
800-631-8112 verting his theory, but my humani-
(In NJ, call 201-540-0445) tarian instincts lead me to publish my
own theory before too many well-
meaning people are hoist by their own
petards. I have seen too many obviously
DEALERS competent people, striving to achieve
AMPTEC, Inc. final placement, frozen in their tracks
Denver, CO due to their own competence to keep
Computerland the real truth a secret any longer. Dr.
Lawndale, CA Peter was wrong on two counts: he
Computer Components saw both the criteria for advancement
Westminster, CA and human ambition bass-ackwards. 0
HAVING TROUBLE LEARNING BASIC? Computer Craft
Houston, TX
STEP BY STEP is an interactive computer course in BASIC Computer Shop
that's easy even for beginners. Program Design has de- San Antonio, TX
veloped a logical, structured approach that really works. At the Grice Electronics
end of STEP BY STEP, you'll be writing programs using all Pensacola, FL
important BASIC commands.
Newman Computers
AVAILABLE FOR TRS-80 LEVELS I & II, PET, AND APPLE II Ann Arbor, MI
Computerland
STEP BY STEP:
Niles,lL
• presents material in small steps
• provides guided programming practice in each lesson Computer Factory
• tests your progress after each lesson New York City
• teaches actual program Writing, not just terms Computer Mart
• is suitable for anyone from junior high up, regardless of - New York City
math background Computer Corner
White Plains, NY
10 lessons with quizzes, plus final test 3 cassettes
64 page Workbook $39.95 plus $2.00 shipping Computer Nook
Pine Brook, NJ
Mr. Nonymous, who is so for undis-
P.D.1. has many other educational programs too. Available at Computer Encounter closed reasons, does work of an un-
your computer store. Or order directly from us. Princeton, NJ known nature, does not live there,
Computer Mart and has left no forwarding address.
VISA& Master Charge accepted (include number, expo date, Iselin, NJ Where is he? Only the Shadow
MC include digits above name) knows.
Kobetek Systems
Department 401 Wolfville, Nova Scotia •For a specific example of this type of reasoning,
see "The Emperor's New Clothes."
Program Design, Inc., 11 Idar Court, Greenwich, Conn. 06830 AND OTHER COMPUTER STORES

CREATIVE COMPUTING
80
 The Fourth

Trenton Computer Festival

April 21 & 22, 1979

10AMto6PM at TRENTON STATE COLLEGE lOAM to 4 PM
SATURDAY, 21st Trenton, New Jersey SUNDAY, 22nd

Super Outdoor Flea Market Indoor Commereial Exhibit Area

Surplus computer gear, bargains galore, over 90 exhibitor booths showing newest products;
5 acres of space (S2/spot, no electricity). special discounts; funky games to play.

Forums; Talks & Seminars Convenient to NY.PA. MD & DEL

Meet the leading experts and hear sessions on Easy to get to; free parking for over 6,000 cars.
robots, computer music, amateur radio, etc.

Hundreds of Door Prizes • Banquet Saturday Night

For additional information eall 609-771-2487
Admission $4 - Students $2
Sponsored by:
Banquet $10. Avoid Amateur Computer Group of Dept. of Engineering
dlsappotntment - pre-register for New Jersey Technology, Trenton State
the banquet! Send YOUf eheek for Philadelphia Area Computer College
$10 per person to: TCF 79, Trenton Society I.E.E.E., Princeton Section
State College, Trenton, :'\.J. Trenton State College Digital
08625. Computer Society
 A Data Base System With
A Purpose
Making life easier fO'r you
.\ ==='1
Data base systems should be easy to use and able to provide the
~ser with valuable information ... with minimum effort. I
Apparently Creative Computer Applications has developed a
sy~!em which does just that.
Relatively few people can accurately package and by comparing this to the name of the file on the disk and then
define 'a data management system. same capabilities available in the CP/M allows you to add data, delete data,
This type of program could be very format, there is a substantial cost update anyone section of a file, inspect
important to an individual as well as savings in this system. You may usethe a record, or scan the file for specific
any business. We all have to list or program with either Micropolis' Basic data. If you select the add function, a
catalogue items but the problem is that Version 3.0 or 4.0. Due to the use of the new record will be written at the end of
the subject ofthese lists will vary. Many chain function, I found that I could not the file. The program will begin to
prowammers make a valiant effort in list after running the Report Generator. request each of the prompts you input.
tryin'g to write individual programs to It turned out to be due to a small bug in in the previous step. If any prompt does
cover most of the routine needs they The Micropolis Basic: I had not sent in not apply, you need only depress the
have: Unfortunately, there seems to' be my Software Registration card and so return key. No data will be input for that
:;' no end to the number of different types Micropolis had not sent me the prompt and the next one will appear on
of items you wish to keep track of. software update. A good lesson for all the screen. If you wish to change only
! Greative Computer Applications has of us! one field you may use the update
supplied the solution to this big function. - This works in a different
headache. Their Data Management A Practical Application manner.' It requests the 1.0. code and
System' is a dream come true. The In order to use this program and the data. This is sligthly inconvenient if
program is written from the provide a better explanation of its you cannot remember the I.D. code but
programmers point of view. It allows functions, let us imagine that you have then you were the person who input
you 'to customize the number of data a small retail appliance store and wish this code in the first section. The delete
inputs as well as the names ofthe entry to catalogue an up-to-date status on function does not actually wipe out the
prompts, without rewriting program your customers as they bring in entire record, it only flags this record
lines. These data prompts will also be repairs. Your first task will be to use for deletion. If you call this record, a
used later in the program to output function 5 to Define the File. You may message will be output to the screen
report titles or to allow you to sort the create a new file name, delete a name saying "This is a deleted iflcord." You
data into categories using your data as which already exists, list the file names may recover this condition by updating
the key. The documentation is supplied which the system is aware of, or listthe anyone field. The scan function is a
in the form of a binder and is written in a particular information for that file. To form of instant information retrieval.
well organized manner. start with we will call the Create You could request the name of a
function, this puts the name of our new customer, as in our example, and the
System Features file into the system. We now must tell program will search for the occurrence
Presently this Data Management the system the particulars of this file. of this name through each record in the
System is supplied on a single floppy Since this is primarily a "Report Orien- file. The number or numbers will be
diskette in the Micropolis "Mod II" tated" program, think of a piece of output to the screen. If your file is
format (a CP/M version will soon be paper with a series of columns at the extensive this process may take a
available). If after reading this review, top of the paper, you must suggest a minute or so, as the program must look
you are interested in either version field I.D. which is an abbreviation of the at every record. The inspection
contact Creative Computer name (1-5 characters). In our example, process allows you to call for the
Applications, 2218 Glen Canyon Road, Date is the first column and we input contents of that record, such as view-
Altadena, CA 91001. DA for the 1.0. code, Date for the field ing a record number which the scan
Now, to the specifics of this system. name, 7 as the tab position for the start section has output.
The program is supplied as a number of of the field and 8 as the length of our After you have finished the input or
lridlvidual program segments. field. This will allow the date to occupy posting of your data for that day, you
However the only program which the positions 7 to 15 on our paper have several choices for manipulation
user must load and RUN is the first one, headings. We continue in a like manner of the data. You may wish to print a
FMAINT. This is a menu program for each heading we need. The system report minus the deleted records. You
which automatically executes any of will then output to the terminal or your may print a report with all the records,
the required segments as they are line printer a neat listing of all of this even the ones flagged tor deletion, You
rleeded. There are six choices; Ter- information. The system permits up to may wish to sort the data in some
m in at l o n of Processing, File 24 column assignments. You are now manner or you may compact the entire
Malntenance, Report Generation, File ready to begin data entry. The menu file. We shall elect to compact our file.
Compacting, File Defination and Sort- will come back on the screen and allow This process removes the deleted
ing. With the combination of all of you to select the file maintenance records and tightens up our file.
these functions put into one neat section. This section actually puts the Example: Suppose our file has 10
. Dave C. Culbertson, 238 Exchange St., Chicopee
MA 01013. '

CREATIVE COMPUTING
82
 records and #8 has been flagged for out of our report. This is where many
deletion. The file will be the same for programs fail badly to provide the The Documentation
the first 7 records, #8 will be gone, #9 ne.eded capabilities. This programming The documentation supplied with
becomes #8 and #10 becomes #9. We system is the exception to this rule. You this system comes in two forms. First,
have several choices in this section, we input your title, width of your printer, you are supplied with a binder which
can compact the file in place, with or depth of your paper, force (which contains complete information on
without a back-up file, or create a new desiqnates whether or not to print out every phase of the system. In using the
file under a different name. This deleted records) and type (report form system the programmer will note that
process can take several minutes to or printing of mailing labels). These are each message output to the terminal
perform if the file is large. deslqnated as the run options. You will have a number assigned to the
Now you may wish to sort the file into then have a choice as to which columns beginning of the line. In the book is a
useable data. The counter personnel at you want printed and in what order listing by number of every message,
your store may wish to have the list of they will appear on your report. There the reason for the message, you r action
customer names in alphabetical order. is also an option to shorten or truncate required and the program results. This.
No problem for this system. You can the length of the individual fields. The makes use of the programming system
sort on any field in ascending or report printed will be paginated with very easy. Also included is a sample
descending order. The program can the title input for each page and a execution log at the end of the binder.
perform a full alphanumeric merging header line which contains the column The system is. also supplied with an
sort on any field or fields which you heading. A useful option is the subtotal inventory program. The format is
select. This means that if the boss and total section. This allows a subtotal written in a step-by-step self-teaching
walks in and says that he would like a to appear for each company grouping mode. This permits you to start using
report on the repairs which are ready or on any field you designate. You also the system immediately although I
and he would like a report on the item have the option to specify the number would suggest you read the documen-
brands, with the most expensive of decimal places (up to 5 places). If tation to be able to make use of the
repairs for each listed first, you have this option is used, the subtotals will be variety of functions available.
the capability to perform this function. printed on the following line in the Finally, a page in the documentaHon
All you have to do is to select the field report with a lined border the width of is provided to permit users to share
. for brand in ascending order and the the page. The grand total will appear at suggestions for improving this Data
field for total cost in descending order. the end of the report in a like manner. Management System. If you acquire a
Then print out your boss's request. The mailing labels section of this copy of the system, I urge you to share
This ts one of the fastest, most versatile report generator performs in a similar those suggestions. This is one of the
sorting routines I have ever seen, manner, permitting the same versatility best Data Management Systems I have
written in a Basic language. of printing as we found in the report seen to date. With input from
We have now progressed to the form printout. The only critique I have programmers across the country, it
object of all of our data posting, for this section would be the inability to could become the best data manage-
compacting and sorting; the printing use multiwidth labels. ment system ever written. _

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...••••••• CIRCLE 186 ON READER SERVICE CARD -----------------~

83
 VideaBrain
Our VideoBrain arriveq in a large David H. Ahl
carton containing the computer itself, COiling it (it is twelve feet long) cured
the problem. numbers in the top part of the screen.
two joysticks, a power supply, four
Game features include: fastball which
program cartridges, and an instruction The power: supply on VideoBrain
increased the ball speed to a rather
manual. We immediately plugged it in appears to be a much heavier duty unit
challenging pace, lucky spinner which
and hooked it up to a color TV set (and larger) than those found with
is in the top bumper row and freezes
fOllowing the instructions on the other Video Games. We also liked the
the ball for a second making a brrrring
handy "abbreviated instruction card." design of the joysticks, which are true
noise and then mysteriously shoots
Most purchasers of computers or, for joysticks (they move in all directions)
the ball off in a new direction. A third
that matter any electronic device, are with a large Push-button in the upper
option is Crazy Bounce, which adds
anxious to get it up and running as left of the unit. Also the joysticks are
an element of unpredictability to the
soon as Possible. Frequently they do on coiled cables (similar to a
game with a ball that goes bonkers
not stop and read the full instruction telephone cord) which makes for a
and flies off in any direction it
book before plugging the machine in, somewhat neater setup (you don't
chooses. The player controls two
and as a result burn something out. have quite so many cables getting
jumbled up with each other). flippers at the bottom of the screen
Having an abbreviated set of instruc-
with the two buttons on the joysticks.
tions either on a card or in the The first game we tried was
The game is fast-paced and exciting.
beginning of the instruction book is Gladiator (EN01). This game cartridge
has an incredible 384 variations rang- However, the resolution of the playing
very handy for overcoming people's
field and the ball is considerably less
natural impatience and also insuring ing from Ancient Gladiator with one
than it is on the Atari Video Computer
that the unit is hooked up correctly. player to Future Gladiator with two
System or the Apple II. We understand
One immediate problem we noticed players. Features include the ability of
that resolution is a function in the
was that we were not getting a either your arrow, football, or Zap Gun
amount of memory in the plug-in ROM
particularly good picture on the color to bounce around, to be guided, to
cartridge and not an inherent limita-
TV set. According to the instructions, speed up, as well as hazards such as
tion in the VideoBrain itself. Indeed
"it is Possible during the first few lions and space mines. There are
the Gladiator cartridge provides much
minutes after the VideoBrain has been variations which allow each player or
higher resolution of the picture than
turned on, and is still warming up, you the player and the computer to be at
the pinball cartridge or any of the text
will notice that the picture on your TV different skill levels. Play ends when
cartridges. One feature of pinball that
set jiggles somewhat. This is perfectly one or the other player reaches the
drew mixed reviews is that the playing
normal and will cease as Soon as the total of nine points. With skilled
field colors change after each bounce
machine has reached its operating players playing one of the fast "fast"
of the ball. The colors used are rather
temperature (2-5 minutes)." We waited variations, nine points are reached
vivid and many people found it dis-
the five minutes and our picture amazingly quickly. However, for the
concerting to have the background go
continued to jiggle and be unclear. average player the playing time is
about right. from a vivid blue to purple to red to
Experimenting with other things
revealed that the cable from the yellow to black on each bounce.
Pinball (EN02) has 32 variations for
VideoBrain to the antenna terminal was one to four players. In this game there Younger players seemed to adjust to
these psychedelic color changes more
responsible for the interference, and is a bouncing bumper which moves
easily than older players.
moving this cable around and un- back and forth across the screen and
hits your ball up to the point-scoring The Tennis (EN03) cartridge had
some particularly cute features.
84
CREATIVE COMPUTING
 TAKE A CLOSER LOOK!
J

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CIRCLE 210 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Vice Versa (EN06) is an interesting Math Tutor-l (ED02), as it's name
The players instead of being
strategy game, also designed by Dr. implies, provides drill and practice in
the typical flat paddle found on
Arthur Samuel, (who programmed mathematics problems (addition, sub-
most other video computer systems
VideoBrain checkers). It's based on traction, multiplication and division). It
were actually stylized tennis players
the game of "reversi" and comes from has three levels of skill and can
with a ra-cket in their hand which hit provide mixed problems or all
the ball. The ball is placed in serving the same family as the oriental games
.of "GO" and "GO MOKU." We won't problems of the same type. It gives
position by a ball boy who rushes out positive reinforcement when the right
on the screen and leaves it in front of attempt to explain the game here.
Suffice to say it is thoroughly enter- answer is put in and encourages the
the player whose serve it is. In learner to go on when the wrong
addition, a cute little row of five heads taining once you get the hang of it.
All of the preceding programs were answer is given. If a problem is missed
at the top of the screen looks in the
from the entertainment series. The twice in a row the correct answer is
direction of the ball (your Basic
next programs are from the education shown. One minor glitch in the
audience, so to speak). There are 64
series. As a group we found these program occurs when a multiplication
variations for two or four players with
considerably less satisfying than the problem has a zero in the second
fast balls; "bounce back" in which
entertainment programs. number to be multiplied. Rather than
your first hit of the ball bounces off the
allowing the zero to be carried along,
net, and the second hit puts it over the
VideoBrain requires a line of zeros to
net; and curve ball which allows you to
put in the answer (see fig. 2).
put "English" on it. You also have an
option of rushing the net from the
On multiplication problems, VideoBrain
normal back court position. Resolu- requires input in
tion, incidentally, on the tennis car- this form: rather than
tridge was outstanding. 359 the more natural:
Checkers (EN04) was written by Dr. 604 359
Arthur Samuel, one of the real 1436 604
pioneers in artificial intelligence and in 0000 1436
computer checkers. Back in 1949 2154 21540
while at IBM ha wrote the first com- 216836 216836
puter checker program to run on an Figure 2
IBM computer as a means of in-
vestigating new techniques of artificial
intelligence. In the VideoBrain game, Also, when a multiplication problem is
you have a choice of four opponents: missed and VideoBrain shows the
Abe, Betty, Charlie, and Dorothy. correct answer the intermediate steps
These players correspond to four are not shown. Only the two numbers
levels of skill. Unlike many of the other to be multiplied and the answer.
computer checker games, thts . one Unfortunately this does not allow a
plays extremely well at all levels and Music Teacher-l (ED01) allows you child to pinpoint his error (fig. 3).
you really need to employ thought and to play simple tunes on your
strategy to beat it. On the lowest skill VideoBrain and also has several tunes If a multiplication problem is missed,
level (Abe), VideoBrain makes its in memory which it asks you to learn. VideoBrain shows
move fairly quickly and then repeats it It comes with a music keyboard card this: not this:
in an "instant replay" so you can see which you can place near the regular 468 468
what it did. At this skill level the keyboard (figure 1), however, we x 337 337
computer is looking ahead roughly never really got used to this even after 157716 3276
three moves on each turn. At skill level much time playing it. Music Teacher' 1404
D the computer takes considerably allows you to play a song on the 1404
longer to make its move and is looking computer keyboard and then have it Figure 3 157716
ahead five to six moves on each turn. played back. Unfortunately it plays the
Moves are made by guiding the cursor song back in exactly the same tempo in
with your joystick to the piece that you which you play it initially. For a child Also with division problems the in-
wish moved and pressing the button picking out a tune, this is somewhat termediate steps are not shown when
on the joystick. You then move the less than satisfactory. Ideally you Videofsrain shows you the correct
cursor to the position where you want would like to allow the child to pick out answer after you miss a problem twice.
it moved to and again press the button. the tune and then play it back at a This highlights one disadvantage with
Illegal moves are not permitted and different tempo than it was originally this sort of cartridge program on a
jumps, when available, must be taken. put in. However, within these ROM memory chip, that is one cannot
VideoBrain beat us fairly easily at level limitations, the program is interesting go in and change the program if there
B (we didn't dare even try level C or D). and fun. is an error or if you wish to custom
Blackjack (ENOS) is, well, blackjack. design it to your own requirements. In
We eventually figured out how to play this sense, the VideoBrain is more like
it, no thanks to the instruction book an Atari or Magnovox Video Game
which has a correction in it. Unfor- System than it is a computer.
tunately the corrected page five was Word Wise (ED03) is a scrabble-type
glued on top of page seven in the of game which gives you ten letters
instruction booklet, and page seven and requires you to form three- to
had some particularly crucial instruc- eight-letter words out of the jumble of
tions. Consequently, it took some letters. Up to four players can compete
figuring how to play the program. Figure 1. VideoBrain keys and their "mus- in this game. There's a time limit of 99
Hopefully in later reprints of this ical note values." seconds for each player to form as
booklet this will be corrected.

CREATIVE COMPUTING
86
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CIRCLE 203 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 many words as he can. Following that, tions. In a sense what was done was to
all of the other players are permitted to write a pseudo language for solving
challenge any of the words that the financial problems, which hopefully
first player has formed. After the would be comprehensible to most
challenge round the words remaining users. Some of the calculations were
are counted with different point values certainly useful, such as, computing
being given to 3,4,5, etc. letter words. the future value of money in a savings
The game ends when one player is more account and computing depreciation
amasses a total of 999 points. Scrabble by different methods. To the serious
and boggle aficionados will love this purchaser who is willing to spend two
game. or three hours learning how to affec-
Word Wise-2 (ED04) is a touch- tively use this program, it should
typing teaching program. There are certainly be valuable. In this program
four parts to this program. In the formulas and calculations are
Program 1, "Key Learn," you simply shown at the bottom half of the screen
have to duplicate the letter keys shown while the top half displays a bar graph
on the screen. After one minute, the (see figure 4). For the most part, we
program gives you a score in words found the bar graph somewhat an-
per minute. Proqrarn 2, "Skill trainer" noying and not particularly useful.
also presents random letter sequences However, for the average uninitiated
as the letters appear diagonally on the important than the best planned pre- consumer the bar graph may well be a
typewriter keyboard. Program 3 programmed game or exercise. nice touch. Unfortunately, having only
"Speed quiz" asks you to type the well Lemonade Stand (ED06) is a simula-
known typing exercise "the quick tion model of a lemonade stand. Your
brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs." objective in this simulation is to make
Your objective in this program is to your stand profitable enough to parlay
duplicate this phrase as quickly and as your $2.00 in starting assets to $10.00
often as you can. Again, your typing or more. Lemonade Stand is actually a
speed is shown in words per minute at simplified version of the Huntington II
the'. end of the exercise. The fourth program "Market." There are four
proqrarn on this cartridge "Cyper" is a levels of play from beginner to expert.
game for two or more players. Taking At Level 1 it is relatively easy to make
turns, one player (or team) at a time money if you just keep your price and
feeds a
message into the computer. volume relationships in line. Level 2
introduces the concept of advertising.
The' computer takes the message and
scrambles the letters of every word. Level 3 introduces competition of
The opposite player (or team) must other stands and requires that the
than decipher the real message and player adapt to what's going on at his Figure 4. VideoBrain displays a bar graph
in the upper part of the screen and 4 lines of
type it correctly on the terminal. Well competitors. There are random factors
type below.
known phrases of short words are which affect the sales of lemonade
r~latively"' easy to decipher however, such as heat wave which is good, rain half of the screen available limits the
we found that longer names of movies coming which is bad, and a thunder display to four lines of sixteen
or books were almost impossible storm which is very bad. The circus characters per line. If you're used to a
without substantial clues.
i.' .;."
coming (accompanied by an elephant computer that displays twenty-four
walking across the screen) is very lines of eighty characters or even
good.
sixteen lines of sixty-four characters,
We tried one program in the money you'll find four lines with sixteen
management series, Financier (VB- characters extremely limited.
81). This cartridge of programs with its However, for the intended consumer
accompanying 48-page instruction audience maybe this is satisfactory.
booklet was relatively difficult to get The computer itself, without any
the hang of. The booklet spent many cartridge in it has the ability to store a
pages on a description of the opera- seven line (16 characters per line)
tion of the program solving formulas, message and recall it at a later time. It
computer variables, and using func- also has a built in clock timer that
you can set at the beginning of a
session and recall any time you wish
VideoArtist (ED05) is one of the to see what the day and the time of day
rnost'fascinatlnq cartridges with which is. None of the cartridges at this point
'(:Ie'va ever played. It allows up to four take advantage of the clock timer, so
p!ay,~rs using their joysticks to draw it's not clear that it offers much more
designs on the screen. All types of value than a wrist watch. However, we
options are available to individual assume that future cartridges and/or
players. as well as to all fou r. For programs that you write yourself will
example, there is an option with the be able to use this real time feature.
cursor to wrap around from one side We haven't had a chance to try the
of the screen to the other. Another APLS language for the VideoBrain
option changes the background color. computer. However. when we get our
the 'line colors, or the colors within copy and have put it through its paces,
sixteen areas on the screen. There is you can be sure you will see a report of
an option which provides reverses of it on these pages. _

88 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 \

The'Game Of Go
The Ultimate Programming
Challenge?

©1978 by Milton N. Bradley

Go is superior to Chess board. If a game of Chess represents a tion closely analogous to the Hyper-
battle, Go represents the whole war! 'modern revolution in chess of the
in almost every respect: One of its more attractive aspects isthe 1920's which was led by Nimzovitch
Conceptually more fact that Go hasa remarkable handicap and Reti. The Shin (new) Fuseki in Go
system which is fully compatible with was developed bY,KitaniMinoru[2] and
elegant, ' strategically normal play. This unique system per- Go Sei Gen, and introduced a much
more profound, and tac- mits players on vastly different skill more aggressive and large-scale style
levels to have enjoyable games of opening play to what had been
tically more complex. together in which the better player primarily a cautious arid territorially
must utilizeall of his superior skills if he oriented game.
Like 'many of you, I became' is to prevail. At this point, you might Until 'about 100 years ago, Go was
fascinated with and deeply engrossed well ask "If Go is so good, why haven't I apparently completely unknown out-
in Chess, at least partially because of heard of it before?" To answer that side the Orient, but even after its
its reputation as the strategic board question, it will be useful to take a very introduction to Europe in the 187b's
game par excellence. Therefore, you brief look at the history of Go. and the U.S. in the 1890'sit spread very
will probably share my feelings of slowly. The main problem was the
disbelief upon learning that Go is The History of Go almost total lack of literature in other
superior to Chess in almost every Go was invented somewhere in the than Japanese and Chinese. Another
respect: Conceptually more elegant, China, Tibet, Nepal area around 2000 complicating factor was that until very
strategically more profound, and tac- B.C. In its earliest form, it was probably recently Go was played almost ex-
tically more complex. Incredible, yet somewhat simpler than at present, and clusively by the upper class intellec-
true. To convince you, let me tell you a our best guess is that a game then tuals, so that most of the working class
little about Go and why it constitutes ended with the first capture. By the Chinese and Japanese who emigrated
such a programming challenge. time of Confucius,Go was already to the West did not bring a knowledge
Perhaps most important, the scope of quite like the modern game and well of Go with them. The first Western Go
Go is vast. Becauseof its astronomical established in China as the respected primer appeared in Germany[3] in the
number of possible move permutations and exclusive province 'of the Man- 1880's and the first English language
on a 19 x 19 line board, cataloging full darins. About 1200years ago, it reach- primer, The Game of Go[4] by Arthur
board openings (called Fusaki) in Go is ed Japan, where it was so highly Smith, was published in the USA in
infeasible, but there are published regarded that only members of the 1908, but these were hardly best
"dictionaries"[1] which analyze and Royal Court were permitted to play. sellers. In the 1930's, the American
codify thousands or individual corner Others could play, but only on pain of Chess Master Edward Lasker publish-
sequences (called Joseki), each of death! By about 1000 A.D., the tactics ed his Go and Go-Moku[5] and an
which is fully comparable to a com- of Go were essentially fully developed, Appendix on Go in his Modern Chess
plete ChessOpening. Which Joseki are but sophisticated strategy on a modern Strategy[6] and until after WW II those
playable in a given corner of a par- level did not really exist before 1E?12 four books remained the total Western
ticular game of Go is dependent upon when the Shogun Tokugawa's govern- literature on the world's finest strategic
the stones already played elsewhere on ment established four Go schools. The board game! Then, the uapanese Go
the board. For this reason, rote teachers in these schools received Association (Nihon Kiin) began
memory of Joseki is much less useful \ annual living allowances, and were publishing some English language
than equivalent "book" knowledge of thus free to devote full time to Go primers[7,8,9] and a monthly' Go
t~e Chess Openings, and may even.be research and competition. Tne modern magazine called Go Review. At this
disastrously counter-productive game and Go' academies in Japan are time, the American G.o Association
because each Fuseki allows for up to the direct descendants and awoke from a long period of near
four Joseki sequencestogether with all beneficiaries of this effort, and these dormancy by publishing the American
of the interac~ions which th.ey last 366 years of development have Go Journa/[10], and the dissemination
generate, spreading over the entire created the magnificently sophlsti- of Go in the USA really began in
MiltonN. Bradley22 Goldfield5t. Melville,
NY cated game'that we now enjoy. In the earnest. The final and most important
11746 early 1930's, Go underwent a revolu- development in the worldwide growth

MARCH 1979 89
 of Go did not take place until the late differ slightly, but these differences are
1960's, with the formation by an not important from our present
American Go enthusiast of the Ishi perspective.]
Go and Press, the first English language
publisher of a complete spectrum of The Mechanics of Play
MicrocomRuters Go books. Now, at last, there was 1. Go is a two player game, with the
available in English an integrated stronger player always taking the
series of tutorial Go texts covering White stones and the 'weaker
Microcomputer enthusiasts may elementary notions[11), strategy[12,- player the Black. Equal players
be dismayed when they learn that 13), tactics, [14], openings [15], alternate colors in successive
Go has, to date, only been endgame [16), master game games. Each side has an unlimited
programmed on an Amdahl 470 analysis [17], etc. on a level comparable supply of stonesavailable and the
with 250K of memory flnd a DEC- to the existing Chess literature. The number of moves required to
System 10, neither of which you'd result, as may have been expected, has complete a game is not fixed.
call a computer featherweight. been an explosion of Go interest and a 2. In non-handicap games, play
.Nevertheless, there are·...several vast improvement in the number of begins with an empty board and
reasons why we're publishing a strong players. The fact that you may Black always moves first, begin-
detailed overview of Go and its not have heard of Go before now is thus ning anywhere he wishes. If White
programming . possibilities in quite reasonable; since it has really is much' stronger than Black,
Creative Computing. only been a single decade from time Black will be allowed to place a
1) Go is a fascinating game in zero. number of handicap stones on
itself. prescribed points on the board
2) Remember that only a few before play begins, to compensate
years ago, Chess-playing programs There is a good reason for the difference in their abilities.
were found odly on big monsters In such handicap games, Black's
like Amdahl 470s. No one would why Go is called "A great handicap stones represent his first
even dare suggest that Chess could game that no one plays move, so that White makes the fi rst
be programmed on a small 8-bit actual play.
machine. Yet today there- are well." 3. The players move alternately,
several reasonable chess-playing each in his turn placing one stone
programs for microcomputers. ' I will assume that if you've followed from his supply upon any vacant
.3) Lik~wise, personet computing me thus far, you are now "chafing at the intersection of the board (not the
hardware is increasing dramatically bit" to find out how this paragon of' squares), in accord with the two
in power. 16-bit microcomputers games is played, and to evaluate for rules of Go. Once placed, the
may soon be wit/1 us in force, and yourself the magnitude of the problem stones are never moved, except
Motorol(j is developing .. a 32-bit of programming a computer to play it. for those which are captured by
microprocessor-that's the same. The only caveat I make before pre- the opponent and removed from
word size as an Amdahl. Also, senting the rudiments of Go is that you the board by him and held as his
newer, more powerful program- keep in mind that we can only cover a prisoners.
ming languages may simplify the small portion of the tip of a very large 4. Stones of the same color lying on
programming process itself. iceberg. In the limited space available, adjacent intersections which are
4) As the article brings out, Go we can discuss the basics of the rules connected by the lines on the
can b,e scaled down without of play, and only the' most fragmentary board form a group which lives or
sacrifIcing the integrity of the and elementary notions of strategy and dies as a unit. Many such groups
game. tactics. This short introduction of both colors may exist on the
. On the other hand, creating a coupled with Go's structural elegance board simultaneously although it
smart Go-playing program is not a may fool you into thinking that it is is advantageous to attempt to
task to be lightly undertaken. Since much Simpler than it really' is, so connect friendly stones into the
the rules for playing Go are simpler beware! There is a good reason why Go smallest number of groups possi-
than those of Chess, one could is, called "A great game that no one ble.
concentrate more on the decision- plays welL" Although any intelligent 5. A player may pass his turn
~ making aspects 6f play. -Mic'" person can readily learn the rudiments whenever he wishes. When both
rocness, one of the most popular of Go in a few minutes, no one has tru Iy players pass in succession, the
chess programs, attempts to find its mastered the game even after a lifetime game is over. (In practice, no one
best possible move using weighted of study. Therefore, Go remains ever passes until the very late end
factors such as mobility, maximum endlessly challenging. game stage of play when the score
captarable piece, total attack, ac- The Elements of Go is already decided.) After both
tual capture, and also assigns high Go is a territorial war game,in which players have passed, any remain-
values to moves' torwera and each of the 361 vacant intersections of ing neutral points (called dame)
toward the center of the board, all the 19 x 19 line board under a player's on the board are filled by both
calculated to a certain depth. On control' counts as one point of score, as players alternately. Next, aban-
'the basis of these factors alone, does each enemy man captured. The doned stones are removed and all
Microchess could not perceive a winner is simply the player with the prisoners are filled into areas of
chance to attack a weak area of the greater total score at game's end. The the same color, and the score is
board if it would not yield an structural elegance of Go is such that counted. Only the difference in
immediate advantage of some kind. all of its incredible strategic and score between the two sides is
Yet Go would seem to requtre even tactical complexity derive from but a significant, not its absolute
more emphasis on strategy and single basic rule and one special rule of magnitude.
tactics instead 'of a tnoimintary play! Definitions
positional advantage. [The rules presented here are those 1. An immediately adjacent vacant
-Steve North of the Nihon Kiin. The Chinese rules intersection of the board is called

90 CREATIVE COMPUTING
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CIRCLE 131 ON READER SERVICE CARD

S1000
J
MARCH 1979
 . \

a "lib~rty" for any stone or group but groups which contain two or
of stones which is connected to it. more distinct and separate eyes
•••TRS-SQ SOFTWARE •••
QUALITY LEVEL II SOFTWARE - 16K REQUIRED by one of the lines on the board. are forever immune from capture.
2. A liberty which is entirely sur- Only such two-eyed groups may
• GAMES' surround any territory and thus
SO-OUT Breakout for the TRS-80!! $9.95
rounded by stones of the same
GALAXY I A' new and unique space' color is called an "eye" of that yield any score.
game! $7.95 group. 4. Territory belongs to one side if the
GALAXY II Space-war. Sequel to
GaJaxy I. $7.95
stones which surround it are safe,
BOM SQUAD You have 7 bombs to The Basic Rule of Go and the opponent cannot invade
defuse as the timer ticks ,» A stone may be placed upon the that territory and form a live group
off the seconds. $6.95
BATTLESTATIONS Sea-Air battle. You
board or may remain on the board only of his own within it. Vacant in-
command shipboard if it has at least one liberty. tersections which are liberties for
guns & destroy enemy
aircraft. $5.95
both sides simultaneously (dame)
Implications of The Basic Rule do not count asterritory for either.
• UTILITY'
GRAPHICS GUIDE Shows all graphics 1. A "suicide" play, as a result of 5. When opposing groups are
characters and their which the stone. played would fighting for survival in close
codes. $1.00
LDCOPY (4K-48K) Duplicates TRS-80 for-
have no liberties, is prohibited. quarters it is important to con-
mat machine code pro- This does not preclude sacrifices, tinuously maintain an accurate
grams. Make copies from so long as each stone played liberty count for each, since the
your system that will load
much easier than mass possesses at least one liberty at side which is ahead will almost
produced. $9.95 the moment of its entry. always win the fight if no external
• DISK BASED BUSINESS • 2. Stones are captured and removed factors (such' as Ko) intervene.
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'Write for description and prices of business packages.'
singly or in groups, at the moment Application of the basic rule to the
that the surrounding enemy illustrative (and somewhat artificial)
••' Custom programming available ••,
stones occupy their last remaining posltlons of Diagram 1 provides that
DEALERS... Write for substantial dealer discounts liberty. Removal of the captured White may play upon any vacant
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LIGORI DATA SERVICES stones is considered as part of the intersection of the board shown but
P.O. BOX 2482 capturing player's move, so that that Black is prohibited from playing in
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ties for a played stone which before reading further.' All of these
CIRCLE 164 ON READER SERVICE CARD' .otherwise would appear to have situations, except two show groups
none. When a player reduces an (sometimes consisting of only a single
enemy group to its last remaining stone), are subject to immediate cap-
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to warn him of that fact by saying and/or hopelessly trapped. Do you see
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LSE II eye are not independently safe, alone on the board. If it were White's

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CIRCLE 126 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CREATIVE COMPUTING

92
 turn to play, he could capture one almost always be deferred for reasons plays at 'a', White cannot immediately
Black stone in C, two in D,four in E,five of efficiency of play, the potential fill 'b', but must play at 'x' first, because
in F, and seven in G by playing on the opportunity for rescue will frequently to fill at 'b' would be a self-atari on 7
only remaining liberty of each, group remain for most of the game as a stones. Another necessary White con-
(at C14, J17, J9, A11, and J5, respec- source of possible later exploltation, nection in the lower right is marked 'v':
tively). In F and G, that Black liberty is usually realized as a Ko threat (see The abandoned stones of both 'colors
. also an eye, but White can play there below) although sometimes a direct are marked 'd'. As shown (including
anyway. Why? (seeimplications#2 and breakout becomes possible. one Black stone captured by White
3). If it were Black's turn to play, he during the course of the game), White
could capture one White stone uncon- has 21 points' on the board less 2
ditionally in A and B, but the capture in prisoners, or 19 points. Black has 26
K via a play at,T3is governed by the rule less 2 prisoners, or 24 points, so Black
of Ko (see below). The places in which wins by 5 points. In practice, the count
Black may not play are on his own eye is usually simplified by simply filling
in F and G' (suicide for the entire the prisoners into territory of the same
group), or on the White eye in Hand K color (subtracting it from the op-
(suicide for that Black stone). In order ponent's score), and then shifting
to capture in H, Black must first fill the stones about within areas of the same
I - outside White liberty. In K, he must first color to form areas which are easily
fill the outside liberty and then win the counted multiples of 10 (or 5, on a small
Ko. It is important to note that White board where the territories are
has only one true eye here.The Ko is a smaller). The final difference is, of
'false eye, although some beginners course, the same as a direct count
may be fooled by it into thinking that would yield if the process is correctly
the White group is safe. In an actual carried out. .
game, capture in situations like K will ,Diagram 2
never be completed unless some the Rule of Ko
external relief for these apparently The minimum territory which a It a single stone is captured and an
hopelessly trapped stones group can enclose is two points, one immediate recapture by the 'opponent
materializes. If this situation remains for each of the two separateeyeswhich would exactly restore the prior position
unchanged to the end of the game, the give it life, and there is a theoretical on the entire board, then the player
White stones will then simply be maximum territory based upon the losing that stone must ttrst make at
removed by Black without further play minimum number of friendly stones least one move elsewhere before
(per Mechanics of Play #5, above). The required to control the entire board. In recapturing. (This is the only exception
only enclosed stones which can es- practice, territories as large as 30-50 to the rule that a player may play on any
cape unaided from the diagrammed points on the full 19x 19board arefairly vacant intersection.) These "outside"
positions are the Blacks in C and E, common, although most are smaller. plays are known as Ko threats.
both of which could readily achieve Diagram 2 shows the .end of a small- In the abstract, as shown in positions
. safety on an empty board by a Black board (13 x 13 line) game. The dame, A, B, and C of Diagram 3, K~ appears
play on their remaining liberty, thereby which may be filled by either side, are trivial. The positioning of the stones
increasing their liberty count to 3. In D, checked or lettered. The point marked seems inefficient territorially, looks
a similar play by Black does not work, "x" is both a false eye and a necessary artificial in structure, and the capture
since it only increases the liberty count connection for White, since he must fill or loss of a single stone is srnall.
to 2. See if you can figure out how it immediately after the two dame Despite these appearances to the
White can proceed to force Black's marked 'a' and 'b' on the bottom edge of contrary, Ko is of central importance to
capture here if Black tries to run out in this group are filled in. The reasonthat the game of Go. The reason for this
this manner. This type of posltion the players fill the dame alternately apparent contradiction is that Ko never
recurs trequently, and is called a ladder should become clear from this illustra- exists in the abstract, but instead is
(shicho). It is one of the key tactical tion. As shown, each group must first invariably deliberately created by one'
maneuvers in Go, which either occurs fill the dame adjacent to its own stones of the players as an often desperate
or is threatened in almost every game. here, because the other play becomes mechanism to rescue or attack a
(Hint: Each White play must reduce a meaningless Ko. However, if Black compromised group of stones. The
Black to one liberty.)
An important fact which must not be
overlooked is that the capture of an A Be D E F G H J K L M N 0 P QR S T
enemy group is almost always effected
by friendly stones which are at least
partially unconnected themselves until 19 .-•• •..~~ ;/B
~19
the capture is consummated. Thus, in F 18 4~ 18
the Blacks are surrounded by three I'" ';I
17
17 c. D
separate White groups of 2, 2 and 3 16
16 ..•
~.,
r:

stones respectively, while in D .and H I

IS 15
the surrounded stones are each op-
1Ll,
,.., ~ r
j ;.t

,." 14
pressed by four enemy groups. If the
~"
, ~,." "III'

_-
surrounded stones were not so short of 13 13
'III
liberties as in these illustrations, these "Y 1/
12 - 12
......
v 11
--
disconnections between the op- •.....••. 'II1II'
pressers could become cutting points 11 ......... ..•.•
which may later 'serve as. the
mechanism for breaking through the Diagram 3
encirclement. Since actual capture will
I
MARCH 1979
93
winning or losing of the Ko will then playing at 2. But this is an endgame An Introductlon to
either provide or kill a needed second play for White worth only 8 points, Go Strategy
eye, or establish or sever a necessary which would end forever any chance The strategy of Go is a curious blend
connection. Often, the result of the he has of killing the Black group, so he of the obvious and the subtle which
entire game will hinge upon the result will also defer a play in this area until all most beginners and many intermediate
of a single Ko fight, with the winner of the larger plays elsewhere on the level players find quite baffling. The
being the player who earlier created board have been made. The hidden nominal objective of the game is the'
and carefully nurtured the larger sup- threat in the 'position is shown in acquisition of territory, so that a
ply of valid Ko threats. Diagram 4C. If and when White has simplistic approach to play would beto
Please note that, whatever its orien- succeeded in creating a sufficient merely strive directly toward that end.
tation on the board, Ko is identical in supply of Ko threats, he need not wait It is, of course, possible to play Go in
form. The onlyditference between A. for the endgame but can immediately this manner if both players are so
B, and C is the truncation caused by the playas shown, forcing Ko. Now, the inclined, but no strong player would
edges of the board. Position D is not entire Black corner's life depends upon ever permit this. In practice, the
Ko, because Black will capture 2 his winning this Ko fight. The territorial objective forms a kind of
Whites by a play at N15. When White difference in score between Diagrams substrate upon which the more
recaptures at N14, one White stone 4A and 4C (with White winning the Ko) aggressive and interesting strategic
from the original position (at N13) will is a surprising 30 points! Whether or and tactical motifs are etched. The
be missing and therefore there is no not this Ko will ever actually come into pojnt is that only life (safe, or two-eyed)
repetition of position. In this case, being depends upon the structure of groups 'can acquire and retain territory,
White can recapture immediately, if he the remainder of the game, but both so that much of the strategic planning
wishes. Of course, recapture is not players will need-to keep its potential and tactical execution in Go relates to
mandatory under any circumstances, existence in mind throughout. The the attack on enemy groups via threats
nor is any other play in Go. The players player who loses a Ko will almost to their potential eyespace, and the
are always at liberty to play anywhere always get some compensation defense of one's own. The subtlety Of
on the board that they wish, in confor- elsewhere on the board, as a result of Go also results partly from the fact that
mance with the two rules of Go. the Ko threat which his opponent has the board starts empty, so that the
ignored in order to win the Ko. If both potential territories must be sketched
sides play correctly, this compensation out, groups created, and eyespace
should be less valuable than winning attacked and defended in a totally
the Ko, but the subtlety of Go is such dynamic environment which is being
that many a game has been lost created by the players move-by-move,
because the virulence and importance Thousands of years of play have led to
of a subtle Ko threat was un-, the realization that one attacks enemy
derestimated! In fact, the crucial im- stones by playing away from them, and
Diagram4A portance of Ko arises largely from the that unless they are already desperate-
impact ofthe Ko threats upon the rest Iy short of potential eyespace, moves'
of the board, except in those cases in made in contact with enemy stones
which the life of a large group hinges serve only to strengthen them!
directly on who wins the Ko itself With Therefore, to attack on the right, you
two or more Kos on the board first press on the left and thus build the
simultaneously, the complications can strength from which to later turn and
become extreme, and some three-Ko strike on the right. In a typical Go
Diagram4B '
situations have led to a draw by infinite game, the initial moves by each player
repetition of the sequence of Ko attempt to sketch out territorial out-
captures (a situation which the new lines, while simultaneously es-
Chinese rules 'no longer permit). . tablishing potential lines of com-
munication between friendly positions.
The" topology of the board space
The strategy of Go is a assures that the competing groups of
curious blend of the both players cannot be connected
simultaneously, so that conflict is
Diagram4C obvious and the subtle assured. The defense' of eyes pace is
which most beginners obviously easiest in the corners where
the board edges provide absolute
To illustrate a relatively simple and many intermediate security in two directions, so that the
situation in which a Ko might arise, level players find quite first. moves are invariably made there"
consider Diagram 4A. As the position and then the positions spread out
stands, Black is not yet alive in the baffling. along the sides and into the center.
corner, but he can live easily by playing Many times, large potential territories
at "a", capturing one White stone. From a theoretical viewpoint, you
(moyos) are sketched out by one or
However, this move is Gote (a move , now know almost everything there is to
both sides, but not with the realistic
that White need not answer), because it know about Go. Practically, of course,
expectation of their retention. Rather,
clearly has no interaction with the rest we haven't even begun to scratch the
these moyos act to draw the opponent
of the board. Thus, if Black plays here surface. Because the subject is so vast,
into invading them, so that he is
at the wrong moment, he will in effect what I will do now is to provide you with fighting at a disadvantage within your
be allowing White to make two a few central strategic notions, expose sphere of influence, with the game's
successive, moves elsewhere on the you to a bit of Go's tactical magic, outcome usually riding on the result of
board, and this is very bad for him. if illustrate a representative opening, and the ensuing battles. ••
Black allows White to play first at the provide a bibliography to which you
same point (Diagram 4B), he can still can refer for a deeper understanding of Diagram 5[13] shows the opening of
live easily (but with less territory) by these ideas. ~, game between two strong amateur

CREATIVE COMPUTING

94
 /

the thrust and counter-thrust of close

combat ("coAtact fights")[10]. On this
f--+-- !evel, Go is comparable to Chess, as
~ Illustrated by the problems in Diagram
....•
6[14].
In Problem A, White is to play and
connect his trapped stones to his outer
l++a ones by capturing four blacks. Note
that the White stones have only 2
liberties to Black's 3, so that a direct
- race to capture would lead to White's Dia~ram 7A
I failure. I
'~8 fn Problem B, Black is to play and
f--+-- successfully invade White's territory on
~
~ the right.
I Please note that the examples given
Diagram 5 in Diagram 6 are necessarily quite
elementary because Go is new to most
)
players. It is typical primarily in the of you, and more difficult problems
sense that it follows the general princi- might be more baffling than il-
pie of corner, side, center for sequence luminating. Another caution which
of play. Note how the action shifts from must be observed in approaching
corner to corner as the players struggle material of this kind is that it is clearly
f~:>roverall board position. In the upper labelled here withthe prescription for
Diagram 7B

nght, 'Black establishes a Shimari solution (e.g. Black to play and con- The solutions to the two independent
(corner enclosure) which gives him 'a nect his stones). In an actuai game, the problems presented in Diagram '6Aand
strong local territorial and influence identical situation (rarely) or one ,B are given in Diagrams 7A and B.
advantage. In the lower right, White closely analogous might arise, but no The solution to Proble'm A requires
tem~orarily "settles" the corner by one is going to formally announce its White to sacrifice two stones, in the
playinq on the handicap point, presence or that there is a winning order shown. Any inversion of the
although this is only an influence play sequence available. Both players must sequence fails! Both sacrifice stones
and does not directly claim any of the continuously evaluate the developing serve to effectively add a liberty to
corner territory, In the upper and lower situations and search for the key plays White's stones by forcing Black to
left, the players have divided the which provide an advantage. The capture White 3 before he can ap-
corners, and Whte 8 begins a well-- clearest distinctton between strong proach. White 1 is atari on three Black
and weak players lies in their ability to
known Joseki sequence in the'lower
-Iett corner. White chooses 'this par- "read out" such complex tactical =r= so Black 2 is absolutely forced,
gIVing White Sente to play 3 as well.
ticular Joseki because it forces Black's sequences, especially in advance of The question is: Why is White 1
response in a manner which enables their actualization. But even the best necessary? If you can see this unaided
, him to build a powerful center-tacinq players sometimes become embroiled
you have the' potential to become ~
wall which coordinates ideally with his in a fight whose exact consequences strong player. The answer is that
lower right corner position, and with they haven't anticipated, and are then without White 1, Black can sacrifice a
which he hopes to control the game. In confronted with the dire necessity of stone at "a", and when White captures
return, Black gets solid and almost finding the right move or meeting at "b", Black "c" is atari, and wins. The
secure territory along the left edqe. disaster.
same sequence occurs if White mis-
Later, it will be Black's problem to takenly plays at 3 first.
invade White's moyo and attempt to
reduce it. White's move 16 and the The solution to Problem B utilizes
sacrifice play at 20 are designed to both of the, seemingly abandoned
force Black's submissive reply at 23 to Black stones, White 2 is the strongest
White 22, giving White a piece of response, but after Black 3 White
Black's corner with Sente. White 24 is cannot play at 5 because a Black
another clever sacrifice. Black 25 is response at 4~would then capture 5
absolutely forced, of course, but that's stones. Incidentally, the 4 White stones
not the point of this move, Its real in the corner are alive as shown, having
objective is .to create Aji (residual Diagram SA two eyes, although the two edge
threats) within the enemy position for connections will ultimately have to be
later use. Black'sz? is over ambitious, made. This corner configuration is the
and an error, although it could still be absolute minimum number of stones
rectified at move 29 by playing at "a" to which can make a live group! Does this
catch White 24. Now White, with shape look familiar? In Diagram 1C if
Black's unwitting help, has set Black up White captures the Black stone he
for a very pretty trap, which only 'a creates this same shape, but in the
strong player would see how to exploit. center of the board. Although in the
This will be explained below in center it yields only one eye (as
Diagrams 8 through 10. opposed to the two obtained in the
corner), it is so extremely powerful- in
The Tactics of Go influence that there is a Japanese Go
The tactical complexity of Go exists proverb which admonishes never to
on two levels. First, there is the Diagram6B- allow your opponent to achieve it. In
straightforward complexity inherent in I the corner, of course, it has no such

MARCH 1979

95
 impact. on the rest of the board, and situatio~ to the fullest, and this often'" sprung in which a sin~le play affected
therefore has only local territorial means taking advantage' of threats two (or rnorel) key fights simultane-
value. . .arising from the consequences of prior ously.
The higher levelof tactical complexi- errors',such asa previously abandoned Caught on the horns of such a
ty in Go' arises from the need for -and apparently. hopelessly trapped dilemma, a player can at best opt towin
efficiency of play and the fact that Gp is group of stones.Asthe gam~develops, the more-valuable fight, and lose th~
a game of accretion, with stones being several such situations may exist on other. This kind of situation is il-
continuously .added to the board the board and deep traps have been lustrated in Diagrams 8-10.
(except for those removedasa result of
captures) throughout the game.' Ef-
ficient play requires that each move
bring the largest possible return, else
•you will fall behind your opponent. The
players must therefor.e evaluate the
whole board position before each r-- b
move, and attempt to select the most I- r-I ~ .\
valuable play at each turn. This means
that both large scale strategic battles
and local tactical fights will only be
carried to the point at which. the
incremental value of the next move in .
that situation ceases to be the most
valuable move in the current overall
board posltlon. Thus, most such
situations will remain only imperfectly
resolved for many moves,even though
the.life or death of large groups and/or
many points of score may hinge upon
the precise manner of their eventual
-
H ~~~
~
M )UI
I-
.~
-0-
'I K>
~~r-

I I
resolution. The higher level of tactical
complexity in Go is realized via the DiagramS Diagram 9 Diagram 10
exploitation of these unresolved
situations' in interaction with newly
developing ones. Strong players make
moves which' exploit the whole board

. ,

WANTTfJ SA'E
I TIME AND MfJNEY P

• computer processing
• key punching
• programmmg
iI.ad
• systems design

APOLLO

128 PASSAIC AVENlJE. FAIRFIELD. NEW JERSEY 07006

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CREATIVE COM.PUTING
96
Although it is quite the impossible problem of both saving The Endgame In Go
his 3 corner stones and of preventing Master Go games are usually very
possibleto get hopeless- White "a", which would leave the 4 close, and players at this level will
ly behind in Go, in most Black center stones floating without
eyes. This particular
resign if they calculate that they are
game is now more than 10 points behind without
cases, unlike Chess, a effectively over, unless White later clear potential for recovery. In hand-
substantial potential fqr makes a compensating blunder. It is icap' games in which the handicap is
not unknown for a later countertrap in accur.ately chosen, White will almost
a last moment reversal the same game to again reverse the invariably be behind until the end
exists and this helps tables, and this is one of the beauties of game. Although endgame plays usual-
Go. Although it is quite possible to get ly range in value from a maximum of
sustain interest to the hopelessly behind in Go, in most cases, about 8 points down to a mere 1 (or
even a fractional value for Ko), many
very end. unlike Chess, a substantial potential
for a last moment reversal exists and games are won or lost there, long after
this helps sustain interest to the very the big battles have been decided.
White's clever exploitation of Black's end. The tactics of Go are so vast that Many a player has gone into the Yose
opening error in Diagram 5 begins with certain important recurrent tactical (endgame) comfortably ahead, only to
the Joseki sequence ot 30 and 31 in maneuvers (called tesuji) have been have his opponent win via clever
diagram 8, but then instead of playing -extenslvely cataloged. These are ef- exploitation of Sente (the initiative)
the usual Joseki move at either 36 or 37, ficient (and sharp!) tactical plays, throughout a Ionq series of small yose
White cuts at 32, then sacrifices a which make the optimal exploitation of plays. Here, too, there are many
second stone at 34. Up through Black a local situation. The nearest analogy opportunities for subtlety, and even
39 the plays all seem natural and good, to tesuji in Chess that I can think of some major tactical coups.
yet Black is now "busted" because of would be a catalog of forks, sacrifices, Seki
the Aji of White 24 (marked 4). The pins etc., if such were to exist. Among A Seki IS a form of local stalemate in
trap ·is sprung and the coup d,e grace the tesuji are a wide range of sacrificial which opposing groups having only
delivered byWhlte 40 in diagram 9. plays, those designed to form or one eye, or no eyes at all, share a
If Black answers as he did .with 41, destroy shape, establish or cut lines of number of mutual liberties. Under
White 42 captures the two Black center communication, etc. The problems in these circumstances, neither side can'
stones and gives White an overwhelm- Diagram 6 make use of tesuji in their attack the other, since the move on a
ing influence in the center. If instead solution, and the concepts involved in shared liberty which puts the enemy
Black saves the center with the se- tesuji are closely related to the notions into atari would do the same to
quence of Diagram 10, White connects of efficiency and "shape", which are yourself, but with the opponent's turn
his corner stones and leaves Black with both, central and unique to Go. to move coming up! If the external

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MARCH 1979 CIRCLE 121 ON READER SERVICE CARD

97
 enclosing stones are safe, neither side
will play within the Sekl, and the
position will remain unchanged to the ,<

end of the game. No points accrue to J,

either player as a result of Seki. If one
side has an eye and the other does not,
Seki will not result, but one orthe other
• • • •
,
. ,
will die depending upon the number of
.external (not shared) liberties available
to each. Seki is sometimes resolved
with the death of one side on the other
• • • • •
if the mutual liberties are filled as Ko
Correct
threats, when the value of the Ko is
greater and one of the players is out of • • • •
placement
Ko threats. This follows the general
principle in Go that nothing is secure or • 2 to 9• •
of from

decided until after the game has ended

and the score has been counted! The
major importance of Seki is that it
• • • •
handicap
stones
usually comes into existence under -
duress as a last-ditch strategem to save
an otherwise lost group. In thls sense,it ' • • •• • • •• I
is much like Ko. Especially when
invading enemy territory, Seki is •• • • • • •••
almost asgood as life becausethe main
reduction in enemy score comes from
the sum of friendly and,enemy stones
• • • • • •- • •
added within what was his space. If,
say, 10 stones of each color are added Diagram 11
to make a Seki, his territory will be
reduced by at least 22 points, whereas
if the invadersdie his score is unchang-
ed. If the invaders live, the few points of situations such asthe triple Ko describ- In fact, it is quite reasonable to ask if
territory they might acquire will usually ed earlier. Adjustment of the handicap the task is even feasible on small
be a trivial addition to the loss oc- by one stone at a time is usually madeif computers, given currently available
casioned by the added stones. either player wins three successive technology. Fortunately, the answer is
games, until a handicap is found that yes, because of still another aspect of
The Handicap System in Go produces an approximately even split. Go which we have touched upon
Because of the very wide skill range Go ratings are based upon the hand- earlier but reserved to discuss at this
of Go players, a remarkable handicap icap system, with amateur rankings moment. This saving grat;:eis the fact
system has evolved which quite ac- separated by one handicap stone for that Go is often played on smaller
curately acts to equate players on each level. This way, any two rated boards than the full 19 x 19 lines,
different levels thus enabling them to players who meet for the first time will primarily to reduce the time required to
have enjoyable games together. Ex- immediately know the proper handicap complete a serious game from 1-3
perience has indicated that each con- to make their match most interesting. hours to perhaps 30 minutes or less.
sistent incremental difference in final For example, if a 1 Kyu plays a 3 Kyu, This reduction in scale is ac-
score of about 10 points between two the latter takes 2 stones. A 7 Kyu complished without doing any essen-
players corresponds closely to one playing a 6 Kyu takes Black. tial violence to the basic premises of
handicap stone, up to a maximum of It should be carefully noted that the Go (although it does shift the
nine (9) stones. Differences in playing handicap stones do not directly confer strategic/tactical balance considerably
strength much beyond this don't usual- any territory upon Black. Rather, they in favor of the latter as the board gets
Iy lead to an enjoyable game,and this 9 .are placed upon key'points of influence progressively smaller), and this con-
stone difference is at least comparable on the board, so that the advantage stitutes yet another of its advantages
to Queen odds in Chess! The correct they confer is only transitory. If proper- over rivals like Chess. The small board
placement of the handicap stones, Iy utilized, they can result in the stated also has special virtue in teaching Go '
assuming that Black is sitting at the increment of 10. points of score per to beginners, since the shorter time
bottom, is as shown. stone, and this has been proved by frame helps enable better overall
Note that there is no such thing as a experimental handicap games perspective and unites the opening,
one stone handicap since this is simply between equally rated master players. middle game, and endgame in more
first move, and in this case the weaker The, handicap points are so valuable obvious fashion.
player is allowed to play anywhere. If that their early occupatlon.is now often The small board sizes most often
the players are equal in ability, or in a common during the Fu~eki stage of chosen are 9 x 9,11 x 11, and 13 x13
non-handicap (e.g. championship) even.games, and this strategy was the lines, although even 7 x 7 lines
tournament or match, the players key element in the Shin Fuseki revolu- generate a non-trivial arid non-
alternate colors in succeeding games, tion of the 1930's mentioned earlier. deterministic game, and areal
and the player of the White stones is programming challenge. The reduc-
awarded 5%points of "Komi" added to Programming Personal tion in scale to 9 x 9from thefull19x 19,
his final score to offset the advantage Computers to play Go for example, reduces the scope of the
ot Black's moving first. Note that the At least some of the reasons why board from 361 intersections to 81, or
extra 112 point in the Komi makes draws constructing a computer program to to 22.4% of the original. This reduces
impossible, except for rare repetitive play Go is difficult should now be clear. the size of the move tree greatly, and

CREATIVE COMPUTING

98
\.
 permits exact calculation of alter- [18]. on an Amdahl 470 as an exercise
. natives to a much. greater relative in . artificial intelligence, by Jon
depth, and in conjunction with some of Ryder[19] on a PDP-10, and by AI , '
the criteria for move feasibility outlined Zobrist[20]. Bruce's program is still
above (Joseki, tesuji, shape) and a f~w "only" in the 20 Kyu range, but he is
additional concepts which are given in attempting the full-board problem ~~\\\\\\\\\\"IIIIIIIIIIIU//~
the references, should make it possible
to construct a reasonably strong
head-on! Whatever the approach,
there's little question that the individual § WE BUY SELL ~
program on most personal computers.
At this size, the difficulty in program-
who succeeds in producing
program which can' defeat. a strong
a Go ~ TRADE ~
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:: Nearly$1 Million In Inventory _
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.
functions as counting liberties, making 1. Dictionary of Basic Joseki (3
. good "shape", deciding whether to run vols.), by Ishida, Ishi Press, CPO § 214/357·5725 ~
or make eyes, making/killing eyes, as ::::: ~ ::::::
Box 2126, Tokyo, Japan.
well as for evaluating "influence" and 2. The Master of Go, by Kawabata, ::::; ;:::
estimating potential territory. Each of Knopf, N.Y. (a fictionalized ac- ::::; ~
these constitutes a separate problem of
independent theoretical and practical
count of the 1938 match in which :::;
% u.s. BROKERS CO.
~
~
Kitani and his new Fuseki .scored % A Division of CM Corp. ....'
importance, and ,would serve well as a
their first major triumph over the ~ 2636 WALNWT HILL LANE ~
starting point for the overall task.
old order).
r~ SUITE347 ••••
,
Unlike Chess problems, Go problems ~ DALLAS, TEXAS 75229 ~
3. Theory and Practice of Go, by
are always feasible in and represen-
Oscar Korschelt. '#//////0111111111 III\\\\\\\\\\\~
tative of actual play, and it is no trivial
4. The Game of Go, by Smith, Tuttle CIRCLE 142 ON READER SERVICE CARD
task to produce a program which can
& Co, Rutland, Vt.
perform any 'one of these functions on
5. Go and Go Moku, by Lasker,
a high enough level to solve the
Dover Publ., N.Y.
corresponding problems. Most
6. Modern Chess Strategy, by Lasker
published Go problems will fit a 9 x 9
7. How to Play Go, by Takagawa,
board, so that the ability to solve these
Nihon Kiin .
is a readily available criterion' of
8. The Vital Points of Go, by
success for your efforts.
Takagawa, Nihon Kiin .
9. Go Proverbs Illustrated, by Segoe,' CP/M* SPOOtER
Nihon Kiin
The individual who 10. "Instant Go," by Bruce Wilcox, SPOOLER is a complete spool-
succeeds in producing a American Go Journal, Vol. 12#5,6 ing system, not just a back-
(1977), Vol. 13 # 1, 2, 3 (1978), ground utility. It intercepts list
Go program which can American <;30 Association, P.O. output spools it to disk, then
defeat a strong human Box 397, .Old Chelsea Station, prints during I/O operations and
New York, N.Y. 10011. unused computer cycles.
opponent on even a 11. Go for Beginners, by Iwamoto,
SPOOLER features include:
small board will have a 12. ~:~i~re~~ChniqUeS of Go, by • Parallel processing without
product with real com- Haruyama and, Nagahara, Ishi interrupt.
• Operates in 1K of memory
mercial potential, as well 13. ~~~:~giC Concepts 0; Go, by above CP/M.
as .the satisfacti,on of a Nagahara, Ishi Press. • Can be suspended and re-
started.
Pioneering achievemen.t 14. Tesuji, by Davies, Ishi Press.
15. 38 Basic Joseki, by Kosugi and • Concatenates all list. files
of no mean scope.
______________
Davies, Ishi Press
16. The Endgame in Go, by Ogawa
without overflow.
SPOOLER is compatible with
and Davies, Ishi Press most standard CP/M systems
No attempt will be made here to even 17. The 1971 Honinbo Tournament, and greafly increases through-
indicate the methods for most efficient- by Iwamoto, Ishi Press ' put. Price $70
ly accomplishing the ultimate fun- 18. Bruce Wilcox, University of
SPOOLER is a copyright 1978
damental task of a Go-playing program Michigan, Mental Health Institute,
product of:
- the selection of the move at each Ann Arbor, Mi 48109.
turn which best satisfies the overall 19. Jon Ryder, PhDThesis, University
territorial (strategiC) objective within of Michigan, "Heuristic Analysis K L H SYSTEMS
the context of the current tactical of Large Trees as Generated in the 18101 Carolyn Circle
situation - because these haven't yet Game of Go", 1971 (available from Villa Park, Cal. 92667
been worked out, although, the result University Microfilms) 714-997 -4365
will obviously require' an integration of 20. AI Zobrist, "Feature Extraction
the above subroutines, and then some. and Representation for Pattern Call or write lor additional information
The best Go-playing computer Recognition in the Game of Go", 'CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research
programs of which I am currently 1970- University Microfilms, Ann
aware were created by Bruce WilcQx- Arbor, MI.
CIRCLE 207 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MARCH 1979
99
CP68tlv6 Gomputlnd
·book s8Pvic8
_---~------------------#
Programming in' BASIC
"You can
J

~
~-."'--

ask me for
•• """- ••

-.
-

•.•••.••
•
• anything you
~ like, except
BASIC ahd th~ Personal
Computer ~ time " .,
Dwyer and Critchfield. This book will • 4It .,
__ Ill _ ••_fi>
get you involved with personal COIJ1-
puting, writing programs and ex-
panding the use of your computer by
showing the great diversity of ap-
plications possible on any micro-
computer. One of the most compre-
hensive presentations of BASIC ever.
As a text or addition to your personal
library, this book will tell you all you
ever wanted to know about BASIC.
350 pp. $12.95 [9F] .: A Guided Tour of
Computer Programming
In. BASIC .
Dwyer and Kaufman. This book tops
all introductory texts on BASIC.
Filled with detail and examples, it
includes sample programs for many
simulations, several games, reserva-
tions systems and payroll. Aimed at
the novice, but of value to everyone.
156 pp. $5.20·[8L].

Albrecht, Finkel, & Brown. This book

shows you how to read, write, and
understand the BASIC programming
BASIC Programming, 2nd language used in the new personal- Instant BASIC
Edition size microcomputers. Includes Jerald R. Brown. This is an 'active
detailed descriptions of everything participation'. workbook deSigned to
Kemeny & Kurtz. An introduction to
you need to know to make your teach you Basic using your com-
computer programming through the
computer work for you-includes puter. The author's quiet writing style
language of BASIC. The authors
how to get started, numerous coupled with zany, wild graphics
include in-depth discussions of many
applications and games, lists of guarantee that you will have a barrel
applications including files and text
resources, much more. 332 pp. $5.95 of fun while learning Basic. 159 pp.
processing. 150 pp. $9.95[7E]
[7G] $9.95 [7L].

Programming in Problem Analysis and

Other languages Programming Style
Programming in PASCAL ANS COBOL How te;>Solve Problems The Little Book of BASIC
Peter Grogono. This book is an Ruth Ashley. An excellent self- Wayne Wickelgren. This helpful book Style: How To Write a
excellent introduction to one of the teaching book for people without analyzes and systematizes some of Program You Can Read
fastest growing programming previous programming experience .the basic methods of s o Iv i n q
mathematical problems. Illustrative John M. Nevison. Learn how to write
languages today. The text is arrang- and with no access to a terminal. The
examples include chess problems, better, easy-to-follow programs with
ed as a tutorial containing both author anticipates ,common errors of
logical puzzles, railroad switching Nevison's rules of style and turn out
examples and exercises to increase first-time COBOL users and gives
problems and ones from science and legible,'correct programs. Two hours
reader proficiency in PASCAL. Con- extra help to readers through these
engineering. For each, the author of BASIC programming is all that is
tains sections on procedures, files, parts. 242 pp. $4.95 [7H].
provides hints for the readertotackle necessary to profit by this book. Con-
and dynamic data structures such as
the problem and then a complete cepts of problem-solving and struc-
trees and linked lists. 359 pp. $10.95 A Simplified Guide to solution is given. Want to solve a tured programming are included. 160
[10A]
Fortran Programming complex problem with a computer? pp. $5.95 [9V].

Daniel McCracken. A thorough first Begin here. 262 pp. $69'·0 [7Y].
The Art of Computer
text in Fortran. Covers all basic
PASCAL User Manual and statements and quickly gets into case The Thinking Computer: Programming
studies ranging from simple (printing Mind Inside Matter Donald Knuth. The purpose of this
Report (2nd Edition) columns) to challenging (craps series is to provide a unified, read-
Jensen & Wirth. This book consists of games simulation). 278 pp. $10.50 Bertram Raphael. Artificial in- able, and theoretically sound sum-
two parts: the User Manual and the [7F]. / telligEtnce, or AI, is the branch of mary of the present knowledge con-
Revised Report. The Manual is computer science concerned with cerning computer programming
directed to those who have some making computers "smarter." With a techniques, along with their histori-
familiarity with computer program-
A Fortran Coloring Book minimum of technical jargon, this cal development. For the sake of
ming and who wish to get acquainted Dr. Roger Kaufman. This book is one book discusses the capabilities of clarity, many carefully checked com-
with the PASCAL language. The of the most entertaining computer modern digital computers ~Rd how puter procedures are expressed both
Report is a concise reference for both programming books around. Learn they are being used in contemporary in formal and informal language. A
programmers and tmpremantors. II oomputer programming tne "painful- AI research. Discusses the progress classic series. Vol. 1: Fundamental
defines Standard PASCAL, which ly funny way." Filled with examples of .AI, the goals, and the variety of Algorithms, 634 pp. $22.50 [7R]. Vol.
constitutes a common base between and illustrations plus a light sprink- current approaches to making the 2: Seminurnerical Algorithms, 624 pp.
various implementations of the ling of jokes. Guaranteed to teach computer more intelligent. $8.50 $22.50 [7S]. Vol. 3: Sorting and
language. $7.90 (10B] you FORTRAN. 273 pp. $6.95 [4DI [7Xj Searching. 722 pp. $22.50 [7T]

CREATIVE COMPUTING
100
 learn With Computer Games'. Other Games & ACtivities
Basic Computer Games Fun With Compu'ters and The Way To Play Star G,ames
David Ahl. Here are 101 classic Basic The newest, most- comprehensive Razzi, Brightfield and Looney. For
games all in Microsoft Basic for your encyclopedia of games in the world. Star Trek and Star Wars fans, here's a
Donald D. Spencer. Mathematical Complete rules for over 2000 games
TRS-80, PET, Apple, Sorcerer, etc. book that invites you to "join the
recreations arid games are an ex-
Everyone is complete with large and indoor pastimes including race Space Force for the greatest galactic
cellent medium for teaching com- board games, strategiC board games,
legible listing, sample run, and battle of your life!" A game book, not
puter programming. The reader
descriptive notes. Has all the best tile games, card games, solitaire a puzzle book, it challenges you to
learns the BASIC programming games, dice games, table games,
games; Super Star Trek, Football, crack space-age binary codes and
language during the process of casino and gambling games, games
Blackjack, Lunar Lander, Tic Tac help your friends escape from the
learning to program fun type
Toe, Nim, Life, Basketball, Boxing, of chance and many more. Over 5000 krakon's clutches. $6.95. [10K)
problems. The book introduces the drawings and diagrams in color. The
Golf, Hockey, Craps, Roulette, Awari,
reader to flowcharting, and the
Bagels, Mastermind, Hammurabi, perfect sourcebook for the computer
BASIC programming language. In-
Fur Trader, Splat and' many, many game author. 320(pp. $7.95. [10Hj
cludes many BASIC programs, car-
more. Now in its 5th printing. 200 pp.
$7.50. [6C-l
toons, and drawings. Written The I Hate Mathematics
specifically for use by junior' high
Game Playing with BASIC school students. 96 pp. $5.95 [1 OFJ.
Book
Marilyn Burns. This book is for
Donald D. Spencer .. Enjoy the nonbelievers ot all ages, but especial-
challenge of competition with your ly for, kids who are convinced that
personal computer. Amuse yourself mathematics is (1) impossible, (2)
with such computer games and only for smart kids, and (3) no iun
puzzles as 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe, Rou- anyhow. This book shows that
lette; Baccarat, and more. Includes mathematics is nothing more (nor
rules of each game, how each game less) than a way of looking at the Cross-Sums
works, illustrations and the output world and is not to be confused with
produced by each program. The last Maltby & Fulbrook. The answers are
arithmetic, In this book you'll find
chapter contalns 26 games for reader' numbers! Vertical columns musttotal
several hundred mathematical
events, gags, magic tricks, and ex- the same as horizontal rows. It's a
solution. 176 pp. $7.95 [100J
periments to prove it. 128 pp. $3.95 new puzzle game - constructed by
. Chess and Computers [11Fl
Richard Maltby, Jr., master puzzle-
maker for Harper's and New York
David Levy~ This book is loaded with Fun & Games With the Toybook Magazines. 30 puzzles including
chess games-computer versus Computer Steven Caney. "More than 50 toys Nursery Rhymes, Children's Hour,
computer and computer ver,sus "-
Ted Sage. "This book is designed as a and projects have been chosen with Golf, Movies, Famous Dates, and
human. Settle down with this book,
text for a one-semester course in imagination and care to provide a more. 108 pp. $1.95 [10LJ
set up your chess board, and play the
computer programming using the I:tigh ratio of satisfaction and fun in
games. As with any good chess book,
BASIC language. The programs used return for effort invested." -Parents' Geometric C~oss-Sums
half the enjoyment is found in playing
as illustr atlorrs and exercises are Magazine. It is" ... a must for kids and Maltby & Fulbrook. Another puzzle
along,duplicating the moves and
games rather than mathematical anybody else interested in conjuring game. This one has 30 puzzles
reading the authors comments. 145
algorithms, in order to make the book up delightful playthings out of odds ranging in difficulty from easy to
pp. $8.95 [10CJ .'
appealing and accessible to more and ends and scraps of stuff around fiendish. Each diagram takes a
students. The text is well written, with the house." -W{lOle Earth Epilog. special shape - Triangles Fun, The
many excellent sample programs. Packed with illustrations, photos, Magic Hexagon, Shapes Within
Highly recommended."-The and step-by-step instructions. 176 Shapes, Literature in 3-~., and more!
Mathematics Teacher. 351 pp. $7.95 pp. $3.95 [10J) . 108 pp. $1.95 [10M)
[8BJ.

Game Playing With

Computers (Revised 2nd Art and Music
Edition) Artist and Computer The Technology of
Donald D. Spencer. Now you can Ruth Leavitt. This unique art book Computer Music
sharpen programming skills through covers a multitude of computer uses
Max Matthews. If you're interested in
a relaxed and radically different and the very latest techniques in
creating music on your micro-
What to Do After You Hit approach. Including 70 games, computer-generated art. In its pages,
'computer, here is an excellent source
puzzles, and mathematica,! .35 artists explain how the computer
Return recreations for a digital computer. It's can be programmed either to ac- book. written by the "Father of Com-
Another collection of games and sirn- fully illustrated and includes more. tualize the artist's concept (such as puter Music." Includes funda-
. ulations-ali in ,BASIC-including than 25 game-playing programs in the visualizatlon of fabric before it is mentals of digital sound generation,
number guessing games, word FORTRAN or BASIC, complete with woven) or to produce finished pieces. 'including the' sampling theorem,
games, hide-and-seek games, pat- descriptions, flowcharts, and output. Over 160 examples, some in full digital to analoq converters, analog
tern games, board games, business Brand-new "how to" information for color. 122 pp. $4.95 softbound [60), to digital converters, filtering and
and social science simulations and applying mathematical, concepts to $10.00 hardbound. [6E) ,storage of musical data. Also, a
science fiction games. Large format. game playing with a computer. 320 description of MUSIC V, a high level
158 pp. $8.00 [8AJ. pp. $16.95 [10GJ music language. $16 hardcover[10N)

To Order
Use the bound-in order form or send
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shipping and handling per order
(Foreign: $1.25 per book) to Creative
Computing, P.O. Box 789-M,
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add 5% sales tax. Visa or
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MARCH 1979 101

GP6ativ6 Gomputiodbook S6PViG6
Getting Started
••••••••
, A'
, "Every why
•.••
..,
Microprocessors: From
Chips to Systems .
Rodnay
detailed
Zsks.: A complete
introduction
and
to
" r:" microprocessors and microcom-
•
,...
.•
hath a
where fore ." '," I puter systems. Some of the topics
presented are: a comparative evalua-

-
tion of all major microprocessors, a

,"--
~ •...•. ..
,~' journey inside a microprocessor
chip, how to assemble a system,
applications, interfacing (including
'
the S-100 busj.and programming and
system development. 416 pp. $9.95
An 'Introduction to [10SJ
Microcomputers, Vol 0- The First Book of
- The Beginners Book Microcomputers
Adam Osborne. Parts of a com- Robert Moody. Tells what personal
puter and a complete system; binary, computers are and. what you' can do

Education & Self learning octal and hexadecimal number

systems; computer logic; ad¢ressing
with them in a light entertaining style.
Starts with the basics and then covers
and other terminology are discussed the technical aspects such as how a
Using BASIC in the Be A Computer Literate in a language the absolute beginner personal computer is constructed
can understand. Hundreds of il- and how it works. Includes such
Marion Ball & Sylvia" Charp. This
Classroom lustrations and photographs. 220 pp. things as home protection, keeping
introductory __
book is extensively
Donald D. Spencer. A teacher's guide $7.95 [9TJ track of budgets and bills, game
illustrated with full-color drawings,
that makes every phase of teaching playing, inventory management and
diagrams, and photos. Takes the
computer programming more reader through kinds of computers,
An Introduction to tax calculations. 139 pp. $4.95 [10TJ
productive and enjoyable. It gives how they work, input/output, and Microcomputers, Vol 1 - Consumers 'Guide to
you fresh but proven ideas· for
presenting computer and program-
writing a simple program in BASIC. Basic Concepts Personal Computing and
Aimed at ages 10-14 but beginners of
ming_ topics, scheduling terminal all ages will find itinformative. 62 pp. Adam OSborne. Thoroughlyexplains Microcomputers
time, purchasing a-microcornputer or $3.95. [6HJ hardware and programming con-
cepts common to all micro- Freiberger and Chew. Here· are two
minicomputer, running the second-
processors: memory organization, valuable books in one: an introduc-
ary school instructional computer
facility, and giving assi'gnments that instruction execution, interrupts, 1/0, tion to the principles of microcom-
arouse enthusiasm in your students.
Problem Solving With The instruction sets and assembly'pro- puters that assumes no previous
Computer gramming. One of the best selling knowledge on the reader's part, and a
224 pp. $8.95 [10EJ
computer texts worldwide. 350 pp. review of 64 microcomputer products
Ted Sage. Used in conjunction with from over 50 manufacturers. Also,
$8:50 [9KJ
the traditional high school math extensive illustrations and best-buy
curriculum, this book stresses Vol 2 - Some Real tips for each type of microcomputer
problem analysis rn algebra and product. 176 pp. $7.95 [10UJ_
geometry. This is the most wrdety Microprocessors. Vol3 -
adopted text in computer Real Support Devices
mathematics. 244 pp. $7.95 [8JJ.
Adam Osborne. These volumes com-
Sixty Challenging plement Volume 1. Vol. 2 discusses
the operation of each of the fo~owing
Problems with BASIC MPUS in detail: F8, SC/MP, 8080A,
Problems For Solution Z80, 6800, PPS-8, 2650, COS MAC,
Computer Donald Spencer. This book is a ve- 9002, 6100 and seven others. Also
hicle for computer programmers to . information on selecting a micro. Vol.
Solution measure their skills against some in- 3 discusses various support and 1/0
Gruenberg & Jaffray. A collection of teresting. problems that lend them- chips. 895 pp. $20.00 each. [9lJ [100J
~2 problems in engineering, busi- selves to computer solution. It in-
ness, social science and mathe- cludes games, puzzles, mathematical Beginner's Guide To
matics. The problems are presented recreations and 'science and
Microprocessors Getting Involved With
in depth and cover a wide range of business problems-some hard,
difficulty Oriented to Fortran but some easy. The book will compli- Charles M. Gilmore. No background Your Own Computer
good for any language. A classic. 401 ment any computer-oriented course in electronics is necessary to under- Solomon and Viet. One of the first
pp. $10.50 [7AJ . in secondary school or college. stand this book. It was written for books on microcomputers that re-
BASIC program solutions included. those with no prior knowledge what- quires no previous knowledge of
Problems For 80 pp. $6.95 [9WJ. soever of microprocessors or per- electronics or computer program- '
sonal computing. Gilmore takes you
Computer Solution The Calculus With from what a microprocessor is, how it
mingo Tells you where to find infor-
mation, explains basic concepts and
Steve Rogowski. The Student Edition Analytic Geometry works and what it's used for to how
summarizes existing systems. Good
ts designed to encourage research they're programmed to perform de-
and preliminary investigation on the Handbook sired functions in microwave ovens,
place for the neophyte to begin.
216 pp. $5.95 [9NJ.
part of the student. The problems are Jason Taylor. Ideal for a HS or TV games, calculators, etc. 175 pp.
ordered by subject and can be college introductory calculus course $5.95 [7UJ. The Underground Buying
expanded or shortened. or for selt-Iearrunq. Five chapters
Mathematical problems that have' include: analytic geometry; functions
Guide
never been solved are also posed to and derivatives; integration techni- qennis A. King. The Guide is written
challenge and sharpen the student's ques; vectors and functions of more f<)Jrhams, CBers, experimenters, and
awareness. 98 pp. $3.95 [9ZJ. Also than one variable; a-nd sequences cbrnputer hobbyists. It lists a wide
available is the Teacher's Edition and series. Widely acclaimed by "Inge of parts, supplies, and services
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and analysis of the problems. 271 pp: the standard calculus reference text. g[1ographic location ana is com-
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recommended for any high school or engineers, and mathernaticians.too. p oduct cateqories and 650 firms
college computer-oriented course. large format, 68 pp. $2.95 [7QJ. f om tiny to huge. 200 pp. $5.95 [7KJ.

CREATIVE COMPUTING
102
 I
cP6ativ6 Gomputind book s
.----- ....~,
Business Applications
Accounts Payable and Small Computer Systems
t
., ,
»<
"The real,'
purpose of ~,
• books is to \
Accounts Receivable For Business
: trap the mind ,.••.
~
Poole & Borchers. Includes program Gerald A. Silver. Useful toroperators,
listings with remarks, descriptions, programmers, teachers, students, • into doing/ I
discussion of the principles behind etc., this book explores the world of , its own I
each program, file layouts, and small computers: what they are, how
" thi nking." ~
'~----,,"
complete step-by-step instructions. they are used, their internal structure,
Covers accounts payable and and our means of communicating
receivable in regard to invoice aging, with them. Describes assemblers,
general ledger, progress billing, interpreters, and compilers, as well
partial invoice payments, and more. as operating_ systems and small
375 pp. $15.00 [IOV] computer applications. 254 pp. $9.95
[10Y] Computing Milieu
Some Common BASIC COMPUTERS, PCC's Reference Book of
Programs COMPUTERS, Personal and Home
CO.MPUTERS Computing
Poole & Borchers. This book com-
bines a diversity of practical
In Fiction And In Verse Ever try to find the address of a man-
algorithms in one -book : matrix D. Van Tassel, Editor. This collection ufacturer of a cassette interface that a
multiplication, regression analysis, of stories, commentaries and poems friend told you about 2 weeks' ago?
principal on a loan, integration by project the reader into a world where Frustrating isn't it? This book will go
Simpson's rule, roots of equations, lifestyles are dominated by the com- a long way toward ending that
chi-square test, and many more. All.-- puter to an extent far greater than frustration with its comprehensive
the programs are written in a they are by the telephone today. By list of manufacturers, stores and
Payroll with Cost restricted BASIC suitable for most revealing reactions and effects, the products. Also contains .survey arti-
Accounting in BASIC microcomputer BASIC packages, stories offer the reader insight into cles on software, hardware. kits and
and have been tested and debugged what is a potential reality. Cleverly- applications as well as an index of ar-
Lon Poole. tAcludes program listings written, this book ,should entertain' ticles from various hobbyist maga-
by the authors. $8.50 [7M]
with remarks, descriptions, discus- anyone who is aware of the com- zines. Several bibliographies. too.
sion of the principles of each puter's impact on society. Includes $5.95 [7P].
program, file layouts, and a complete work by such distinguished writers as
user's manual with step-by-step Gordon R. Dickson, Art Buchwald,
.instructions, flow charts and sample RASic With Business Michael Shaara and Bob and Ray.
reports with CRT displays. 356 pp. Applications 192 pp. $6.95 [9X]. Computer Lib/Dream
$15.00 [lOW] Machine
Richard W. Lott. This book focuses
on the BASIC language and its The Home Computer Ted Nelson. This book is devoted to
How to Profit From Your .application to specific business
Personal Computer: Revolution the premise that everybody should
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Professional, Business BASIC language and the concept of Ted Nelson. Here is one of the most man ner the author covers interactive
logical tlowchartinq: Part two controversial books on home com- systems, terminals, computer
and Home Applications presents problems and possible puters. Nelson takes a look at how the languages, data structures, binary
T.G. Lewis. Put your computer to solutions. Topics include: interest "dinky" computers got here, where Patterns, computer architecture,
work for you. This new guide rate calculations, break-even they are where they're going and mini-computers,. big computers,
describes the use of personal com- analysis, loan rates, and deprecia- what will become of the big boys like microprocessors. simulation,
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applications, including terms, beginner wanting to zlearn BASIC highly opinionated book picks up companies, and much, much more.
notations, and techniques used by without having a technical or scien- where Computer Lib/Dream Machine Whole earth .catalog style and size. A
programmers. 256 pp. $8.95 [lOX] tific background. 284 pp. $10.50[10Z] left off. 224 pp, $2.00 [9U]. doozy! 127 pp. $7.CJO[8P]~

v .
Space and Science Fiction
Star Wars Album
The incredible behind-the-scenes
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over a hundred exclusive photos, your check for books plus $2.00
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with George Lucas, Carrie Fisher and (Foreign: $1.25 per book) to Creative
Mark Hamill, the Anatomy of an Computing, P.O. Box 789-M,
Android and a technical glossary. Morristown, NJ 07960. NJ residents
Lots of color. 76 pp. $5.95.[11A] The Star Trek Star Fleet add 5% sales tax. Visa or
MasterCharge are acceptable also.
Technical Manual
For faster service, call in your bank
Masterpieces of Science Franz Joseph. This important card order toll free to:
resource book is packed with the
Fiction data you need to create or modify 800-631-8112
This lavishly illustrated large format STAR TREK computer games. 'It (in NJ call 201 540-0445)
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Star Wars Portfolio
bury, Arthur C. Clarke, Harlan s y s t ems, s tan da r d 0 r bit s , Complete technical specifications
Ellison. Robert Heinlein. Frank velocity/time relationship. s~ace/war, and engineering drawings of ships,
Herbert, A.E. Van Vogt, and Kurt technology, Milky Way galaxy charts. space stations, and 'droids of both
Vonnegut, .Jr. Fabulous full color Federation codes, etc., etc. A The Imperial Empire and the rebels. A
illustrations throughout. 108 pp. national best seller. Large format. vital resource book. 180 pp. $7.95
$7.95 [llB] vinyl binder. 180 pp. $7.95 [8C]. [11C]

MARCH 1979 103

 OUf Face is Very Red Oept. --------......:...-~

Speed Reading Made Easy

In the January 1979'issue, we presented a marvelous
WORLD, application for the PET by Tom Rugg and Phil Feldman
called "Speed Reading Made Easy." The article had a
line-by-line description of the program, sample output,
suggestions for adapting it to other machines -
SIMULATI·ON everything in fact, except the program itself. We are very
sorry! The program is printed below. Team this up with
pp 132-133 of the January issue and you've got a really
by James L. Murphy, Ph.D. dynamite application.
100 REM: TACHISTOSCOPE
110 REM: COPYRIGHT 1978 BY TO" RUGG AND PHIL FELDMAN
120 T=.1
• N 0 .,------ -.-----.-.". ----- .. ".--- -.--- _ ...._-. ---------.------- 130 J=U60:S=H7
140 L=50
~~~N~
150 DIM TS( L )
! ZZtz:;z: I Q,. io..Q.l\.o..!
160 C=O
170 READ R$
180 IF R$="XXX" THEN 250

:l~~_-I--:~I~~~~!:;::~::~~I;:.:I~~~~I~~~~ 190 C=C+1

200 IF C>L THEN PRINT"TOO MANY DATA STATEMENTS" :END
cctQQ~aj yU r-.
210 1$( C )=R$
to..Q,. I j {,.Jut 220 GOTO 170
: a J f.L c!, : z: 'T : IL 0..: 250 R=RND(-TI)
~!---.--+~--.-+~--
..+----~z---+~~--+----~o..o..~- 260 PRI NT CHR$( B.)
! CL:- : a a! 1 z%%~ U u! ! ~ 270 PRINT"**** TACHISTOSCOPE un"
:I Q.
o.! I U
u~ I
°9a I 0000013
i !%%Z%~u:n:
I I
1
2;%'z::a:zz
280 PRINT '

~t~----t~~--t-··-··t--::t--~~raaaata~g~~~~~;
I U , I (1)1/1 !nUl I I I U
290 PRINT"THIS PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO"
300 PRINT"IHPROVE YOUR READING SPEED,'
i ou! ! UlU)Ul: i l/)tI){lI~ I ! U
310 PRINT
I UU I UI (/'IU) I I I UlUltll I I 320 PRINT"I'LL BRIEFLY DISPLAY A SHORT'
~~UlUlUl!n~~~-~!- !--..-..!--.---!- ....
!~~!~~~OOUlUlUl
330 PRINT"PHRASE, ANI' YOU TRY TO READ IT,'
340 PRINT '
~ 350 PRINT'TYPE WHAT YOU SEE, AND I'LL TELL'
360 PRINT"Y()U IF YOU WERE RIGHT,'
370 PRINT'
380 PRINT'WE'LL START AT';T;"SECONDS.·
A fully interactive ecologic model. Allows 400 FOR K=I TO 5:GET R$:NEXT:PRINT
410 PRINT'PRESS ANY KEY WHEN YOU'RE READY,'
manipulation of all system variables. plots 15 420 err R$:JF R$=" THEN 420
.variables in 3 different graphs on any standard 430 R=INT< C*RND( 1 ) >+1
440 IF R=PI OR R=P2 OR R=P3 THEN 430
printer. Begins in the year 1900 and projects all 450 IF R=P4 OR R=P5 THEN 430
460 PRINT CHR$( B ):GOSUB 840
values at any interval up to selected ending 465 FOR K=I TO 1500: NEXT K: IF J<2 THEN 800
470 PRINT:PRINTlPRINT 1$( R)
year. Seven v.ariables (Birth Rate, Death Rate, 480 S=TI
490 IF TI -S5J THEN 490
Pollution Ratio, etc.) may be dynamically al- 500 PRINT CHR$( B)
. tered at selected dates within each program run. 505 FOR K=I TO 500 :NEXT K
510 PRINTWRINT:PRINT:PRINT
All variables and their behavior are fully 520 PRINT"WHAT WAS IT?"
530 INPUT R$
compatible with Jay W. Forrester's Model 540 PRINT
550 IF R$<> 1$( R) THEN 700
WORLD2~ as described in World Dynamics 560 PRINT" THAT'S RIGHT!"
'(Wright-Allen Press, 1971). 570 J=J-3
580 IF .1(1.2 THEN J=1.2
Variables graphed: 590 PRINT '
600 PI=P2:P2=P3: P3=P4 :P4=PS:PS=R :PRINT
POPULATION POLLUTION GENERATED MA TERL STD OF LIV
610 PRINT"THE NEXT ONE WILL BE DISPLAYED'
620 PRINT"FOR";J/60;'SECONDS,'
NAT RESOURC FOOD RATIO NA T RESOURC USAGE
630 PRINT
POLLUTION RATIO LIFE EXPECTANCY , CAP INVEST RATIO 640 GOTO 400
QUAL OF LIFE BIRTH RATE CAP INVEST RAT, AG, 700 PRINT"NO, THAT' 5 NOT IT, IT WAS"
qP INVESTMENT CROWDING RATIO CAP INV AGRIC FRACT 710 PRINT:PRINT"" ;TS( R);'"
72(> J=J+3
730 IF INT< J/3 )<>J/3 THEN J=3UNT< J/3)
Two different versions provided on each' 740 GOTO 590
800 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT 1$( R );CHR$( 147)
diskette, hoth with complete source listings, 810 GOTO 505
and manual. 840 PRINT"-----------· :PRINT
850 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT'-----------·
Manual only, with source listings $8.00 860 PRINT CHRS(19 }
870 RETURN
5W' Diskette-North Star BASIC $28.00 910 DATA"AT THE TIME'
920 DATA"THE BROWNCOW"
8" Diskette-CBASIC $32.00 930 DATA"LOOK AT THAT"
At your computer store, or from 940 DATA" IN THE HOUSE"
950 DATA"THIS IS MINE"
960 DATA"SHE SAID SO"
970 DATA"THE BABY CRIED"
Berkeley Medical Data Associates, Inc. 980 DATA"TO THE STORE"
990 DATA"READING IS FUN'
1000 D,ATA"HE GOES FAST"
1010 DATA"IN ALL THINGS'
MICROCOMPUTER CONSULTANTS 1020 DATA"GREEN GRASS'
1030 DATA"TWO BIRDS FLY'
1040 DATA"LATE LAST NIGHT'
P.O. Box 5279 1050 DATA"THEY ARE HOME"
1060 DATA"ON THE PHONE'
Berkeley, California 94705 1070 DATA"THROUGH A DOOR"
lOBO DATA"WE CAN TRY"
(415) 653-6707 1090 DATA"HY FOOT HURTS'
1100 DATA"HAPPY NEW YEAR'
9999 DATA XXX

CIRCLE 104 ON READER SERVICE CARD CREATIVE COMPUTING

104
 The Terrapin
Turtle

Steve North

Always on the lookout for anything The Terrapin Turtle is built around in either up or down position, and the
new and novel that can be hooked up to two reversible electric motors which pen refill itself doesn't have much give,
a computer, we were immediately are joined together rigidly with thread- so the entire pen mechanism must be
interested when we heard about the ed rods. Brackets mounted on the adjusted very precisely for the pen to
Terrapin Turtle. This robot device is a motors support a base plate which sits fully contact the floor without making
small bubble-shaped mechanism horizontally near the floor and a the Turtle impale itself. Never being
which rolls around on the floor and circular PC board which fits near the one much for acts of ultra physical
performs other tricks under the control top of the unit. A solenoid, 2" speaker, coordination, I managed to get the
of your microcomputer system, via a and two "turtle toes" are mounted on adjustment just a shade too high from
cable. the base plate. The turtle toes are the floor after the better part of an hour,
The Terrapin Turtle was inspired by actually small olack knobs which help and then tried to take the easy way out
Seymour Papert's turtle devised at the turtle stay upright by counteracting of forcing the pen down a tiny fraction
MIT's AI Lab. It can move forward, turn the inertia produced when starting or of an inch with a pair of pliers.
in increments, and leave a visible trail. stopping. Locomotion and support for Regrettably, this was definitely not the
The purpose of a very small robot like most of the weight are provided by two right way to attack the problem. This
the Turtle may not be immediately 4" diameter rubber wheels which fit was brought home to me as I was
apparent. Obviously, it's not going to onto the motor shafts. The electronics cleaning all the ink off the inside of the
serve marti n is when you get home from for the Turtle including two red LEOs turtle, after I pulled the end of the pen
work, or do any vacuuming. However, ("eyes") are contained on the PC cartridge by accident. The problem of
the turtle is useful for some educational board. Wires run off the board to the pen adjustment is complicated by
applications, since it can be physically motors, speaker, and pen solenoid to the necessity of taking one of the
observed, as opposed to bits inside a control them. Finally, a clear plastic motors off to make the smallest
box which flip on or off. It's not such a dome covers the entire unit; it is change. On the other hand, Terrapin
great leap for a child to understand supported at the top by a rod which is assured us that the Turtle pen really
how to give the turtle instructions to connected to four micr'oswitches on does work, and offered to send Turtle-
move in a pattern if he can break down the PC board. When the Turtle runs generated plots, but we still feel that
the steps in tracing out the pattern into an object, its dome is pushed in a this aspect of the design needs a little
himself.' The Terrapin Turtle also certain direction; this activates the reworking for less able Turtle owners.
deserves attention because of the appropriate one or two touch sensor (We wonder if a felt or nylon tip pen, as
growing interest in personal robotics. switches allowing some rudimentary used in the original Papert turtle,
(I was slightly astonished to see a brief feedback from the turtle to the host wouldn't be a better alternative.)
clip of the Turtle rolling around on t~e computer. Communication between Turtle and
floor as part of a story on robots on the The speaker, mentioned above, computer is done with an 8-bit parallel
CBS Morning recently.) • plays a high or low tone or is silent 1/0 port. (+8 volts must also be
under command from the computer. supplied to the unit.) The various bits in
This allows the Turtle to make a few the 1/0 port are related to different
sounds, handy for frightening the areas of the Turtle's functioning.
family pet. The solenoid manipulates Programming it to do some action is
an ordinary ballpoint pen refill, allow- merely a matter of setting the correct
ing you to write on the floor if you want. bits. Diagram A shows the function of
(Normal people may wish to put a piece each bit in the 1/0 port.
of paper underneath the Turtle first.) The only feature which requires a
While we had hoped, with the usual little more explanation is the motor
wild optimism, that this might be some control bits (two for each motor). When
kind of Poor Man's Plotter, such is not the bits are both programmed with the
the case. The solenoid locks very firmly same value (00 or 11), the motor is

MARCH 1979 105.

stopped. When the two bits are they're mass marketed, which hasn't
programmed with different values (01 happened yet (though the Turtle may
or 10), the motor turns in one direction be a first step).
or the other. Software for the Terrapin Turtle is
The Terrapin Turtle can be purchas- presently limited to what you can write
ed as a kit or assembled. We tried the kit or scrounge yourself. Terrapin Inc. is
(this was our first in about a year). The working on a version of LOGO for the
assembly is roughly split between Turtle and KIM-1. Tiny-C seems like a
mechanical and electronic construc- natural for a Turtle control language,
tion. Overall, building the kit is straight- because it allows user-defined exten-
forward, and the Heathkit-style sions, but we don't have a CP/M
debugging hints were helpful, but the user yet, but a number of people are version so we haven't done any ex-
instructions could have been more experimenting with homebrew efforts. perimentation with this idea. Of course,
liberal in some places, and a few more If you have the chance, it's usually you can always use BASIC (with INP
diagrams would have eliminated some interesting to watch a running of the and OUT functions for Turtle control)
guessing. IEEE Micro-Mouse contest (for small or assembly lanquaqe."
Besides that, the only other difficulty robot-computers capable of finding Overall, the Terrapin Turtle is a good
is inherent in the concept and design of their way through a maze in the best product, certainly in concept, if not
the Turtle - the umbilical cable Which time). At the other end of the scale, always in design - there are still a few
runs back to the computer system. This there are more useful industrial grade rough spots to be worked out. The
is a 15-conductor cable, so it's not robots with mechanical arms with price ($300 for the kit) may make
entirely limp, and it's always trailing hands for grasping objects. An inex- owners of $600-1000 computers gag
behind the Turtle, so to some extent it pensive low-end version of these kinds slightly, but these factors seem to be
does limit its mobility (range and of machines recently appeared on the characteristic of most pioneering ef-
number of consecutive turns in one market, and the arm assembly alone forts, and the Terrapin Turtle definitely
direction). But, if you want to run the costs over $2000 (talk about an--- and is one.
Turtle under the control of a separate a leql) There are several impediments For more information, contact:
microcomputer system, it's the only to the development of personal robot Terrapin Inc., 33 Edinborough Street,
practical means of control. Radio devices, even very rudimentary ones. Sixth Floor, Boston, MA 02111.
control is probably still too complex First, they require a lot of expensive
and expensive. mechanical engineering and machin- 1. McLean & Pagano, "Turtle Geometry Without
Incidentally, an alternative to this ing; there just aren't many computer Hardware," Creative Computing, Vol. 1, No. 00.
(Also, Best of Creative Computing, Vol. 1).
design (and probably the way we'll see hobbyists with $50,000 worth of
2. In the now out-of-print booklet "Basic
these kinds of devices develop in the machine shop equipment in their Applications Programs - Plotting" published
future) is to build the computer right basements who also have reasonable by DEC, David Ahl wrote simulations for most of
into the robot. As far as I know,' there skill in designing precision mechanical the LOGO commands in BASIC. These will
are no commercially available apparatus. Further, the cost of these eventually be published in Creative Computing.
roducts of this type for the personal products won't come down much until

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• Three minidisks for transaction, data and Cassette System 845.00 725.00
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CIRCLE 194 ON READER SERVICE CARD 106

CIRCLE 106 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Throw Away Those Index Cards!
Radio Shack's Information System Steve Gray
If you're in need of a program to keep track of all your other
TRS-80 programs, or keep track of that LP collection, or keep
track of ...

In-Memory Information System This displays all the information stored in When I typed in the description of 26-
th ree-cassette $19.95 package from the records that start with that key. You 1502, which is In-Memory Information,
Radio Shack is, according to the TRS- can change or delete any part of this the program asked me to REDO,
80 catalog, "A collection of three record, or move on to the next record. because I'd exceeded the field length
assembly-language programs that can of 20. I should have counted more
virtually replace any small index-card carefully. The program lets you vary
system. It will file inventory, name and the length of any field except the key
address lists, phone numbers, invest- field, but once you've decided on the
ment portfolios and more." The Level-l maximum length of a field, you can't go
programs are on one side of the beyond that. So count carefully.
cassettes, Level-II on the other. Then you can save the information
According to the overview, the by recording it on a blank tape. That's
system "is designed to allow you to all there is to Initialization, unless you
create, save, retrieve, modify and sort made a mistake and want to record the
any type of data. Data can be made up data again.
of any characters: letters, numbers, In the Retrieval and Update program,
special characters or any keys on the when the menu came up, I typed A for
keyboard." adding records, added a couple of new
The nine-page manual provides an software items to the list, and then
overview, tells what data files are and recorded this latest version.
how to prepare them, how to use the With the Sort program, when the sort
three programs, and shows how to is finished the screen says SORT
create large data files that require more· COMPLETE, and adds that if you wish
than one data tape. The Sort program puts the records in to save the sorted data, load a data tape
order according to their keys. You load and record.
The Initialization program is for
your data tape, press ENTER, and the The manual ends with a section on
entering both the fixed information
sort is then performed automatically. large data files. If you have large
(record length, key length and field
As the manual says, "The advantage of amounts of data, you have to use more
names) and variable information
sorting is that data is easier to find than one tape. So if it's an employee
(data). The key is the first field, the one
when it is in some ordered arrange- file, for example, you divide the
used to sort and retrieve· data with. ment." .
Each field, including the key, can be up alphabet into as many parts as needed.
The sort can be on an alphabetic The manual then shows how to com-
to 19 characters long.
field, or a numeric field, or on a field pute the number of records your
After you've entered all the informa-
made up of characters that are neither computer can store at one time, by
tion in the fixed and variable fields, you
letters nor numbers, and in which, for dividing record length into available
store it on one of your own tapes, as no
sorting purposes & precedes $, which RAM.
blank cassettes are furnished with this
comes before #, etc. You can't use a This is a good information system to
package.
semi-colon because that's for use if you have a fair amount of data to
The Retrieval and Update program, separating data items. keep track of, say at least several dozen
after being loaded, first asks you to I'd decided to keep track of the Radio items. For fewer items than that, a card
read in the data from the tape you've re- Shack software, so when the Initializa- file would be adequate and would
corded. Then it displays a menu, which tion tape was run and the screen asked require less manipulation. Even with
is a list of things you can do: add more for record length, I entered 35, which is large files, it all comes down to this:
records, obtain a list of the keys, look at 7 for the catalog number, plus 20 forthe how much time would you save by
or update or delete records, record description, 5 for the price, and 1 for computerizing them, and are the files
data, or end the run. each of the three fields. When the key important enough to you to make the
The menu says that if you want to length was· asked for, that was 7, the computerizing worthwhile? If the
look at, modify (update) or delete any catalog number. The screen then asks answers are "a lot" and "yes" then you
records, type an S. Then, to access a for the names of the fields and after that should check out IMIS, Radio Shack's
record, you type its key. The computer the data. In-Memory Information System. _

MARCH 1979 107

 .:.- .A.:::':::»lEJ Computer Products
*
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DISK DRIVES
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by Micro Peripherals, Inc. Operates
* S-loo MOTHER BOARDS
JADE 6·SLOT
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In eltne, single density
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Assembled & Tested $56.95 SYSTEMS
Bare Board $24.95
(250KB, unformatted) modes, up "KANSAS CITY STANDARD"
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access time of only 5 ms.
SA801 R $495.00 Kit $85.00 Part No. 111
by Shugart Slnqle-slded B" floppy Assembled & Tested $99.00 Board $7.60; with parts $27.50
disk drive. - 15 megahertz bandwidth. Bare Board $35.00
FD8·100 $395.00 - Externalandinternaltrigger. RS·232/TTL INTERFACE
GSI/Siemens. Runs cooler and - Time Base- 0.1 microsecondsto 0.5 13-SLOT "'QUIET MOTHER"' Part No. 232
quieter than B01 (B") Sec/div- 21 settings. Kit $95.00 Converts TTL to RS·232
DM2700·S $750.00 - Batteryor line operation. Assm. & Tested $110.00 and RS-232 to TTL
Includes SABOl R. 10"xlO"x16" Bare Board $40.00 Board only $4.50;
- Automaticandline syncmodes.
cabinet, power supply, data cable, with parts $7.00
fan, AC line filter. - Powerconsumptionlessthan 15W. 22-SLOT "'STREAKER"
- Verticle Gain - 0.01 to 50 volts/div- RS·232/TTY INTERFACE
Assm. & Tested $149.00
1791 B01 12settings. . Part No. 600
Dual Density Controller Chip - Weightis only 3 pounds. J.A.~:EJ Converts RS-232 to 20mA
MS-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . $318 current loop, and 20mA current
$49.95 VIDEO INTERFACE
MS-Z15DU81 TraceVersion. . . . . $435 loop to RS-232
S·lOO Compatible Serial Inter·
• With Rechargeable Board only $4.50;
face with Sockets Included.
Batteries & Charger Unit Kit $117.95 with parts $7.00
10to 1, 10 megprobe. . . . . . .. $27 Assembled & Tested $159.95
Leathercarryingcase $45 Bare Board w/rnanuai $ 35.00

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Convert your T. V. set into a

---[7
Hand.held logit probe provides inslDnt reading ot logic levell lor
TTL,' DTL" HTL. or CMOS. Inp,,1 Imp.-llnCI: 100,000 ohm •.
Minimum OIiOttlbl. Pul ••: 50 n•. Maximum Input Sign.1 Video Monitor
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High ,peed logic probe. Capture, pullel a, short as 10 ns. Input
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FLOPPY DISKS Mlximum Input Signll (FreqUlncy): 50 MHz. Pulse OlllctO' PARALLEL/SERIAL double-sided tape or VELCRO. included.
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B in. Standard Floppy Disks Assembled & Tested: - LCD·l0l or LCD·l02
sort Sector 14PIN 39teach JG,P/SA $179.95 your choice $34.95 ea.
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100 tor $30.00 Bare Board w/Manu at $ 30.00
FLOPPY DISK INTERFACE Sockets are end and side stack-
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Assembled & Tested $250.00 S-100 EDGE CONNECTORS features on Integral's
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and uses standard Bl/," paper and res-
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and parallel interface are included. IP·125 Integr~1 Data System IP·125 Friction Feed Printer
Assembled and complete with manual -96 upper & lower case ASCII character set
and documentation. only $470,00 - Enhanced character control
-Serial RS232C Interface (std. factory wiring)
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- 256 byte multiline buffer $799
TRS·80 Interface Cable for Black Box Printer
With ma tmq connectors: $48.00 IP·225 Integral Data System IP·225 Tractor Feed Printer
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Vti1at Plugboards
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8800V
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::'' ' ' ;'-' 1 =
t!:~t~n.;'jl~;'l~:,lw~
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~ "

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plete with heat sink & hardware. , ~- -
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3690·12
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with Bus Pattern tor Solder or
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board
Power
for
& Grd.
Wire Wrap
Bus Epoxy
with

Wire Wrap. Epoxy Glass 1/16" Same <15 8800V e xcep t ph:lln; Ian Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 pin con. Glass 1/16" 44 pin can. spaced
CARD EXTENDER 44 pin can. spaced .156. power buses & heat sink. spaced .156. .156.
Card Extender has 100 contacts. 50 per side
1-4 5-9 10·24
on .125 centers. Attached connector is com-
patible with S·1OOBus Systems . $25.00 3677 9.6" x 4.5" $10.90 88DOV 19.95 17.95 15.96 3662 6.5" x 4.5" . . . $7.65 3682 9.6" x 4.5" $10.97
36906.5" 22/4 pin. 158 ctrs. 3677-26.5" x 4.5" $9.74 8801·1 14.95 13.46 11.96 3662·29.6" x 4.5" ... $11.45
Extenders •••••.......... $12.00
3682·2 6.5" x 4.5" $9.81

108 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE: 800/421-5809
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6880P $ 2.50 24 pin Zip Dip,11 $7.50
CHARACTER GENERATORS
2513 Upper 1-12+5) $ 6.75 40 pin Zip Dip II $10.25
2513 Lower (-12+5) $ 6.75
2513 Upper (5 ""It) s 9.75
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MARCH 1979 109 CIRCLE 190 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 This is a program that imitates a stopwatch. You can start the stopwatch,
Stopwatch: stop it, get the present number of seconds while it is running and end the
program by typing certain letters on the keyboard.

A Tiny C Program Detailed description

After naming the variables, the instructions are printed on the screen.
Then MAGIC is set to 31. MAGIC is a magic number that determines the
Paul Gibson accuracy of the stopwatch. It takes one second to go through the inner
WHILE loop 31 times; so every 31 times through the loop, another second is
counted. At the beginning of the outer WHILE loop, the computer comes to
the statement: '
K=GETCHAR
When the computer comes to a GETCHAR, it stops and waits until a
character is typed. When a character is typed, it puts that character in K. The
character will most likely be 'g' (to start the stopwatch) which will make the
next IF statement true.
TIME is then set equal to zero. The next statement reads:
N=MAGIC/2
That will set MAGIC to 15 (tiny c doesn't have decimals). Then it will only
have to go through the inner WHILE loop fifteen times before counting the
first second. When a half-second has passed, the computer will count one
second. The purpose of this is to round the actual time to the nearest
second. If the actual time is between 'h and 1'h seconds, the computer will
The January 1979 issue of Creative Computing count one second. If the actual time is between 1V2and 2'h seconds, the
(pp 68-71) had an article about a unique new computer will count it as two seconds.
structured programming language, Tiny C. The In the beginning of the inner WHILE loop, N is set greater by one.
article contained a description of a program, , Eventually, by going around in the WHILE loop, N will equal31, so that the
Stopwatch, however no program! Well, here it is at next IF statement will be true:
last along with the description. IF(N==MAGIC) .
If readers are interested we have several ad- TIME, which was zero, is now set to one, as the time which was consumed
ditional Tiny C programs. Let us hear from you. by the WHILE loop and other parts of the program is one-half second. N
TinyC is available in 8080 and PDP-11 versions (which is 31) is set back to one so it will count up one second.
from Tiny C Associates, Box 269, Holmdel, NJ Each time around the inner WHILE loop, the computer tests to see if you
07733. have typed an's' or a 't' by using two CHRDY function calls. A CHRDY
function call checks if you have typed any character. CHRDY is short for
CHARACTER-READY. If the character that is ready (typed) is an's', then
STOF'~'lHTCH
the computer breaks out of the inner ~HILE loop and comes to the
statement:
[
IF(K=='s') [
INT K,MAGIC,N,TIME That statement is false because K is still 'g', so it skips that and comes to
F'L ••TH I S I S A S TOF'~jATCH" the statement:
F'L "T'Y'F'E
.. '
(; " GO
IF(K=='x') BREAK
TO
F'L " T"( F'E .' .::.".
.-:. TO STOF'
F'L"TYPE "T" TO TELL TIME WHILE STOPWATCH IS RUNNING"
PL •.r;"f'E ..' ::< .... TO El'-lD PRO(3RAt'1
PL" :. ; PL " " ; F'L " "
t1A':; I C ::::~:1 /+ MAGIC IS A MAGIC NUMBER WHICH TELLS HOW
~'lH I LE (1) [ /+ MANY TIMES TO GO THRU THE WHILE LOOF' BEFORE
f-::=":;ETCHAR /+ COUNTING ANOTHER SECOND
IF (f-::== "'1:;") [ .....• -------- :S:TRF:T STDPI.oJRTCH --------, +/
T It'1E=-1
N = 1'-1
A I:; I c/2
'~'lHILE (1) [
N=t·l+ 1 That statement is false because K is still 'g', so the computer skips it and
comes to the end of the outer WHILE loop. It goes back to the beginning of
IF (N==MAG I c) [
the WHILE and first comes to the statement;
T I t1E=T It'1E+ 1 K=GETCHAR
N=l The computer gets the character's', which was typed before, and puts it into
IF(CHRDY( =='S')BREAK
K. Next it Comes to the statement:
IF(K=='g')
IF (CHRJ)"( ( =="T"') [ •
This is false since K is now's', so it skips that IF and comes tothe statement:
GETCHAR Ft-l T !t·1E IF(K=='s')[ "
] This is true, so it does the commands listed between the brackets enclosing
] the IF statement which are to print the number of seconds on the screen.
] After it finishes that it goes to the top of the outer WHILE loop and comes
to the statement:
]
K=GETCHAR
IF (f-::== ..' S ";' [ The stopwatch has just finished one complete timing, from 'g' to 'stop.'
PL" " Now it is ready to start up again.
There is one command I haven't explained yet. You can find out the
PN T I t'lE
number of seconds while the stopwatch is running by typing a't.'
F'S :=ECDtlJ):= If the stopwatch is started up again by typing a 'g' the computer will come
F'L to the two CHRDY function calls. One of them checks if you have typed at.'
F'L If you have, then the computer does a GETCHAR and gets the character.
] Then it prints out the time; but after that the stopwatch continues counting.
If you want to stop the program, type 'x.' Eventually, the computer will
IF (f'::===" ::< ,"::0 E:REf'lf-. come to the statement:
] IF(K=='x') BREAK
] This is true, so the computer will break out of the outer WHILE loop and
come to the end of the program. _

CREATIVE COMPUTING
110
 Computer Career Opportunities
.If you've gone as far as you can with your present company you should come work with us at Digital, We'll
give you all the room you need, We're a billion-and -a -half dollar company tha t con tinues to grow by intro-
ducing hot new products like VAX So there's always plenty to challenge even the best people.
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• Peripheral fault isolation and diagnosis • Operating systems design and
• Sales Professionals with a solid track modifica lions
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~
o 0 @
"" 0

{II III

,- THE BAJTIRe PACf<.AGE MAIt."INC7 ();JB /S

DOfJ5 f?l( COf.tlPL.JTER HeRE -INc-/..uDINGr
SEA,LItv'6- TFit: ENVELOPE /I

111
MARCH 1979
 Pascal's
Triangle: _
What's u
All A~ou~?lilll
I ~~~
An APL and _BaSICapproach to one of the oldest, ~
nd most interesting, programming problems.
Jordan Mechner
This triangle has quite a few interesting RUt! Fig. 2
properties. 1
1
1 1
LIST
Fig.1
.
\7
121 10 PHI P(11,11)
1 3 3 20 fOR C·1 TO 11
1 4 6 4 1 30 P(C,C)=1 3
40 NEXT C
Each rowis symmetrical. Each row also 50 fOR R=1 TO 10 6
happens to contain the coefficientstor 55 T=O
a binomial expansion. The descending 60 fOR C=1 TO R 10 10 5
diagonals are the same as the columns .. 70 P(Rt1,C)~P(R,C)tP(R,C-l)
80 PRINT TAB(TI;P(R,C); 15 20 15
The sums across the ascending 85 T=Tt5
diagpnals form the Fibonacci se- 90 NEXT C 21 35 35 21
quence. The sums across the rows are 100 PRiNT
all powers of two. Each row cor- 105 PRINT, 28 56 70 56 28 8
responds to the digits of a power of 11. 110 NEXT R
120 END 36 84 126 126 84 36
Every element is the sum of the one
above it and the one to the left of the 10 45 120 HO 252 210 120 45 10
one above it. All the elements are
identities in combinatorial theory. 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 11
This is, of course, Pascal's Triangle,
a favorite programming problem. The Lines 20 through 40 set the diagonal It looks like line 3 is the interesting
ways it can be generated are as varied at 1. Lines 50 through 110 do the actual part of the function.
and interesting as its properties, calculating and printing out of the Let's examine its action more closely:
though often more difficult to figure triangle. The variable T simply contains X = 1
out. The powers-of-eleven idea, for the number of tabs the computer a
instance, which seemed pretty simple, should space over to make the output + a 1
conks out when we get to higher look nice. It's a simple enough
powers (11~ = 161051, which doesn't program.
look like it belongs in the triangle) Fig. 3 is another BASIC program X = 1
because the digits carryover and make which uses a different approach and, o
a mess. incidentally, does not use arrays. (Fig. + 0 1
How else can the triangle be 4 is a sample run.) It generates the
generated? Let's look at it closely: triangle one element at a time. Can you 2
1 figure out what makes this tick? Line 60 X = 1 2 1
1 1 is the crucial one. 210
1 2 1 If you're familiar with APL you may + a 1 2 1
1 3 3 1 have seen that this could be a beautiful
1 464 demonstration of its power and con- 3 3
Any element of any column can be ciseness. Fig. 5 is an APL version of the X=1331
found by aqding the previous element program. Line 1 sets X, which contains This is a much simpler and more
of that column to the previous element only one row at a time, at 1. Line 2 prints elegant way of looking at the adding up
of the previous column. Let's see if we out X. Line 3 catenates a zero onto the of elements, but it would be nearly
can pack this into a BASIC program. end, then onto the beginning, and adds impossible to work out in BASIC.
Fig.1 is a listing of the program and Fig. the two together. Line 4 loops back to There are other ways to generate
2 is a sample run. line 2. Fig. 6 is a run of the program. Pascal's Triangle (there will always be

112 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 Fig. 3' LIST
10 FOR H;:O TO 11
20 LET T=O
30 FOR'R=O TO N
=================Q
40 LET C=l $AVE TWICE ON 78 TAXE$ SOLID STATE &
45 IF H<H-R+l THEN 80 HOBBY CIRCUITS MANUAL
50 FOR X=H TO N-R+l STEP -1 Micro Users Tax Booklet 78 shows how to $1.95 postpaid to your door. The new
60 LET. C=C*X/(N-X+1) slash taxes with deductions for micro $4.99 manual offers over 400 pages of
70 NEXT X
80 PRINT TAB(T); C; circuits for the hobbyist, engineer,
Micro Tax 78 does 1040 schds ABC D in experimenter and do-it-yourself kit
90 LET T=T+5
100 NEXT R minutes. 16K TRS-80 LEVEL II $9.99 builder. HURRY - Supply limited.
110 PRINT Free catalog. Frazer & Associates,
120 PRINT Both for $12.98. Check or MO George 1888 Century Park East Suite 10,
Fig. 4
130 NEXl N Clisham Box 1172 Duxbury, Mass 02332 Century City, Calif. 90067
RUN 1~O END
1 CIRCLE 175 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 197 ON READER SERVICE CARD

=================~
3 3

10 10 5
PME-l improves
6 15

21

28
20

3S

56
10

35

70
21

56 28 8
your PET 3 ways
36 8~ 126 126 84 1
Now an expansion
36 9

II P il S C11L 1 UJ] II

II PilL'CALl
memory board for
X*-1
[1J
[2= X your PET
[3J Xf-(X,O)+O,X
[ If· ] -+2
V
16K ($420)
PASCAL 1
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1
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1 1- • Mounts easily inside your
1 2 1 PET chassis
1 3 3 1 • Uses your PET's transformer
1 L~ t. I' t 1 without degradation of your
system
other ways). In fact, here are a tew
challenges: • Full 6 month limited
1 - Write a BASIC program to print warranty
out a specified row of Pascal's • Full manual with graphic
Triangle without wasting
display memory test
memory by stori ng all the others.
2 - Write an APL function to do the that shows chip
same thing. (Can you do it with layout
eight cnaractersv)
3 - Write programs in BASIC and Dealer Inquiries Invited
APL to prove that when you sum
across the rows, you get powers For a complete spec sheet write:
of two and that when you sum
across the ascending diagonals,
you get the Fibonacci sequence. COMPUTER MART SYSTEMS
4 - Use the powers-ot-eleven idea to 13 East 30th Street
generate a triangle. Find some New York, New York 10016
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212·686· 7923

• PET is a registered
Commodore Business
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of
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lealIBI_iJ 2-4 weeks delivery
MARCH 1979

CIRCLE 107 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Sports Judging Made Faster ... and Easier
N.B. Winkless, Jr.
-,
'Q~=1"20j
o ~:::=====---=--
o
G 0 () v
\JOuooo 0
.' G \ \) (.)0 0
\ 0 () J 0 00 G ()0 ()
0
\;f\
OU .o~o 0 e I

-
-
~

--~ ~\~
-,.>': .>:

=>:'.~~~~;~./ ..
»>: .:.----/./\
Now you can use your home computer for calculating scores
from multiple judges in some sporting events. Better yet, let
the judges use it!

Young Stanislaus ran into the living Pop sighed and obeyed. Here's the try that out against each of the scores
room and grabbed his father by the way it went. (See Figure 1). as they're reported, there at 114, and
wrist. Pop sighed. "Now what?" spot the lowest in the group. Same way
"Come sit down at the machine and Pop looked at the sheet. "Fast. with Y(X), the highest scores. Then I
see what I've come up with. You know What's the program look like?" Stan take them both out at 1500."
how they score in the Games, with half showed him. (See Figure 2) "Hmmm."
a dozen judges holding up signs-'8%, "At 1500, they're subtracted, as they
7'/2, 6%, 7, 8,'-all that? Hard to figure, "Hmm," said Pop. "Seems clear should be. Are you following this?"
right? Especially when they drop out enough down to line 114. What's that?" "Hmm. And what's going on in the
the highest and lowest ratings." "I'm taking the scores as they're 5000 area?"
"Unh-hunh. They've got people for INPUT for each contestant, and adding "That's a SORT routine I made up.
that." them up as I go along. But I have to pay Y'see ... Uh, shall I explain it or would
"And there's the 'difficulty factor.' attention to which is highest, and you rather figure it out for yourself?"
They've got to multiply by some funny which is lowest, if I'm going to subtract Pop groaned. "Never mind. How
numbers-2.8 or 3.5 ... " those from the totals. And I do. We've come you gave me the by-line?"
"So?" picked Option B at 50, and so A$ is not Stan grinned. "When I sell it, I don't
"So type 'RUN' and make up some A. X(X) is an arbitrarily high number- want anybody to know it came from an
numbers." actually 10113, as you seeat line3-so I eleven-year-oltl kid." •
N.S. Winkless, Jr., 11745 Landale St., No.
Hollywood, CA 91607.
114 CREATIVE COMPUTING
Now do more than ever before with the most powerful Basic you can buy for the TRS-80.
Open the manual and load the cassette. Then get ready to work with the most powerful Basic interpreter you've ever had your hands
on...LevellIl Basic for Radio Shack Computers. It loads right on top of the Level II ROM, and in just 5K of space, opens up
your capability to new dimensions. For starters, this new cassette-based interpreter gives you the whole catalog of disk programming
power, Plus graphics commands. Plus powerful editing commands. Plus long error messages, hex and octal constants and con-
versions, user defined functions and a number of commands never before available on either cassette or disk interpreters!
Easier Loading, Fewer Keyboard Errors. G2 Level III Basic eliminates aggravations you've had, including keyboard "bounce" and
those super-sensitive. tape deck settings. Programs will load easier, and you'll have far less trouble with input errors.
Basic Access to RS-232. Until now, if you wanted to access your RS-232 interface, you had to work in assembly language. G2
Level III Basic does the work for you, letting you use your interface with Basic statements.
Have You Wished for More Power? This new interpreter gives you 10 machine language user calls for subroutines, long error
messages, a new TIME$ call for your real time accessory, plus measure or limit input timing that lets you put a time limit on
responses when you're playing games or giving exams. And the list doesn't stop here.
Easier and More Powerful Graphics. This new Basic includes three simple commands that can eliminate dozens of program steps.
PUT transfers information from a designated array to your screen; GET reverses the process. LINE makes your computer do the
work when you input beginning and end points. Give it two diagonally opposite corner locations, and it'll outline the rectangle
you're looking for.
Only Microsoft Could Do It. G2 Level III Basic was created by Microsoft, the same company that wrote Level II Basic for Radio
Shack. And it actually uses Level II as a foundation for this enhanced add-on. By the time you've mastered all it can do, calling
up the flexibility of the graphics commands, and even enjoying the convenience of renumbering, you'll wonder how it was all
possi ble. It's like getting a whole new computer for your computer.
Available Now for Only $49.95. You get the power that might otherwise cost you hundreds of dollars in additional equipment for
only $49.95. Price includes the User Manual, a Quick-Reference Card, and a preprogrammed cassette tape. Load the tape, open the
manual, and get ready to work with the most powerful Basic Interpreter you've ever had your hands on. G2 Level III Basic for
the TRS-80. Another member of the growing G2 Personal Computer Program Library.
For the name of the G2 dealer nearest you, call us toll-free at 800/538-8540 or
THE REASON S'
ifM
800/538-8541. In California, please call 800/672-8691.
® A Product of GRT Corporation
YOU BOUGHT •
COR~RA~N
Consumer Computer Group
1286 North Lawrence Station Road. Sunnyvate. California 94086. 408/734-291 0 YOUR COMPUTER.
CIRCLE 152 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MARCH 1979 115

 RUN
ATHLETES: HOW THEY SCORE AND RANK. FIGURE 1
(WE'LL PAUSE FOR CALCULATIONS ...)
THIS PROGRAM FACILITATES SCORING
OF DIVING, GYMNASTICS, ETC.,
IN WHICH SEVERAL JUDGES AND
SEVERAL DEGREES OF DIFFICULTY
MAY HAVE TO BE CALCULATED.
1 PRINT "ATHLETES: HOW THEY SCORE AND RANK."
BY N. B. WINKLESS, JR., 1978 2 PRINT "(WE'LL PAUSE FOR CALCULATIONS ...)" FIGURE 2
3 DIM X(100):FOR 0=1 TO 100:X(0)=10~3:NEXT 0
HOW MANY CONTESTANTS (LIMIT 100)7 5 4 DIM C(100),D(100),H(100),R(100),Y(100),Z(100)
HOW MANY JUDGES7 5 6 PRINT
WHICH SCORING METHOD -- 9 DIM 1(100)
USE ALL SCORES (A) ... OR 10 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM FACILITATES SCORING"
DROP HIGHEST & LOWEST (B)7 B 12 PRINT "OF DIVING, GYMNASTICS, ETC. ."
OKAY, WE'LL DROP THOSE SCORES. 14 PRINT "IN WHICH SEVERAL JUDGES AND"
ENTER DIFFICULTY FACTOR FOR CONTESTANT U 1 16 PRINT "SEVERAL DEGREES OF DIFFICULTY"
18 PRINT" MAY HAVE TO BE CALCULATED."
(IF NONE, ENTER 0)7 2.3 20 PRINT: PRINT "BYN. B. WINKLESS, JR., 1978"
ENTER JUDGES' SCORINGS (ALL 5 OF THEM, PLS.)-- 25 PRINT
JUDGE U 1 RATES CONTESTANT II 1 AT 7 6.5 26 INPUT "HOW MANY CONTESTANTS (LIMIT 100)";C
JUDGE U 2 RATES CONTESTANT U 1 AT 7 6.0 27 INPUT "HOW MANY JUDGES"; J
JUDGE U 3 RATES CONTESTANT U 1 AT 7 7.0 30 PRINT "WHICH SCORING METHOD --"
JUDGE 1/4 RATES CONTESTANT 1/ 1 AT 7 6.0 40 PRINT " USE ALL SCORES (A)... OR"
JUDGE U 5 RATES CONTESTANT 1/ 1 AT 7 5.5 50 INPUT" DROP HIGHEST & LOWEST (B)";A$
OKAY, NEXT CONTESTANT -- 55 IF A$="B" THEN PRINT "OKAY, WE'LL DROP THOSE SCORES.": PRINT: GOTO 80
ENTER DIFFICULTY FACTOR FOR CONTESTANT U 2 70 PRINT "OKAY. WE'LL COUNT ALL SCORES."
(IF NONE, ENTER 0)7 3.1 75 PRINT
ENTER JUDGES' SCORINGS (ALL 5 OF THEM, PLS.)-- 80 X=X+l: PRINT"ENTER DIFFICULTY FACTOR FOR CONTESTANT U";X
JUDGE U 1 RATES CONTESTANT II2 AT 7 6.0 82 INPUT "(IF NONE, ENTER O)";D(X)
JUDGE U 2 RATES CONTESTANT U 2 AT 7 5.5 83 IF D(X)=O THEN D(X)=l
JUDGE II 3 RATES CONTESTANT II2 AT 7 7.0 84 PRINT "ENTER JUDGES' SCORINGS (ALL";J;" OF THEM, PLS.)--"
JUDGE 1/4 RATES CONTESTANT U 2 AT 7 5.5 100 U=U+l
JUDGE U 5 RATES CONTESTANT II2 AT 7 5.0 104 PRINT "JUDGE II";U;" RATES CONTESTANT II";X;" AT ":
OKAY, NEXT CONTESTANT -- 105 INPUT C(X)
ENTER DIFFICULTY FACTOR FOR CONTESTANT U 3 112 T(X)=T(X)+C(X)
(IF NONE, ENTER 0)7 1.8 114 IF X(X»=C(X) THEN X(X)=C(X)
ENTER JUDGES' SCORINGS (ALL 5 OF THEM, PLS.)-- 116 IF Y(X)<=C(X) THEN Y(X)=C(X)
JUDGE II 1 RATES CONTESTANT 1/3 AT 7 8.0 118 IF U=J THEN Cl=Cl+l: GOSUB 1500
JUDGE U 2 RATES CONTESTANT U 3 AT 7 7.5 119 IF Cl=C THEN 200
JUDGE 1/3 RATES CONTESTANT U 3 AT 7 9.5 120 IF U=O THEN PRINT "OKAY, NEXT CONTESTANT --": GOTO 80
JUDGE 1/4 RATES CONTESTANT 1/3 AT 7 8.5 125 GOTO 100
JUDGE 1/5 RATES CONTESTANT II3 AT 7 7.5 200 !REM -- GOING TO A FINISH
220 FOR Vl=l TO C
OKAY, NEXT CONTESTANT -- 230 C(Vl )=T(Vl)
ENTER DIFFICULTY FACTOR FOR CONTESTANT U 4 240 NEXT Vl
(IF NONE, ENTER 0)7 4.2 300 GOTO 4800
,ENTER JUDGES' SCORINGS (ALL 5 OF THEM, PLS.)-- 400 PRINT "THAT'S IT.": PRINT
JUDGE 1/ 1 RATES CONTESTANT U 4 AT 7 5.3 1500 IF A$<>"A" THEN T(X)=T(X)-(X(X)+Y(X»
JUDGE II2 RATES CONTESTANT 1/4 AT 7 3.5 1510 T(X)=T(X)*D(X)
JUDGE 1/3 RATES CONTESTANT II4 AT 7 5.0 1515 u=o
JUDGE 1/4 RATES CONTESTANT U 4 AT 7 6.0 1516 PRINT
JUDGE II5 RATES CONTESTANT Ii 4 AT 7 4.0 1520 RETURN
OKAY, NEXT CONTESTANT -- 4800 PRINT: PRINT "THAT'S IT.": PRINT
ENTER DIFFICULTY FACTOR FOR CONTESTANT Ii 5 4810 FOR K=l TO 50
4820 NEXT K
(IF NONE, ENTER 0)7 3.6 4828 PRINT "JUST A SECOND. I'M THINKING ..."
ENTER JUDGES' SCORINGS (ALL 5 OF THEM, PLS.)-~
JUDGE 1/ 1 RATES CONTESTANT 1/5 AT 7 7.5 4830 FOR K=l TO 100: NEXT K
JUDGE 1/2 RATES CONTESTANT U 5 AT 7 7.0 4900 PRINT
JUDGE 1/3 RATES CONTESTANT U 5 AT? 6.5 4901 FOR M5=1 TO X
JUDGE 1/4 RATES CONTESTANT II5 AT 7 7.0 4902 PRINT "C( ";M5;")-";C(M5)
JUDGE II5 RATES CONTESTANT 1/5 AT 7 5.5 4903 NEXT M5
5000 Q::Q+1
THAT'S IT. 5100 FOR Z=Q TO X
, JUST A SECOND. I'M THINKING ... 5105 A=C(Q)
C( )- 42.55 5110 IF A<=C(Z+l) THEN A=C(Z+l): Q=Z+l
C( 2 )- 52.7 5115 IF Z+ 1=X THEN 5130
C( 3 )- 43.2 5120 NEXT Z
C( 4 )- 60.06 5130 T=T+l
~C( 5 )- 73.8 5140 PRINT "II";Q;" CONTESTANT RANKS"iT;" AT";C(Q)i" POINTS."
1/5 CONTESTANT RANKS 1 AT 73.8 POINTS. 5150 IF T=X THEN 5300
U 4 CONTESTANT RANKS 2 AT 60.06 POfNTS. 5160 FOR J=l TO X
1/2 CONTESTANT RANKS 3 AT 52.7 POINTS. 5170 C(Q)=O
U 3 CONTESTANT RANKS 4 AT 43.2 POINTS. 5180 NEXT J
II 1 CONTESTANT RANKS 5 AT 42.55 POINTS. 5190 Q=O: GOTO 5000
5300 PRINT: PRINT "THAT COVERS OUR "iX;" CONTESTANTS"
THAT COVERS OUR 5 CONTESTANTS 5310 PRINT: PRINT: END

116 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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 What Are Data? ~/
Data files exDlained/
~~~
~~<
(.-~}. -: /

Helmar B. Herman -

There are several methods for storing data in disk files ... and
there are several methods for accessing that data. W-,-h_i-"-c~h~""",,,
.••.•••••
best and what are the tradeoffs to consider?

What Are Data? position. The sequence of the fields, between variable length field records
A file is a named collection of related however, is fixed. That is the first field is and fixed length field records. On the
records, A record is, a collection of always the name field, the second field surface, variable length fields seem to
related data items (fields) grouped into is always the address, and so on. have the most benefits. Everything
a isinqle unit (the record). Figure 1 Fixed length field records (see Fig. 3) seems compact and, somehow, tidy.
shows a simple name & address file as are quite different. Each field occupies Fixed length field records, however,
an .exarnple. a specific portion of the record. The are by far the more widely. used,
A name & address file would contain name field occupies positions 1-20, the especially in large scale computers.
an )entry (record) for each person. Each address field 21-40, the city field 41-50, General purpose software packages
record would contain a particular the state field 51-52 and the zip code are much easier to write for fixed length
person's name, address, city, state and field 53-57. No matter which record is field files. Also, the problem of selec-
zip code. These data items-are known read, the city field will always be in ting a suitable delimiter character is
as fields. Thus the name & address file positions 41-50. If the data in a field is sometimes very difficult.
consists of 5 fields. That is', each rec- shorter than the maximum allowed for
ord of the file contains 5 fields r that field, then the data must be padded
, In order to process the records there with blanks at the end of the data so How Do You Manage It?
fTlust be some way of determining that the next field will start in the proper The effective management of data
when one field stops and the next field location. Numeric fields are sometimes files is one of the first considerations to
begins.'lt may be quite obvious to YOU padded on the left with zeros. For be made when designing any new
thati~ the first record the name field example, the name field of record 1 software system. No matter what the
contains "John Jones" and the address contains "John Jones" followed by 10 application, it must be possible to add,
fielq 'contains "123 Elm Street" but blanks. If it weren't for the extra blanks, update and delete records from the
unless-some special technique is used, the next field (the address) would be in data file(s). Various reports will be
a computer program would just see the the wrong location. One important necessary. It must be possible to sort
entire record as one big field. There characteristic of fixed length field rec- the file into various sequences for the
must, then, be some standardtechni- ords is that the length of the data in reports. A method for backing up the
que for separating fields with a record. each field can never exceed the length files is also needed. When adding or
,.There are, in fact, two techniques of that field. As seen in Fig. 3, no name updating records, it would be very
generally used to identify .fields within greater than 20 characters can ever be inefficient to have the operator enter
a record. One is called "variable length entered. the entire record as it appears on disk
fields': and the other is called "fixed When designing a variable length (pad characters and all). Instead, the
length fields." field file, you must determine each update program must allow individual
.W,rer) variable length field records field's name and the order of the fields. fields to be updated and, when adding
are used, all fields are adjoining and are Also, you must decide on a delimiter records, must prompt the operator for
separated by a special character called character. You must be careful to pick a each field.
the delimiter character (see Fig. 2). The character that will never appear as data Since all of the above functions are
specific delimiter character varies from in a field. required for any application written,
system to system. Each field is variable For fixed length field files, in addition and since the programs necessary to
in length depending on the data to each field's name and order, you perform these functions are relatively
content. For example, the name field of must also decide on the size of each complex, it would obviously be
record 1 is 10 characters in length while field. Once the size of a field has been desirable if a single set of programs
the name field' of record 2 is 16 selected, it can only be changed with (called a DATA MANAGEMENT
characters long (not counting the great difficulty. Be sure that each field SYSTEM) could maintain any and all
delimiter character-in this case a is large enough to contain the longest data files.
semi-colon). data item you will ever need in that That then is the function of a DATA
Notice that in record 1, the address field. In the case of numeric fields, for MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. A set of
field starts in position 12'of the record example, if you have chosen a field programs, general in nature, that are
while in record 2, the address field length of 7, then the field can never ableto maintain any data file.
starts in position 18. Not only are the hold a dollar amount greater than There are three methods of organiz-
fields variable in length but, except for 9999.99 or less than -999.99. ing and maintaining data files. Sequen-
the first field, they also are variable in Figure 4 lists the various trade-offs tial, direct and indexed sequential.

Helmar B. Herman, Creative Computer

Applications, 2218 Glen Canyon Rd., Altadena.
CA 91001. .

118 CREATIVE COMPUTING

PET / TRS-80 / APPLE: Personal Software brings

NEW!. THE E C 'PAINTBRUSH by Ken Andersoll for4K- r executes your programs almost
Levei I·anp II TRS"80s: Create the.most dazzling graphics displays instantaneously, allowing you to create real-time, animated
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Paintbrush is actually a simple 'tanquaqe' in which you can write 'snapshots' of the action of a single one-line program over about
'programs' directing your paintbrush around ttie screen-drawing thirty seconds, Mesmerize your friends with visual effects they've
lines, turning corners, changing white to black, etc. Once defined, never seen on a TV screen! There's no limit to the variety of exciting
these programs may be called by other programs or repetitively and artistic graphics displays you can create with The Electric
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and 16K APPLEs, in 6502 machine lanquaqe, offers 8 levels of play legality and displays the current position on a graphic chessboard.
to suit everyone from the beginner learning chess, to the serious You can play White or Black, set up and play from special board
player. It examines positions as many as 6 moves ahead, and positions, or even watch the computer play against itself! Available
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BRIDGE CHALLENGER by George Duisman for 8K PETs, Level II
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scanners and ship's status report are constantly updated on the
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WHERE TO GET IT: Look for the Personal Software'· display rack
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•
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Personal Softw~reTM
P.o. Box 136-C3, Cambridge, MA 02138
MARCH 1979 119 CIRCLE 108 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 Maintaining a sequential (SAM) file
always requires copying the file to
••••••••••••.•••••••••• CONTE:N·TS ••••..•.•••.•••..•.••.••..•.•.. another place on disk arid updating it
111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556 as you go. Or, if the file will fit in main
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456i890 storage, the file can be read into main
storage, updated and then written back
John Jones 123 EI" Street Austin TX 93214 to disk. The latter technique, however,
does not allow for much expansion of
2 Bill SMithington 87 FarMer Avenue Tustin CA 93217 the file. When the first technique is
used, then the updates must be in the
3 Arnold FraM 615 Green Road Pasadena CA 96250 same order as the data file. If, for
example, record 5 has been updated
and written out to disk, it is too late to
go back and update record 3.
n Robert Kane 605 6th Street Chicago IL 04932 A common method for updating
sequential files is to . enter all the
updates into an update file, sort the
Address file - variable length fields
update file into the same sequence as
the main data file, and run the update
............•.......... c 0 N TEN T S •••••••••••••••••••••• program which reads the update and
111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556
data files and outputs the new data file
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 and an error report. The sorting insures
that the updates are in the proper
John Jones;123 ElM Street;Austin;TX;93214; sequence. Of course, the update
program must check for such things as
2 Bill SMithington;8? FarMer Avenue;Tustin;CA;93217; updates or deletes to non-existent rec-
ords, out of sequence updates (don't
3 Arnold FraM:615 Green Road;Pasadena;CA;96250; assume anything, especially that the
.
,,
updates are in the proper sequence),
syntax errors and more.
Generally speaking, sequential files
n Robert Kane;605 6th Street;Chicago;IL;04932; are rarely used or supported by data
management systems. The other two
methods are much preferred.
Direct files (DAM) are maintained as
•••••••••••••••••• · ••••• C 0 N TEN T S •••••••••••••••••••••• follows. Added records are always
111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556 appended to the end of the file. To
1234567890123456'8901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 identify a record to be updated or
deleted its relative' record number is
John Jones 123 ElM Street Aus ti-n TX93214 used. The relative record number is
simply the record number within the
2 Fill Sll1thil1';Jtol1 87 FarMer Avenue Tustin CA93217 file. The first record in the file is record
1, the second is record 2, etc. Since the
3 Arnol,j Fr,rtl 615 Br een Roa,j Pasaden~ CA96250 access is directly to the desired rec-
ord, this is the fastest method of all.
When a record is deleted, it is not
actually deleted at this time. To do so
n Robel't Kane 605 6Ur Street Chica90 IL04932 would require that all of the records
past the deleted record be shifted one
record to the front of the file. Not only
would this be too time consuming but
E!:3YrL~ - var i ab l e/Ff xed field tl~",deoffs
also all of the record numbers past the
deleted record would change. Instead
Ho field ,..ay contain the de l is i t e r Since 'ther-e are no de l i e i ter r har-ac t er s of physically deleting the record, it is
character. a field "ay conhin any ASCII char-ect er • flC!gged for deletion. A special, pre:"
IIaxiflUM field lengths are easier to Field lengths can only be chanced with determined portion of the record is set
change (usually nothing has to be great effort. The ;'ajor pr cb j ee is that to indicate that this is a deleted record.
done unless the progT'al'l is expect.ing if a t ie Id lengH. is ch.lnged the
a p ar t icu l ar ttaxif'HIl'I field length.) l oc at i o n of all fields fo l l oa i nq All other programs of the data manage-
that field are also r hanged , Not ment system must look for and
only will progrart changes be required
but the data 1'i l e itself wi 11 have
recognize that delete flag. At some time
to be re-structured to the new for'MElt. in the future, a special program is run
Very few software packages suppcr t Host software packages support r ixed
that "compacts" the file, removing all
variable length fields. length fields. deleted records and shifting all the
VariClble length fields usually c c nsuee
remaining records down toward the
Since eacf t i e ld location is fixed,
ser-e CPU t i ae bec aus e each field eus t no scanning is necessary. beginning of the file. It should be noted
be scanned for. This t iee I'\ay be off-
set so"ewhat by the fact that var i •• ble
that until the file is compacted, the
length records ar e usually shorter delected records are still there and the
than fixed len9th records and there-
fore the I/O t iae will be less.
data management System should allow
the record to be reclaimed.
Bl~ckin9 of records (placing "ore than B:lockin9 of recor-ds is r-e l at.Lve l v
one record in CI sector) is very
There are two main disadvantaqes to
s i ap l e , If the sector size is 250 "and
difficult. Direct access with b l ct ke d each record'is 50 bytes· 10n'3 then direct files. The first is that the records
variable length records is virtually
iepo s s i b l e ,
there will be a record at position 1, are not maintained in any particular
51, 101, 1S1, and 201 of each sector.
sequence. Added records are always
placed at the end. If a report is printed
120 CREATIVE CQMPUTING
 from a direct file, specific records may
be difficult to find. The second disad-
vantage is actually related to the first.
In order to update a record, you must
know its record number. This requires
looking up the record number from
Here's Your BRAND
some hard copy report (unless the data
management system has a scan facili-
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eliminated through the use of sorting.
With LIGHTENING
After a file has been updated, it can
then be resorted into the desired FAST DELIVERY.
sequence before printing the report. As
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can be found easily and quickly.
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The data file looks much the same as
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be searched in order to find the track CR-TUARTIA Cromemco TU-ART Assm. $ 295. s 266.
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Then the track is searched to find the CR-P1081A Cromemco 8-Port liD Assm. $ 295. s 266.
. desired record. Sometimes, if there is FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS
enough main storage, the index file (or NS-MDS/D North Star Doub. Dens. Micro Disk Kit $ 699. $ 587.
a portion of it) is kept in main storage, NS-MDS/D/A North Star Doub. Dens. Micro Disk
thus speeding things up even more. Assm. $ 799. S 671.
The overflow file is used when rec-
MI-l042Ml Micropolis 143K Macrofloppy Assm. $ 795. s
675.
MI-l043M2 . Micropolis 315K Metafloppy Assm. $1145 . $ 973.
ords are added -.If a track is full, and a
new record is added that would nor- 'This price is for payment by check or money order. Credit card
mally go on that track, then the last rec- prices slightly higher. Prices F.O. B. our warehouse-shipping
ord of the track is sh ifted off the track to . extra.
make room forthe new record. The rec-
• ALL ITEMS COMPLETE AND FACTORY-FRESH WITH FULL
ord shifted off is then rewritten to the MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY.
overflow file .
•Although undeniably powerful, TERMS:
Shipping Charges: $12 for Mainframes. Floppy systems. or large units;
ISAM files are very complex and the $1.75 per Goard.
$2.25 minimum per order.
programs to maintain them are much
larger than those required to maintain Delivery is stock to 30 days on most items. Shipment IS immediate for payment
by cashiers check. money order or charge card. Allow 3 weeks for personal
the other two file types. As an example checks to clear.
N.Y. state residents add appropriate sales tax.
of the relative program sizes, a DAM
Availability, prices and specs may change without notice.
logic module for an IBM/370 requires
about 4K of main storage while VSAM
(a much advanced version of ISAM)
requires over 300K. Also ISAM files HOURS:
Monday-Friday 10·5
sometimes have a very disturbing way Eastern Time
of self-destructing, especially if a Closed Sat. and Sun.
program is interrupted while main-
taining a file.
Given a satistactory sorting program
P.O. Box 71 • Fayetteville, New York 13066 (315) 637-6208
and report generator, a direct access
data management system can easily
compete with an ISAM system. _

MARCH 1979 CIRCLE 120 ON READER SERVICE CARD

/ 1

'J
~ \
, i

l- f-+-'
I- l-
II I 1-1- I-
I l v
II
,
II

l-
I-

r-
I-
i
I
i I I I I T
very distracting and time consuming to keep starting and
stopping the program.
The solution we found uses a variation on the second
Self-modifying programming is an interesting con- technique. There is only one DEF statement but the
cept when used intelligently and creatively. However, it computer rewrites the function definition by itself; the
must be used with extra caution, because self- program literally rewrites itself. Two versions are provid-
modifying programs can be difficult to debug, and can ed.One is for a compiler (Digital PDP11/40 BASIC). The
also have dire results when used incorrectly (namely, other is designed for an interpreter (Mits 12K BASIC).
destroying your program and BASIC itself). Also, self- The two versions go about this 'self-modification' in two
modifying code should not be used as an alternative to different ways. For the compiler version control is
well-structured programs, transferred to a special editor-like program (SETUP) via
the CHAI N instruction. SETUP then reads the source code
version of TABFUN into a string matrix (each line of
TABFUN is one element of the string matrix). The user is
then asked what function he/shewo_uld like to qraoh. (One
A problem that frequently appears in mathematics types 'SIN(X*PI)+3' if that is the function he/she wants.)
courses is the individual graphing of a handful of different SETUP then combines the element of a DEF statement
mathematical functions. (y = sin (x), y = log(4.2*x), Y = (Iine#, "DEF FNA (X)=" and the user supplied string) to
2*x+3 etc.). One way to have the computer do this is to make a legal BASIC statement. This string replaces the
write a program that has as many DEF statements as you element of thel string matrix that contained the old
have functions. You then have a separate graphing loop function definition. At this point the old TABFUN on the
for each graph. The program would look something like disk is erased and the string matrix is written onto the disk
this: in its place. Control returns to TABFUN via the CHAIN
command. .
10 DEF FNA(x) = SIN(x)
20 DEF FNB(x) = LOG(4.2*x) The same technique could have been used in T ABFN1,
30 DEF FNC(x) = the interpreter diversion. But since most smaller
microcomputers don't have a disk based language with
the CHAIN command, an alternative approach is in order.
Here the program searches the core memory for a 'D'
500 FOR I = A TO B STEP C followed by an 'E' followed by 'F' ... When it finds this spot
510 Y = FNA(I) it stops and asks for a new function like the compiler
520 GOSUB 1000 ! GRAPHING SUBROUTINE version. The new string is then POKE'd into successive
530 NEXT I locations following the '=' sign. A carriage return plus an
END statement are added for proper execution. Control
then returns to the main graphing and tabulating routines.
600 FOR I = A TO B STEP C Of course, aspects of a program other than mathematics
610 Y = FNB(I) functions could be modified in the same way. Definitions,
620 GOSUB 1000 string functions, DIM statements, setting of constants, or
630 NEXT I even program logic could also be changed with equal
ease. The replace statements could come from the user or
The resulting program is very large and not at all elegant a special data file. ,
especially if you have a large number of functions. Of A· final comment on self-modifying programs: BE
course you can write a program with only one "DEF" CAREFUL. Ordinary programs, when they 'bomb,' just
statement and let the user of the program change the produce extraneous outputs. Self-modifying programs
function after every run. The problem here is that students can do that and/or wipe themselves out (for example, the
with no previous computing experience have trouble program is the same after the run, only minus a mere 57
logging on the system, calling up the program and lines). It's a good idea to save the program on paper tape,
operating the programs in general. It is also extremely cassette, or somewhere safe on the disk before you run it
hard for them to modify the programs. Furthermore, it is on experimental or first time basis. _

122 CREATIVE COMPUTING

LISTING OF "TABFUN. BAS"
10 INPUT'X RANGE AND t OF SUBDIVISIONS';A,B,N
20 IF A=O AND B=O THEN 100
30 ,·X·, .y.
YOUR
40 FOR X=A TO B STEP (B-A)/N
50 &X,FNA(X)
60 NEXT X
70 INPUT'DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE X RANGE';A$
80 IF A$='YES' OR A$='Y' THEN 10
NORTH STAR *
PROGRAMMING SPECIALISTS!
COMPUTERS

90 INPUT 'DO YOU WANT A GRAPH OF FUNCTION';S$

100 IF B$='N' OR B$='NO' THEN 330 You can look to us for innovative and imaginative programs
110 INPUT'X RANGE AND t OF SUBDIVISIONS';Al,Bl,Nl
i20 INPUT'Y RANGE AND t OF SUBDIVISIONS';Yl,Y2,N2 ** Intertec Intertubes now available **
130 IF Al00 OR Bl<>O THEN A=Al:B=Bl
140 IF Nl<>O THEN N=Nl Thinker Toys 8" Disk Drives Many different and diversified
150 IF Y1<>0 OR '(2<>0 THEN 220
160 Yl=lE38:Y2~-lE38 for North Star Computers '99500 computers systems available. All
170 FOR X=A TO B STEP (B-A)/N Additional Drives '79500 include full access to Program
180 IF FNA(X»Y2 THEN Y2=FNA(X)
190 IF FNA(X)<Yl THEN Yl=FNA(X) Library. Systems start at '4,99500
200 NEXT X
210 IF N2=0 THEN. N2=70
220 &'GRAPH OF FUNCTION Xa'A'TO'B',INCREMENT:';(B-A)/N CSUB TIMESHARE
230 &TAB(22);'Y~'Yl'TO/Y2/,INCREMENT:';(Y2-Yl)/N
240 FOR X=A TO B STEP (B-A)/N A set of Functions Patches to North
250 Y=FNA (X)-Yl
260 P=INTCY/(Y2-Yl)*N2t.5J
DOSCHG defined in North Star DOS & BASIC
270 &CHR$ (10 H Star Basic that
Patches to connect that take advantage
280 IF POS (0 l>P THEN &CHR$ (8); :GO TO 280 handle all disc ac-
290 IF POS(O)<P THEN &TAB(P); Thinker Toys 8" of the versatility of
cessing' (Sequential,
300&'*';
Disk Drives to North Random, & Keyed the Horizon com-
310 NEXT X
320 & Star DOS & Basic. Access) and all CRT puter to implement
330 INPUT'DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE FUNCTION';CS Fully supports all display, format- an interrupt driven
340 IF CS='Y' OR C$='YES'THEN CHAIN'SETUP'
350 INPUT'DO YOU WANT TO RUN AGAIN';DS North Star Functions ting & Input. A bank-switching time
360 IF D$='G' OR D$='GRAPH' THEN 110 SUPERB APPLI-
-on 8" disk. sharing system.
370 IF D$='F' OR D$='FC' THEN CHAIN'SETUP'
380 IF D$='Y' OR D$='YES' THEN 10 CATION PROGRAM Requires additional
390 DEF FNA(X)=LOG(X) DEVELOPMENT memory & terminals.
400 END PACKAGE.
$49,95
$49,95
LISTING OF "SETUP. BAS"
Micro Mike's
10 ! SETUP - PUTS FNA IN 'TABFUN' D. SCHIFFER 10/77
20 OPEN'TABFUN.BAS' AS FILE 1
905 Buchanan, Amarillo, Texas 79101
30 DIM A$(40) 806-372-3633
40 INPUT LINE tl,A$(I) FOR I=l T~ 40
50 INPUT 'FNA(X)=';F$
60 KILL'TABFUN.BAS':OPEN'TABFUN.BAS'AS FILE 1 CIRCLE 177 ON READER SERVICE CARD
70 A$(39)='390 DEF FNA(X)='tF$tCHR$(13)tCHR$(10)
80 &tl,A$(I); FOR I=l TO 40
90 CLOSE 1
100 &'-'; FOR I=lTO 40
110 CHAIN'TABFUN.BAS'
120 END
INCOME TAX
LISTING OF "TABFNI . MIT"
PROGRAMS
10 REM VARIABLE FUNCTION GRAPHING FOR MITS 12 K BASIC
20 INPUT'X RANGE AND t OF SUBDIVISIONS';A,B,N
30 INPUT'Y RANGE AND t OF SUBDIVISIONS';C,D,Nl
35 IF Nl=O THEN Nl=70
40 IF C()O OR D<>O THEN 100
50 C=lE37:D=-lE37
FOR TRS·80™
60 FOR X=A TO B STEP (B-A)/N
70 IF FNA(X»D
80 IF FNA(X)(C
THEN D=FNA(X)
THEN C=FNA(X)
FOR INDIVIDUALS (LINE PRINTER OR
90 NEXT X
100 &'GRAPH OF FUNCTION X=';A;'TO';B;'STEP';(B-A)/N
DISK NOT REQUIRED)
110 &TAB(19);'Y=';C;'TO';D;'STEP';(D-C)/Nl
120 FOR X=A TO B STEP (B-A)/N
1040A 4K 7.95
130 P=INT«FNA(X)-C)/(D-C)*Nlt.5)
140 &TAB(P);'*' 1040 (with Schedule A 4K 14,95
150 NEXT X
160 &'WANT TO CHANGE FUNCTION';A$
& C thru F Routine)
170 IF A$='NO' OR A$='N' THEN 360
180 REM NOW FOR FUNCTION CHANGE
TC&G (Income Averaging) 4K 14.95
190 FOR II=O TO 12287
200 IF PEEK(·II)<>68 THEN 300
210 FOR KK=1 TO 6
220 READ JJ
* * * STATE LEVEL lOR 11***
230 DATA 69,70,32,70,78,65
240 IF JJ<>PEEK(IItJJ) THEN RESTORE:GOTO 300 BUSINESS & PROFESSIONAL:
250 NEXT KK
260 GO TO 320 Full systems with line printer
300 NEXT II
310 &'ERROR':STOP
output start at. , .. , .. , , 189.95
320 INPUT'FNA(X)=';F$
325 F$=FStCHR$(10)tCHR$(13)t'999
330 FOR LL=l TO LEN(F$)
END'tCHR$(10)tCHR$(13)
FREE 7·PAGE CATALOG
340 POKE IItJJtLL+l0,ASC(MID$(FS,LL,I»
350 NEXT LL
360 INPUT-RUN AGAIN·;S$
AND DESCRIPTION
370 IF B$='YES' OR B$='Y' THEN 10
380 DEF FNA(X)=SIN(X)
CONTRACT SERVICES ASSOCIATES
1846 W, Broadway Anaheim, CA 92804
CIRCLE 182 ON READER SERVICE CARD
MARCH 1979 123
 Disk Power: How to Use It
Apple's new disk system
Carl Swenson Using Apple's new disk
system, and others, will
be a lot easier if you have
an understanding of
reading and writing files.
The techniques pre-
sented below should be
helpful ... especially for
Apple owners.

Carl Swenson. Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98112 Photo by Carolyn Kozo

A disk for your computer is enough data statement which can be read from example, programs are stored sequen-
to make your head spin. The luxury of or written to by the program. However, tially. One need only know where the
loading and saving programs instead it doesn't need to be stored as part of file begins and ends and there is no
of fighting a cantankerous cassette the program in RAM like a DATA need to know where a given line is
player is next to heaven, and the real statement. The data file stays out on stored. There is little muss or fuss
power of computing is now available the disk and the disk becomes a where each line of the program or piece
through the disk. secondary, slower than RAM, memory. of data is stored because it is in order.
A disk enables you to write and use Presto, you have a 100K machine; and An example of the use of a sequential
programs which have large amounts of with a quick change of a disk, you geta data file would be to store transactions
stored information; for example, mail- new 100K. for a personal finances program. Each
ing lists, business records, nutritional In BASIC, variables of the READ list transaction might require six entries:
values of foods and inventories. These are read in sequence from the DATA
1) transaction number,
programs require disk file reading and list. Each successive variable takes the
2) date,
writing from within a program. This next piece of data. Similarly, a disk file 3) vendor code,
article gives examples, hints and warn- is first OPENed, which starts any read 4) check number if a bill is paid, or
ings on use of the disk commands or write at the first piece of data in the date due if a bill is received,
for data file creation and maintenance. file. When finished with a file it is 5) account affected,
Unfortunately, disk file commands vary always CLOSED. Each time the file is 6) amount of transaction.
greatly from BASIC to BASIC. We're opened, the result is like a RESTORE in
going to be discussing the format and the DATA statement; data starts fresh The transactions would be stored
techniques for the APPLE II DISK II. from the first entry. one after the other. When the end of the
month arrives and it is time to produce
The Data File Sequential Files the balance sheet, the transactions are
Since most of us speak BASIC, this The method of starting at the begin- read back sequentially one at a time
new concept, data file manipulation, ning of a file and reading and writing in
and processed. This type of file needs
might best be thought of as an exten- order is called sequential processing. controls to signal the end of the file, as
sion of the READ - DATA operation. A In many situations, seq uential process- well as insure that a new transaction is
data file can be thought of as a huge ing is adequate and desirable. For written after the last transaction and

124 CREATIVE COMPUTING

not over any previous transactions. A have seen or used other BASIC file The disk commands and input/out-
suitable way to accomplish this is to commands you realize that APPLE'S put of the disk file can be monitored
store the transaction number (with, are somewhat different. (made to appear on the screen) by
say, exactly 3 digits) of the lasttransac- In order to avoid the recognition of using the MON and NOMON com-
tion of the file as the first entry of the several new reserved words, APPLE'S mands which are explained in the Disk
file. This first number can be read and disk commands have been put in a print II documentation. Having the monitor
then an IF-THEN statement can check statement that starts with a on is a good way to see the disk file
each subsequent transaction to see if it "CONTROL-D." This can make the manipulations in the' learning or
is the last one. Reaching the last disk commands sometimes cumber- debugging states. A perfected program
transaction signals the end of process- some and hard to read. Program 1 in usually has at its beginning the
ing, or if you are entering transactions integer BASIC shows how subroutines NOMON command to turn off the
it signals that it is in the correct position can make a READ or WR ITE to the disk monitor.
to write the next new transaction. The more readable. Notice that line 10-70 The following two notes refer to
use of a transaction number that does can be the first part of any of your integer BASIC.
not change in length (here, exactly 3 integer BASIC programs that include Note #1: You may wonder why
digits) is necessary in some machines READ and WRITE to files. The sub- Statement 220 does not use PRINT X1,
(like APPLE) because of the file struc- routines 20-50 are placed first to speed X2, X$. It is an unfortunate thorn in the
ture. This will be a later topic. up the program. DOS which requires a separate PRINT
A write to a file requires four things to statement for each entry, since
Direct Access Files
be done: otherwise a data separator is not
The solution to the limitations of
1) GOSUB OPEN. The file must be printed on the file between the data
sequential file manipulation is to use
opened. This means the file name entries. Forexample, PRINT 1,2 will put
direct accessing (sometimes called
random access). As a practical exam- is assigned a buffer area in RAM "12" on file as a single entry. In other
and the file pointer is set to the words, PRINT A,B will not have the
ple, suppose you have a mailing list
with over 2,000 names and addresses first piece of data in the file. same effect as PRINT A: PRINTB if you
and Cher keeps sending -in address 2) GOSUB WRITE. This creates are in the disk write mode. However,
changes (or name changes). You don't readiness for a file write, as the same is not true for a disk read;
want to use sequential files since this opposed to a display write. That is, INPUT A,B is identical to INPUT A:
any subsequent PRINT INPUT B.
could mean the entire list would need
to be read and rewritten to the disk. statements before the next DOS Note #2: Keeping 0$ =" " (see 70)
Sequential processing does not lend command will write to the file and alone on a separate line is a safety
itself to single actions or simple not appear on the screen. (To measure. The CONTROL-D does not
changes. debug, it is possible to see on the appear in the screen (but it is there if
If you knew where Cher's address is screen the values that are being you put it there), and if the line were
stored in memory, then no read is written to the disk by turning on copied over using the Apple editing
required, and you could write. over her the monitor.) wizardry the CONTROL-D would be
old address with a single write and be 3) PRINT. The value is written to the lost.
done. The question is: At what byte is file via the buffer. Remember, the
File Structure
her name and address? The answer is: write DOS command traps all There are some limitations to se-
In the beginning there was organiza- print statements until any other
quential file processing. Consider the
tion (Thank God!). You decide that DOS statement is executed. case Where you find a transaction for
each name, address and city/state/zip 4) GOSUB CLOSE. The file is clos- $119.58 to be incorrect - it should be
will be 30 characters long. Thus the ed, meaning that all the data in the $9.58. This requires that all subsequent
three lines of 30 characters will take up buffer has been written to disk and transactions of the file will have to be
93 characters (90 characters plus 3 that the buffer area is now free to
moved because the $9.58 takes up less
separators). Each new name is started be reassigned. The write to file is
space.
on a 93 byte boundary. Now if you turned off.
To understand this, let's see precise-
know Cher is 20th on the list, her name In Program 1, a simple write is ly how files are set up byte by byte. In
wi II start at 20 * 89 + 1 = 1801. Notice Apple files, numbers are stored as a
accomplished in lines 200-230. Similar-
that you do pay a price for direct ly, a READ is shown in lines 300-330. string; 119.58 would take up six bytes,
access; you waste space, since few Since F$ was defined in line 210, it and 9.58 would take up only four. E-
names or addresses take up all 30 could have been deleted from line 310 notation numbers are real hogs, and at
characters. as long as no changes were made to F$ worst they might take up 15 bytes.
In many cases there is a combination before 310. Strings are stored a character per byte.
of. the two methods. For example, a file
might be a set of financial accounts )LIST
and each financial account might be ~
record having its name, the twelve o REM ---------PROGRAM 1------------- 110 X1=5:X2=10:X$="EXAMPLE"
1 REI1 180 REM
monthly balances and the year to date 2 REM WRITTEN IN INTEGER BASIC 190.REM
accumulation. Thus each account will
:5 REt1 200 REM SEQUENTIAL WRITE EXAMPLE
be a record ready to be accessed 5 REM READ/WRITE FILE EXAMPLE 210 F$="FILE1": GOSUB OPEN
6 REM 220 GOSUB WRITE: PRINT Xi: PRINT X2: PRINT X$
directly, while inside the record the 230 GOSUB CLOSE
balances will be stored sequentially. 10 GOTO 60
20 PRINT DS; "OPEN";FS: RETURN 280 REM
Now it's time for the real thing. What
30 PRINT DS; "READ";FS: RETURN 290 REM
follows are examples using the Apple II
40 PRINT DS; "WRITE";FS: RETURN 300 REt1 SEQUENTIAL READ EXAMPLE
Disk II. 50 PRINT DS; "CLOSE";FS: RETURN 310 F$="FILE1": GOSUB OPEN
60 OPEN=20:READ=30:WRITE=40:CLOSE=59 320 GOSUB READ: INPUT A1.A2.A$
DISK II Command Subroutines 70 DIM DS(1):DS="" 330 GOSUB CLOSE
The Disk II dooumentatlon for the 80 REM 380 REM
90 REM 3310REM
READ and WRITE operations leaves 100 DIM XS(7).AS(7).FS(5) 41010PRINT Ai.A2.A$
many questions unanswered. There 4110END
are no complete examples, and if you

MARCH 1979 125

As any number or string is written to Figure 1
the disk, a 1 byte mark is placed to Transaction 1
separate it from other numbers or
strings. Thus, a numberor string takes lOS.lOl.09277S.SHELL.156.450.119.581102 ••..
up its length plus one: See Figure 1 for 1 ii
separator
an illustration of a file.
If you want to write the 9.58 value in
the file where the 119.58 is now located,
you would need to use the B parameter
provided in the disk READ format. After Figure 2

the file has been opened, the command Transaction 1

below will accomplish the write, to the
lO8l101.09277S.SHELL.156.450.9.5S.S.102 •...
file names TF. , .tByte 35
PRINT 0$; "WRITE TF, B29"
However, the file nowhas an extra
number (8 at byte 35) as shown in
Figure 2, This throws the sequence
totally out of whack since a sequential
read would incorrectly read 8to be the
transaction number of the second lLIST
transaction. Now you can see why the €I REM ------pROGRAM 2-------------
1
subsequent transactions would all 2 REM WRITTEN IN APPLESOFT II
need to be moved back two bytes, 3
Since you can move anywhere with 5 REM DIRECT ,ACCESS FILE EXAMPLE
the B parameter, the Rand L might 6
seem superfluous. However, using R 19 GOTO 69
29 PRINT D$; "OPEN";F$;",L";L: RETURN
and L is usually more convenient. Let's 39 PRINT D$; "READ";F$;",R";R;",B";B: RETURN
use the mailing list as an example, The 49 PRINT D$; "WRITE";F$; ",R";R; -.B";B: RETURN
R would be the record number (a name 59 PRINT P$; "CLOSE";F$: RETURN
69 D$ = CHR$ (4)
and address), the L would bethe length 89 DIM A$(2):L = 93
of each entire record, and the B is used 90 INPUT "FILE NAME=";F$
to move inside a record, The length of a 1013 INPUT "RECORD NUMBER=";R
record in this case is 93. The direct 1113 INPUT "DO YOU WANT A LISTING (Y/N)?";1$
access operates by using the current L 120 IF 1$ < ) "Y" THEN 189
125 REM --------PRINT RECORD----------------
(given in OPEN), the current Rand B 1313 GOSUB 213:REM OPEN
(given in WRITE or READ), and moves 1413 FOR J = 13TO 2
to the L * R + B + 1th byte. This is an 150 :::B = J * 31: GOSUB 313:REM READ
absolute count from the beginning of 155 :: INPUT A$(J)
1613 NEXT
the file. 165 GOSUB 513:REM CLOSE
Program 2, shows a simplistic 179 PRINT: PRINT A$(e): PRINT A$(1): PRINT A$(2): PRINT
program to create and change a data 175 REM --~--~-INPUT· OR CHANGE ENTRIES-------
file, using direct access manipulations. 1813 PRINT "HIT RETURN WHEN NO CHANGJ;:REQUIRED"
199 INPUT "NEW NAME'; ";'A$(e),
In particular it solves the problem of 200 INPUT "NEW STREET ADDRESS=";A$(1)
quickly and easily changing Cher's 2113 INPUT "NEW CITY/STATE/ZIP=";A$(2)
name or address. Since the data is all 215 GOSUB 213:'REM OPEN
character string, the program could 2213 FOR J = 13TO 2
230 :: IF LEN (A$(J» = 13THEN 250
have been written in integer BASIC. 2413 :::B = J * 31: GOSUB 413:REM WRITE
However, to exhibit the modifications 245 :: PRINT A$(J)
necessary for programs with floating 2513 NEXT
point data, program 2 is written in 2613 GOSUB 50: REM CLOSE
265 REM -------EXIT OR NEXT RECORD----------
APPLESOFT II. 270 PRINT INPUT "(-1 TO END) NEXT RECORD=";R
If a listing is not requested, program 2813 IF R) = 13THEN 119
2 can be used to fill a data file. If a listing 2913 END
is requested of a record which has not
been previously written to, an error will
occur. This program is not set up to
protect records, so that you can use it
to input records longer than 90 bytes
and then use the list to see how it Figure 3

clobbered the next record. It is also not )LIST )LIST

intended to be an actual application 19 RHI EXAt1PLE A 10 REM EXAMPLE B
program, since it has no search or sort 20 DIt1D$(1),A(5) :D$="" 20 DIM D$(1),A(5):D$=""
capabilities. However, by modifying 30 PRINT D$; "OI;:ENF" 30 PRINT D$; "OPEN F"
40 FOR 1=1 TO 5 40 FOR 1=1 TO 5
and exercising it in various ways, you 59 PRINT D$; "READ F" 513PRINT D$; "READ F,B0"
will be able to discover the ins and outs 60 INPUT An) 60 INPut A(l)
of file transactions. 70 PRINT A( l) 70 PRINT A( 1)
80 NEXT I 80 NEXT I
Note #3: While APPLESOFT II is an 90 PRINT D$; "CLOSE F" 9£1PRINT D$; "CLOSE F"
extended language, it does not allow a 100 END 100 END
variable for a line number in a GOSUB
statement even though this is permissi-
ble in integer BASIC. While this makes

126 CREATIVE COMPUTING

the subroutine technique a little the write in Program 2. No error will Apple is to Simply ignore the file size
cumbersome, it is suggested that the result from using a PRINT after a number.
GOSUB still be used but be followed by GOSUB READ and before the INPUT Note #11: Should you need a relative
a remark to make it clear. statement. move (like move 10 more each time),
Note #4: In APPLESOFT II the print Note #8: There is a record 0 which the POSITION command will ac-
A,B not being equal to PRINT A: PRINT could have been used by the first complish this and can be added as a
B is still with us. An exception is if A is record. However, having record 5 (for subroutine just like the other com-
long enough to cause PRINT A,B to example) in position number 4 is mands have subroutines.
print B on a new line of the screen then awkward. Secondly, and more impor- Note #12: Sequential file processing
a separator is written. It is easiest to tant, record 0 is a prime location to can take place only when there is no R
forget the exception and consistently store maintenance information, such and/or B parameter in the READ or
use PRINT A: PRINT B. as the number of records in the file. A WRITE. For example, in Figure 3
Note #5: This program could trigger common and useful technique in many (Example A) the first five values in the
one of the early DOS bugs. If it will not business programs is to store a copy of file will be read. However, in Example B
execute past line 250, see your dealer the last record of the file in this record 0 the same first value in the file will be
or recent publications for the DOS location. repeatedly read for all five inputs. Thus
patch. Note #9: If a record has never had if your program uses both sequential
Note #6: On the positive side, some.of its bytes written upon these and direct access it is not possible to
APPLESOFT iI allows the comfort of bytes will be end-of-file marks. This use the direct access set up and put R =
seeing the previously hidden occurs even though there is more data o and b = 0 to create the sequential
CONTROL-D. (See line 70.) A further down the road in another record. mode. The sequential read and write
welcome feature is the repeated colon Note #10: Files are dynamic so you can have and use their own individual
acceptability as a means of indenting. don't need to worry about opening a subroutines.
All structured programmers please small file and then later, as it grows, With the direct and sequential access
stand, applaud and whistle! - having it write over another -file. Only to large data bases,you are now able to
Note #7: If you want to input values to when the disk is full does a problem do some heavy data processing. Let the
be written to the disk, the INPUT occur. This is rare but-could sneak up Disk II allow you to take a big bite of
statement must be before the GOSUB on you, since you might not know how data, and remember the slogan: "Old
WRITE, or else the input prompt big a file really is. The CATALOG Apple users never die, they just lose
(question mark) will be written to file command does list all files with a file their byte." _
arid screw up the whole operation. size number, but it - does not work
Notice how the input was done prior to properly, and the Gospel According to

its 22 START-AT-HOME
ytes COMPUTER BUSINESSES
ooks. In "The Datasearch Guide to Low Capital,

argalns
-

Startup Computer Businesses"

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going full-time, image building, revenue
building, bidding, contracts, marketing.
professionalism, and more. No career
planning tool like it. Order now. If not
Technico· IMSAI completely satisfied, return within 30
Vector •Cromemco days for full immediate refund.
Limrose· SWTPC • 8'h x 11 ringbound • 156 pp. .; $20.00
National Multiplex Phone Orders 901-382-0172
Solid State Music
We stock various books and DflTflSEflRCH incorporated
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the engineer and computer
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CIRCLE 137 ON READER SERVICE CARD 127
 The "00-11- Yourself" Data Base System
From Cromemco
John Craig

Versatility and flexibility are nice accolades when

describing a piece of software but they take on new
meaning after you've actually used and applied
Cromemco's new Data Base Management System.

I have a confession to make. I don't To select one of the nine functions of list of employees by date of hire, an
own a Cromemco system. Usually, the system you simply type the proper alphabetical listing of employees,' and
when I get software for review I search number ... and away you go! so on, it would be a simple matter of
through my authors files until I find Creating a System specifying the proper field(s) to sort on
someone who has the right system ... The strength and flex:ibility of the to achieve those results.
and I ask if they would be in.terested in system lies in this feature. It allows you Changing and deleting records
reviewing the package. When I receiv- to specify what you want each field to (function 5) is quite easy since they
ed this Data Base Management System represent, how long you want it to be, have a "built-in" editor forthat purpose
from Cromemco I looked over the whether or not it is to be sorted on and (which is more extensive than what I've
manual and decided that it looked whether it is numeric or alpha data. A seen on other data base systems). With
good! So good, in fact, that I wanted to Data Base Definition Worksheet is single commands you can examinethe
check it out for myself and see if using provided as an appendix to the manual next sequential record, the previous
the product was as easy as the manual for helping you set up your data base. record, jump ahead or back a specified
made it look. It is. This ability to be able to specify the number of records and change or
A friend was kind enough to let me characteristics of each field means the delete records.
use his system for evaluating the data base system can be configured for Getting a hard-copy of the data in a
package and now I wish I did have a a number of different, and unrelated, file involves using the CP/M "Control
Cromemco ... just for running this functions. For example, it could be P" directive while in function 6 (Data
software! Here's why ... used for inventory control as easily as Base Inquiry). You can specify only
"People-oriented" software an accounts receivable program. One certain fields from each record to be
I get excited (well, very interested) of the Simplest applications would be printed out. .. and sorted to your liking.
when I encounter software which is to use the program-for creating and For example, an Editor (I can't imagine
consumer-oriented and easy to use. maintaining customer mailing lists. who) might want a list of names and
This data base program is definitely not Other applications include general phone numbers of all authors who own
aimed toward programmers, but ledger charge of accounts, personnel S-100 systems with dual-disks and
records, client records, patient printer.
toward the end-user the
businessman or home user with little or histories, student records, stamp or Mailing labels
no computer background. As a result coin collection information. The most They didn't have to include this
the software is useable by everyone; important feature is that the data can feature in a data base package ... but it
the programmer, the busin,essman and be laid out and specified by anyone sure WaS thoughtful! The only criteria
everyone else! The intended audience (i.e., a professional programmer isn't for using this feature is that the first
is evident throughout the manual. necessary). And '" since this one seven fields of each record contain the
There aren't any dangerous assump- package will perform such a wide following information:
tions made. For example, in the begin- range of functions it simply means the #1 NAME
ning a clear definition of field, record user makes as many copies of the #2 ADDRESS LINE 1
and file is provided, alo,ng with an program as he has applications for it. #3 ADDRESS LINE 2
example for reinforcement (see Figure This, instead of going out and having to #4 CITY
1). Many such definitions are found buy all of those programs. #5 STATE (TWO LETTERS)
throughout the manual. Getting it in ... and getting it out #6 ZIP.CODE
Cromemco's Data Base Manage- Entering new data (function 3) is #7 COUNTRY
ment System runs under their disk beautiful in its simplicity. Each field is Field #'s 8, 9 and so on can be used
operating system (CDOS) and 16K displayed, along with its type (alpha or for customer data to be sorted on (as in
Extended Basic. Unfortunately, this numeric) and length. The operator Figure 1). For example, if we had the
piece of software, and others coming simply enters the data after being program set up to handle accounts
out of Cromemco, aren't being offered prompted by the name of each field. receivable, Field #8 might be the due
to the non-Cromemco world. It's in- The data, when written onto the disk, date and we could sort on all those
tended for Cromemco users and for will automatically have sort keys accounts which are overdue past a
running under CDOS (which is a CP/M generated and stored intothesortfiles. certain date. One of the nice features of
compatible operating system in that it This sometimes leads to an objec- this mailing label program is the fact
runs CP/M software ... but things don't tionable delay and can be omitted. that a blank 'line isn't printed in the
necessarily work the other way.) Function 4 allows the user to set up event a field is empty, In many cases
The user-oriented approach is evi- sort files and specify which fields are to Address Line 2 is not used, " and who
dent when the system is first brought be sorted upon. For example, if the wants a blank line there when the label
up and a menu of programs is Personnel Manager wanted a list of all is printed? (Unfortunately, some label
presented on the screen (see Figure 2). employees hired after a certain date, a programs do it that way,) Another good

128 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 Radio Shack Computer Users

Add·on Mini·Disc for the TRS·SO*

TRS 80. -
monthly
newsletter
The largest publlcatlon devoted to the TRS-80System

e Business e Software Exchange

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Requires16K RAM,
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Phone: (214) 272-3421 or
ExpansionInterface, Call toll free: 1-800-527-1592
CIRCLE 155 ON READER SERVICE CARD

TRS-80 SOFTWARE ON
COMPATIBLE CASSETTESOR DISKETTES BUSINESS
SUPER ZAP - Hex dump utility
memory Needs DOS 2.1 and 32K
for examining & changing disk sectors or main
..
DISASSEMBLER IN MACHINE CODE - Works with disk object load modules &
. .. $25. AND
PERSONAL
provides location reference table, also disassembles any ram locations .... $25.
ASSEMBLER MODS FOR DISK OPERATION - Changes your TRS-80 non disk
assembler to provide full disk I/O utilities. . $25.
LOAD MODULE - Accepts EDTASM created load modules from tape & converts &
stores them in DOS executable format on disk. . .. $25.
LEVEL I RELOCATED IN LEVEL" RAM (16K) - Run your non-convertible Level
I programs or make level I compatible tapes in your level I I machine.
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND INVENTROY CONTROL - Disk based systems
. $15. APPLICATIONS FOR YOUR TRS·80
requiring 0052.1 (utilizes random files) - By Mike Kelleher . $30. ea.
BASIC DIRECTORY - Allows review & execution of disk (directory) .proqrams
MAIL-LIST Store up to 1300 names and addresses
white under BASIC, with automatic Index Feature. . $15. per 5%" diskette, sort them alphabetically or by
ANYSORT - Utility program allows definition & manipulation of any form of data
file. Useful for record keeping & inventory control. . . . . . . . . .. .. . .... $15. zip, select them by special code or print all, corn-
TR IBBlE TRAP - One of the best Level I I graphics games we've seen. . .. $ 7.
Above 3 programs by Ralph Burris require Level 11.
plete with special updating routines. Requires 16K,
3-D REAL TIME LUNAR LANDER, $10; PLAY CHESS, $5,; TWINS PARADOX, two disk drives, and line printer. On diskette, $49.95
$2,; By Michael Dreiger (16K level It)
MICRO TEST EDITOR IWord Processor) 4K, $8,; BIG PRINT, $2,; & CONCEN- FILE·IT The data-base system for the TRS·80! Files
TRATION 16K, $4,; By Don Coon ILevell1 only)
MAIL LIST - Disk based program which SORTS & prints LABELS By James
- limited only by disk and memory space! Less than
Beauchamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . $35. one second access to any record, any subrecord!
FINANCEER - 20 Financial type programs on disk by James Beauchamp .. $35.
JOB ENTRY & STATUS REPORT - By Al Hargis requires 32K & DOS 2.1, handles Complete documentation allows custom modifica-
340 jobs ln 4BK ... , " .. ,'.'.""" .. ""'" ..... ,.,',. .. $75, tion to your specific needs. On diskette, $24.95
DATA-SET CONTROL PACKAGE - Provides cassette file OPEN, READ, WRITE &
CLOSE functions plus 2 utility programs & fult documentation. $ 8. ED·IT Disk-operating wordoriented editing sys-
PERSONAL FINANCE PACKAGE - 13 Programsl. "" $15,
MORTGAGE CALCULATIONS & MATH TEST., " ,,$ 5, ea.
tem enables you to modify any ASCII files .. ,even
The above 3 programs by John DeMita Basic and Pilot programs! Find and change lines,
HOROSCOPE CASTING BY COMPUTER - by 0, L. Pitman , $10.
Level II has output formatted for printer . fix spellings, change variables! On diskette. $24.95
QUBle. - By Alvin Files (3-0 tic tac toe with graphics) Level It (16 K) $ 4.
HERO'S QUEST - A version of swords & sorcery-16 K (Level Ill $ 5.
C·10s only $1.00; Diskettes $3.50 (Min, 10 each)
SEND FOR FREE CATALOG FOR COMPLETE PROGRAM LISTING. A FEW Other programs available, too. Free List.
SAMPLE GAMES FOLLOW, STAR TREK 18K), FLIGHT SIMULATOR 14K)'
FOOTBALL 18KI ' ' , $ 5, ea, (California Residents add Sales Tax)
ADD $2 FOR PROGRAMS ON CASSETTE, $5 FOR DISKETTE
(INCLUDES SHIPPING AND HANDLING) Colorado residents add 6% salestax.

SOFTWARE ROYALTY PLANS. PET PROGRAMS.

A
AND TRS-80 COMPATIBLE PERIPHERALS ALSO AVAILABLE

poorot. Incorporated "'F"N'D W'TM

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Denver,Co. 80222 (303) 758-7275 Or Call (415)573·8217
CIRCLE 216 ON READER SERVICE CARD , CIRCLE 211 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MARCH 1979 129

 Fie 1d , r- e c r·d and filed efin ed, Fi gure 2. The menu,

r
I)

Fi old_ NAME Mar'y T, I'le,e're

ADDF.:ESS 1 Fant.asia Ent.erprises
ADDRESS 2 4000 Mel od y Par'h,'ay
CITo.,' tH nneape,l i $,
STATE 1'1N WELCOl'lE TO CROMEMCO'" S
R eco r·d ZIP 12:':;45 DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
COUNTR'r' (M0DEL DBM-L) Type t.he number which

Dat.a
File l NAME
ACCT 1*
P'r'WT
DUE
BALANCE
50042
242, 86
5
4777. 3~1

.Jay ,]ohns,:on
corresponds

FUNCTION
1
~,
.•..
t.o t.he desired funct.ion:

OPERATION
CREATE A NEW DATA BASE SYSTEM
E)<AMINE A S'r'STEM LAYOUT
ADDRESS 1 283 West.er·n Dr', 3 ENTER NEW DATA INTO THE DATA BASE
ADDRESS 2 4 CREATE SORT FILES
CIT'T' Sal t. Lake Ci ty, 5 DISPLAY, CHANGE, & DELETE RECORDS
STATE UT 6 DO A DATA BASE INQUIR'r'
ZIP 86555 7 MAKE MODIFICATIONS to THE MASTER
COUNTF.:'r' 8 CHANGE !'lASTER FILE e; ASS IGN DR IVE
ACCT 1* 18593 9 PRINT MAILING LABELS
P'T'l'l'
T 96,4:':;
DUE 15
BALANCE 1844, 29
feature is the fact the program allows
for different sized labels and printing
names and addresses on hand-fed
envelopes.
C)ataSoft.. Now for the bad ...
The system is sadly lacking in report-
Research generating capabilities. However,
since the package sells for only $95 it's
hard to get too upset about this and

e tJ'Z4t4tt'l tlt(,ltted, '1tJU

other shortcomings. There are only
two kinds of printouts available from
the system; mailing labels or selected
ttJ dU~(J(,telt tJUIt lee~ed,t fields when doing an inquiry (and using
Control Pl. Cromemco is currently
d,tJ't~4lte ~lte4ttDle improving the program so that for-
matted printouts can be obtained. That
will add a lot to the capabilities.
Another detrimental point is the fact
that source code and listings of the
program are not included. Quite often
'!' ~CQ~~CQ~ there are short, simple little

~ W c:JTM ~a~(3~ modifications you'd like to go in and

make to a Basic program. Apparently
Cromemco felt the advantages to the
customer (who is assumed to be a non-
Cell DataSoft
Research ~awc-~\' programmer anyway) didn't outweigh
the disadvantages to Cromemco if the
source were released.
Is designing your output TIME CONSUMING?
.Reauce programming time! Summary
• Label & Title displays
.Create geometric shapes • Draw (horizontal, verticat.S diagonal lines) I like the package. I can think of a
• Pattern designs • Erase dozen applications for it in my office
• Graph & Chart displays • SAVE DISPLAY(for future usell
• and more... ~ and at least half a dozen for the home.
* *
• Gameboards {e.q checkerboards)

The documentation is excellent and

Over a dozen functions to aid you in designing yo,ur output display!
the program is easy to use. It's available
for Cromemco's System Two (5"
?lt4~e 41e eIt94geffl,eltt ~t ti rJ; ~~TM1t()1(;
I diskette) or System Three (8" diskette)
(you'll wonder how you programmed without it) with 48K RAM and sells for $95. The
,ft-.
1t,d,,(,1 package can be ordered from any of

rs=~~-------------------,
I( I
)PAD (ine,manual) quantitY_@$29~·ea. subtotal__ "1A~"'~J j"'AI~,.
Cromemco's dealers across the coun-
try or: Cromemco, Inc., 280 Bernardo
I( )Manualonly quanliIY_@$750 ea. sublolal_~_ I '''t:;iIn/ D"""r"" Ave., Mountain View, CA 94040. •
I~n~~~~ecdh~;e~~nl~~:~kEE/or
$ TOTAL __ ' ...,; •••••
...,;,.;..

I Charge to: () Visa () Master Charge expo date I Data Soft

a I
IData 50ft
Card No. Signature
Name I Research
a Research
'3360 Ley Dr. Suite#816
Address
City State __ Zip_. -
a
~
~~~g~~~~~~;
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I
lios

--~--------------------~
Angeles.California

·PET is a Trademark
90027

of Commodore
·Calif. residents

- Dealer
add" 6% sales tax

Inquiries
cc-z

Invited- 130
CREATIVE COMPUTING

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 Did you miss
any issues of
cP6at;lv6 ~
comput;lnfj.
The following back issues of Creative course in Basic-Part 2, Programming Vol. 4, No. 6-Nov/Dec 1978
Computing are still available. But they approaches to solving complex Subject index and file index in BASIC,
won't be for long, so order today if you equations, Electronic information ex- consumer computers buying guide,
want to fill in the holes in your change, Symmetric art with your com- electronic game reviews, critical path
collection. Our programming articles puter, in-depth reviews of 5 microcom- analysis, mailing label programs, robot
are timeless so you're not buying puter BASICs, software technology programming, experiment in teaching
obsolete information. music system, Games: Nomad, Rotate, strategic thinking, evaluations of
Prices on 1976 and 1977 issues are Lissajous. Northstar Horizon, CP/M operating
$2.00 each postpaid or three for $5.00. system and backgammon computers,
Vol. 3, No.6- Noy/Dee 1977 columns on Apple II PET and TRS-80,
1978 and 1979 issues are $2.50 each
postpaid, three for $7.00 or six for Programming techniques- Part 1. CAI. plus game section including "Corral",
$12.00 postpaid. . Topics in Logic. Three 8080 8K BASIC "Joust" and "Puzzle".
evaluations. Smart electronic game
Vol. 2, No. 5-Sep/Oct 1976 reviews. How computers can write final Vol. 5, No.1 - January 1979
Computer programming contests, exams. Mastermind " and Otherllo Computers in fiction; Survey of
Russian computing, Do-it-yourself computer games. Profile of the Alpha 1 Educator's Attitudes; K-State; How to
computer poetry (3 articles), two and Alpha 2 for the TDL Xitan. Hide Your Basic Program; World
games: Watchman and Delmar, four Chess Championship Computer;
feature .reviews of "Computer Power Compleat Computer Catalog,
Vol. 4, No.1 - Jan/Feb 1978
and Human Reason," Computers in Microchess for the TRS-80; Exidy
File structures, 16-bit computers,
elections, two great stories. Sorcerer; Ohio Scientific Superboard
LOGO language, Murphy's laws,
review of Radio Shack TRS-80 and II; Robots in Fiction; Help for the
Vol. 3, No.1 - Jan/Feb 197'7 Weary Taxpayer; A Counterfeit Cursor
Heath H8, World model, biorythms,
Equipment profiles: Teletype model 43, for your PET; Medical Audit Time.
how to write a simulation, Hart sort
IMSAI 8080, SWTPC 6800, Computers in
algorithm, 3 games, 8-Hour Basic
the movies, All about Electronic Funds Vol. 5, No.2 - February 1979
Course - Part 4.
Transfer, Centerfold "Computer Tree":
Babbage to 370/158, A approach for Evaluations: Electric Pencil, Heathkit
analyzing discontinuous events, un- Vol. 4, No.4 - Jul/Aug 1978
H-8, Computer Music Records. Com-
solvable complex problems, the Wooly Reviews of Commodore PET, Apple II, puter Games: Gold Mine, Atom-20.
Mammoth problem, ten outstanding Atari computer, Video games, inter- Computerized Sports Predictions,
problems for computer solution, Games: facing to the real world: 5 articles, Multiple Regression Analysis
Drag, Masterbagels, Strike 9. business computing: 4 word process- Simplified, Value of Computers in
ing systems, ROM section: 7 articles, Education, Budget Management
Vol. 3, No.4- Jul/Aug 1977 backgammon game, bar code. System, Help for the beleaguered
Guide to selecting a microcomputer. consumer.
Write your own CAI, Part 2. Computers Vol. 4, No. 5-Sep/Oct 1978
in medicine and health care. Dwyer: "e- Equipment profiles: TRS-80, Exidy
Hour Course in Basic- Part 1," "Thinking Sorcerer, Bally Arcade, PolyMorphic
Strategies- Part 3." Sherlock Holmes and 8813, Merlin Video Display preview of
Charles Babbage. Four new games. nine new personal computers. Ac- For faster service, use your Visa or
counts receivable systems, All about Master Charge and call our toll-free
Vol. 3, No.5 - Sep/Oct 1977 PASCAL, real world games, a real time order line:
A dynamic debugging system for 8080 clock to build, PET cassettes, special
assembly language, bibliography of education features, new software: Star 800-631-8112
"limits to growth" models, Dywer: 8-hour Wars, Hex, (In NJ, call 201-540-0445)

r---~-------------------------------~
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I Volume 2 bound, $10 131

I
 The Space Saver'
Andrew Nicastro

This minicomputer program, and the ideas behind it, are

applicable to micro systems in educational and business
environments. Getting the most efficient use out of a time-
share user's limited memory is always a worthy goal.

Table One gives an indication of the The Procedure Used by the First Pass
A goal of every good programmer is
savings. PACKER and PACK2 are the (PACKER)
to create software that is easy to debug
programs listed at the end of the article. 1. Present initial dialogue to ascertain
and, once completed, easy to read and
BUFLO, CHARGE, MARKET and needed information from the user.
understand - even months later.
STERL are programs from the Hun- 2. Read the next' line from the file to
Techniques that achieve this clarity
tington /I Project. "Length" is the be packed.
require longer programs in order to
length in bytes given by BASIC's 3. Isolate the line number.
include sufficient documentation.
A rnlnl-cornputer that simultaneous- LENGTH command executed im- 4. If flag2 F3=1, and the keyword is not
ly serves several users often does not mediately after calling the program REM, put the line number in the
provide adequate workspace for with the OLD command. "Disk Space" table of referenced line numbers
is the number of 512 byte blocks the and set F3=0. Otherwise, '
writing very large programs. For exam-
ple, a POP MU11 V03, with maximum program occupies determined by a 5. Separate any multiple statements
memory, operating under MU disk directory listing under PI P with the storing each in an element of array
BASIC/RT-11, gives each of three IL switch. "Version with no REM T$O. Set N=the number of
users approximately a 7300 byte statements" is the length with just REM elements of T$O that are used.
workspace. To save space, the MU statements deleted. 6. Choose the next' element of array
PACKER was developed at The T$O· .
BASIC User's Manual states:
"Every character in a REM state- American School of The Hague, where 7. Look for the string GO, ON or IF
ment or a string constant re- we use a POP 11-03 for computer occurring as a BASIC keyword.
quires one byte. To reduce assisted learning. PACKER enables us 8. If the keyword GO or ON occurs
to use most of. our software on a three isolate all referenced line number~
program size minimize the
number of characters in each. or four terminal system permitting following it and store the line
Each use of the multiple state- several students to use a given numbers in array LO; repeat 6, 7, 8.
program simultaneously. Wekeepaset 9. If the keyword IF occurs,
ment line saves six bytes. The
program of floppies with an unpacked back-up a) If THEN is not present, set flag2
10 A=3 copy of each program for reference or F3=1, isolate the GO TO state-
20 B=4 modification. ment and repeat 7, 8, 9.
takes six bytes more than the b) If THEN is present, and it is not
equivalent program followed by a line number, set
How the Program Works flag2 F3=1; isolate the statement
10 A=3: B=4 The packing program does two
Following these suggestions, following THEN; repeat 7, 8, 9.
passes over the file to be packed. c) If THEN is present, and it is
however, conflicts with good program- During the first pass, PACKER creates
ming practice. The program that followed by a line number,
a table of referenced line numbers. isolate it and put it in array LO.
follows gives the user the best of both During the second pass, PACK2
possible worlds: On a one terminal 10. Repeat 6, 7, 8, 9 until N elements
creates a new file from the original. have been processed.
system, he can create a program in an PACK2 deletes REM statements unless
easy-to-debug linear fashion, that is, 11. Repeat 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 until
they are referenced, abbreviates REM end of file.
one statement per line, and document statements if they are referenced,
it liberally with REM statements; and he 12. If the user has requested it, print
deletes the keyword LET, writes as the table of referenced line
can have effortlessly a second running many statements as possible on one
copy for a multi-terminal system that is numbers.
line, and deletes spaces that are not 13. Chain the second pass, PACK2;
economical in disk and memory re- part of string constants. Neither pass
quirements. and, via the COMMON statement
alters the logical structure of a syntac- pass the table of referenced lin~
Andrew Nicastro is Director of Computer Assisted tically correct program, nor modifies
Learning at The American School of the Hague,
numbers and other pertinent infor-
High School Division, Paulus Buysstraat 51, The
the original file. mation obtained in the initial
Hague, Netherlands. dialogue.

132 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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CIRCLE 170 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 In what follows, the term "pack" Table One
means:
a) Concatenate the elements of Version Version
array P$O into one string, each element Original with no REM obtained
separated by: Version statements from PACKE,R
b) Remove spaces that are not part BUFLO
of string constants. length 6102 5316 4418
c) Write the string formed by (a) and disk space 13 11 9
(b) to the output file.
CHARGE
The Procedure Used by the Second length 3290 974 794
Pass (PACK2) disk space 7 4 3
1. Read into T$ the next' line of the
file to 'be packed. MARKET
length 7978 7302 6038
2. Strip off the line number and save it
disk space 17 15 12
in L$.
3. Note whether or not the line PACKER
number is referenced. If it is, set length 13036 3060 2676.
F=1. disk space 27 8 6
4. Replace spaces that are not part of PACK!2
string constants with the non- length 11276 2138 1856
printable character, BELL. disk space 23 5 4
5. If T$ is a REM statement, make T$
null. STERL
length 7086 5122 4224
6. If T$ contains the keyword LET,
disk space 15 11 8
remove all such occurrences.
7. If T$ contains a final REM state-
ment, strip from: REM to the end of
the line. will be stored on disk DX1: with run and line 220 of PACK2 may generate an
8. If T$ is null and the line number is read access only. error message depending on the
not referenced, repeat 1 through 8. 4. The user is logged onto the system configuration - in particular,
9. If T$ is null and the line number is system under userlD AS, and is depending on the largest filesize per-
referenced, privileged; or MU BASIC is running mitted in an OPEN statement by the
a) Set T$ = the line number + REM without the HELLO feature. system manager. .
b) Pack P$(1) to P$(J)
STEP 1 The Initial Dialogue Type: 10
c) Put T$ in P$(1) Type: RUN $PACKER
d) Set L 1 = the length of P$(1) Response:
Response: THE MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH IS
minus the number of BELLs.
ENTER THE NAME OF THE FILE 132 CHARACTERS. HOW MANY
e) Repeat 1 through 9 until end of TO BE PACKED. USE THE FORM
file. CHARACTERS PER LINE?
XXN: FILNAM.EXT. WHERE XX PACKER requests the number of
10. If T$ is not null and T$ is the first =THE DEVICE NAME. N=THE
non-REM line of the file, do 9 c, characters the user wants pass two to
DEVICE NUMBER. write on a line.
d, e.
PACKER requests the name of the In some cases, a long line, though
11. If T$ is not null and it is not the first input file using the usual RT-11 file
non-REM line of the file, and the less than 132 characters, may generate
name descriptor. If the device name a ?TLT (TOO LONG TO TRANSLATE)
line number is referenced, repeat 9
(XXN:) is not specified, MU BASIC error message when the OLD or RUN
b, c, d, e. Otherwise,
assumes the system device. If the command calls the packed file. (See
12. Add the length of T$ to L 1, minus
extension (.EXT) is omitted, MU BASIC STEP 3 for more information.) A line
the number of BELLs plus 1 (for
assumes .DYY where YY is the current length from 120 to 125 characters
colon or. backslash).
userlp. (In the example, YY=AS.) works in most cases; but experiment
13. If L 1 is less than or equal to the
Type: with different values.
specified line length, put T$ in
DXO:SAMPLE.BAS Type: 120
P$(J+1). Repeat 1 through 13.
Response: Response:
14. If L 1 is greater than the specified . ENTER THE NAME OF THE FILE
line length, repeat 9 b, c, d, e. DO YOU WANT A PACKED
FOR THE PACKED CODE USING LISTING AT THE TERMINAL (YES
15. At end of file, pack P$(1) to P$(J).
THE SAME CONVENTIONS. OR NO)?
16. Close all files and inform the user
Type: The code that appears is an exact
that packing is complete.
DX1:SAMPK.B image of what is written to the output
How to Use the Program Response: file. This code looks different from the
While none of the following assump- ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF code listed at the terminal by BASIC's
tions are necessary conditions, for the BLOCKS NEEDED FOR THE LIST command. The former contains
sake of example the instructions given PACKED FILE. no spaces. The latter contains spaces
below assume: HOW MANY? which MU BASIC's translating routine
1. PACKER and PACK2 are stored If the length in bytes of the input file inserts. , '
on the system disk with the .B exten- is known, using the conversion factor, If a listing at pack time is desired,
sion, that is, as a BASIC program with 512 bytes per block, estimate the Type: YES
public read and run access. humber of blocks. Choose a larger If a listing at pack time is not desired,
2. The name of the file to be packed number than necessary. When Type: NO
(the input file) is SAMPLE.BAS; and it PACKER closes the file, the system will Response:
is stored on the system disk, DXO:. automatically reduce the number of DO YOU NEED TO ENTER LINE
3. The name of the file for the packed blocks to the actual number needed. If NUMBERS INTO THE TABLE OF
code (the output file) is SAMPK.B. It too large a number is used, however, REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS
(YES OR NO)?

134 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 8
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CIRCLE 140 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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 There are three instances in which
this should be done:
1. When line numbers are referenc~ F'ACKE'~ 2-JUN-78 MU BASIC/RT-l1 VOI-OIC
ed by another program that calls the 1 REM PACKING PROGRAM
packed program. For example, a ;3 REM
program which contains one of the ~5 f~E:I't
7 REM VERSWN ~!
following statements: CHAIN 9 REM MAY 1978
"SAMPK.B" LINE 270 or. OVERLAY j,1 '~EM
"SAMPK.B" LINE 270 requires thatline 13 REM
l.5 RF.::M PACKER (PASS 1) BY
number' 270 be present in SAMPK. In
17 R!',M ANDREW R. NICASTRO
our example, even if line 270 is not 19 REM DIRECTOR OF COMPUTER ASSISTED LEAR~ING
referenced by some other statement in ;!1 REM
program SAMPLE, 270 must be 2~~ f(EM
25 ,:H::M PACK2 (PASS 2) VERSION 1 BY
entered into the table of referenced line trANIEI...
J\ERNB
~!7 RE:M
numbers. 29 REM ASS OF '79
Cl..
2. When a user must modify a line of ;31 REM f,EVISED BY
the program in his workspace. F9r ;~:~REM ANDREW R. ·NICA!HRCJ
:~5 Rf'.M
example, a program that graphs func- :57 ',FM T~£ AMERICAN SCHOOl...
OF tHE HAGUE
tions may instruct the user to modify 39 REM HIGH BCHOOL DIVISION
line 270. Though not absolutely 43. REM PAULUB BUYSSTRAAT 5l
necessary, line 270 and the next one 4~~ REM THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS
4t"i REM
should be entered into the table of 47 "EM
referenced line numbers for the user's 49 ((EM
convenience. ~H REM PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
53 REM
3. When the packed file, called by S5 REM SEE 'HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS' IN THE ACCOMPANYING ARTICLE, 'RUN
the OLD or RUN command, causes 57 F~EM AND STORE LARGE PROGRAMS IN LESS SPACE.'
BASIC to generate the ?TL Terror !:;9 f~EM
message. (See STEP 3 for more 61 REM
63 F~EM SPECIFICATIONS
details.) 65 REM
If line numbers are not to be entered 67 REM THE PROGRAM WAS DEVEL.OPED ON A PDP MU11V03 WIl~ RX()l DUAL
into. the table of referenced line 69 REM FLOPPY DRIVES. THE SYSTEM OPERATING UNDER MU BASIC/RTII V01~()1C.
numbers, 71 "EM
73 F~EM VARIABI...
ES:
Type: NO (Go to Step 2) 75 F~EM B ESTIMATED FILESIZE FOR THE OUTPUT FILE.
If line numbers are to be entered into 77 ,<EM Fl FLAG; SET IF USER WANTS A PACKED LISTING AT THE TTY.
the table of referenced line numbers, 79 REM F2 FLAG. SET IF USER WANrs A LIST OF REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS.
Bt RF!.M F3 FLAG; SET IF THE LINE NUMBER OF l~E NEXT NON-REM STATEMENT
Type: YES THAT FOLLOWS IF ••• rHEN MUST BE SAVED AS A REFERENCED
B2 REM
Response: TYPE 0 TO STOP. B3 HEM LINE NUMflEI~.
? Hi REM r INDEX FOR ARRAY L(I.
Type: 270 (for example) (;)9 REM L LENGTH OF THE PACKED LINE.
91 REM M ;5()O~ SIlE OF L().
Response: ? ?:l FiEM N THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS USED IN TI().
Type: '0 94 REM
STEP 2 ?~i REM STIUNCi VAI,IABLES:
Response: 9"7 I<EM I ~; NAME OF THE INPUT FILE.
'19 REM LI LINE NUMBER AS A STRING.
PLEASE WAIT WHILE THE FIRST lOt REM C)<l·· NAME OF THE OUTPUT FILE.
PASS BUILDS THE TABLE OF 10;5 REM TI INPUT VARIABLE FOR EACH. LINE IN THE INPUT FILE.
REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS, i os RUl T81. T91. T()I. Tl$ IN SUBROUTINES 8()IO. 9()1().1()()1(),
At this point there will be a pause, its J ()7 '~E11 11()1() RESPECTIVELY.
1.09 REl1
duration depending on the length of 11.t Hl:M Af(Rf')YS:
the input file. When each pass is :l:l5F:I~M L.() TABL.E OF REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS.
complete, PACKER informs the user, 117 r(E:M TI() = A STRING ARRAY USEV TO HOLD EACH STATEMENT ON A GIVEN
:1.1.9 HEM . LINE l~AT IS CURRENTLY IN TI.
STEP 3 Testing the Packed File iz i REM
At this time, the user must check the 123 REM V, W. x. Y. z. AND XI. YI. ZI ARE SCRATCH VARIABLES. THEIR CON-
:l~!5 "iEM TENTS Al'~E L!.i:;EDF()f~r,;Hmn DUI'(ArIONS.
packed file by calling it with the OLD
127 f<EI1
command. For our example, 129 REM BASIC FUNCTIONS:
Type: OLD DX1:SAMPK.B :r.:H fiEM ""OS. SEGI. rRM1;. VAL.,
If BASIC returns only the READY :1.33 I'(EI'1
message, the file is a valid replica of the 135 REM MEM()f,YAND DISK REGUIREMENTS:
137 REM SEE tABLE 1 IN THE ACCOMPANYING ARTICLE.
original program. t39 I~EM
If BASIC returns the ?TL Terror 141 "EM
message, the user has two options: 1'",!;<EM'
160 COMMON L(;5()()),L,I,F'l,B.I~.O'
1) Purge the packed file using the :I./,()
VIM Toy,(:W)
UNSAVE command; and rerun :W() M<,()()
PACKER specifying a smaller number 19() Bc() \ F2=O \ F3=() \ I=() \ L=()
Elm() \

for line length. 200 REM --- L.INES 2:1.0-44()

COL.L.ECTFROM THE USER ALL PERTINENT INFORMATION
202 REM NEEDED TO PACK THE FILE •.
2) The ?TL Terror rnessaqe may 21() PRINT \ PRINT 'EN1ER THE NAME OF THE FILE TO BE PACKED.'
occur when, for example, a few lines 22() PRINT 'USE rHF FORM XXN:FILNAM.EXT WHERE'
containing either many parentheses or 23() PRINT 'XX = THE DEVICE NAME. N = THE DEVICE N~MBER.'
several FOR statements are written 24() INFUT I"
25() PRINT \ PRINT 'ENTER THE NAME OF THE FILE FOR THE PACKEV CODE USING THE
onto one line. An alternative to making SAME CONVENTIONS. I

all packed lines shorter consists of 260 INPUT CJ<i;

doing the following: 27() PRINT \ F~INT 'ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF BL.OCKS NEEDED FOR THE PACKED FILE.
Call the packed file with the OLD
command, Ignoring the ?TL Terror

136 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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CIRCLE 127 ON READER SERVICE CARD -------------
 message, LIST the file at the terminal.
By examining the last printed line, 280 PRINT 'HOW MANY';
290 INPUT n
determine what the next line number 310 PRINT \ PRINT 'THE MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH IS 132 CHARACTERS,'
would have been. a.!o PRINT 'HOW MANY CHAI'~ACTERSPER LINE',
Suppose the next line number would ~1:10J NPUT I..
335 IF 1..)13! THEN 310
have been 670, and that in the original 340 PRINT \ PRINT 'DO YOU W~NT A PACKED LISTING AT THE TERMINAL (YES OR NO)
unpacked program the sequence of
line numbers is 670, 680, 690, 695, 700, 350 INPUT XI \ XI=SEG$(X$,l,lt
etc. 360 IF X$='Y' THEN F:l"'l
365 IF X$()'Y' THEN IF X$<)'N' TMEN 340
Purge the packed file using the :~70'PRINT \ PRINT 'DO YOU WANT A LIST OF REFERENCED LINE NI.JMBEF~S (YES OR NO)
UNSAVE command. Rerun PACKER ';
and enter lines 680, 690, and perhaps 380 INPUT X$ \ XI-SEG$CXI,l,l)
695 into the table of referenced line 390 IF X$='Y' THEN F2=1
395 IF X$<)'Y' THEN IF X$()'N' l~EN 370
numbers. 410 PRINT \ F~INT 'DO YOU NEED TO ENTER LINE NUMBERS INTO THE TABLE'
Precautions to Observe 420 PRINT 'OF REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS (YES OR NO) "
1) PACKER does not check for 4:l0 INPUT X$ \ X~'''SEG$ CXI, 1,1)
,.440
. T'P X$=' Y' THEN ''''('JOSUE'501.0
syntax errors. Use PACKER only on 445 IF XI<~'Y' THEN IF X$<)'N' THEN 410
programs that have been thoroughly 450 PRINT \ PRINT 'PLEASE WAIT WHILE THE FIRST PASS BUILDS THE TABCE OF
debugged. REFERENCED LINE.NUM8ERS,'
2) PACKER will alter a program 500 REM --- LINES 510-570 CONSTITUTE THE FIRST PASS OVER THE FILE TO BE
502 REM PACKED. THESE LINES PUT REFERENCED-LINE NUMBERS
logically if it contains REM statements . 5()~~ r(EM IN ARRAY L(I, THE LINE NUMBER OF THE NEXT NON-
that are embedded between ex- 504 REM RE:M STATEMENT 1MAT FOU"OWS rs . , ,THEN XXX, WHEF~E
ecutable statements on one line. For :505 REM xxx :fSA STATEMENT, IS TREATED AS A REFERENCED
example, given the statement 10 LET 506 I~EM LINE NUMBER (F3-1),
510 OPEN II FOR INPUT AS FILE 1,
X=2 : REM---INITIALIZE : LET Z=4, 520 IF END ~1 THEN 610
PACKER will delete REM--- 530 INFUT t1,T$
INITIALIZE LET Z=4. PACKER 537 REM --- LINE 540: STRIP OFF niE LINE NUMBER, PUT IT IN L(l IF
:B8 r{EM F3=1 AND THE FIRST 3 CHARACTERS ARE NOT 'REM',
assumes that a REM statement is the 1 :540 XI"T$ \ GOSUl] 6010 \ Tn"eXI'
last or only statement on a line. 542' REM --- LINE 5501 SEPAI~ATE MULTIPLE STATEMENTS PER LINE , AND
3) A packed file may be altered in the 544 I~EM LOAD EACH INTO AN ELEMENT OF TIC),
user's workspace; but the altered 550 XI=TI \ GOSUS 7010 \ N=X
552 REM --- LINE 560: PUT REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS THAT APPEAR IN THE
version should not be filed using the 554 REM CURRENT LINE IN L(),
REPLACE command. Doing so cancels 560 GOSUB 8010
the savings in disk. space accrued by :'qo GO TO ~.)20
deleting spaces. Furthermore, since 610 PRINT ,p~rNT
,<'12 REM """"...UNE 6~W: WlnTE THE TABLE OF F~EFEf(ENCEnLINE NUMDEF,S AT
PACK2 determines line length with 614 REM THE TERMINAL IF THE USER REQUESTED IT CF2=1),
spaces deleted, lines in the REPLACEd 620 'IF 1"2=1 THEN" GOSUB-t3C1tO
file may contain more than 132 630 PRINT \ PRINT 'THE FIRST PASS IS COMPLETE,'
characters. If such a line exists, the 640 FRINT 'FLEASE WAIT ONE MOMENT WHILE PASS2 IS LOADED,'
650 PRINT \ PRINT
next time the OLD command calls the "660 CHAIN '
file, MU BASIC will generate the ?L TL 670 REM ...
'_
."""""".--
. ENIr MAIN PROGRAM,
(LINE TOO LONG) error message. 5000 REM SUBROUTINE 5010-5060 ALLOWS THE USER TO ENTER
~i002 REM LINE NUMBERS INTO LC),
To prevent this, store all packed ~;004 REM THE TADLE OF REFERENCED
programs with file descriptors that 5006 REM LINE NUMBERS,
permit read or run access only. 5010 PRINT \ PRINT 'ENTER 0 TO STOP,' \ PRINT
5020 INPUT LI
Adaptation to Other Versions ~;0:50IF L$""O' THEN RETlmN
of BASIC I::;0;3;·)r~EM ._ LrNE ::i040 1 PUT THE LINE NlJ.M.aEF~ IN L ( ),
To adapt PACKER and PACK2 to :504()GOSlin l201.()
~i050 G,O TO ~)O;'()
other versions of BASIC, use the
5060 REM ----------,,------------------------------------------ END SUBROUTINE 5010
procedures given in the section, "How 6000 REM ---- SUBRo~rINE 6010-6050 ISOLATES AND STRIPS OFF THE,
the Program Works," and the com- 60ClZ REM LINE NUMBER, IT RETURNS THE LINE
ments in the program listing as 6003 REM NUMDER IN YI, AND THE LINE, WITHOUT
6004 REM LINE NUMBER, IN XI,
guidelines. The following notes will 6008 REM _.. .,-.UNE 6():lOI V POINTf:.TO THE LAST DIG1T .OF THE LINE NUMBER,
clarify aspects of MU BASIC that may 6010 V=F"O!HXI,' '.1.)",,1.
differ in other versions. 6020 YI=SEG$(X$.l,V)
Functions 6030 XI=SEG$(XI.V+1,2551
6032 REM ---- LINE 604(): IF F3=1, THE PREVIOUS LINE WAS OF THE FORM
The programs use the BASIC func- 603:5 REM IF •••THEN XXX, WHERE XXX IS A STATEMEN1', THUS
tions CHR$, LEN, POS, SEG$, TRM$, ,f,0:14 F.'EM SAVE THE LINE NUMBER OF THE NEXT N()N'-I~EM STATE-'
and VAL. Descriptions follow with an 60:55 REM MENT,
<',(l40 IF F3o,l. THF.'NIF !3EG$(X$,2,4)<>'f~EM' THEN F:J'~() \ L$~,y$ \ GOSUB 1~W1.0
example of each. The descriptions are 6050 RETI.J'~N
from Digital Equipment Corporation's 6060 F~EM ------.. ----,,------------ .. ---------------- END SUBROUTINE 6010
MU BASICIRT-11 User's Manual, 7()()0I~EM SUBROUTINE'101C1-7090 SEPARATES'ANY MULTIPLE STATEMENTS
page B-8 7001 r(EM ON A L~NE, IT STORES EACH STATEMENT
.7002 F(EM IN '1$ ( ) , IT F~ETURNS TIlE NUMBEF( OF
CHR$ (expr) '1003 REM STATEMENTS ON THE GI~EN LINE TO N VIA x,
Generates a 1-character string 7004 REM rr EXPECTS XI 'STfnpPE~DOF THE LINE
whose ASC II val ue is the low-order '10M REM NUMI<Ef~ •
8 bits of the integer value of expr. 7006 REM X .~Tma NUMBER or STATEMENTS ON THE LINE IN X.,
7008 REM Y,- THE POSITION OF THE FIRST OCCURRENCE OF BACKSLASH
Example: 10 LET X$ =CHR$(65) 7009 REM IN THE f(EMAINING STRING IN XI;
assigns an A to X$. '1010 X=()
7030 Y"'POB(X~;, '\',1)
LEN (string expr) 70'40 IF Y'''O THEN X"'X+l \ n'(X)'<X$ \ RETUFm
Returns the number of characters :7C1~)()X"'X"H
in the string expr. ?()6()T$·(X)"'SEfH'(X~;,j,y ..:I.)
Y070 xS=!~FG'(Xm,Y+iY25~)

138 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 And only iOOMhas
It's here. The new iCOM 4511R. memory to 40 megabytes.
Slide these 8-100 components into a And the 4511R is fast, typically, an order
standard 19-inch rack and you've got big of magnitude faster than floppies. Disks spin at
computer storage capacity for your microsys- 2400 rpm, and the average access time is only
tem: 10 megabytes of useable storage. 40 milliseconds. .
The 4511R disk drive incorporates two But hardware is only part of the story. The ,
5 MB platters. The bottom one's fixed. And the 45f1R is available with CP/MT~ a sophisticated
top one is removable, for efficient data backup operating system which supports FORTRAN
and operating flexibility.
You can change cartridges easily, so the
and BASIC. The iCOMFamily.
effective storage capacity of the system is The new 4511R hard disk subsystem
limited only by the space on your shelf. rounds out iCOM's .Iine of rnicrooeripherals'"
The bipolar disk controller provides From our compact little 2411 Microtloppyt"
integral power supply and key lock security. to our new dual-density, dual flexible disk
It can handle three more drives, too ... drive 3812 system, iCOM is the first name to
boosting total, on-line, random-access look for in microperipherals.

icom mIC~OPEAlPHE~lS
Products of [ill Pertec Computer Corporation, 20630 Nordhoff
Dealer inquiries invited
St., Chatsworth, CA 91311, (213) 998-1800

iCOM and Microperipherals are registered trademarks of Pertee Computer Corporation. Microfloppy is
a trademark of Pertee Computer Corporation. CPIM is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

CIRCLE 136 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Example: 10 LET X = LEN 70ro REM --------------------------------------- END SUBROUTINE 7010
('ABCDE') 8000 REM SUBROUTINE 8010-8090 SCANS EACH STATEMENT ON THE GIVEN LINE
assigns 5 to X; 8002 REM FOR KEYWORDS THAT MAY INDICATE ~EFER-
8004 REM ENCED LINE NUMBERS. EACH STATEMENT IS IN
POS (string exprl, string expr2, B006 REM nN ELEMENT OF Hi ()•
expr) 800B REM N POINTS TO THE LAST OCCUPIED ELEMENT OF TI().
,HOlD FOR 1.1"1. HI N
Searches for and returns the posi- BOZO TB"=T$ (W)
tion of the first occurrence of B022 REM --- LINE B0301 TRIM LEADING AND TRAILING BLANKS.
string expr2 in string expr1. The B030 T9'=T8' \ GOSUB 9010 \ T8$=T9'
search starts at the expr character 13032REM _.--LINES 13040···13070 ISOLATE THE FIRST TWO ALPHA·-NUMEf\IC
13033 REM CHARACTERS IN THE STATEMENT IN T$(W)
position in string exprt. 8034 REM AND CHECK Fm~ KEYWORDS THAT M~Y INDICATE
Example: 10 LET X :: POS BO:,:') REM f(f,FERENCEVUNE NUMBEI~S.
('ABCDE', 'B', 1) 8037 REM SUBROJTINE t0010 PUTS ALL REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS THAT ARE
assigns 2 to X. B03a REM IN T~~ GIVEN STATEMENT IN L().
8039 REM SUBROUTINE 11010 PROCESSES IF•••THEN STATEMENTS.
20 LET X = 8040 Y$=SEG.(T8$,1,2)
POS(,ABCDE', 'B', 3) 8050 IF YI·'GO' THEN TOI=TB' \ GO~JB l0010
assigns 0 to X. 8060 IF VI='ON' T~~N TOI=T8$ \ GOSUB 10010
'BolO IPHi"''lF' rHENTU;""lB~t>\ GGSUB 110J.O
SEG$ (string expr, expr1, expr2) HOf:10NEXT lit
Returns the string ot characters t)090 RETUflN
in positions expr1 through exorz 8095 REM ----------- -------------------------- END SUBROUTINE BOlO
9000 REM --- SUBROUTINE 9010-9030 TRIMS LEADING AND TRAILING BLANKS.
in string expr. 9()1()T91"'TfiMI<T9$)
Example: 10 LET X$ = SEG$ 9015 IF T9'a" THEN 9030
('ABCDE', 2, 3) 9()20 IF SEG1i(T'lI,:1.,:t ),,: 2, zss: \ GO HI 9020
' THEN T9$o'SEG'(T91i,
'1>()<IO r~ETU'lN'
assigns BC to X$. 9040 REM ------------------------------------------- END SU~ROUTINE 9010
TRM$ (string expr) I()OO() REM --- SUB~OUTINE 10010-10120 SCANS A STATEMENl FOR REFERENCED
Returns string expr without trail- 10001 REM LINE NUMBERS. T~E PARSING RduTINE
l0002 REM SCANS THE STATE~ENT BACKWARDS
ing blanks. 10003 REM BEGINNING WITH THE LAST CHARACTER.
Example: 10 LET X$ = 'ABC' 10004 REM IF IT Is NON-NUMERIC, THERE ARE
10 LET Y$ = TRM$ (X$) 10005 REM NO REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS.
10010 X-LEN(TOS)
assigns ABC to Y$. 10020 XI-SEG$(T()I,X,Xl
VAL (string expr) 12():~2 REM LINE 10040: IF THE L.ASTCHAflACTER OF THE LINE IS NOT NU-
Returns the value of the decimal 10033 REM MERIC, RETURN.
lbo40'IF POS('()i23456789',X$,1)z() THEN RETURN
number contained in the string 10051 REM -- LINES 1006()-l0110: IF THE LAST CHARACTER IS NUMERIC THE
expr. 1005~ REM SCAN CONTINUES UNTIL. THE OCCURRENCE OF A
10053 REM SEPARATOR (COMMA OR SPACE). THE ROUTINE
W054 flEM ISOLATES THE NWiBEfl ANlh USING SUllI'WUTINE

FLOPPV DISK FOR PET*!

- 9.,00 EXPANSION
PE"DtSK SYSTEM from CGRS provides both a FLOPPY DISK and

an 5100 ADAPTOR far the PET! The Flappy Disk allaws the Pet to
MINIFLOPPY DISK DRIVE -80 kb
instantly load cnd save programs and information. The 5100 Adaptor PE"DiSK: EXS100 DISK CONTROL BOARD
SYSTEM
ollcws the Pet owner to use the extensive voriety of 5100 peripheral

boards: Memory, I/O, Voice Generators, Analog I/O, Printers, and

PACKAGE 1 $ 799.95 DISK HOUSING- POWER SUPPLY

KM3 - WllSERV SOFTWARE PACK

even Telephone Interface Cords.

-
Option 1 - Built in 5100 mainframe :$95.00
. PE"DISK uses the standard IBM 3740 format.
(read disks from other systems !) Option 2 - Softwore on EPROM: $60.00

EXS'100: 5100 size p.c.boord, cssembeled and tested.

DISK CONTROL BOARO Connects to the PET memory expansion port.

$ 299.95 Provides a Flappy D;sk Controller ond

Eprom socket, along with room for a

complete 5100 Adaptor.

KM3: From WllSERV INDUSTRIES, Allows yau to

SOFTWARE Save, Run, load, and Update programs from

the disk. Disk Commands, executed directly

or from a program, use existing BASIC format

preceeded by 0 special character string.

C G R S MICROTECH
P.O. Box 368 SOUTHAMPTON, PA.

[215l 757-0284 1B966

CIRCLE 156 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CREATIVE COMPUTING
140
 " It '5 nice to have a single source .
for such a wide variety of materials"
- Don Gholson, George Mason University
Outstanding-thank you. I could read the
tape (incredible) The program compiled Minimum conversion effort required and
the first time (impossible) What can I say materials are usable.
except thank you for a job superbly done. - Frederick Hilpert, University of Wisconsin,
. - John Millikin,Gallaudet College Stevens Point

• •
. This program is complex enough to be
CONDUIT provides the expertise to make
good. It almost follows that therefore it is
packages more shareable, more avail-
too complex to casually distribute without
able.
. carefully worked out documentation and
- William P Wilson, Elmhurst College
instruction. CONDUITprovided them.
• - Dale Nimrod, Luther College
Easy access to good programs particularly
for teachers with minimal computer back-
•
Looks like good documentation from one
ground source at a reasonable price
- William Lardy, Northern Plains Consortium - Bob Miller, College of New Caledonia,
for Educqtion BritishColumbia

CONDUIT, a source of instructional computing materials and

a resource for authors, now offers materials for MICROCOMPUTERS.
Write for more information.

-$ O:l'J::JJ1TCOMPUTING IDEAS FOR EDUCA TlON

Box 388, Iowa City, Iowa 52240·~ (319)353-5789
CIRCLE 143 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Don Rudger, Investment Advisor, San Jose, CA, says: fsMALL BUSINESS SOFTWARE
... In supplying financial ser-
vices to our customers ranging
I ~ FOR MICROCOMPUTERS
from a multi-million dollar
GENERAL LEDGER - ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
multinational corporation to a
doughnut shop. we require ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - INVENTORY
accurate and compact account- PA YROLL - SERVICE BUREAU PACKAGE
'ing information. We are using
COMPUMAX small business
software for this purpose for VERSIONS AVAILABLE.
the second year now.
Micropolis Besic
We find it reliable, easy to set
Cromemco 16k Basic
up and customize. For the re-
ports supplied, we are current- C Basic under CP/M
ly billing each month over ten Microsoft under CP/M
times the original cost of the Apple II
software. " TRS - 80

CCOMPU~ , 505 HAMILTON AVENUE

PALO ALTO, CA 94301 BYTE SHOP 8525 PARK DRIVE
OMAHA, NE 68127
£S50ClATES, INC. (415) 321-2881 OF OMAHA (402) 339-7350

CIRCLE 215 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MARCH 1979

141
 1.()O~55 I~EM 12010, STORES IT IN L().THE ROUTINE THEN
Example: 10 LET X$ = '12.345' 1.OO~;Ci I~EM DELETES FROM l~E SEPtRATOR TO THE END OF
20 LET X = VAL(X$) 1.0057I~EM THE LINE & REPEATS LINES 1.0010-101.10
100513REM UNTIL THE SEPARATOR IS A SPACE.
assigns 12.345 to X. 10060 FOR Z=X TO 1 STEP -1
1.0070XI=SEG$(TOI,Z,Z)
Statements 100130 IF XI=' , THEN LS=SEG$(TOI.Zt1.,X) \ GOSUB 12010 \ RETURN
In PACKER and PACK2, LET has 10090 IF X$a",' .THEN LI-SEG$CTO$.Ztl,X) \ GOSUB 12010 \ TOI=SEG$(TO$,1,Z-1)
been om itted. The statement 10 LET F = GO TO l00'10
l0110 NEXT Z
o appears as 10 F = O. 1.01.20REM --------.-.---------------------- END SUBROUTINE 10010
PACKER requires the COMMON 11000 REM SUBROUTINE 11010-11140 PARSES THE fF •••THEN STATEMENT.
statement to preserve the table of 11002 REM IT EXPECTS TII TRIMMED OF TRAILING
11.004REM AND LEADING BLANKS.
referenced line numbers when chain- 110013REM LINE 11010: LOCATES THEN.
ing PACK2. If COMMON is not 11010 X=POS(T11,'THEN',1)t4 .'
available, write PACKER and PACK2 11012 REM --- LINE 110201 THE STATEMENT IS IF •••GO TO. SET F3=1 IN ORDER
as one program. Renumber the lines in 1.1014REM TO SAVE THE LINE NUMBER OF THE NEXT NON-REM
11.016REM" STATEMENT AS A REFERENCED LINE NUMBER.
PACK2 so that its code follows 110113REM SUBROUTINE 10010 GETS THE I.INE NUMBER THAT
PACKER. 11019 REM FOLLOWS GO TO •.
When multiple statements occur on a 11.020.IF X=4 THEN F3=1 \ TOI=Tl$ \ GOSUB 10010 \ RETURN
line containing the IF ... THEN state- 11022 REM -...LINES 11030,11040 ISO~ATE THE STRING FOlLOWING THEN.
11024 REM SUBRO~TfNE POlO TRIMS TRAILING
ment, a line number following THEN 11.026REM AND LEADING BLANKS.
determines a different flow of control il030 Tl$=SEG$(TI$,X,255)
than a statement.' . 11040 T91=Tl1 \ GOSUB POlO \ Tl$=TY$
PACKER and PACK2 use the 11042 REM ._- LINES 11050-11070 CHECK THE FIRST CHARACTER THAT FOLLOWED
11044 REM THEN. IF IT IS NUMERIC, SUBROUTINE
character: or / to separate multiple 11046 REM 10010 ISOLATES IT. SUBROUTINE 10010
statements per line, and process files 11048 REM REQUIRES A BLANK BEFORE THE LINE NUMBER.
using that separator. Adaptation re- 110S0 X$=SEG$(Tl$.1.1)
11070 IF POS('012345678P',X$,I){)O THEN TO$=' 'tTII \ GOSUB 10010 \ RETURN
quires changing every occurrence of: 11072 REM --- LINES 11080-11140: l~E FIRST CHARACTER AFTER THEN WAS NON-
or / to the appropriate character. 11074 REM NUMERIC. SET F3~1 SO THAT THE LINE NUMBER
In MU BASIC, the keywords that 11075 REM OF THE NEXT NON-REM STATEMENT IS SAVED
reference line numbers in the same 1.1076REM AS A REFERENCED LINE. ALSO CHECK FOR A
1.1.077REM KEYWORD THAT INDICATES REFERENCED LINE
program are GOSUB, GO TO, IF .... 110713REM NUMBERS. IF rHE ~EYWORD IS NOT IF. ON.
THEN, ON " .. GOSUB, and ON ... GO 1(079 REM GO, THERE ARE NO REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS.
TO. If, in another version of BASIC, 1:10135F3"'1'
there are other such keywords, sub- 11090 X$=SEGICTl$.1,2)
1.1110 IF X$='JF' THEN 11010
routine 8010-8090 in PACKER will 11120 IF Xla'ON' THEN TO$=Tl1 \ GOSUB 10010
require additional code. 11130 IF XI-'GO' THEN i~$=Tl1 \ GOSUB 10010
In some other versions of BASIC :l1140I,ETUf~N
such as DEC's Edusystem 30 for the 11150 REM --------------.--------------------------
1 ;WOO . REM .--.- SUBROUTINE 12010-:120f:lO
PUTS THE LINE...
END SUBROUTINE 11010
NUMBER, L$, INTO
PDP-8, quote (") or apostrophe (') 12001 REM THE TABLE OF REFERENCED LINE
functions as the keyword REM. 12002 REM NUMBERS L(). IT UPDATES THE ARRAY'S
Furthermore, some interpreters do not 12003 REM INDEX. I. I POINTS TO THE ~AST USED
12004 REM ELEMENT IN L().
require a final delimiter for the last
12010 X-VALCL$)
string constant in a PRINT statement. 12012 REM --- LINES 12020-12040 ELIMINATE DUPLICATION IN L().
For example 10 PRINT "ABC is a valid 12020 FOR Y=l TO I
statement instructing the processor to 12030 IF L(Y)=X THEN RETURN
12040 NEXT Y
write ABC at the terminal. PACK2 does 12()~)() I"' I+ 1
not account for these situations. 12060 L( I )='X
Statements such as 12070 IF I=Mtl THEN PRINT 'TOO MANY REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS.' \ STOP
10 PRINT"THISISASTRINGCON- U()BO f(ETUI:m
1209()REM ---------------------------.------------- END SUBROUTINE 12010
STANT. 13000 REM --- SUBROUTINE 13010-13050 WRITES L(), THE TABLE OF REFERENCED
20 PRINT 'THIS IS A STRING CON- 13062 REM LINE NUMBERS, AT THE TTY.
STANT. 13010 FOR X-I TO I
13020 PRINT L(X),
30 "THIS IS A REM STATEMENT.
1:50:30NEXT x
40 'THIS IS A REM STATEMENT. 13040 PRINT \ ~~INT II' REFERENCEb LINE NUMBERS.'
will cause infinite looping in subroutine B05() RETUI~N
17000-17520 .. 13060 REM END SUBROUTINE 13010
::~2767ENt.·
File Operations
Statements for file operations vary f(EADY
among different versions of BASIC.
File operations occur in lines 510,520,
530, and 660 of PACKER and in lines LIST
210, 220, 250, 260, 620, and 20210 in 2-·,.JUN
....
78
PACK2. • PACK2 MU BASIC/RT-II VOI-OIC
1 REM PACKING PROllf(l'l~l
:3 f~EM PPfSS 2
:"i f(EM
7 f(t:M
9 REM THIS ~~OGRAM IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF PROGRAM PACKER.
11. REM
:1.:3 REM
:I.~.iREM VMiIAf<LES:
17 REM B7 THE NUMBER OF BELLS INSERTED IN PLACE OF BLANKS THAT
1 S' REM ARE NOT PART OF STRING CONSTANTS •.
z i REM F FLAG; SET IF THE Cm~RENT LINE NUMBER IS iN L().
23 REM 101 FI.AG) m:r rr HIE IJ",[I'(
WI',NTSI~PI~CI\EDLISTING AT THE TTY.
2~'; F,EM J INDEX FO~ ARRAY PIC).

142 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 27 I~EM Ql PosrfrON OF ' IN THE CURRENT LINE.
29 I~EM Q? POSITION OF IN THE CURRENT LINE.
Radio Shack :31 REM
::1:, I~EM STRING VARIABLES:
TRS-80 Software 3~; RI':~f B. CHR'(7) ~ BELL.
:,7 REM L. THE LINE NUMBER OF THE CURRENT LINE
:39 1~i::M T. INPUT VARIABLE FOR EACH LINE OF THE INPUT FILEi
CS-2001. TRS-80 4k Levell Games-1. Battl- 41. REM T9. IN SUBROUTINE 9010.
ing Deathstars, an exciting two player 43 REM
realtime graphics game. Hangman chal- 4!:) r~EM Af'l:(AYS:
lenges you to guess the computer's word 47 f(EM P.() AN ARRAY THAT HOLDS EACH LINE OF THE INPUT FILE UNTIL
before you're hung. Lunar Lander in which 49 !'(EM SPECIFIED CONDITIONS PACK THEM INTO ONE LINE.
:51 !'(t::M
you try to land safely on the moon. Kid's
5:"5 f,EM X. Y. x •• Y' ARE SCRATCH VARIABLES. DiEIR CONTENTS ARE USED
Math Race teaches simple arithmetic. Or I:;"~
•.1 ••
1 f,EM FOR SHORT DURATIONS.
play checkers against your TRS-80. $7.95. !57 REM
59 REM BMHG FUNC')"IONS:
61. REM c~m•• LEN. POSy SEG •• TRM$.
16K Level II Tapes 63 I~EM
65 I,EM FH.E .. OPE':(ATI(JNB:
CS-3001. Board Games-1 (6 Games).
Backgammon - the classic game. Qubic-
67 REM CLO!:lE. INPUT *. IF END t ••• THEN. OPEN.
69 REM
try to get 4 pieces in a' row on a 3-d board. 71. f(EM MEMORY AND DISK REQUIREMENTS:
Flip Disc - logic game similar to Othello. "73 I:(EM !:lEETABLE 1 IN THE ACCOMPANYING ARTICLE.
Wumpus I and II - hunt the Wumpus while '75 I;:EM
avoiding pits, bats and other hazards. 77 REM
Mugwump - find it in hiding. $7.95. 79 I~EM
210 OPEN IS FOR INPUT AS FILE 1
220 OPEN O. FOR OUTNJT AS FILE 2, FILESIZE B
CS-3002. Space Games-3 (4 Games). Ultra '230 DIM PS(45) \ J-O \ LimO \ B$mCHR$(7)
Trek - keep the galaxy safe from invading 240 1"=0
aliens. Romulan - outwit the sneaky
invaders. Star Wars - get TIE fighters in
your blaster sights. Star Lanes - the
2~0 IF END
260 INPUT *:1., T$
.1
24~~ '~EM ._.."" LINE 2!;;O:
THEN
SESSION WRAP''':UPAT END OF FILE.
GOSUR 610 \ STOP

'262 REM --- LINE 270: ~HE CURRENT LINE IS IN T$. STRIP OFF THE
ultimate game of barter and trading. $7.95. 264 REM LINE NUMBER AND PUT IT IN L$.
270 X.-T. \ GOSUB 15010 \ TS=XS \ LlmYS
CS-3003. Adventure (2 Versions). Explore 272 REM .-.--" LINE 28(): CHECK TO SEE IF THE LINE NUMBER IS t,EFER-
an almost endless maze of caverns with 273 REM ENCED. IF IT IS. SET F-1.
incredible riches and hazards. You'll run 280 GOSUB 16010 \ F=X
into unusual creatures, quicksand, 282 REM --- LINE 290: REPLACE BLANKS THAT ARE NOT PART OF A STRING
diamonds and rubies, a rusty ax and many 28:3 I~EM CONSTANT WITH CHF:$(7)=BELL. ALS(h PREFIX THE
other strange and beautiful things. 284 REM LINE WITH A BELL. MAKE TS NULL IF IT CONTAINS
Challenging and fun for all ages. $14.95. 2B5 '~EM ONLY A REM STATE~iENT. RECClfW THE NUMBER OF IN-'
287 REM SERTED BELI.S IN 87 (SEE SUBROUTINE 17()10).
290 XI=TS \ GOSUB 17010 \ T.·XS'
CS-3201. Ecology Simulations-1 (4 292 REM --- LINE 31(): REMOVE THE KEYWORD. LET. FROM EACH STATE-
Programs). Simulations adapted from Hun- 29:3 REM MENT IN rs, AND STf,IF' Hi FfWM THE FIRST
tington II Project. POP - explore three 294 REM OCCURRENCE OF REM TO THE END.
population growth models. STERL - vary 310 IF T$<>" THEN XI=T' \ GOsue lU010 \ T'=X$
use of pestiCides vs. release of sterile males :322 REM --- LINES 340-380: IF TS IS NULL REPEAT 240-340.
to control fly pest population. TAG - Use ~'123'~EM 1"''''1
HWICATE!3"THE LINE NUMBER IS REFERENCED.
324 REM IF 1'=1. PACK PS(1) 1~ P$(J~I PUT T$ WITH
"tagging-and-recovery" sampling techni- 325 REM ITS LINE NUMBER IN ~P$ (1); REPEAT 240-,340.
que to estimate the number of fish in a pond. 326 REM J=O INDICATES THAT T$ IS THE
BUFFALO -Manage a Buffalo herd to allow 327 REM FIRST LINE OF l~E ~ILE OTHER THAN A
hunting while keeping buffalo from becom- 328 REM NON-REFERENCED RtM STATEMENT. IF J=O
ing extinct. Comes complete with extensive 329 REM PUT T$ WITH ITS LINE NUMBER I~ P$(1);
resource manual. $24.95. 3:30 REM REPEAT 240-340.
:340 IF T$:"" THEN IF F ('>1. THEN 240
342 REM -- LINE 3501 F~l. THAT IS. THE LINE NUMBER IS REFERENCED.
To Order ... 350 IF T$·'· THtN TI=B$t'REM' \ GOSUB 20010 \ GO TO 510
352 REM -- .. LINES 360-370: T$<~
Creative Computing Software should be :360 IF J=O THEN 510
stocked by your local retail computer store. 370 IF F-l l~EN GOSUB 20010 \ GO TO 510
If your favorite outlet doesn't yet offer it, :372 REM LINES 380-4101 T$<>"; F<>11 J<>O
have him call C.J. at 800-631-8112. (In NJ, 374 REM
376 REM .-- LINE 3801 B7=THE NUMBER OF BELLS INSERTEb BY SUBROUTINE
201-540-0445). 17010. 'tl' ACCOUNTS FOR BACKSLASH.
:378 I~EM
Or you can order directly from Creative :380 Ll=LltLEN(T$)-B7tl
Computing. Send your check for tapes plus 3B2 i'(EMC·..C"-- LINES :~90.,-41(): L-MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH. IF Ll<=l.., STORE THE
$1.00 shipping and handling per order to 3B4 F(EM CURRENT LINE IN P$(Jtl); REPEAT 240-380.
Creative Computing Software, P.O. Box 3B5 '~EM IF Ll>L. PACK P'(l) TO P$(J), AND STORE THE
789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. NJ residents 386 "EM CURRENT LINE IN PS(I)1 REPEAT 240-38().
add 5% sales tax. Visa or Master Charge are 390 IF 1...1.'::'=l.. THEN J-JtI·\ P$(J)=T$ \ GO TO 240
4:1.0I'~ 1...1.::,... THEN GOSUl'< 2()():l.O
acceptable also. For faster service, call in :500 I\EM -. LINES ~H e-sse EXECUTE WHEN THE CUI\RENT LINE MUST BE F If(ST.
your bank card order toll free to 800-631- 501 REM THAT IS. EITHER WHEN Ll>L OR L$ IS REFERENCED.
8112. (In NJ, 201-540-0445). 502 HEM THE fWUTINE CONCATENATES 1.... ONTO T!J;,
50:~ ':,FM PUTS T$ iN P'(I),
!,)()4 REM BETS 1....1. LENGTH OF T. LESS THE NUMBER OF ~N-
505 REM SERTED BELLS (B7).
!506 r,EM SETS •.1 1, POINTING TO THE LAST USED ELEMENT
!507 ':,EM OF P$ r ».

CP8otiv8 :';10T$='l..'+T$
520 F'~;(1.)"'n;
530' Ll=LEN(TS)-B7

Gomputinf1
~540 •.Jm::/.
sso GO TO 24()
560 REM -.-------------------- ..
----------,------------- END MAIN PROGRAM.

softWOP'8
144 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 600
t,OJ.
REM ----
REM
SUIlfWtJHNE .~:l(}'·720· fJESSJON .mAP-'L1i'".
PACK I\NY S'fA'fEMENTS REMAINING IN 1"$(1.)
NORTH STAR
6()2 REM TO P$(J), CLOBE ALL FILES. RING BELL. Now DOUBLE or SINGLE
603 I~EM pram' HEJ.EVANT .INFORMATION.
61.0" II OStJH ;.~OO1() Density Floppy Disk!
620 CLOSE COMPLETE MINIFLOPPY DISK
630 FOR TO 50 \ PRINT GHRlH'1I; \ NEXT X
632 REM UNEll 640-"670: IF THE J:rEVJ:GE: NAME IS NOT F'HESENT IN rH~:
SYSTEM, single density w/BASIC
633 REM FXU;: NAM.E' PFIEFtX THE SYSTEM DEVICE NAME. and drive, Kit, List $699 $529
640 X",POSO$,'!'d,) Double density version of above, Kit
6;'50 IF X"O THEN :ut>,,'l)XO: 'd·1.$ List $699 (order 01..7735·1) $589
660 X-POS(O$,':',l)
Factory assembled, double density
670 IF X=() THEN O'~-'DXO: '+0$ $689
List $799 (01·7745·1)
i>HO PRINT \ PflINT
690 PRINT 'THE FILE THAT WAS PACKED III '; 1$
7()0 PIUNl' 'TI'IE: PACKED PROGf(AM IS ",'fOflED L1N!lEFI ';(J$
no I~ETIJRN
'1;;>~'REM e·_··_·"._.---.·- - __._ .•_ - - ----.------
END SlIf.<ROUTJ.NE 610
90()() REM - SLlm~OtJnNE 9()10--9030 TRlMS LEADING AND TRAIUNG f.<LANKS•
.9010 T9!!> ..",}RI1$(rS'!j;)
'90J.5 IF T9$.~,'" THEN
9020 IF SEtH; (T9$, 1 ,1) '"' , THEN T9$"'SEG$ (T9$, 2,255) \ GO TO 9020
9030 HETlJRN
9040 REM •....... - -..•-•.._-_
..•_-....•.
-.--.-._ _-_•.••
-•..--.- _..••..
- END SUf.<FWl.JTINE 9010
15000 REM .. _- SUBfWUHNE 15010-1.5040 REMOVES THE LINE NUMBER FROM X$
1.5001
15008
REM
REM - LINE isoi o
AND STOI~ES IT IN Y'~.
SEAftCHF.::!; FOR THE FII~ST BU\NK IN :rHE LINE.
BUY NOW.
150:l0 X",POS(X$,' ',1.)'·'1 HORIZON 1, single density, Kit
15020 Y$~SEG$(X$,l,X) List $1599 (01-3501-0) $1249
:l!5030 X'r.'~SEG'~(X'1> 'X+.t, 2:'):» Assembled version of above, List $1899 $1499
1504'0 RElUf(N
1!~05() REM -.."-."._" ,'"--,, .•....'" ", -- " "-""".'""•..•
- •.,, ..•.
----.- ..,- ENl) SlJBROUTINF.:: l:)O1() Double density version, Kit, List $1599 $1349
1.60()0 REM '.'.'"" SUBI~OU'HNE lb010~'16060 CHECKS TO SEE IF L$, THE LINE Double density, Assembled, List $1899 $159~
1.6001 REM NUMIlEfl • rs IN L (I), THE TAf.<LE OF
16002 REM ftEFEF(!'NCF.::tI LINE NtlM£!E::ftS. IF L$ 18 HORIZON 2, single density, Kit
16003 f~EM IN L(), IT SETS THE FL.AG 1'-'1 VIA X. List $1999 (order as 01-3502-0) $1599
1601.0 X,~O
16020 Y"'VAL(L$), Assembled version of above, List $2349 $1839
160~~O FOR Z.~'l: TO T. Double density version. Kit, List $1999 $1699
J6040 IF Y-L.ez) THEN X=l \ RETURN Double density, Assembled, List $2349 $1939
160~.)O NEXT 7..
16060
16070
RI~TtJRN
REM END SUBROUTINE 16010 CROMEMCO
l'1000
"'''''i7ool
ItEM
[IEM
BLANKS THAT ARE NtH PART
CONi3'rANt~)wfiHii-lt NON" 'SYSTEM 3
1.70()2 REM PfUNTABLE CHAI'lACTEf(, CHR$ ('1) "f.<ELl .•
1.'10·03 REM IT AUlD DELETES REM STATEMENTS THAT
1.7004 REM ARE ALONE ON ONE LINE. IT COUNTS THE
1.7005 REM NUMBER OF INSERTErt BEl.LS IN £17.
P008 REM '"._- LINE 17()1.0: TIUM LEADING AND TRA.n.ING BLANKS.
17010 T9$-X$ \ GOSUB9010 \ XI.'f9$
P015 B7"'O
:l701'1 REM ....•.. UNE PO;;>O DELETES BlAND·-ALONE ftEM STATEMENTS.
17020 tF f:lE(j~;(X$, 1.,:5) = "I~EM' THEN X$'~" \ RETURN
17030 X"l
1'1040 YzPDS(XI.' ,XI
ll042 REM ._ LINE :1.70:50: THEI~E AFtE NO MOftE BLANKS. PREFIX ONE BELL.
1'1043 REM EVEHY LINE MUST CONTAIN A LEADING IlELL BUT
17044 REM NOT A TRAILING BEU_.
17050 IF Y=O THEN X$-Il$+XI \ 87=B7+1 \ RETURN OUR
17052
:t'105~'l
.1.7054
REM .."''"- LINES 170<,,()"17.t60
REM
REM
CHECK TO ~3EE IF THE CURRENT IlLANK IS PART
OF A' STRING CONSTANT. IF IT IS,
IGNOflED .• OTHERW):SE IT IS flEPl..ACED BY
IT IS List$5990
CASH
PRICE $4990
Features 4 MHz CPU, 32K of RAM, dual PerSci
1'1055 REM A BELL.
floppy disk drive (and provision for installing two
17056 REM STARTING FfWM THE POINTER, X,
additional drives), RS232C Interface, Printer
1'1057 REM oi THE POSITION OF
Interface; assembled and tested, ready to use.
1.705B REM f<::.~ THE POSITION OF " AND
J. 70~;9 Y"m' THE F'OSiTWN or BLANK, System 2 .: List $3990 $3390
17060 f<l=POS(X$,"",X)
1.'1070 Q;~"F'C)S(X$, '" , ,X) Z-2 Computer System, Kit, ($595) $499
1.7080 IF Gl"'O THEN IF 02=0 THEN 17510 Assembled and tested version, List $995 $845
1.70(i2 REM --- LINE 1.7090: THE LINE CDNTAINS " BUT BLANK PRECEDES THE Z·2D Disk Computer System, Kit,
1.708:~ REM FmST OCCUr~RENCE.
17090 IF Ql=O THEN IF Y<Q2 THEN 1'1510
List $1495 (order 02-5302-0) $1270
17092' REM .,,-.- LINE 171.:1.0: THE f.<LANK IS EMBEDDED IN A ~URING DELI MITE]) BY'. Assembled/tested version, List $2095 $1780
17093 REM MOVE THE POJNTEf" X, ,JUST BEYOND THE NEXT
17094 REM OCClJRF:ENCE OF ." • • SORCERERCOMPUTER SYSTEM
17Ll0 IF Ql=O THEN X=POS(X$,"',Q2+1)+1 \ GD TO 17040 8K RAM, List $895 (37·5008·0) $787
1711~! REM -'~-' LINE 171201 THE LINE CClNTAf.Ni3 '; BUT THE fJLANK P«ECEtrES THE
17113 REM FIRST OCCURRENCE OF '0
16K RAM, List $1150 (37·5016·0) 1012
17120 IF Q2=O THEN IF Y<Ol THEN 17510 32K RAM, List $1395 (37·5032·0) 1232
1'1122 REM --- LINE 17130:~n~E BLANK IS EMIlEDDED IN A STRING DELIMITED BY',
17123 REM MUVE THE POINTER, X, JUST BEYOND THE NEXT Advertised prices include 2% discount for
171.24 REM OCfJlIRI~ENCE OF '. cash prepayment. For COO's, VISA or Master
17130 IFQ2-0 l~EN x-posexS,"',Qlfl)fl \ GO TO 17040 Charge, add 2% to advertised prices. (COD's
17132 REM --- LINE 171401 l~E LINE CONTAINS B01~ • AND " BUT THE BLANK not accepted on system orders.)
1.7133 REM PRECEDES THE F'IRST ()CCt.JI~f~ENCEOF BOTH.
SHIPPING, HANDLING and INSURANCE Add
17140 IF Y<Ql THEN IF Y<Q2 THEN 17510
1.7142 REM LINE 1?:l~501 I'HE ,{LANK IS EMBEDDED IN A STRING WHICH
$2 for boards, $12 for systems.
;[71.43 REM CI)NTATNS "; nUT THE SHIING IS DELIMITED BY Write for free catalog
:L?:l.44 REM MO!JE.....
.T.HE F'(JI.NTEf~, X, ,,!iJS.l...Sf:YON.I.1ThiE, NEXT
17J4~; REM OCCLJI~f,ENCEOF
MiniMicroMart, Inc.
1618 James s-, Syracuse NY 13203
MARCH 1979 145 (315) 422-4467
CIRCLE 176 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 17150 IF Ql<Q2 THEN X~POSIX$,'·'.QI+I)+l \ GO TO 17040
17152 REM --- LINE 17160: THE BLANK IS EMBEDDEb IN A STRING WHICH CONTAINS
Exidy Sorcerer 17153 REM
17154 REM
'1 BUT THE STRING IS DELIMITED
POINTER,
BY',
X. JUST BEYOND THE NEXT OCCURRENCE
MOUE THE
OF
Software 17160 X=~OSIX$"",Q2tl)tl \ GO TO 17040
17500 REM --.- LINE 1.7510 /,EPLACES A GIVEN BLANK BY THE BELL CHARACTER.
1.7510 X$=SEG$ (X$d, Y""l)fB$'I,SEG$IX$, Ytl, :;>5:'i)
CS-5001. Graphics Games-2. (6 Games).
17515 B7'~D7+1
LEM - lunar lander with display and 175:'0 GO TO J.7040
optional auto pilot. Nuclear Reaction - two 17522 REM -'""""-."".-""."--,--.-.-""-,---"''--,-""-.-."'---------""""-""-
END SUBROUTINE 17010
players bombard an atom with protons and 18000 REM '"-- SUBROUTINE 18010-18050 REMOVES ALL OCCURRENCES OF THE
electrons. Pie Lob - two players lob pies at 18001 REM KEYWORD, LET; AND IF THE LINE CONTAINS
each other over a sand castle. Bounce 18002 REM A FINAL REM STATEMENT. THE ROUTINE
traces the path of a bouncing ball.,Checkers IH003 REM DELETES FROM REM TO THE END OF THE
- beginners game. Dodgem - try to get 18004 REM LINE.
18010 X=POS(X$,B$+'LET'tB$.l)
your pieces across the board first. $7.95,
18020 IF X<>O THEN X$=SEG'(X$,1,X)+SEG$(X$.Xt4,255) \ GO TO 18010
18030 X=POSIX$,B$t'\'tB.t'REM',l)
OSI Challenger 1P 18032 REM --- LINES 18040-18110: FOR LINE-LENGTH ACCURACY, COMPENSATE
18034 REM FOR DELLS TIiAT ARE IN THE REM
and Superboard II 180:36 'REM STATEMENT. '
'Hl040 IF X~'O THEN f(ETURN
CS-6001. Graphic Games-3 (4 Games). In 18050 Y$=SEG$IX$.X,255)
Tank Attack seek and destroy enemy guns 18060 X$=SEGIIXI.l.X-l)
hidden among houses and trees before they IH070 X=1
get you. Dodgem - try to get your pieces 18080 X=POSIY$.B$.X)tl
18090 IF'X<)l'THEN 87=B7-1 \ GO TO 18080
across the board first. Free for All - 181.10 RETl.mN
airplane, ship, and submarine vie for each 18120 REM -----------------------------~----,,------ END SU8ROUTINE 18010
other. Hidden Maze - find your way 20000 REM SUBROUTINE 20010-20230 IS TH~ PACKING ROUTINE.
through an invisible maze. $7.95, 20001 REM LINES 200110-20050 CONSTRUCT A SINGLE LINE FROM THE ELEMENTS
20002 REM OF PIll) TO PIIJ).
CP 1M Software 20003 REM
20004 REM
LINES 20110-20120 REMOVE THE BELL CHARACTE~. B••
LINES 20210-'2023() W/UlE THE LINE TO THE OUTPUT FILE,
CS-9001. Games-1. An 8" floppy disc 20005 REM AND, IF THE USER SO INSTRUCTED,
containing the first fifty-one games from 20006 REM TO THE TTY.
Basic Computer Games in Microsoft Basic. 200:[0 X$="
20020 FOR X=1 TO J
All the games from Acey Ducey to HI-Q 20030 X$=X$+P$(X)
including such favorites as Animal, 20040 IF X<>J THEN X$=X$+'\'
Bullfight, Craps, and Hangman. (To run this, 20050 NEXT X
you need CP/M and Microsoft Basic.) 20110 X-POSIX$,B.,11
$17.95. 20120 IF X<>O THEN X$=SEG.(X$,I,X-l)tSEG$IX$,X+l,255) \ GO TO 20110
20210 PRINT t2.XI
CS-9002. Games-2. The second half of ;~0;~20IF Fl=1 THEN PfUNT X$
Basic Computer Games including Life, 202,11)REHJf(N
LEM, Mugwump, S.tars, 23 Matches, Word, 20232 REM ----------------------------------------- EN~SU8ROU1INE 16010
and forty-five others. A total of fifty-one :~2767 END
games on an 8" floppy disc. $17.95.
READY
CS-9000. Special Package. Two discs (CS- Sam pIe Run
9001 andCS-9002) and the Basic Computer
Games book. A $43.40 value for only $37.95.
The listin. below is a packed version of PACKER (~ass 1).

Blank Cassettes
CT -CS. Blank C-8 cassettes with 4 minutes RUN $PACKER
of tape per side. Perfect for one or two
programs. Highest quality tape packaged in
ENTE:R THE: NAME OF THE FILE TO fiE PACKEr'.
nifty red translucent cassettes in soft plastic USE THE FORM XXN: FItNI4M.EXT WHERE
box. $1.00 ea., 5 for $4.00. XX • THE DEVICE NAME. N" THE DEVICE NUMBER.
? DX1:PACKER.NEW
To Order ... ENTER THE NAME OF THE FILE FOR l~E PACKED CODE USING THE SAME CONVENTIONS.
Creative Computing Software should be ••• [OX 1:PACKEr,.B
stocked by your local retail computer store.
ESTIMATE THE NUMfiER ill" BLOCKS NEEDED FOR THE PACKED FILE.
If your favorite outlet doesn't yet offer it,
HOW MANY "~ 8
have him call C.J. at 800-631-8112. (In NJ,
201-540-0445). THE MAXIMUM LINE L,ENGTH I oC' 1.32 CHA/~ACTERS.
Or you can order directly from Creative HOW MANY CHARACTER~; F'ER LINE "' 133
Computing. Send your check for tapes plus
THE MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH IS 1.32 CHARACTERS.
$1.00 shipping and handling per order to HOW MANY CHARACTEr,S PER LINE " 132
Creative Computing Software, P.O. Box
789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. NJ residents DO YOU WANT A fACKED L.ISTING AT rHE TERMINAL (YES OR NO) !' Y
add 5% sales tax. Visa or ~aster Charge are no YOU W,~Nl A LIST OF f~EFERENCED LINE NllMBEftS(YES OR NO) "( Y
acceptable also. For faster service, call in
your bank card order toll free to 800-631- DO YOU NEED TO ENTEf~ LINE NUMBERS INTO THE TABLE
8112. (In NJ, 201-540-0445). OF I'~EFERENCEDLINE NUMBERS (YES OR NO) r N

PLEASE WAIT WHILE THE FIRST PASS £<lIILDSTHE TABLE OF Rf:FERENCED LINE NUMBERS.

GP8Btiv8 :310
410
:it,:;
5010
340
44~j
:P()
450
39!::;
610
BOlO

Gomputinf1
6010 7010 BOlO 520
630 5040 12010 5020 6050
7050 7030 9010 1001() 8060
B070 11010 8080 90:3() 9020

SOftWBP8 10060
11130
39
10090
11140
flEFERENCED LINE NUMBERS.
lOBO
12040
1.1.030
1208()
11085

CREATIVE COMPUTING
146
 THE FIRST PASS IS C6MF~E;t,
PLEASE WAIT ONE MOMENT WHILE PASS2 IS LOADEb.
Now, a book
160COMMoNL(300),L.I.Fl.BiI.,0$\DIMT$(30)\M=300\B-O\Fl-O\F2-0\F3-0\I-O\L-O\PRI
NT\PRINT'ENTER THE NAME OF THE FILE TO BE PACKED,'
220PRINT'USE THE FORM XXN:FILNAM,EXT WHERE'\PRINT'XX - 'HE DEVICE NAME, N-
for the practicing
THE DEVICE NUMBER,'\INPUTII
2~iOPRINT\PRINT'ENTER THE NAME OF THE 'FIl.E FOR THE PACKED CODE USING THE SAME
professional ...
CONVENTIONS, '\INPUTOS
270PRINT\PRINT'ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF Bl.OCKS NEEDED FOR THE PACKED FILE,'\PRI
NY'HOW MANY ';\INPUTB
310PRINT\PRINT'THE MAXIMUM LINE LENGTH IS 132 CHARACTERS,'\PRINT'HOW MANY CHA
I;MeTERS PH' LINE .;\INF'UTL\IFL>:l32THI:,N:ll()
340PRINT\PRINT'DO YOU WANT A PACKED LISTING AT THE TERMINAL (YES OR NO) ';\IN
PUTX'\X'=SEG$(X$.1.1)\IFX$=·Y·1~ENF1-1
365IFX'<)'Y'THENIFX$<)'N'THEN34()
370P/~lNf\f'/UN/'LID YOU W(;N'/A LItH UF f1cH;f(ENCb.(1 U,NL NI.IMl1cRti IY!;::; lJt(NO) ';\1
NPUTX.\X$=SEGI(X'.1,1)\IFX$-·Y·THENF2=1
395IFXI<>'Y'THENIFX$()'N'THEN37()
410PRINT\F'fnNT'[I() YOLI NEED TO ENTEf~ UNf NUMBERS
ERENCED LINE 'NlIMF'Er~S(YES OR NO) 'i
430INPUTX$\X$'"SEG$ (X~',1.:[)\IFX$'"'Y' THENGOSlH.l5010
445IFX$()'Y'THENIFX$<>'N'THEN41()
4!501"RINT\PI''W'NT'PLEASE Wt,n WHIL.E THE FIR~;r ",'AS:, BUILDS THE TABLE OF REFERENCE
D LINE NUMBERS,'\OPENI$FORINPUTASFILtl
520IFEND.1THEN610\INPlIT*1.T$\X'-T$\GOSUB6010\T$=X'\X$-T'\GOSUB7()10\N=X\GOSUBB
010\(30TIl!520
610PRINT\PRINT\IFF2-1THENGOSUB13010
,~)30PRINT\F'RINT'THE n/~ST PASS IS COMF'LEn:, '\PfUNT'PLEASE WAIT ONE MOMENT WHIL
E PASS2 IS lOADED,·\PRINT\PRINT\CHAIN'PACK2.B'
501()PRINT\PRINT'ENTER 0 TO STOP,'\PRINT •
!5()20INF'UTL$\
lYL •• •O' THENf~ETlIRN
5040(J'oSI.JB120.1
()\GOTCj~';020
60.10V-POS(X •• • ',I)-1\YS=SEG$(XI,1.V)\XI=SEG$(XI.V+1,255)\IFT3=lTHENIFSEG$(X$
.2.4)(>·REM·YHENF3=O\L$=YI'GOSUB12010
6050RETI.!RN
70l.0X=()
7b30Y=Pos(xi"~·.1)\IFY=OTHENX.x+i\T'(X)=X$\RETI.JRN
705()X=X+l'T'(X)=SEG~(X$.1.Y-l)\X'=SEG$(X$.Ytl.255)\GOT07030 "This is the best handbook of data
B0.10FORW-1TON\TSI=T$(W)\T91=TBI\GOSI.IB9010\T8$=T9$\Y$-SEG$(T8$,1.2)\IFY$z·GO·T
HENTO$=1~S\GOSUBI0010 . communications system technology
SO&OIFY$·'ON·THENTO$·TO.\GOSUB1001() that this reviewer has yet
8070IFY'=·IF·THENT.1'~TS'\GOSUBil01() encoun tered." - Arvid G, Larson in
B080NfXfW\RETI.JRN
9010TYI-TRM$(T9$)\IFT7S="THEN9030 ACM Comp'uting Reviews
9020IFSEG$CT91.1.1)=· ·THENT9$-SEO$(T9$.2.255)\GOT09020 February 1978
9030REDJRN ' . . ,
10()J.()X,,,l_EN( (TO",X, X) \ If;'P()S < '01 ;,!]4~;67!39
TO$) \x;i",,~;a,ds ,;Xl;,1 );;'OTHENR}:Tumoi ' Digital Press announces the
1()06()FORZ-XTOISTEP-l\XI=SEGI(T()$.Z.Z)\IFX$·· ·THENL$=SEG$(T()$.Z+1.X)\GOSUB120 publication of TECHNICAL
J.O\RETURN ASPECTS OF DATA COMMUNI-
1()090IFX$.·.·THENL •• SEG.(TO$.Ztl.X)\GOSUB1201()\TO$.SEG$(TO$.1.Z-1)\GOTOIOOIO
10110NEXTZ CATION by John McNamara.
1:l010X-F'OSIT1$ r ' THEN' .1 ) t4\IFX=4THENF3=1 \T()$=T1$\GOSI1£11 00 1O\-RETliRN Written for the practicing pro-
11030Tl$=SEG.<Tl$.X,255)\T9$=Tl'\GOSUB9010\Tl$=T9$\X$-SEG,<Tl$,I,I)\IFPOS('Ol fessional, TECHNICAL ASPECTS
·234567B9·.X$.1)<)~THENTO'·· '+Tl$\GOSUB10010\RETURN
11085F3=1 \X$=SEG'ITI $.1.2) \IFX$-' IF' THEN11010\IFX'=' ON' T,HENTO$·T1 $\GOSUBI001 0 OF DATA COMMUNICATION
11130IFX$='OO'THENTO$=Tl$\GOSUB1001() . details the nuts-and-bolts prob-
Il140RETI.II;~N lems and solutions in configuring
12010X=VAL(L$)\FORY=lTOI\IFL(Y)=XTHENRETURN
12040NEXTY\!-I +1 \L.(!)-X\IFI-Mt 1H1ENPRINT' TOO MANY REFERENCED LINE NUMBERS.' \5 communications systems. It
TOP features: • comparison of protocols
12080RETUF~N (DDCMP, BISYNC, SDLC) • exten-
13010FORX=1 TOI\F'f<INTL. (X) •\NEXTX\PRINT\PRINTI s : REFERENCEr! LINE NUMBERS.' \RETU
fiN\END sive explanation of interface stand-
ards (CCill/V.24, RS232C. RS422,
RS423) • six comprehensive
THE FILE THAT WAS PACKED IS DXl:PACKER,NEW
THE PACKED F'F~OGRAM I S STORED UNDER [IX1 lPACKER, B
appendices (how far/how fast?,
modem options, codes, UART,
STOP AT LINE 240 format and speed table for asyn-
READY
chronous communication, chan-
nel conditioning) •20 milliampere
loop· telephone switching
systems • error detection
• 382 pages • 125 figures •70
pages of tables • index> hardcover

r---, -------------,
1 ",
~
D~DD~D
~ ~
~~~'~:~~~e:lsservices
Dizital Equipment Corp.
1
1
1 Dept. DP-H Crosby Drive, Bedford, MA 01730
I would like to order copies of '1
1 TECHNICAL ASPECfS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION at $19.95 per copy, 1
Test the pack~d file to see that it does not generate the ?TLT error message.
1 o Check enclosed 0 Money Order enclosed
1 Plus $1.00 for Postage and Handling, 1
OLD DXIlPACKER,B

READY 1 Name 1
I Address I
No error messaSe indicates that the pa~~ed file will run as a logical
re~..1ica of t,he o r I s i na I 1 City State Zip___ 1
L _'_._ ~e.:!ply in U.s, only.__ .J
MARCH 1979
147 CIRCLE 193 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 .Data Base or Bust!
/ \
For your' TRS-80

If you're ready for an inexpensive information retrieval system

for your disk-based TRS-80, perhaps this is the one. '

File-It is a program designed to store chanqe data in a file. You can also look accepts anything up to a carriage
a data base consisting of three fields at each field in a file, searching for a key return.
(of any size). Thus perhaps a name, field, then print out the records con- The documentation received with
phone number and address, or a taining this key field, Note I said key the program is a bit sketchy and
product, part number and price, and field, not key word. That is, the whble requires rereading aria operation of the
manufacturer. It is a useful program field has to be the same as the key program to understand. However, once
and will store almost any data base you searched for. you use the program and experiment
require. As the program is provided with it a bit you'll have no trouble. My
you are limited to three fields. understanding is that more detailed
However, the documentation tells you Criticisms documentation is being prepared.
how to change the number of fields Personally, I would rewrite the
(just change a number in a DIM program to use the INSTRO function in Summary
statement), and also the number of disk BASIC to search each field for a This program is provided on a
records in a file. key word appearing in a record. Of diskette arid is packed in a nice thick
The whole file is placed in memory, course this would be slower and
carrier. I doubt that even the USPS
as an array, when the file is called, so occasionally retrieve some nonsense, could damage it. The version I received
the program runs very rapidly, This but on the whole I believe it would is for the TRS-80 and also contains a
also has another advantage. The file make the program more useful. It copy of TRSDOS so it can be used with
can be stored in a sequential file, much would be simple enough to modify the a single disk system, Note FILE-IT is
more space efficient than using ran- program to do this; you could even not a SYSTEM program, but is written
dom access. Also, this means the field make it optional and specify the search in BASIC, so it is easy to modifyittodo
sizes are not fixed in length. The method each time- you selected this whatever you wish.
obvious disadvantage is that your program mode. In my opinion, FILE-IT is a very
available RAM limits the size of the file. Another criticiSm is the use of the useful program and easily used due to
If you have 32K this should be no INPUT statement to input data to the its simplicity, The few criticisms I have
problem. file. This restricts you to data which can be corrected by the purchaser
In running the program several does not contain a comma, colon, (with a knowledge of BASIC). It is
options are available. One is to retrieve leading blank or quote. I would change available for $25 from Jeff Lasman's
the informationfiled and another is to the statement to LINE INPUT, which Practical Applications, PO Box 4139,
Ken Knecht, Kencom Co., 1890 W. Colorado SI. Foster City, CA 94404. •
#7, Yuma, AZ 85364.

CREATIVE COMPUTING
148
 PET
$795 THE PET memory $795.00 $29.95
CONNECTION $240.00
$280.00
Second Cassette drive
RS-232 Printer Adapter ~
$99.95 - EXPANDAPET - Eco-
nomical 16K memory
Cab.net $ 35.00
assembled board $98.50 expansion for the PET
Networks Modem for PET With power supply. case & (incl1 daughter bd) $485
Attaches to OAA $320.00 connector $169.00
Cabinet .$ 35.00 Without daughter $435
board

Hams! Add a NCE/CompuMart now carries the popular Apple

PET to your rig. II microcomputer system. It easily attaches to
any TV and can be used for either business or
Compute rile your station with
Microtrorucs M-6S Ham Interface games. To see why the Apple II continues to be
and included software. You simply
pluq the unit mto, your PET and the leader in TV-display computers, write for
you re ready ,to display. transmit
and receive either CW or RTTY at
more information.
rates up to 100 WPM. I----------~ 16K Apple II Computer $1195
ASSEMBLED KITS 48K Apple II Computer $1795
LOW·COST PRINTER Disk Drive & Controller
$99.95 FOR PET
$ 595
$ 495
This IS a completely refurbished
SECOND CASSETTE Teletype KSR·33 terminal ready to
attachto your PETs interlace to
FOR PET-$99.95 useasaprinter
This peripheral trom Commodore
gives you the abllityto use one tape
deck lor input and one for output
copy filesrete
Hazeltine
1400
KIM-1
The Orl9,nal tully
board com~pLIter
Assembled
expandable s.nqte

NO'IJ Only
$179.95 s10C~ $749.00
with power supply
Urgently needed: Now a 5th Generation
$214.95 • Peripherals in Terminals:
EXPAND YOUR KIM
SYSTEM: • Manufacturers surplus Introductory Sale Price -
KIM 51 Immediate Delivery
KI M to S-100 Board • Closed stores stock
• 24 x 80 display
Assembled $169 • RS-232C interface
Single board
Connector Set 15 • 110 to 9600 Baud
VIDEO TERMINAL
KIM4 • 12" CRT Monitor
by XITEX
Expansion board 16Lnx64chr.displaY.128printable • Remote screen control
MICRO TECH.
Assembled
POWER SUPPLY
CASH characters,
or Baudot).
cassette
software
3 serial
UART (ASCl!
interfaces
1/0. true composite video,
& • Uses 8048 microprocessor
KIM ENCLOSURE AVAILABLE "M"L compatible, easy power con- • State-of-the-art design
nection

A full capability terminal completely

assembled with a 90 clay warranty
for less than you'd pay for a kit.
TC-71 SELECTRIC TERMINALS
Top-quality printing terminal
with RS·232. PTTC code. In-

)~~'1i.".'ii.'
cludesdesk, tao cnar.une.
ASCII version employs 6802 ,4.;~ ------.... i
tor code corwerstonaee our
catalog for details
ASCII $864
Refurbished $895
Working
As-Is
$495
$339 ~
ASCII tNTERFACE FOR TC-71 $
45 Day delivery Normally $199 NOW 169
ACOUSliC Coupler tor use Wllh ASCII T(·71 $159
A Home Computer & A

INTERACT
14 FREE CASS
8K-$499 16K-$599
• Color graphics on your TV
• MUSic and ecund syntnestaer
• Built-in cassette tape drive
• Large 53-key keyboard
• Two joysticks included
• Edu~9As1C cassette include d
.8080 Microprocessor
• 8K RAM. 2K ROM
II you can't decide between a
sophisticated video game and a
home computer then the Inter·
act Model One is lor you. Hook it
to your color TV and you·vegot
both! You can play one 01 the
games which are included tree
or you can load Edu-BASIC and
write your own games,
Best 01 all you get over $294
worth 01 tree cassettes includ-

CIRCLE 202 ON READER SERVICE,CARD

 On Creative's exclusive new T-Shirt, "I'd rather be playing
. Spacewar," spacecraft from Star Trek, Star Wars and
Battlestar Galactica team up together. The shirt has white Set of 8 computer Myths Explained by Monte Wolverton. On
lettering on a black background and is available in adult heavy stock, large 12x17" size, suitable for framing, dressing
sizes S,M,L,XL; childrens sizes S,M,L. All cotton, made in up that drab line printer or file cabinet. Only $3.00 postpaid in
USA. When ordering, specify design and size. $5.00 USA, $4.00 foreign. A real megabargain! Send to Creative
postpaid USA, $6.00 postpaid, foreign. No COD's. Send Computing, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, N.J. 07960.
payment and order to Creative Computing, P.O. Box Residents of the Garden State add 5% tax. Orders must be
789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. prepaid.

CIRCLE 188 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 kHz
maximum rate) • Floppy controtler with direct memory access
(DMAh switch selectable for: single or double density (IBM format); mini or
standard flOPPY; 1 to 4 drives (same type) • Floating point hardware
(proposed .···IEEE standard) _ Memory Mapped 110 _ Enclosed power
supply Complete UCSD Pascal Operating System (Release 111.0)

FOR FURTHERINFORMATlON°CONTACT
DISTRIBUTOR: CIT (714) 979~9920
RETAIL: Your LOCAL COMPUTER Store
0liM: Your WEST!!!RN[)IGrp~L SalesR~presentative

CIRCLE 189 ON READER SERVICE CARD

THE LEADER IN QUALITY HOME SOFTWARE

announces new APPLE-II software

DR. MEMORY T
• (32k) Disk Word Processor $49.95 includes
UPPER and lower case plus complete printer controls. Variable
page size, left and right margins, automatic paragraphing
and more. On diskette with documentation.

APPILOT EDU-DISKT• (32k) $49.95 converts the APPLE II into an

advanced C.A.l. system. Includes program editor and APPILOT
interpretor on diskette with documentation.

SUPER-LOADT• Cassettes
U-DRAW (16k) $17.99 - high resolution programmable graphics
editor for interior design and computer art. Save figures on
tape and link them to your programs.
ELECTRIC CRAYON (8k) $17.95 - Brilliant 15 color graphics
editor. Draw and animate figures directly from keyboard.
MUSIC BOX (8k) $12.95 - three octave sound includes sharps,
flats, note time, rests and tempo.
TANK WAR (16k) $12.95 - two player action in Hi-Res.
MAZE GAME (16k) $12.95 - best 3-D full color maze game.
SIDE SHOWS (8k) $12.95 - six colorful games in BASIC.
ESCAPE! (16k) $12.95 - a challenging 3-D adventure.
". .. and this one does 60 integer
executions in 7.2 nanoseconds ... i>

It•• ,
~~
Available from dealers or write today to the
MUSE CO., 7112 Darlington Drive, Baltimore, MD 21234
I~=
,!
. '?"'''!'l;J!;E
Order by phone (301) 661-8531 MASTERCHARGE and VISA welcome

CREATIVE COMPUTING
CIRCLE 183 ON READER SERVICE CARD
151
 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
Games, Reader
Service No. Advertiser Page No.

Games, 102
199
200
154
ABS Software
Advanced Computer Products
Aladdin Automation
Apollo
56
71

96
7

216 Apparat 129

Games •• •
148
126
144,104
156
Apple
AVR Electronics
Berkeley Medical Data Associates
CGRS Microtech
92
24,104
140
9

175 Clisham, George A. 113

134 Cload 30
185 Component Sales 39
215 Compumax 141
103 Computalker Consultants 29
105 Computer Bus 78

.. 120

171
106
Computer Enterprises
Computer Factory
Computer Information Exchange
Computer Lab ot NJ
121
59
55
106
194 Computer Mart 106
107 Computer Mart Systems 113
Our best selling boqk, Basic Computer Games, brings you 101 great 124
119
Computer Store of Santa Monica
Computer Systems Designs, Inc.
77
64
games to entertain you and your computer! It's got all the favorites: 112 Computer Textiles 40
143 Conduit Co. 141
Blackjack, Mastermind, Super Star Trek and more. Allyou need is a BASIC 166-169 Connecticut MicroComputer 35,36,37,39
111 Continental Specialities Corp. cover 3
speaking computer. Every game has a complete listing, sample run and 182 Contract Services Associates 123
descriptive write-up. 181
181
Creative Computer Applications
Creative Computing 31,76,80,100-103,131,135
42

Swirl your cape at the bulls, relive the Civil War, toss darts, open your I
196 Creative Software
144,146,150,152
64
parachute at the last moment, slalom down narrow icy courses, and dabble 114 Cromemco 1
101 Datasearch 127
with logic puzzles. You'll never watch TV again! 115 Datasoft Research 130
Digital Equipment
Basic Computer Games is a major revision of the book 101 BASIC 193, Digital Press
111
147
Computer Games with all the games now in Microsoft Basic. Paperbound, 157
117
Eclectic Corp.
Electro-Analytic Systems
38
61
183 pages, $7.50 plus $1.00 shipping and handling in U.S. {$2.00foreign}. NJ 118
198
Electronic Systems
Exidy
65
133
residents add 5% sales tax. Send your order today to Creative Computing, 205 Fantasy Games Software 56
197 Frazer and Associates 113
P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. Visa and Master Charge are 153 Gaudeus Magazine 18
152 GRT Consumer Computer Group
acceptable also. For faster service, call in your bankcard order to: 162 Hea-n Company
115
16
113 Imsai 6
800-631-8112 (In NJ, call 201-540-0445)
145
109
190
Integral Data Systems
Ithaca Audio
Jade Computer Products
67
20-21
108-109
207 KLH Systems 99
Lifeboat Systems Associates 12&79
164 Ligori Data Services 92
203 Mad Hatter Software 87
4-Year Cumulative Index to 137
151
Marketline Systems
Mathematical Application Service
127
129
Creative Computing and ROM 201
184
McGraw/Hili-College
Meca
Division 48
47
127 Micro-Ap 137
170 MicroComputer Devices 25
Yes, folks, Creative Computing has 195 MicroComputer World 29
been around for four (count them, 4) 177
173
Micro Mike's
Micro Products Unlimited
123
56
years! Our first issue was Nov/Dec 147 MicroSoft 11
133 Midwest Scientific Instruments
1974 and Vol. 4, NO.6 was Nov/Dec 176 Mini Micro Mart
32
145
1978. For those of you with all those 183 Muse 151
159,160 Netronics R & D Ltd. 79,77
issues around it's sometimes difficult 202 Newman Computer Exchange 149
NRI Schools-Electronics Division
to remember just when that neat article 146 Ohio Scientific -
27
cover 4
on Magic Squares appeared, or which 188 OK Machine and Tool Co. 150
131 Osborne and Associates 91
four issues carried the CAI Series of 155 Percom Data Corp. 129
articles, or in which issues we review- 191
108
Personal Programming Services
Personal Software
74
119
ed all 34 books on BASIC. 136 Pertec Computer Corp. 139
161 The Pet Paper
Also; not to overlook our cousin ••~.:;;.~ 210 Plainsman Microtec
42
85
ROM, we've included all the meaty 211
149
Practical Applications
Processor Technology
131
14,15
articles, programs, reviews and other Program Design; Inc. 80
122 Programma International
information from that periodical too. 135 Quality Software
117
55
We've cross-referenced articles that 187 RACET Compute
Radio Shack
63
19
have appeared in both Creative Com- 123 Rainbow Computing 63
165 RCA 5
puting maqazlne and the Best of 150 Realty Software 24
Creative Computing Vo/s. 1 and 2, 186 Schreier Software Index 83
121 Small System Software 97
hence, the current source of every 125 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 2
article is listed. 192
129
Software Factory
Soroc
78

l_.!:~~~~::::::::::::::::=:l
143
139 Southwest Technical Products Corp. cover 2
Articles are classified by subject area 213 Starlog/Future Magazines 57
and Iisted by title and author. Over 2000 140 Sybex 41,135
separate items are included. The index Price for this blockbuster of an index 130
180
Tarbell Electronics
Total Information Services
79
61
does not include a cross-reference to is just $1.00 postpaid, $1.25 for first Trenton Computer Festival 81
142 U.S. Brokers Co. 99
author. class delivery, $2.00 foreign. Orders 214 Vector Graphics 43
The index was put together by Jane must include payment (no bank cards, 189 Western Digital 151

Fletcher on a DECsystem-10 using the COD's, or orders to be billed). Send to

text editor and runoff (with a Diablo Index, Creative Computing, P.O. Box
1620). 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960.

152 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 ess.
Faster, easier and more economical digi-
tal testing. That's what CSC's Logic Probes are
ore.
without pulse memory capability. Handling a
minimum pulse width of 300 nanoseconds, this
all about. And that's what engineers, technicians 300 K ohm probe is the economical way to test
and hobbyists need, to deal with the increased
use and complexity of digital circuits. ~4IIII:IC=r:III=
Unlike oscilloscopes, meters
and other conventional test equipment, CSC
probes are logic-state oriented: Just touch the
probe to a circuit node and instantly read logic circuits up to 1.5 MHz. It detects pulse trains or
state, detect level transitions, check duty cycles. single-shot events in TTL, DTL, HTL and CMOS
And store high-speed, low-rep-rate events circuits, replacing separate pulse detectors,
that even fast scopes miss. pulse stretchers and node state analyzers.
By accurately detecting the state of indi- LP-3 LOGIC PROBE. $69.95*
vidual logic elements without removing ICs or Our LP-3 has all the features of the LP-1
cutting copper paths, CSC's circuit-powered, plus extra high speed. It captures pulses as
narrow as 10 nanoseconds, and monitors pulse
trains to over 50 MHz. Giving you the essential
of a high-quality memory scope at
about 1I100ththe cost. LP-3 captures
one-shot or low-rep-rate-events all-but-
multi-family Logic Probes locate over 95% of impossible to detect any other way. All without
circuit problems in minutes instead of hours. the weight, bulk, inconvenience and power
And they're easy to use. Simply connect two clip consumption of conventional methods.
leads across the power supply, touch the probe
tip to a node and watch the LEOs.
LP-1 LOGIC PROBE. $44.95*
LP-1 has a minimum detectable pulse
width of 50 nanoseconds and maximum input
frequency of 10 MHz. This 100 K ohm probe is Use CSC's highly versatile logic probes
an inexpensive workhorse for any shop, lab or for testing, debugging or servicing any type of
field service tool kit. It detects high-speed digital circuit. They give you a lot of information
pulse trains or one-shot events and stores about IC circuit conditions ... and help you do
pulse or level transitions, replacing separate more in less time. For less money.
level detectors, pulse detectors, pulse
stretchers and pulse memory devices. All, for NEED MORE INFORMATION? CALL TOLL-
less than the price of a DVM. FREE: 800-243-6077 to order, or for the
LP-2 LOGIC PROBE. $24.95* name of your local distributor. Prices slightly
LP-2 performs the same basic functions higher outside U.S.A.
as the LP-1, but for slower-speed circuits and
© 1978, Continental Specialties Corporation. Prices, specifications, subject to change without notice. •Manufacturer's suggested retail.

CONTINENTAL

.
SPECIALTIES CORPORATION

= 5
Corporate Headquarters: Europe, Africa, Mid-East: CSC UK LTD.
Continental Specialties Corporation Shire Hill Industrial Estate, Units 1 and 2
70 Fulton Terr., Box 1942, New Haven, CT 06509 Saffron Walden, Essex CB 11 3AQ
351 California St., San Francisco, CA 94104 Telephone Number: SAFFRON WALDEN 21682
(415) 421-8872, TWX 910-372-7992 TLX817477

CIRCLE 111 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Here it is at last., THE
FIRST
FLOPPY DISK BASED COMPUTER
FOR UNDER 51000·

The C1P MF

5995
• Complete mini·floppy computer system
• 10K ROM and 12K RAM .
• Instant program and data retrieval Or Start wittl' the C1 P
The Challenger 1 P Mini-disk system features CASSETTE BASED
Ohio Scientific's ultra-fast BASIC-in-ROM, full
graphics display capability and a large library
Computer for just $349.
of instant loading personal applications soft-
The cassette based Challenger 1 P offers the
ware on mini-floppies including programs for'
same great features of the mini-disk system
entertainment, education, personal finance,
including a large software library except it has .
small business and now home control!
4K RAM and conservative program retrieval
time. Once familiar with personal computers,
you'll be anxious to expand your system to the
more powerful C1 P MF.
You can move up to mini-disk performance at.
any time by adding more memory and the disk
driveContact your local Ohio Scientiticdealer
or the factory today.
*Both systems require a video monitor, modified TV or RF
converter and home television for operation. Ohio Scientific
offers the AG3 combination 12" black and white TV/monitor
for use with either system at $115.00 'retail.
The C1 P MFconfiguration is very powerful.
However, to meet your growth needs it can be All prices, suggested retail.

directly expanded to 32K static RAM and a sec-

~"'" '~~~~bndfloP'PTlJ)I'simply-prUgtJifig these·opti6nsin.lt -~.
also suports a printer, modem, real time clock
and AC remote interface as well as the OS-650
1333 S ..CHILLICOTHE RD., AURORA, OHIOA4202 (21(?) 562·3101
V3.0 development oriented operating system.
CIRCLE 146 ON READER SERVICE CARD