SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To perform short circuit test on a single phase transformer and to determine regulation of
transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Equipment Type Range Quantity

1 no
Voltmeter MI (0-75)V
1

2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1 no

Wattmeter UPF (0-300)V 1 no

4

Connecting
5 Multi stranded ----- Required
wires

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Transformer Rating: 2KVA

LV (in Volts): 115V
LV side current: 8.6A
HV (in Volts): 230V

Transformation Ratio (K): =2

THEORY:

Short Circuit Test:

The short circuit test is performed on the secondary or high voltage winding of the transformer.

The measuring instrument like wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter are connected to the high

voltage winding of the transformer. Their primary winding is short-circuited by the help of thick

strip or ammeter which is connected to its terminal.

The low voltage source is connected across the secondary winding because of which the

full load current flows from both the secondary and the primary winding of the transformer. The

full load current is measured by the ammeter connected across their secondary winding.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

Short Circuit Test:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position
before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply, now apply the rated Current to
the Primary winding by using variac.
4. The readings of the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter
are noted down in tabular form.
5. Then variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.

OBSERVATIONS:

For SC test

S.No. Short circuit Voltage ( VSC) Short circuit Current (ISC) Short circuit Power (WSC)
1 17 8.6 140

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Input power (Wsc ) = VscIsc cosɸsc = 140

cosɸsc = = = 0.957

ɸsc = = 16.86

R01 = = = 1.892

Z01 = = = 1.976
 √ = 0.548

R02 = K2 R01 = 7.568

X02 = K2 X01 = 2.192
Regulation:

% Regulation = X 100

% Regulation = X 100

‘+’ for lagging power factor = 14.728

‘-‘ for leading power factor = 12.35

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Connections must be made tight.

(ii) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off.

RESULT:

Hence, I performed short circuit test on a single phase transformer and to determined input
power, power factor and regulation of transformer.
 SPEED CONTROL OF A DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To determine the speed control characteristics a dc shunt motor by armature voltage
control method.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor Rating: 3HP

Rated Armature voltage: 220V

Rated Field voltage: 220V

Rated Armature Current: 12A

Rated Field current: 0.6A

Rated Speed: 1500rpm

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1

2 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1

Single bar 300Ω/1.5A 1

Rheostats wire
3 wound 400Ω/1.7A 1

4 Tachometer Digital -- 1

Multi
5 Connecting wires stranded -- Required

THEORY:

The speed of a DC shunt motor is given by,

Nα

N=K ( )

It is clear from the above equation that the speed of a DC shunt motor can be changed by two
methods.i.e.

1. Armature Voltage Control Method: If we add resistance in series with the armature, the
armature current (Ia) decreases and hence speed decreases. This armature control method is based
on the fact that by varying the voltage across the required voltage. The motor back EMF (Eb) and
Speed of the motor can be changed.
PROCEDURE:

ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The field rheostat is kept in the minimum resistance position.
3. The motor is started with the help of a 3 point starter.
4. The field current is adjusted to the desired value.
5. Armature voltage is varied with the help of armature field rheostat which is at
minimum resistance position initially.
6. At each step armature voltage and speed are noted.
TABULAR COLUMN:

ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD:

S.No. Armature Voltage (V) Speed (rpm)

1 100 602
2 120 741
3 140 880
4 160 1016
5 180 1146
6 200 1300
7 220 1426
MODEL GRAPHS:

Draw the following graph (i)Speed Vs Armature voltage

RESULT:

Hence, I determined the speed control characteristics a dc shunt motor by armature voltage
control method.
Result :

Hence, I verified Norton’s theorem theoretically and practically

 SUPER POSITION THEOREM
AIM: To verify superposition theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. Components Specification Quantity

1KΩ 3
1 Resistors

2 Multimeters (0-20)mA 3

3 Dual power supply (0-30)V 2

4 Bread board -- 1

5 Connecting wires -- Required

THEORY:

This theorem states that “The current through or voltage across any element in a linear
bilateral network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents of voltages produced
independently by each source ( i.e. sources with its internal resistances).A given response in a
network regulating from a number of independent sources(including initial condition source)
may be computed by summing the response to each individual source with all other sources
made in operative( reduced to zero voltage or zero current).This statement describes the
property of homogeneity in linear networks. So it is the combined properties of additivity and
homogeneity ofa linear network.

It is a result of the linear relation between current and voltage in circuits having linear
impedances.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 TABULAR COLUMNS:

V2=0V

S.NO V1(V) I11(mA) I21(mA) I31(mA)

V1=0V

S.NO V2(V) I111(mA) I211(mA) I311(mA)

V1 ,V2 Operative

S.NO V1(V) V2(V) I1(mA) I2(mA) I3(mA)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. First voltage sourceV2is made zero and voltage source V1 is made equal to
10V and thecurrents I1,I2,I3 flowing through various branches are noted by ammeter.
3. Now V1 is made zero and voltage source V2 is made equal to 5V (say) and currents
I1,I2 and I3are again noted with the help of ammeters.
4. Finally the circuit is excited by both the voltage sources by making V1=10V and
V2=5Vandcurrents I1,I2 and I3 are noted with the help of ammeter.
5.Verify the results with help of above formulas.
Result:

Hence, I verified superposition theorem theoretically and practically