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Xi Ai Bi Aibi Aibi

The document describes three combinational circuits: magnitude comparators, decoders, and encoders. A magnitude comparator compares two binary numbers to determine their relative magnitudes, while a decoder converts n-bit binary input into unique output lines, and an encoder performs the inverse operation of a decoder by generating a binary code from active inputs. Each circuit is explained in terms of its definition, structure, operation, and specific functionalities such as equality checks, enable inputs, and priority handling.

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6 views5 pages

Xi Ai Bi Aibi Aibi

The document describes three combinational circuits: magnitude comparators, decoders, and encoders. A magnitude comparator compares two binary numbers to determine their relative magnitudes, while a decoder converts n-bit binary input into unique output lines, and an encoder performs the inverse operation of a decoder by generating a binary code from active inputs. Each circuit is explained in terms of its definition, structure, operation, and specific functionalities such as equality checks, enable inputs, and priority handling.

Uploaded by

Mudasir
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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magnitude comparator from the provided text:

1. Definition & Purpose

A magnitude comparator is a combinational circuit that compares two


binary numbers (A and B) and determines their relative magnitudes
using three outputs:

 A > B (A is greater than B)

 A = B (A equals B)

 A < B (A is less than B)

2. Equality Check (A = B) Using XNOR Gates

 Two numbers are equal only if all corresponding bits match.

 Each bit pair is checked using an XNOR gate:

xi=Ai⊙Bi=AiBi+Ai‾Bi‾xi=Ai⊙Bi=AiBi+AiBi

 The final equality output is the AND of all x_i signals:

(A=B)=x3⋅x2⋅x1⋅x0(A=B)=x3⋅x2⋅x1⋅x0

3. Hierarchical Comparison for A > B and A < B

 The comparison starts from the MSB (Most Significant Bit) and
moves to the LSB (Least Significant Bit).

 If higher bits are equal, the next lower bit decides the result.

 A > B is true if any bit of A is 1 while the corresponding bit of B is 0,


provided higher bits are equal.

 A < B follows the opposite logic.

4. Boolean Logic for Greater/Less Than

The outputs are derived using AND-OR logic:

(A>B)=A3B3‾+x3A2B2‾+x3x2A1B1‾+x3x2x1A0B0‾(A>B)=A3B3+x3A2B2
+x3x2A1B1+x3x2x1A0B0
(A<B)=A3‾B3+x3A2‾B2+x3x2A1‾B1+x3x2x1A0‾B0(A<B)=A3B3+x3A2B2
+x3x2A1B1+x3x2x1A0B0

5. Scalability & Efficiency


 The design avoids a truth table (which would be impractical for large
numbers, e.g., 2²ⁿ entries for n-bit inputs).

 Instead, it uses a modular, bitwise approach, making


it scalable for any number of bits (8-bit, 16-bit, etc.).

 The circuit reuses intermediate signals (x_i) for efficiency.

decoders from the provided text:

1. Definition & Function of a Decoder

 A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts n-bit binary


input into a maximum of 2ⁿ unique output lines.

 It activates one specific output line corresponding to the input code


(e.g., a 3-to-8 decoder maps 3 inputs to 8 outputs).

 Example: A binary-to-octal decoder converts a 3-bit binary number


into one of eight octal digits.

2. Structure & Operation

 Basic Decoder Design:

o For n inputs, it generates 2ⁿ minterms (or fewer if some input


combinations are unused).

o Built using AND gates (for active-high outputs) or NAND


gates (for active-low outputs).

 Truth Table: Only one output is active (1 or 0) for each input


combination (e.g., Table 4.6).

3. Enable Input & Demultiplexer Functionality

 Enable (E) Input: Controls decoder operation.

o When E = 0 (active-low), the decoder works; otherwise, outputs


are disabled.

 Demultiplexer Mode:

o With E as a data input and other inputs as select lines, the


decoder routes data to one output line (e.g., Fig. 4.19).
o Example: A 2-to-4 decoder acts as a 1-to-4
demultiplexer when E is the data line.

4. Cascading Decoders

 Larger decoders can be built by connecting smaller decoders using


enable inputs.

o Example: Two 3-to-8 decoders + enable logic form a 4-to-16


decoder (Fig. 4.20).

o Enable signals determine which sub-decoder is active (e.g., w


= 0 activates the first decoder for minterms 0000–0111).

5. Combinational Logic Implementation

 Decoders can implement any Boolean function by:

o Generating all minterms of input variables.

o Using an OR gate to sum the required minterms (e.g., full adder


in Fig. 4.21).

 Sum (S): OR of minterms 1, 2, 4, 7.

 Carry (C): OR of minterms 3, 5, 6, 7.

encoders from the provided text:

1. Definition & Basic Function

 An encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the inverse


operation of a decoder.

 It has 2ⁿ (or fewer) input lines and n output lines, generating a


binary code corresponding to the active input.

 Example: An octal-to-binary encoder (8 inputs, 3 outputs) converts


an octal digit (one-hot input) to a 3-bit binary code.

2. Simple Encoder Design

 Logic Implementation: Uses OR gates to map active inputs to


binary outputs.

o Example (Octal-to-binary encoder):

 z=D1+D3+D5+D7z=D1+D3+D5+D7 (LSB)
 y=D2+D3+D6+D7y=D2+D3+D6+D7

 x=D4+D5+D6+D7x=D4+D5+D6+D7 (MSB)

 Limitation: Only one input can be active at a time; otherwise,


outputs are undefined (e.g., D3+D6=111D3+D6=111, which is
invalid).

3. Priority Encoder

 Resolves ambiguity when multiple inputs are active by


assigning priority (higher subscripts = higher priority).

 Additional Output (V): A "valid" bit indicates when at least one


input is active (V=1). If all inputs are 0, V=0.

 Truth Table: Condensed using "X" for don’t-care conditions


(e.g., X100X100 covers 0100 and 1100).

4. Boolean Simplification & Implementation

 Outputs are derived using Karnaugh maps (Fig. 4.22) for


optimization:

o x=D2+D3x=D2+D3

o y=D3+D1D2‾y=D3+D1D2

o V=D0+D1+D2+D3V=D0+D1+D2+D3 (OR of all inputs).

 Circuit: Built with OR and AND gates (Fig. 4.23).

5. Key Differences: Encoder vs. Priority Encoder

Feature Simple Encoder Priority Encoder

Input Fails with multiple active Prioritizes highest active


Handling inputs input

Valid bit (V) indicates active


Output (V) None
input

Real-world scenarios with


Use Case Unique one-hot inputs
conflicts

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