1.

Android and It's Tools

4 Marks
Prof. Mr. Ghanawajeer D.J.
 Syllabus
1.1 Introduction to Android: Open Handset
alliance, Android Ecosystem
1.2 Need of Android: Features of Android
1.3 Tools & Software required for Developing an
Android Application.
1.4 Android Architecture.
 Course Outcome

1. Interpret features of Android Operating

System.
 Unit Outcomes
1a.Explain the given basic terms related to
Android System
1b.Explain with sketches Android Architecture
for the given Application.
1c.Identify tools and software required for
developing the given Android Application with
justification.
1d.Explain significance of the given component
in Android Architecture.
1.1

1.1 Introduction
 Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating
System for mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open
Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies.
 based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for
touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablets.
 Android offers a unified approach to application
development for mobile devices which means developers
need only develop for Android, and their applications
should be able to run on different devices powered by
Android.
1.1

History of Android
 Android Inc.founded in Palo Alto,california ,united states
in October 2003 by Andy Rubin[co-founder of danger ],
Rich Miner[co-founder of wildfire communication Inc.],
Nick Sears[once VP at Tmobile],and Chris White[Headed
design and interface development at web TV] to develop
“smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its
owner's location and preferences”.

 In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least

$50 million.
1.1

History of Android

Founder of Android Inc.

1.1

History of Android
 On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a
consortium of technology companies including Google,
HTC, Sony and Samsung and chipset makers such as
Qualcomm unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open
standards for mobile devices.
 That day, ANDROID WAS UNVEILED AS ITS
FIRST PRODUCT, a mobile device platform built on
the LINUX KERNEL.
 In September 2008 T-Mobile announced the availability
of the T-Mobile G1, the first smartphone based on the
Android Platform.
1.1

History of Android
The first commercially available smartphone
running Android was the HTC Dream, released
on October 22, 2008.
1.1

History of Android
 A few days after that, Google announced the availability
of Android SDK Release Candidate 1.0.

 In October 2008, Google made the source code of the

Android Platform available under Apache’s open source
license.
1.1

All Android Versions

1.1

All Android Versions

Android 1.0 (2008) [Android Astro 1.0 ]
• Beginning with that initial version of the
operating system running on the HTC Dream,
join us as we take a look at how Android has
changed in the past decade.
• Copy and paste feature in the web browser is not
present.
• Android 1.0 was obviously far less developed
than the operating system we know and love
today, but there are a few similarities.
1.1

All Android Versions

• For example, most agreed that Android pretty
much nailed how to deal with notifications, and
it included the pull-down notification window
that blew the notification system in iOS out of
the water.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 1.5 Cupcake (2009)
• The first major update to Android not only got a
new version number, but it was the first to use
Google’s naming scheme, too.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Cupcake was significant for a number of

reasons, but the most important is probably
that it was the first version of Android to have
an on-screen keyboard — before that,
manufacturers had to include physical
keyboards on their devices.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 1.6 Donut (2009)
• Android Donut gave users a pretty big update —
a much bigger update than the 0.1 version
number increase suggests. For example, Donut
brought Android to millions of people by adding
support for CDMA networks such as Verizon,
Sprint, and a number of big networks in Asia.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Donut was really targeted at making Android

more user-friendly, but some of the biggest
updates were under the hood.
• For example, Donut was the first version of
Android to support different screen sizes,
meaning that manufacturers could create
devices with the display sizes they wanted and
still run Android.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 2.0/2.1 Eclair (2009)
• Eclair was the first device to feature Google
Maps navigation, for instance, kicking off what
soon became the death of the in-car GPS unit.
• While Maps has changed a lot since then, a few
important features showed up in the service that
are still present today, such as turn-by-turn
navigation and voice guidance.
1.1

All Android Versions

• The internet browser in Android Eclair also

got revamped for the new operating system.
• Google added HTML5 support to the browser
and the ability to play videos, putting Eclair as
par with the ultimate mobile internet machine
at the time — the iPhone.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 2.2 Froyo (2010)
• Android Froyo was first released in 2010, and
proved why it was an advantage to have a Nexus
phone.
• Froyo was aimed more at refining the Android
experience, offering users five home screen
panels instead of three, and showing off a
redesigned Gallery app.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Froyo was the first version of Android to bring

mobile hot spot support.
• Users also finally got the PIN lock screen,
which was perfect for those who didn’t really
like the pattern lock screen that was
previously offered in Android.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 2.3 Gingerbread (2010)
• Google chose the Samsung-built Nexus S for
this one, however, a phone that was derived
from Samsung’s highly-successful Galaxy S.
Gingerbread was another big Android
refinement, and it saw a redesign of Android’s
stock widgets and home screen.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Gingerbread also came with an improved

keyboard, which offered new coloration for
the keys, as well as improved multi-touch
support, which allowed users to press multiple
keys to access a secondary keyboard.
• Last but not least is that Gingerbread added
support for the front-facing camera.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 3.0 Honeycomb (2011)
• Google had been making waves in the
smartphone industry for a few years now,
which made Honeycomb a very interesting
release purely because it was targeted at
tablets. It was even first showcased on a
Motorola device that would eventually become
the Xoom.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Honeycomb provided a few design cues as to

what would appear in future versions of
Android.
• Instead of accenting the operating system with
the classic green Android color, for example,
Google switched to blue accents.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Honeycomb was the fact that it removed the

need for the physical button. Instead, the
home, back, and menu buttons were all
included in the software as virtual buttons,
meaning they could be hidden or shown based
on the application.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich
(2011)
• The Nexus S was a great phone, but it wasn’t
the be all and end all of Google’s partnership
with Samsung. The two paired up once again
for the release of the Galaxy Nexus, which
showcased Ice Cream Sandwich, an operating
system that brought many of Honeycomb’s
features over to the smartphone.
1.1

All Android Versions

• The operating system brought over

the aforementioned virtual buttons, as well as
the tweaked and refined interface that made
use of the blue highlights.
• Other small features, such as face unlock, data
usage analysis, and new apps for mail and
calendar, were also included in the update.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (2012)
• Android Jelly Bean signaled a new era for the
operating system, even if the OS seemed more
or less the same as its predecessor.
• The most important of which was Google
Now, which could be accessed with a quick
swipe from the home screen and brought
information — i.e. calendar events, emails,
weather reports — all to a single screen.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Apart from Google Now, a number of other

important additions were implemented in Jelly
Bean, such as Project Butter, which was aimed
at drastically improving Android’s touch
performance by tripling buffering graphics.
• This eliminated a lot of the stutter in Android
and made it a much smoother experience
overall.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 4.4 KitKat (2013)
• The launch of Android 4.4 KitKat coincided
with the launch of the Nexus 5, and it came
with a number of great features.
• For example, KitKat represented one of the
biggest aesthetic changes to the operating
system to date, modernizing the look of
Android.
1.1

All Android Versions

• The blue accents found in Ice Cream Sandwich
and Jellybean were replaced with a more
refined white accent, and a number of the
stock apps that came with Android were
redesigned to show lighter color schemes.
• It also brought a new phone dialer, full-screen
apps, and a new Hangouts app, which offered
SMS support along with support for the
Hangouts messaging platform.
1.1

All Android Versions

1.1

All Android Versions

Android 5.0 Lollipop (2014)
• Android Lollipop, which debuted alongside
the Nexus 6, was the first to feature Google’s
“Material Design” philosophy.
• Google replaced the aging Dalvik VM with
Android Runtime, for example, which boasted
ahead-of-time compilation.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Android 5.0 also saw the addition of another
version of Android, dubbed Android TV,
which brought Android to the big screen and is
still in use on plenty of TVs today.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 6.0 Marshmallow (2015)
• Android Marshmallow brought about both
design changes and changes under the hood.
• Most notably, the app menu almost completely
changed. Google used a white background
instead of black, for instance, and added a
search bar to help users quickly find the app
they needed.
1.1

All Android Versions

• In Marshmallow, you got access to a more
comprehensive set of volume controls,
allowing you to change the volume for the
device, media, and alarms.
• Security also got a pretty big boost within the
operating system.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 7.0 Nougat (2016)
• Android 7.0 Nougat arguably marked one of
the biggest upgrades to Android in its 10 years
largely because of how smart the operating
system got.
• In fact, perhaps the biggest change to Android
in Nougat is that Google Now was replaced
with the now much-respected Google
Assistant.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Notifications were presented from screen to
screen, and unlike previous iterations of
Android, they could be grouped together for
easy management.
• Multitasking also got a boost with Nougat.
Whether you’re using a phone or a tablet,
you’ll be able to use split-screen mode,
allowing you to use two apps at once without
having to exit out of each app every few
minutes..
1.1

All Android Versions

1.1

All Android Versions

Android 8.0 Oreo (2017)
• Android Oreo took the Android platform to
version 8.0, and in particular brought a ton of
multitasking features.
• Picture-in-picture and native split-screen both
made their debuts in Android Oreo, meaning
you could continue watching your favorite
show on Netflix while browsing the web.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Android Oreo also gave us a whole lot more
control over notifications.
• With Oreo, users were given the ability to turn
notification channels on or off, meaning you
could get super granular with which
notifications show up and what happens when
they appear.
• A few other smaller features showed up in
Oreo, too. For example, Google did away with
the blob style for emojis, replacing them with
emojis that were a little more in line with other
platforms.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Oreo also gave us auto-enable Wi-Fi, a smart
text selector, and so on.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 9.0 Pie (2018)
• Android Pie brought with it a number of visual
changes that made it the most significant
update to Android in a few years.
• Android 9.0 Pie also brought some changes to
notifications, including extra control over the
types of notifications that show up and where
they show up, as well as Google’s “Digital
Wellbeing,” a feature that essentially tells you
how often you use your phone, the apps that
you use the most.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Other features include adaptive battery, which
limits how much battery background apps can
use, as well as “App Actions,” which are deep-
links to certain app features that show up
straight from the app drawer.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 10 (2019)
You might notice that there’s no sugary name for
this version of Android. That’s no mistake —
along with the rollout of the latest version of
Android, Google also announced a rebranding of
the operating system, doing away with the naming
scheme and instead sticking with version numbers
only.
1.1

All Android Versions

• Android 10 marked the end of the Android
navigation buttons. While Android 9 kept the
back button, Android 10 now uses gestures
instead.
• Android 10 also brought a Systemwide dark
mode, which makes things a little easier on the
eyes and could save battery too.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 11 (2020)
Android 11 operating system is the eleventh big
release of Android. It is the 18th version of
Android mobile OS, which was released on 8
September 2020.
The update builds upon the expanded permissions
system introduced in Android 10 and adds in the
ability for users to grant apps certain permissions
those related to location access, camera access,
and microphone access only.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 11 (2020)
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 11 (2020)
Android 11 refines the system notification area to
emphasize and simplify conversation-related
alerts; it introduces a new streamlined media
player that contains controls for all audio- and
video-playing apps in a single space; and it adds
in a new contextual menu of connected-device
controls for any smart products associated with
your account.
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 11 (2020)
1.1

All Android Versions

Android 11 (2020)
Android 11 has plenty of other small but
significant improvements —including a new
Notification History section, a native screen
recording function, and an automated scheduling
system for the system-wide Dark Theme.
 Open Handset Alliance
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a

consortium whose goal is to develop open
standards for mobile devices, promote
innovation in mobile phones and provide a better
experience for consumers at a lower cost.
 The Open Handset Alliance is made up of group
of 84 technology and mobile companies
including telecom-related entities, wireless
carriers, semiconductor companies, handset
manufacturers and software companies.
 Open Handset Alliance
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 However, several major wireless companies and

manufacturers are absent from the coalition,
including Nokia, Symbian, Apple, RIM,
Microsoft, Verizon and Cingular.

 The OHA introduced a mobile device operating

system called AndroidSymbian operating
system.
 Open Handset Alliance
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Mobile Operators Handset Manufacturers

Semiconductor Companies Software Companies Commercialization Companies

 Open Handset Alliance
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Mobile Operators Handset Manufacturers
 Phones
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Mobile Operators Handset Manufacturers

HTC G1,
Droid, Motorola Droid (X)
Tattoo

Suno S880 Samsung Galaxy Sony Ericsson

 Tablets
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Mobile Operators Handset Manufacturers

Velocity Micro Cruz Gome FlyTouch Acer beTouch

Toshiba Android Cisco Android Tablet

Dawa D7 SmartBook
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 An open source platform for mobile, embedded

and wearable devices.

 Google is the principle maintainer.

 Other companies contribute to the system.

 Each device manufacturer can customize

Android to suite their needs.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Android Ecosystem is nothing but the

relationship between Users, Developers/
Programmers, and Hardware equipment makers,
the Android ecosystem is nothing but the mutual
dependence between Users, Developers, and
equipment makers. They are dependent of each
other so one cannot exist without the other.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 The main block of the android ecosystem is:

 Android User
 Developer
 Equipment Maker
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Android User (Users buy handsets and

software Application):
 Android users have more space for
customizability for their android devices.
 Android users are smarter than other users
and they are perceived to have greater levels
of support.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Android User (Users buy handsets and

software Application):
 Android users are also more likely to prefer
saving their cost and love the openness of the
platform also they like to customize their
device.
 Android users are fancier to prefer saving
money and also android user like customizing
their android handset/device.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers
 Developers (sell Application):
 Android Developers are the professional
software developer in designing applications
as well as developing applications for
Android.
 Some of the following tasks where an android
developer can play his role in the
development of android apps:
 Design and build advanced applications
for the android platform.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Developers (sell Application):

 Collaborate and define with development
teams for design and deliver new cool
features.
 Troubleshoot and fix bugs in new and
existing applications for Users.
 Evaluate and implement new development
tools to work with outside data sources
and APIs.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Equipment Maker:
 Android equipment's are available in the
market in a huge amount.
 Smartwatches:
 A smartwatch is a handheld, wearable
device that closely relates a wristwatch or
other time device.
 In addition to telling time, many
smartwatches are wireless connectivity
oriented such as Bluetooth capable.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Equipment Maker:
 Smartwatches:
 The traditional watch becomes, in effect, a
wireless Bluetooth technology extending
the capabilities of the wearer's smartphone
to the watch.
 Smart TV:
 An Android TV box is a small computer
that plugs into any TV and gives the user
the ability to stream content, locally and
online.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Equipment Maker:
 Smart TV:
 Apps can be downloaded from the Google
Play Store, installed, and do most
anything a standard computer can do from
streaming videos to writing an email.
 Smart Speakers: Smart speakers are
booming in the market now, Smart speakers
like Google Home, Alexa, We can control our
android device via voice using these smart
speakers.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

 Equipment Maker:

 E-Reader: E-Reader is a device used for

reading e-books, digital newspapers, other
reading stuff.
 Android Eco-System
1.1
Alliance (OHA)
Handset Manufacturers
 1.1
Android Eco-System

Users

Industry Developer
Industry Users Developer
• Software stack open- • Users have control of • Don not need
sourced under Apache their experience permission to ship an
2.0 license • They control what gets application
• Source available after installed • No hidden or privileged
first handsets ship • They choose the defaults framework APIs
• Anyone will be able to • Can integrate, extend
build a system image and replace existing
components
1.1
Android Eco-System
Developer Can:

Integrate Extend Replace

1.2
1.2 Need ofAlliance
Android(OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

There are so many reasons you should choose Android

platform for mobile application development.
1. Zero/negligible Development Cost :
The development tools like Android SDK, JDK, and
Eclipse IDE etc. are free to download for the android
mobile application development. Also Google charge a
small fee $25, to distribute your mobile app on the
Android Market.
1.2
1.2 Need ofAlliance
Android(OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

2. Open Source:
• The Android OS is an open-source platform
based on the Linux kernel and multiple open-
source libraries.
• In this way developers are free to contribute or
extend the platform as necessary for building
mobile apps which run on Android devices.
1.2
1.2 Need ofAlliance
Android(OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

3. Multi-Platform Support:
 In market, there are a wide range of hardware
devices powered by the Android OS, including
many different phones and tablet. Even
development of android mobile apps can occur
on Windows, Mac OS or Linux.
1.2
1.2 Need ofAlliance
Android(OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

4. Multi-Carrier Support:
 World wide a large number of telecom carriers
like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular, AT&T
Mobility, BSNL etc. are supporting Android
powered phones.
1.2
1.2 Need ofAlliance
Android(OHA)
Handset Manufacturers

5. Open Distribution Model:

 Android Market place (Google Play store) has
very few restrictions on the content or
functionality of an android app.
 So the developer can distribute theirs app
through Google Play store and as well other
distribution channels like Amazon’s app store.
1.2
Features ofAlliance
Android(OHA)
Handset Manufacturers
1.2

Features of Android
Interface:
Android's default user interface is mainly based
on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that
loosely correspond to real-world actions, like
swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching
to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a
virtual keyboard.
1.2

Features of Android
Applications :
 Applications ("apps"), which extend the
functionality of devices, are written using the
Android software development kit (SDK) and,
often, the Java programming language.

 Java may be combined with C/C++,[91]

together with a choice of non-default runtimes
that allow better C++ support.
1.2

Features of Android
 The Go programming language is also
supported, although with a limited set of
application programming interfaces (API).
 In May 2017, Google announced support for
Android app development in the Kotlin
programming language.
1.2

Features of Android
Handset Layouts :
 The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D
graphics library, 3D graphics library based on
OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional
smartphone layouts.

 Storage:
 SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is
used for data storage purposes
1.2

Features of Android
Connectivity:
 Android supports connectivity technologies
including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO,
UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (no connections
through Proxy server and no Ad hoc wireless
network) LTE, NFC and WiMAX.

 Storage:
 SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is
used for data storage purposes
1.2

Features of Android
Messaging:
 SMS and MMS are available forms of
messaging, including threaded text messaging
and now Android Cloud to Device Messaging
Framework is also a part of the Android
Messaging service.
1.2

Features of Android
Media Support:
 Android supports the following audio/video/still
media formats:
– H.264 (in 3GP or – MP3
MP4 container) – MIDI
– MPEG-4 SP – WAV
– AMR – JPEG
– AAC – PNG
– GIF
– HE-AAC (in MP4
– BMP
or 3GP container)
1.2

Features of Android
Multi-Touch:
 Android has support for multi-touch which was
originally made available in handsets such as the
HTC Hero.
 The feature was originally disabled at the kernel
level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's
patents on touch-screen technology at the time).
 Google has since released an update for the
Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which
enables multi-touch.
1.2

Features of Android
Multi-Touch:
1.2

Features of Android
 Application framework enabling reuse and
replacement of components
 Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile
devices (register based)
 Integrated browser based on the open source
WebKit engine
 Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D
graphics library; 3D graphics based on the
OpenGL ES specification (hardware
acceleration optional)
1.2

Features of Android
 Media support for common audio, video, and still
image formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR,
JPG, PNG, GIF)
 GSM Telephony (hardware dependent)
 Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, WiFi, NFC (hardware
dependent)
 Camera, GPS, compass, accelerometer, gyroscope
(hardware dependent)
 Rich development environment including a device
emulator, tools for debugging, memory and
performance profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse
IDE
1.2

Features of Android
 JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group
 GIF – Graphics Interchange Format,
 PNG – Portable Network Graphics
 BMP – Windows Bitmap
 TIFF – Tag Image File Format
 WAV – Waveform PCM Audio
 WMA – Windows Media Audio
 BWF – Broadcast Wave Format
 DAT – Digital Audio Tape
 AMR-Adaptive Multi-Rate
1.2

Features of Android
 MPEG-Moving Picture Experts Group
 AAC-Advanced Audio Coding
 AVI-Audio Video Interleave
 MP3-MPEG Audio Layer III
 MP4-MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding)
 MKV-Matroska Video
 DVI-Digital Video Interactive
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Java JDK:
• The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software
development environment used for developing
Java applications and applets.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Java JDK:
• It includes the Java Runtime Environment
(JRE), an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler
(javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation
generator (javadoc) and other tools needed in
Java development.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Java JDK: JVM
⁃ JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a specification that
provides runtime environment in which java
bytecode can be executed.
⁃ JVMs are available for many hardware and
software platforms. JVM is a part of Java Run
Environment (JRE).
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Java JDK: JVM
⁃ The JVM performs following operation:
• Loads code
• Verifies code
• Executes code
• Provides runtime environment
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Java JDK: JRE
⁃ The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a set of
software tools for development of Java
applications.
⁃ It combines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
platform core classes and supporting libraries.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Android SDK:
• The Android SDK (software development kit) is
a set of development tools used to develop
applications for Android platform.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Android SDK:
• The Android SDK includes the following:
⁃ Required libraries
⁃ Debugger
⁃ An Emulator
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 Android SDK:
• The Android SDK includes the following:
⁃ Relevant documentation for the Android
application program interfaces (APIs)
⁃ Sample source code
⁃ Tutorials for the Android OS
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 IDE: Android Studio
• Developed by Google, Android Studio is an all-
rounder integrated development environment.
• Android has Gradle-base support that has
features like visual layout editor, intelligent code
editor, real-time profilers and APK analyzer.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 IDE: Visual Studio – Xamarin
• Xamarin was launched in 2011 which is the best
free IDE for delivering an enterprise-quality,
cross platform approach.
• Xamarin supplies add-ins to Microsoft Visual
Studio that allows developers to build Android,
iOS, and Windows apps within the IDE.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 IDE: IntelliJ IDEA
• Using this IDE, you can do in-depth coding,
quick navigation, and error analysis. It supports
mobile app development with the help of Java,
Scala, Kotlin, Groovy.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 IDE: Eclipse IDE
• It is one of the most popular IDES of Android
apps.
• The open-source software is free to use.
Released under the Eclipse Public License, it
holds a large community having plenty of
plugins and configurations.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 IDE: Eclipse IDE
• Highly customizable offers full support for Java
programming language and XML.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 App Development Tools : ADB (Android Debug
Bridge)
• ADB is a command-line communication bridge between
the android devices and computer devices on which you
are doing the coding. ADB allows the installation and
debugging of the android apps on the devices.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 App Development Tools : AVD Manager (Android
Virtual Device)
• AVD is an emulator, or you can say the virtual device
that allows you to test and debug the android apps. AVD
has a range of characteristics, including android phones,
tablets, wearOS, androidTV, etc.
1.3
Android
1.3 Tools Architecture
& Software Required
 Software Development IDE and Tools:
 App Development Tools : Gradle Build Tool
• Gradle Build is also a powerful and most widely used
tool for android app development. It is primarily used to
speed up the android app development process by the
developers. The numerous API and plugins available in
the Gradle build tool automate the whole procedure and
made the deployment faster.
1.4
Android
1.4 AndroidArchitecture
Architecture
1.4
Android
1.4 AndroidArchitecture
Architecture
Android architecture or Android software
stack is categorized into five parts:
 Linux kernel
 Native Libraries (middleware)
 Android Runtime
 Application Framework
 Applications
1.4

Linux Kernel
• Android OS is built on top of the Linux 2.6 Kernel
– Linux Core functionality
• Memory management
• Process management
• Networking
• Security settings
– Hardware drivers
1.4

Linux Kernel
 The basic Layer is the Linux Kernel. The entire Android OS is built
on the top the Linus 2.6 Kernel with the architectural changes made
by Google.
 It is highly trusted for years together for giving better security and
networking etc.
 This layer has 10 major components which are nothing but drivers.
 Android run time gives .dex file which converted from the .class file.
.dex file goes to the Linux Kernel and call the suitable drivers so that
it can communicate with the corresponding drivers.
1.4

Native Libraries
• Android’s Native Libraries:
– Libc: c standard lib.
– SSL: Secure Socket Layer
– SGL(Scalable Graphics Libraries): 2D image engine
– OpenGL|ES: 3D image engine
– Media Framework: media codecs
– SQLite: Database engine
– WebKit: Kernel of web browser
– FreeType: Bitmap and Vector
– SufraceManager: Compose window manager with off-screen buffering.
1.4

Native Libraries
 Each Component of the frame like button, textfield,
image(2D, 3D) is rendered & interacted by the Surface
Manager.
 Open GLIES: This Component is provides mostly 3D
graphics libraries which have to implemented by Java
application and it is rendered by the application layer when
they want some 3D graphics.
 SQLite: We can use SQLite which is an open source
database as our applications are light weight.
1.4

Native Libraries
 Media Framework: Picture Quality Should be good,
Multimedia actions should be good which includes Sounds, so
to get those activities or application Android API has to call
Media Framework Component to play and view the video-
audio.
 SGL(Scalable Graphics Libraries): It is responsible for the
implementing low level graphics by using JNI.
 FreeType: It is responsible for to support the font quality, the
image(bitmap images).
1.4

Native Libraries
 SSL(Secured Socket Layer): It is used in internal applications. If we
want go through online from mobile then at that time we need some
secure socket layer. It is also used in case of Chat & messaging
system.
 WebKit: It is responsible for giving the browser supports. Eg.
Google chrome, Apples Safari.
 Libc: When we want to access some code C libraries headers then
this component is useful.
1.4
Runtime
Android Runtime
• Core Libraries:
– Provides the functionality of the JAVA Programming Language

• Dalvik VM:
– A type of Java Virtual Machine
– Register based (not stack machine like JVM)
– Optimization for low memory requirements, provides Security
– Executes .dex (Dalvik-Executable) files instead of .class
– DX tool converts classes to .dex format
Each Android application:
• runs on its own Process
• runs on its own Instance of Dalvik VM
• is assigned its own Linux user ID
1.4

Android Runtime
 The android runtime provides a key component called Dalvik
Virtual Machine which is a kind of java virtual machine. It is
specially designed and optimized for android. The Dalvik VM
is the process virtual machine in the android operating system.
It is software that runs apps on android devices.
 The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory
management and multithreading which is in java language. The
Dalvik VM enables every Android application to run its own
process. The Dalvik VM executes the files in the .dex format.
1.4

Application Framework

 The application framework layer provides many higher-

level services to applications such as windows manager,
view system, package manager, resource manager, etc.
The application developers are allowed to make use of
these services in their applications.
1.4

Application Framework
• The blocks that our applications directly interact with.

• Important blocks:
– Activity Manager: Manages the activity life cycle of applications
– Content Providers: Manage the data sharing between applications
– Telephony Manager: Manages all voice calls. We use telephony
manager if we want to access voice calls in our application.
– Location Manager: Location management, using GPS or cell tower
– Resource Manager: Manage the various types of resources we use in
our Application
1.4

Applications
 You will find all the android applications at the top layer
and you will write your application and install it on this
layer. Examples of such applications are contacts, books,
browsers, services, etc. Each application performs a
different role in the overall applications.
 As developers, we are able to write an app which replaces
any existing system app.
1.4

AndroidDetails
Architecture
Apps • Design goals
Java – Open Source
App Framework – High flexibility
– High data accessibility
Libraries C/C++
Runtime – Rapid development
(XML, Java)

C Linux Kernel
• Used Languages
– App: Java
– Framework: Java
– Libraries: C/C++
– OS & Drivers: C
1.4
Android
1.4 AndroidArchitecture
Architecture
1.4
Details Layer (HAL)
Hardware Abstraction
1.4

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

 On top of that kernel is the Hardware Abstraction Layer:

an interface to drivers that can programmatically access
hardware elements, such as the camera, disk storage, Wifi
antenna, etc.
 These drivers are generally written in C; we won’t interact
with them directly in this course.
1.4

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

 The hardware abstraction layer (HAL) defines a standard

interface for hardware vendors to implement and allows
Android to be agnostic about lower-level driver
implementations. The HAL allows you to implement
functionality without affecting or modifying the higher level
system. HAL implementations are packaged into modules
(.so) file and loaded by the Android system at the appropriate
time.
1.4

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

 On top of the HAL is the Runtime and Android Framework,

which provides a set of abstraction in the Java language
which we all know an love. For this course, Android
Development will involve writing Java applications that
interact with the Android Framework layer, which handles the
task of interacting with the device hardware for us.
 Resources
• Introduction to Android
https://code.google.com/p/androidgroup/downloads/detail?name=Introd
uction%20to%20Android.pdf

• Android Architecture
http://www.android-app-market.com/android-architecture.html

• Application Fundamentals
http://developer.android.com/guide/components/fundamentals.html