irL.,.

x IF4r ft 614,411 11F4e

MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeria Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE — HYDRAULICS (Fluid Properties)

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS DENSITY OF AIR
FLUID. Any substance that flows or deforms continuously when subjected to Temperature ('C) Density (kg/m1 Unit weight (Wm')
shearing forces +20 1.2041 11.812
UQUID. Incompressible fluid, constant volume, constant density 0 1,2922 12.676
GAS.Compressible fluid, variable volume, variable density -5 1.3163 12.913
-10 1.3413 13.158
IDEAL FLUIDS -15 1.3673 13.413
Assumed to have no viscosity (hence, no resistance to shear)
Incompressible SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMMON FLUID
Have uniform velocity when flowing NOTE: The specific gravity of some substances at 20°C and I atm unless
No friction between moving layers of fluids slated otherwise
No eddy currents or turbulence Substance SG
Water (at 4°C) 1.0
REAL FLUIDS Seawater 1.025
Exhibit infinite viscosities Gasoline 0.68
Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing Ethyl alcohol 0.790
Compressible Mercury 13.6
Experiences friction and turbulence in flow Air 0.001204

NEWTONIAN FLUIDS VISCOSITY

Water, air, gases, steam etc The property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to
shearing forces. -
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS (14 IC, M11

Pseudoplastic fluids, dtlatant fluids, bingham fluids. - ABSOLUTE / DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, p

4-r•rtn • .
,
BOYLE'S LAW (PreisUre is inversely proportional to Volume) P LI/y
: = P2 V,
,.
= absolute / dynamic viscosity (Nsec/mz, lb•sedft2, dynesecicm2 or poise)
CHARLES' LAW (Volume is directly proportional to Temperature) r = shear stress (Pa, lb/ft')
V, V, y = distance measured from the fixed reference to the moving surface.
— —
T, U = velocity, in m/s or ft/s, of the moving surface.

GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW (Pressure is directly proportional to Temperature) KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, v

P, P2 Ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (u) to its mass density (p).
—
T, T2 — kJ -Jec,
=
k C,C:S dYnr
COMBINED GAS LAW EN • it'
P, V, P,V, U = kinematic viscosity
(mqs, ft2/s, cm'is or stoke)
,
p = mass density (kg/m', slug/ft') .4/ .: 11(i
T, T,
(/),)
4. Benzene at 20 degrees has a viscosity of 0.000651 Pa-sec. What shear, .
IDEAL GAS LAW GAS CONSTANT, R
stress is required to deform this fluid at a strain rate of 4900 s-1 ?
PV = aria R = 287 j/kg =, , cco h Ie.-, (117y)=
eu!
• SITUATION. A shaft ,70.0mm in diameter is 6eing pushed at a speed of
m = molecular constant R = gas constant 400mm/s through a bearing sleeve 70.2mm in diameter and 250mm long. The
P = absolute pressure V = volume
clearance, assumed uniform, is filled with ail at 20°C with v=0.005m21s and
T = absolute temperature Pabs = Patm Page
SG=0.90. Use 1000kg/m3 as density of water.
5. Find the force exerted by the oil on the shaft.
SI: L os =T 4-273 (°C)
English: =T +460 (°F) .6. Determine the resisting torque exerted by the oil if the shaft is fixed axially
and rotated inside the sleeve at 2000rpm.
1. One kilogram of hydrogen is confined in a volume of 180 L at 0°C. What
is the pressure if R is 4.115 kJ/kg - K? Neglect vaporization or other 7. What is the power required to rotate the shaft at 2000nom inside the
possible change in stale. sleeve? , -r ,
2. A scuba diver at a depth of 200 feet notices the bubbles he exhales have SURFACE TENSION, a
diameters 1/2 inch. Assume the surface tension and water temperature
The membrane of 'skin or thin-film' that seems to form on the free surface of a
remains relatively constant. What is the depth if the diameter is 1/4 inch?
fluid that is due to the intermolecular cohesive forces.
A vertical tube 3 m. long with one and closed is inserted vertically with the Force along the interface
open end down, into a tank of water until the open end is submerged to a o-
depth of 1.0 m. Assume absolute atmospheric pressure is 101.5 kPa. Length of the interface
Neglecting vapor pressure, how far will the water level in the tube be
below the level in the tank? - TE. (1.011,
74 0 a = 0.0728 Nint at T.-- 20°C
PROPERTIES OF WATER 2
.o
0.07
Molar mass = 18.015 g/mol
Vapor pressure at 25 *C, 0.03127 atm, or 3168 Pa 0.06
Viscosity = 1 centipoise (20 '0)
 WAIF"
it.iv .ir_310 Int VI 400%,_ 111P,41- Sr SISt
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

PRESSURE INSIDE A DROPLET OF LIQUID OR INSIDE AN AIR BUBBLE Under normal conditions at sea level,
40 Pon = 2166 lb/ft2 = 143 psi = 760 mmHg
= 101.325 kPa = 1 atm
1 bar = 100 kPa
a = surface tension (N/m)
d = diameter of the droplet (m) PRESSURE HEAD, h
p = gage pressure (Pa) The height 'h' of a column of homogenous liquid of unit weight (y) that will
produce an intensity of pressure (p).
CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY ACTION)
Rise or Call of liquid in small conduits (i.e. void spaces between soil, thin-bore 14. At a height of 10,000-rn above the sea level, atmospheric pressure is
tubes, etc) that is due to the combined effect of adhesion and surface tension. It about 210 mm of Hg. What is the resultant normal force on a 600 cm2
depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the window of an airplane flying at this height when the hydrostatic conditions
adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel. and a pressure inside the plane of 760 mm of mercury and the specific
gravity of mercury is 13.6?
- KN
4c cos 8
hr MERCURY BAROMETER
yd
Weight of atmosphere forces mercury (Hg) up a calibrated glass tube. Higher
h = capillary rise or depression (m) elevations yield lower readings.
d = diameter of tube (m)
8 = angle of contact between the conduit and the liquid. ANEROID BAROMETER
y = unit weight of the liquid at the specified temperature (N/m3) A partially evacuated metal drum that expands or contracts in response to
changes in air pressure.
For complete wetting (clean glass)
=0 MANOMETER
A tube usually bent in a form of a U containing a liquid of known specific gravity,
SITUATION. A glass tube has a radius of 1 mm. The surface tension of water the surface of which moves proportionally to changes in pressure.
at 20'C is equal to 0.0728 N/m. For a water-glass interface 0 = 0'.
8. Compute the capillary rise in the tube in mm. TYPES OF MANOMETER
OPEN TYPE
9. Compute the total force due to surface tension. Has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of measuring gage
pressures.
10. Compute the weight of water above the surface due to surface tension.
DIFFERENTIAL TYPE
Without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only differences in
I. Mercury makes an angle of 130 degrees with respect to the vertical when pressure.
in contact with dean glass. How far will mercury go in a dean 10-mm-
diameter glass tube if surface tension is 0.467 N/m? PIEZOMETER
Simplest form of open manometer. A tube tapped into a wall of a container or
12. If the 4-mm thick oil (SG = 0.85) film is in between two glass identical conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure.
plates, what is the expected rise of oil inside the plates if the surface
tension is 0.546 N/m and the contact angle is between oil and glass is 40 15. Determine the pressure difference between points A and B. Use SBENZENF
degrees? = 0.88, SmEpcupy = 13.6, SKEROSENE = 0.82.
Kerosene

fbi
13. An atomizer forms water droplets with a diameter of 5 x 10-5 m. Determine Air
the excess pressure exists in the interior of these droplets considering that
water is at 30T. Assume a = 0.075 2 N/m at 0 (zero) degrees celsius.
41
ern tocm
21crn 9cm 15 cm
VAPOR PRESSURE
The equilibrium forces / pressures exerted by the free molecules during Benzene
vaporization Mercury Water

VAPORIZATION •
Liquid to vapor (gas)
16. Liquid A, B, and C in the container shown have sp.gr. of 0.80, 1.0 and
CONDENSATION 1.60 respectively.
Vapor (gas) to liquid

VOLATILE UQUIDS
Liquids near their boiling points. They vaporizes easy.

Note: Liquid boos when the atmospheric pressure equals vapor pressure.

VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE (PASCAL'S LAW)

AP = P2 —Pi
P2 = hp
By summation of pressure,
Ap = yh.

Ap = y sywh ••.I
 qv:* ifr4C110 1111411. 46clio.11.- ir‘a -1F- ire
MANILA: Room 206, ...113D Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmefia Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) buksmarquez1 @yahoo com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

BULK MODULUS OF COMPRESSIBILITY, E8 PRESSURE PRISM

Compressibility is the extent to which a fluid particle changes volume when
subjected to either a change in pressure or a change in temperature. It is the
fractional change in volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a constant
temperature process (isothermal).
P2 Pr
dp
E8 -67-
vu

With respect to specific volume (VO,

PreSSUre Prism for (s, o dills-trot limits
dp
Ea = AV.,
21. If the given gage pressure P is 30 kPa, find the force acting on the gate
Wst
where, shown in the figure and its location from the hinge. The tank is 3 meters
AV = change in volume wide,
Vc = original volume
dp = change in pressure
AVN0 % change in volume / volumetric strain/dilatation
2.0 m
.1-T. The Bulk modulus of water is found to be 2.2 GPa. What is the pressure
required to reduce its volume by 0.3 percent?,,,,,,

SITUATION. At a depth of 7 km in the ocean, the pressure is 71.6 MPa.

Assume a specific weight at the ocean surface of 10.05 kN/m3 and the average 5.0 m
bulk modulus of elasticity 01 2.34 GPa for that pressure range.
18. Determine the change in specific volume between the surface and 7 km.

19. Determine the specific volume at 7 km.

20. Determine the specific weight at 7 km. SITUATION. The trapezoidal prism container shown below is filled with oil (s.g.
0.85). All dimensions are in meters.
PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS 4
PRESSURE -wd6111,*"11°.'
Is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface with
the force acting normal (perpendicular) to the surface uniformly in all direction. 1
7
PASCAL'S LAW (Blaise Pascal)
If the hydrostatic force F is acting on each trapezoidal end,
Pressure on a fluid is equal in all directions and in all parts of the container.
22. Determine the magnitude of this force. :
23. Determine the location of this force from the bottom.
GAGE PRESSURE 1 RELATIVE PRESSURE
Pressures 'above' or below' the atmosphere and can be measured by pressure
SITUATION. A parabolic gate shown in the figure is subjected to hydrostatic
gauges or manometers. forces caused by the layered fluids having specific gravities equal to 1,0 and
5,0 respectively, The base width is 8m.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Is the pressure at any one point on the earth's surface from the weight of the
column of air above it.
S = 10 lilm
VACUUM
Is a space that has all matter removed from it.
S =5.0
141N05
Note: A condition when Pat), reaches 0 is called absolute zero. It is attained if
when oH matter is removed in a space, a complete vacuum. It is the lowest 8m
possible pressure attainable. 24. Determine the total hydrostatic force F acting on the gate.

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE 25. The location of the total hydrostatic force from the top of the gate.
Is the pressure above absolute zero.
Pabg= Pntn, Pgage 26. Determine the value of P.
Note: Absolute pressure can never be negative. The smallest gage pressure is
equal to the negative of the ambient atmospheric pressure.

HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON PLANE SURFACES

Hydrostatic Force, F
dF = yhdA = p dA (general)
i1s yhA (efficient far regular shaped surface projections)

Location of the Center of Pressure

Yp
Ay
 lowww , A

4- Aa era otil 41. *C7,1* AMIN'. M.-. fleIr ViNkii "lir OM WV

MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmefia Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Take Home Exam HYDRAULICS (Fluid Properties)

1.A 50-cm x 30-cm x 20-CM
block weighing 150 N is to
be moved upwards at a 50 cm
Y The funnel is filled with oil
and water to the levels
shown. Determine the depth
Constant velocity of 1.250
rn/s on an inclined surface 31) cM of oil h' that must be in the
funnel so that the water
with a friction coefficient of
remains at a depth C, and the
0.25. If a 0.50-mm-thick oil
mercury level made Pi = 0.8
film with a viscosity of
0.0375 Pa-s is applied m. Take N = 900 kg/m3. ow =
between the block and 1000 kg/m3,N, = 13550
150 N kg/m3.
inclined surface, determine
the required force F to push a 236 mm
the block b. 246 mm
a. 107.78 N C. 256 Mm
b. 127 78 N
c. 117.78 N d. 266 mm
d. 137 78N

If an object has a mass of 2.0 slugs at sea level, wh9t would be its 10. Find the capillary rise in the tube for a water-air-glass interface
mass at a location where the acceleration due to gravity is 30.00 - i ) if the tube radius is 1mm and the temperature is 20°C
We? a. 18.4 mm b. 14.8 mm
a. 60 slugs-ft/s2 b. 1.863 slugs C. 0.0184 mm d. 0.0148 mm
c. 30 slugs-ft/s2 d. 2.0 slugs
14. Butyl carbitol, used in the
S. The fuel for a jet engine has a density of 1.32 slugitti. If the total production of plastics, is stored
volume of fuel tank is 50 ft, determine the weight of the fuel when in a tank having a U-tube
the tanks are completely full. manometer. If the U-tube is filled
with mercury to level E.
a. 2125.2 kips 2 13 kips
C. 66 lbs determine the pressure in the
66 slugs
tank at point A. Take SHc =
Ar. If air within the tank is at an 13.55, and Six; = 0.957.
' absolute pressure of 680 kPa a. 11.7 kPa
and a temperature of 70°C, b. 12.7 kPa
C. 13.7 kPa
determine the weight of the
air inside the tank. The tank d. 14.7 kPa
has an interior volume of 1.35
12. A fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at
m3.
every point, are linearly proportional to the local strain rate-the
a. 91 5 N
rate of change of its deformation over time.
b. 0.391 N b. Newtonian fluid
a. Ideal fluid
c. 95.1 N c. Real fluid d. Non-Newtonian fluid
d. 0.931 N

I. The tanker carries 15 barrels of crude oil in its hold. Determine the j3. The absolute pressure of air in a water condenser is 40 kPa.
weight of the oil if its specific gravity is 0.940. Each barrel contains What is the gage pressure 1.5 m below the water surface?
42 gallons, and there are 7.48 gal/ft3. a. 54.72 kPa b. 156.04 kPa
a. 4491 lb b. 4149 lb c. -46.61 kPa d. -63.89 kPa
C. 4941 lb d 4194 lb
'IA A mercury barometer at the top of the mountain reads 460
6. The tank contains air at a temperature of 15"C and an absolute mmHg. At the same time, another barometer at the base
pressure of 210 kPa. If the volume of the tank is 5 m3 and the reads 536 mmHg. Assuming that the unit weight of air to
temperature rises to 30°C. determine the mass of air that must be constant at 12 N/m3, how high is the mountain?
removed from the tank to maintain the same pressure. a. 765 m b. 632 m
a. 0.269 kg. b. 0 369 kg. c. 845 m d. 812 m
c. 0.926 kg. d. 0.629 kg.
15. A 10-kN car is to be lifted by a hydraulic jack. If 400-N force
is applied in a 25 mm diameter plunger, find the required
7. The 0.15-m-wide diameter of the piston
plate passes between n rum a 120 mm b. 130 mm
two layers, A and B. c. 135 mm d. 125 mm
of oil that has a
viscosity of m = 0.04
N-s/m2. Determine
0.20
the force P required
to move the plate at a
constant speed of 6 mm/s. Neglect any friction at the end
supports, and assume the velocity profile through each layer is
linear.
a. 2.5 mN
b. 2.5 MN
c. 3.0 mN
d. 3.0 MN

)1(. The density of a nonhomogeneous liquid varies as a function

of dept ti h, such that p = (850 + 0.2h) kg/m3, where h is in
meters. Determine the pressure when h = 20 m.
 :4t-at r14.14
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarguezi @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

MODULE EXAM - HYDRAULICS (Fluid Properties)

1. A flow in which the velocity of the fluid at a particular fixed point does 16. In the figure, if the oil in
not change with time. region B has SG = 0.80 and the
a. Uniform flow Oil ' absolute pressure at A is 1 atm,
b. Fixed flow Lni eI
c. Steady flow d. Natural flow what is the absolute pressure at
B?
/2. A flow of a fluid in which each particle moves along its line of flow with
a. 5.6 kPa
' constant speed and in which the cross section of each stream tube remains
b. 10.9 kPa
unchanged.
c. 106.9 kPa
a. Uniform flow b. Fixed flow zte d. 112.2 kPa
c. Steady flow d. Natural flow
,4 it is the device used to determine the viscosity of a liquid. Meriam
a. Condenser b. Viscometer Nkron 4 oi red oil. I 1.-- -
7
c, Consistency Device d. Shear Device SG r. 1$.56 SG 0.817 \

r 4. It is a device that is used to measure specific gravity of liquids lesser

I Igcm

than 1.0 Water

a. Dosimeter b. Hydrometer II
c. Gravimeter d. Specimeter /11. For the inverted manometer Mercury
shown, all fluids are at the same
SITUATION 1 temperature. If the pressure
A fluid mass occupies 2 cubic meter. If it has a mass of 1500 kg, difference between point A and
B is 97 kPa, what must the 35 cm
51Calculate the mass density in g/c,c. height H be in cm?
0.75 b. 750 a. 0.224
c. 3.0 d. 3000 b. 2.245 L
El Calculate the specific weight, in N/m3. C. 22.45 2
a. 7.36 b. 7357.5 d. 224.5
c. 29.43 d. 29,430 SITUATION 2
Calculate the specific gravity. At 20 degrees Celsius, A reads 350
8.0.75 b. 1.50 Air 18.0 kPa atis
kPa absolute.
c. 3.00 O. 6.00 18. What is the height h of water in cm?
8. Mercury makes an angle of 130 degrees with respect to the vertical a, 6.449 b. 64.49 Water 1.
when in contact with clean glass. How far will mercury go in a clean C. 644.9 d. 6449
10-mm-diameter glass tube if surface tension is 0.467 N/m? 19. What should be the pressure
a. 0.90 mm, rise b. 0.90 mm, drop reading at B in kPa absolute?
c 1.90 mm, rise d. 1.90 mm. drop a.512.54 b. 393.21 80cm
Meretity.
/9/. What is the density of air at 2 atm at 25 degrees Celsius in kg per c.251.12 d. 149.79
Cu. Meter if gas constant is 4.015 kJ/(kg-K)?
a. 0.0169 kg/cu.m b. 0.1694 kg/cu.m SITUATION 3
>7.-
c. 0.0619 kg/cu.m d. 0.6194 kg/cu.m In the figure, water and
What is the surface tension of water at 30 degrees Celsius? gasoline (SG = 0.85)
a. 0.0728 N/m b. 0.0717 N/m surfaces are open to the Gawlinc
c. 0.0617 N/m d. 0.0671 N/m atmosphere and at the Water
same elevation.
1/1. If water is used to measure the atmospheric pressure, how high
would it be?
26.. What is the gage
a. 9.81 m b. 10.33 m
pressure at the bottom of
c. 11.25m d. 10.00 m
the container?
1,:qvid. 10 I ti%
a. 30.4 kPa
12. A force of 460 N is exerted b. 131.7 kPa
on lever AB as shown. The end c. 60.8kPa
B is connected to a piston d. 162.1 kPa
which fits into a cylinder having
a diameter of 60 mm at C. 21'. What is the height h of the third liquid in the right leg?
What force FD acts on the 240 a. 1.202m b. 1.298m
ram diameter piston, if the c. 1.928 m d. 0.572
volume between C and 0 is 2/‘ What is the height of the gasoline in the right leg?
filled with air? Express your a. 1.202 m b. 1.298 m
answer in kN. c. 1.928 m d. 0.572
a. 14720
b. 14.720 SITUATION 4
C. 14642 Given the figure, if the atmospheric pressure
d. 14.642 is 101.33 kPa and the pressure at the bottom V
,(3. The weight density of a mud is given -,e=1 0+0.5h, where y is in is 242 kPa, I at
SAE 30 oil
‘ kN/m3 and h is in meters. Determine the pressure, in kPa, at a d' epth NOTE: SG of SAE 30 = 0.75, SG of Mercury
of 5m. = 13.55
a. 56.25 kPa
C. 62.50 kPa
b. 58.65 kPa
d. 60.15 kPa
4. 23. What is the specific gravity of Fluid X?
a. 5.05 b. 3.25 Water 2 ni
r-. d.1.6
14. On a sea-level standard day, a pressure gage, moored below the c. 1.5
Surface of the ocean (SG = 1.025), reads an absolute pressure of 1.44 44. What is the equivalent water height that
Pv1Pa. How deep is the instrument? bears the same pressure at the bottom?
a. 4 m b. 129 m a. 6.50 m b. 12.35 m
c. 133 m d. 140 m c. 24.67 m d. 30.32 m Fluid X 3 ru
. 715. How many meters of mercury is equivalent to 1.975 atmosphere? .25:What is the equivalent Fluid X height that
a. 1.4 m b. 1.5 m bears the same pressure at the bottom?
 • F PI**IrIE111;t.
4
- 1-h g
MANILA: Room 206. JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez
' Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number. (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Hydraulics-( Hydrostatic Forces and Floatation)

F ' _
I. A vertical rectangular plate 2m wide and 1.2m high, with its top
submerged on water 3m deep Determine the total resultant acting
on one side and the location of center of pressure.

2. A vertical triangular isosceles plate with top base 2ft long and
height 3 ft is submerged in water so that its base is 6ft deep.
Determine the total resultant acting on one side and the location
of center of pressure. ,

3. Gate AB in the figure is 6ft wide and weighs 2000 lb when

submerged. It is hinged at Band rests against a smooth wall A. oft) 6
Determine the water level h which will just cause the gate to open

9. A 3 ft diameter log (s.g =0.82) divides two shallow ponds as

shown in the figure. Compute the net vertical and net horizontal
reaction at point C, if the log is 12 ft long.

4. A cylindrical barrel 1m in diameter and 6m high is to be held by 10 Gate AB in the figure is a quarter circle 7 ft wide, hinged at B
steel hoops one at the top and the other is at the bottom, the barrel and resting against a smooth wall at A. Compute the reaction
contains water and oil. (s.g=0 8), with a height of 3m and 3m high forces at A and B.
respectively. Determine the Tension on top and bottom of steel
hoops.

5. A closed cylindncal barrel 1in in diameter and 6m high is to be

held by steel hoops one at the top and the other is at the bottom,
the barrel contains oil. (s.g=0.8), with a height of 3m, if the upper
3m contains air at 10 kPa. Determine the tension at the top and
bottom hoop

6. tithe barrel on no. 5 is a frustum with top bottom diameter 2m, _

11. A piece of irregularly shaped metal weighs 300 N in air. VVhen
and top diameter 1m. Determine the tensions at the steel hoops.
metal is completely submerged in water it weighs 232.5 N Find
7 The tank shown in the figure is 3m wide into the paper the volume of the metal. F-
Neglecting atmospheric pressure. compute the hydrostatic
12. An iceberg in the ocean floats with one seventh of its volume
horizontal, vertical and resultant force on quarter circle panel BC.
above the surface What is its specific gravity relative to ocean
water? What portion of its volume would be above the surface if
ice were floating in pure water, Density of oceanwater is 64 lb/cut.

13. Two spheres each 1.3 m in diameter weigh 5 kN and 13 kN

respectively. They are connected with a short rope and placed in
water What is the tension in the rope and what portion of the
lighter sphere protrudes from the water?

14. A cylinder 1m diameter and 5m high has a draft of 2.5m,

determine the weight of the concrete to be attached outside to
completely submerged the cylinder. If the concrete will be placed
inside the cylinder determine the weight of concrete to fully
submerged it. (s.g. of concrete=2.4)
8 Compute the hydrostatic force and its line of action on
symmetrical indentation ABC in figure per meter of width into the
paper.
 ilkm,.
c`„4,410a
.
Zak rs z„1 ""fr FeIIAtik L. t INI111" e
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number. (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahuo.corn
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

15. A concrete dam retaining as shown in the figure. If the specific 16. A barge with a flat bottom and 25 ft wide and 42 ft long has a
weight of the concrete is 23.5 kN/cu.m, find the factor of safety draft of 6.0 ft when fully loaded and floating in an upright position.
against sliding, the factor of safety against overturning, and the The center of gravity of barge when fully loaded is on the 1.0 ft
pressure intensity on the base. Assume there is a hydrostatic uplift above the water surface. Determine MBo in its upright position? Is
that varies uniformly from full hydrostatic head at the heel of the it stable?. What is the righting moment when the barge tilts 12°
dam to zero at the toe and that the coefficient of friction between
dam and foundation soil is 0.45 17. A wooden barge rectangular cross section is 8m wide, 4m
high, and 16m long. It is transporting in seawater (s.g.=1.03) a total
load of 1500 kN including its own weight and cargo. If a weight of
75 kN( included in 1500 kN) is shifted a distance of 2.5m to one
side, itwill cause the barge to go down 450 mm in the wedge of
immersion and also 450 mm rise in the wedge of emersion. The
barge floats vertically even, before shifting of weight. Compute
how far above the waterline is the center of gravity of the loaded
barge.
At(ii )0)

- 23ir (q)(1f)

4)3 Th 5( ih )(OW)
A3,S( 100)
(4 ego.4 9,k1)(10(0

Frequency on; model r

AA) I

STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

,h0.41.•V. I

I VI" ,rt • 01,1gy

(c): Unstetwe fo0.34tn..

If the angle of tilt is negligible 6 7= 0

For rectangular shapes. When angle of tilt is appreciable.

B2 ( tan20\
2
 r# ir LP T*Clit Ft I Atli
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
,cesti-vmen
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Take Home Exam - Hydraulics 2

A tank of dye has a right triangular panel 10. What is the vertical component of the hydrostatic force?
near the bottom as shown in the figure. d. 0
a. 1191.92 lb b. 7581.6 lb c. 17643 lb
Locate its center of pressure.
1. Determine the value of ycp 11. A 3-m diameter water tank consists
a. 1.143 m b. 2.879 m
of two half-cylinders, each weighing 3.5
c. 3.476 m d. 0.542 m
KN/m, bolted together as shown in the
figure. If support of the end caps is
neglected, determine the force induced
2. Freshly poured concrete approximates a fluid in each bolt.
with s.g.=2.40. The figure shows a slab poured
a. 4.42 KN b. 3.54 KN
between wooden forms which are connected by
c. 2.43 KN d. 4.01 KN
four corner bolts A, B, C, and D. Neglecting the
end effects, compute the forces in the bottom
12. Pressurized water fills the tank in the
bolts. figure. Compute the net hydrostatic force on
a. 24 985 lb b. 30 473 lb
conical surface ABC.
c. 32 348 lb d. 33 741 lb
a. 360.144 KN b. 316.414 KN
c. 163.441 KN d. 613.141 KN
3. Gate AB is 16 ft long and 8 ft wide.
Neglecting the weight of the gate, compute
the water level h for which the gate will start
13. Find the vertical component of force
to fall.
on the parabolic gate and its line of action.
a. 10.8 ft b. 11.7 ft c. 9.34 ft d. 10.1 ft
a. 0.420 KN b. 0.240 KN
c. 0.042 KN d. 0402 KN oo rw/••••'
0* 3,.'
wade
A cylindrical, wooden-stave barrel is 3.5 ft in diameter and 5 ft high as
shown. It is held together by steel hoops at the hoops at the top and
145. A hydrometer weighs 0.00485 lb and has a stem at the upper end
bottom, each with a cross section of 0.40 in'. If the barrel is filled with
which is cylindrical and 0.1100 in diameter. How much deeper will it
orange juice (s.g. = 1.04), compute the tension stress in each hoop
float in oil of s.g. 0.780 than in alcohol of s.g. 0.821?
4. Determine the tension on the top
a. 0.7 in b. 0.8 in c. 0.9 in d. 1.0 m
hoops Fere,'
a. 743 lb b. 694 lb
15. A 4-in-diameter solid cylinder of height
c. 473 lb d. 946 lb
ft- 3.75 and weighs 0.85 lb is imeresed in liquid
5.Determine the tension on the bottom
(52.0 lb/ft3) contained in a tall, upright metal
hoops
cylinder having a diameter of 5 in. Before
a. 743 lb b. 694 lb
immersion the liquid was 3.0 in deep. At
c. 473 lb d. 946 lb
what level from the bottom will the cylinder
float?
6. Gate AB is semi-circular, hinged at B.
a 1.29 in b. 1.92 in
What horizontal force P is required at A
c. 2.91 in d. 2.19 in
for equilibrium?
a. 798 KN b. 978 KN
16. A board weighing 2.2 lb/ft and of
c. 897 KN d. 789 KN
cross-sectional area 8 in2 dips into oil as
shown. If the hinge is frictionless, find 8.
a. 52.3" b. 35.2'
7. Water in a tank is pressurized to 85 cmHg.
c. 23.5 d. 25.3°
Determine the hydrostatic force per meter on
panel AB.
17. A cube 2.2 ft on an edge has its
a. 510.37 KN
c. 501.75 KN
b. 105.72 KN
d. 150.18 KN
lower half of s. g = 1.6 and upper half
of s. g. = 0.7. It rests in a two-layer
fluid, with lower s. g..1.4 and upper
It L9..O.7
$.11 eCte

5.9.:113 interface
s.g. = 0.8. Determine the height h of 22h Ls,s1.4
8. The triangular trough in the figure is hinged at A and held together by
the top of the cube above the
22 ft - 4.1
cable BC at the top. If cable spacing
interface.
is 1 m into the paper, what is the a. 0.197 ft b. 0.917 ft. c. 0.179 ft d. 0.719 ft
cable tension?
a. 88.75 KN b. 38.25 KN
18. The barge shown has
c. 83.95 KN d. 53.28 KN the form of a
parallelepiped having
Compute the horizontal and vertical dimensions 10 m by 26.7
components of the hydrostatic force on the m by 3 m. The barge
hemispherical boulder shown. weighs 4450 KN when loaded and has a center of gravity 4 m from the
12 ft
ig71.Z1.2)x bottom. Find the metacentric height above the center of gravity for a
 tr* co -rico vt.1",
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
aic rlinir Ft.
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 ayahoo.corn
(032) 264-9967 (Cebu)

Module Exam - Hydraulics 2

11,12 and 13
For the figure shown below determine the following
The gate in the figure is 4ft wide, is hinged at point 8, and rests against
1. Calculate the Force on one side of the a smooth wall at A.
plate.
.-3. 543.75 KN b. 745.35 KN 11. Compute the force on the gate due
c. 763.25 KN d.534.19 KN to seawater pressure.
a. 41164.8 lb ff.. 14861.4 lb
2. Determine the eccentricity of the force. c. 18464.1 lb d. 84146.1 lb
a. 0.757 m b. 0.775 m it. 0.577 m
d. 0.755 m 12. Calculate the eccentricity.
a. 0.45 ft b. 0.27 ft
For the figure shown below determine the following c. 0.72 ft d. 0.54 ft.

3. Determine the force on one side of 13. Determine the horizontal force P exerted by the wall at point A.
the plate. a. 65 520.64 lb b. 67 896.01 lb
a. 1400.1 KN ,b. 1040.5 kN c. 60 789.75 lb d. 59 173.87 lb
c. 1504.1 KN d. 1540.0 KN
14 and 15
4. Determine depth of center of Gate AB in figure is 1.0m long and 0.90 m wide.
pressure from the surface.
a. 7.414 m b. 4.714 m c. 1.471m d. 7.144 m 14. Calculate the force Fan the
gate.
a. 25.73 KN b. 29.30 kN
A vertical rectangular gate as shown is 2m. wide, 6m. high is hinged at c. 30.17 KN d. 35.79 KN
the top, has oil (sp.gr. .--- 0.84) standing 7m. deep on one side, the liquid
surface being under a pressure of 18.46 kPa. 15. Calculate the value of X
a. 0.155m kb:. 0.515m
S. Compute the hydrostatic force c. 0.551 m d. 0.279m
acting on the gate.
a617.06 kN b. 710.16 KN 16,17 ,18 and 19
.c. 670.01 KN d. 706.17 KN
7m 01 -k•-• In the cross section shown in the figure is a quarter circle. If the tank
Hinged
(0.84) 6. How far is the force acting below contains water to a depth of 6ft
the hinge.
a. 4.48 m b 3.47 rri 16. Determine the Horizontal
c. 4.97 m d. 3.93 m force.
a. 1300 lb b. 1256 lb
7. How much horizontal force applied at the bottom is needed to open c. 2563 lb ci. 6552 lb
the gate.
a. 357.89 kN b. 476.31 KN c. 713.02 KN d. 473.18 KN 5-ft radius 17. Determine the distance of
Horizontal force from the bottom.
A hollow cylinder 1.1m. in diameter and 2.4m. long weights 3825 N
8. How many kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must be fastened to the a. 2 ft b. 3 ft c. 1.5 ft d. 1 ft
outside bottom to make the cylinder float vertically with 1.9m
submerged in fresh water? 18. Determine the vertical component of force.
a. 10.58 KN b. 9.14 KN c. 17.08 KN d. 15.24 kN a. 2565.3 lb b. 12563 lb (c. 3880.67 lb d. 21563.25 lb

9. How many kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must be placed inside the 19 and 20
cylinder to make the cylinder float vertically with 1.90m. submerged in
fresh water? A concrete dam retaining water as shown in the figure. If the specific
a. 15.97 KN b. 13.89 kN c 11.85 KN d. 10.17KN weight of the concrete is 23.5 kN/cu.m. Assume there is no hydrostatic
uplift, assume the coefficient of friction is 0.48.
10. What additional load must be placed inside the cylinder to make
the top of the cylinder flush with the water surface?
a. 4.66 kN b[5.71 KN c. 6.08 KN d. 5.79 KN 19. Calculate the Factor of safety
against sliding.
a. 2.25 b. 1.26
c. 4.25 d. 2.31
Gate AB in figure is a quarter circle 8 ft wide into the paper. Find the
force F just sufficient to prevent rotation about hinge B. Neglect the 20. Calculate the Factor of safety
weight of the gate. against overturning.
a. 7425 lb b. 2574 lb a.2.56 b. 1.254
c. 5247 lb d. 54721b c. 3.42 d 2.56

21. A barge Srn thick 10m wide and 20m long, has a total weight of
1200 kN, Determine MI30 in its upright position.
 WV .

ral ink "TC) Fel iski, L.Avenue, ManilamrineEt

MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez. Bldg_ Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516-7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquezi @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)
Review MODULE - HYDRAULICS (Relative Equilibrium of Fluids. Fundamentals of Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow Measurement;)1melm

RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS SITUATION

A. Rectilinear Motion An open-top cylindrical tank I in in diameter and 2,5 m high is 3/5 full of teatei.
Determine the angular speed in rpm if.
- 8. The water will just touch the rim.
9. The vortex will just touch the bottom.
10. The base is uncovered within 20 cm from the vertical axis.

11. A dosed cylindrical vessel 2 m in diameter and 4 m high is filled with water to
a height of 3 m. The rest is filled with air: the pressure of which is 100 kPa If
the vessel is rotated at t 52 rpm, determine the maximum and minimum
pressure at the base. How much area at the bottom is uncovered?
B. Inclined Motion
12. A bucket 200 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height is 213 full of water. It is
swung on a vertical plane such that the bottom of the bucket describes a
circle of radius of 1 m. Determine the speed of rotation (in rpm) such that no
water is spilled.

FFUNDAMENTALS
OF FLUID FLOW
Discharge/Flow Rate - amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of
IL time.

13. A gas flows through a square conduit. At one point along the conduit, the
conduit sides are 100 mm, the velocity is 7.55 mls, and the gas's mass
density is (for its particular pressure and temperature) 1.09 kg/m2. Al a
C. Vertical Motion second point, the conduit sides are 250 mm. and the velocity is 2.02 m/s
Find the mass flow rate of the gas and its mass density at the second point.
A. tan 0 -= (-1-
g
a cos a
ENERGY and HEAD
B. tan 0 = Kinetic Energy - the ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its
g±a sin a
velocity.
Potential Energy - the energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its
C. p = yh (1 ± position or elevation with respect to a datum line or by virtue of the pressure
-
experience by the fluid at that point.
Head - the amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid
POWER and EFFICIENCY
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Power = (2yE
Efficiency - it is the ratio of the output power to the input power.
BERNOULLI'S ENERGY EQUATION
No Head Added or Lost:
(170` Pi (v2)2 P2
SITUATION + + , z2
An open tank 3 m square horizontal section weighs 3.5 RN and contains water to a 2g y zg
depth of 1 m. It is acted upon by an unbalanced force of 15 kN parallel to a pair of El = E2
sides. With Increase/Decrease in Head:
1. What must be the height of the tank so that no water will spill out? + hA - = F2
2. If the acceleration is increased by 5 m/s2. how much water will pour cut of the EGL = Energy Gracie Line = PE + KE
tank? HGL = Hydraulic Grade Line = PE
3. What is the force acting on the front end of the tank when sub ected to this
acceleration? SITUATION
4. It the tank in the situation is ciosed, what will be the maximum force acting on Water is issued by a 25 mm diameter nozzle at a rate of 5 m/s. The nozzle is
the back face of the tank? inclined at an angle of 30' with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance.
determine:
5. A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15 with the 14. The vertical distance from highest point to the tip of the nozzie.
horizontal at 1.8 m/s2. Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the 15. The area of the jet at the highest point of the projectile.
motion is downwards?
SITUATION
SITUATION A 50 mm diameter siphon is drawing oil (s = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown
An open tank is tilled with gasoline (5 0.78) and is accelerated vertically at 5 in the figure below. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1 50 m and from point
m/s2. Determine the pressure at a point 3 m below the surface if the motion is! 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m:
6. Upward with a positive acceleration. 16, Find the discharge of oil from the siphon
7. Downward with a negative acceleration 17. Determine the of' pressure at point 2.
0
ROTATING
VESSELS
-
CI!
tan 9 = --
W
2X
tan 9 =
dy .
 111,111.1WWW11
gra 4c1 IvLJTa,LAL
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
*EI%ITE!
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osinelia Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516-7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquezl @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

18, Water enters a motor through a 60 cm diameter pipe under a pressure of 14 double column differential mercury gauge connected to it shows a difference
kPa. it leaves through a 90 cm diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 of 20 cm
kPa. A vertical distance of 2 5 m separates the centers of the two pipes at the
points where the measurements of pressures where taken. If 500 liters of
water pass thru the motor, compute the efficiency of the motor if it is rated at
20 kW
f---4 90 G9I, 0
cin .:23.1'2fF

19. During a flow of 500 liters/s, the gage pressure is 68 kPa in the horizontal
300 mm supply line of a turbine and - 40 kPa at a 450 mm section of the
draft tube 2 m below the turbine. Estimate the power output of the turbine PITOT TUBE - it can be used to measure fluid flow velocity by converting]
under such conditions assuming 85% efficiency. the kinetic energy in a fluid flow to potential energy.
. re
23. A pitot tube with a 90° bend is used to determine the velocity of flow of oil
(SC = 0.82) in a dose conduit. The Pitot tube is open at both ends and is
inserted into the flow so that the opening is directed upstream and the other
is directed upwards. The difference between water levels in the pilot tube and
in the fluid surface is 80 mm. What is the velocity of flow?

24. A Pitot tube in a pipe in which air is flowing is connected to a manometer

20. A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B as shown. The containing water as in the figure. if the water deflection is 10 cm, what is the
loss of head from A to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 15 cm pipe and velocity of flow in the pipe, assumi ,a tube coefficient 07 = 0 99 Specsific
the loss of head from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 10 cm pipe. weight of air is 12 Ntrn . F.„„
Compute the power output of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2
when the discharge is 20 liters/s.
Ea,:at
-1-1-1-
a4r +
q9 ' oir
V/ 2- ry'r2
2,S

GATE - is an opening in a dam or other hydraulic structure to control the

it im *al 4
------iEL 0 passage of water.

25. A sluice gate flows into a horizontal channel as shown in the figure
Determine the flow through the gate per meter width when y = 1.0 m and d1=
6 m. Assume that the pressure distribution at sections 1 and 2 to be
atmospheric and neglect friction losses in the channel. Use coefficient is
contraction Cc 0.85 and coefficient of velocity Cv= 0 95.
FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS
CC.: A
Device Coefficients A e, 2/21,
Coefficient of Discharge. C or
- It is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. EL
Coefficient of Velocity, Avo
- It is the ratio of the actual velocity to the theoretical velocity. ApoP v 2
Coefficient of Contraction,
It is the ratio of the area of the stream of jet to the area of the
opening. , vc *114 6)0 )
C = CvCc 02

ORIFICE - an opening having a closed perimeter in a wall or partition used

for measuring flow of fluids. f 2.1 =g-
42 VI
21. The jet from a standard 1.25 cm onfice, in a vertical wall, under a head of .0(00/0= Cc 4-TYWc2 .•(3
5.50 m, strikes a point 1.50 m horizontally and 12 cm vertically from the lets , c rX.9.
vena contra/a. The discharge is 450 liters in 570 second. Find the three z 0 , S5Vi t6
40
coefficients of the orifice. !
f 10d9(flys
inch" IMP A I ------1
 IFIL III AXIL c aE.rkisrar 1St
zaz Iry 41:::* Avenue, Manila
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
@yahoo.com
Telephone Number (02) 516-7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Fluids, Fundamentals of Fluid Flow and Fluid Flow Measurements)

Take Home Exam- HYDRAULICS (Relative Equilibrium of

0,55 m above
SITUATION. A closed cylindncal vessel 1.6 m in diameter and 3 m high is tilled with 13. A cylindrical tank, 1.5 m inside diameter has an orifice at its side
bottom. If this tank is placed on a platform 3.00 m high and the tank is filled with
2.5 m of water. It is rotated about its own vertical axis at a constant angular speed of the
to reach a point on the ground
water, the jet issuing out from the orifice was observed
180 rprn. The air space above the water is under a pressure of 120 kPa. interval, the jet is observed to
6.00 m from the side of the tank. After a certain time
t Determine the area of the uncovered portion, volume
a. 0.0479 rn2 c. 0.0794 m2 slow down and reach only 4.00 m from the same reference point. Compute the
b.. 0.0749 m2 d. 0.0974 ni2 of water discharged from the orifice during the time interval between the two
observations. Neglect air resistance and assume C, = 0.97 for the orifice.
2. Determine the pressure acting on the bottom m the tank along its circumference. a. 2.53 m2 c. 2.76 m3
a. 284.32 kPa c. 229,46 kPa b. 2.45 m3 d. 2.65 M3
b. 213.54 kPa d. 237.03 kPa
14. Water flows downward from a 100 mm diameter section (1) to a 50 mm diameter
3. A glass U-tube whose vertical stems are 700 mm apart is filled with mercury to a section (2) in a pipe. The velocity of low and pressure in the 100 mm section is 2 rrits
depth of 300 mm in the vertical stems. It is rotated about a vertical axis through its and 300kPa respectively. The head loss between the two sections is 3 ei and the
horizontal base 400 mm from one stern. How fast should it be rotated so that the difference in elevation is 2 m. Determine the fluid pressure at section 2.
difference in the mercury levels in the stems is 300 mm? a. 233 kPa c. 215 kPa
a. 78.75 rpm c. 75.87 rpm b. 254 kPa d. 260 kPa
b. 87.57 rpm d. 77.85 rpm
SITUATION. A dosed cylindrical tank is 2.1 rn high and is filled with water up to a
4. A small pipe 60 cm long is filled with water and capped at its ends. If placed in a height of 1.6 m. The diameter of the tank is 1.2 m. It is rotated about its own vertical
honzontal position, how fast must it be rotated about a vertical axis, 30 cm from an axis at a constant angular speed.
end. to produce maximum pressure of 70 kg/cm2
15. How fast must the tank be rotated in revolutions per minute so that the water will
a. 1357 rpm c.
just reach the top of the cylinder?
b. 1295 rpm d. 1319 rpm c. 64.97 rpm
a. 70.50 rpm
5. Compute the speed in rpm of a 1 m diameter and 3 m high cylinder full of water h. 93.82 rpm d. 78.33 rpm
which is rotated about its vertical axis until 75% of its volume is spiHed out.
16. How fast must the tank be rotated in revolutions per minute so that the vortex wit
a 207.22 rpm c. 231,14 rpm
just reach the bottom of the cylinder?
b. 210.34 rpm d. 209.56 rpm
a. 127.05 rpm c. 192.33 rpm
6. A horizontal tube, 2.5 m long and 6 mm in diameter, is filled with water under a b. 121.01 rpm d. 148.04 rpm
pressure of 70 kPa and closed at both ends. If rotated in a horizontal plane about an
axis 30 cm from one end at the rate of 2rr was, what will be the pressure at the outer 17. When the vessel is rotated at 200 rpm, what area is uncovered at the bottom ef
end? the tank?
a. 224.76 kPa c. 232.14 kPa a. 0.212 m2 c. 0.221 m2
b. 222.97 kPa d. 211.98 kPa b. 0.112 in2 d. 0.122 m2

7. Water from a reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 90 cm in diameter, and SITUATION. Water flows from point I to point 2 at the rate of 280 Us in a 300 mm
a pressure of 200 kPa is maintained at the summit where the pipe is maintained 90 diameter pipe. The elevation of point 2 is 360 m. When the gate valve near point 2 is
m above the reservoir. The quantity pumped is 0.040 mats and by reason of friction dosed, the difference in pressure between point 2 and point 1 is 80 kPa When the
there is a head loss of 3m between reservoir and summit. If the pump is 90% efficient, valve is opened, the difference in pressure between point 1 and point 2 is 170 kPa.
determine the input power furnished to the water. 18. What is the elevation of point 1?
a. 53.83 kW c. 44.49 kW a. 368.16 m c. 353.82 m
b. 49.44 kW d. 48.45 kW b. 371.93 m d. 361.38 m

8. A standpipe 2 m in diameter and 10 m high is filled with oil ,sp. gr. = 0.82). Calculate 19. What is the head lost between points 1 and 2 when the valve is opered?
the potential energy of the water if the elevation of the datum is taken 3m below the a 28.94 m c. 25.48 m
base of the standpipe. b. 23.67m d. 27.96m
a. 2021.73,) c. 758.15J 20. A 30 cm by 15 cm Venturi meter is
b. 3285.31 J d. 1032.67 installed in a vertical pipe as shown.
9. A liquid having a specific gravity of 1.2 is flowing in a 75 mm diameter pipe. The The flows upward throtigh the meter. A
total head at a given point was found to be 18 Joule per Newton. The elevation the differential manometer containing a
pipe above the datum is 3 m and the pressure in the pipe is 72 kPa. Compute the gage liquid (5= 1.50) is attached to inlet
power available in the stream at that pant? base and throat, the deflection being 80
a. 10.30 kW G. 12.36 kW cm. Determine the actual flow is C =
b. 11.47 kW d. 9.56 kW 0.97.
a. 0.069 m3/s c. 0.022 m3/s
10. A water jet is released from a 50 mm diameter nozzle inclined at an angle of 40' b. 0.031 n'ts d. Q.049 mats
with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, the jet just passed over the top of a wall
21 m away and 4.6 in above the top nozzle tip. Determine the discharge.
tat
a. 0.038 mils c. 0.033 m3/s
b. 0.031 mats d. 0.248 m Jls
3C wr,
.1.1. A dosed rectangular tank 4 in long, 2 m wide, and 2 m high is filled with water to
a depth of 1.8 tn. If the allowable force at the rear wall of the tank is 200 kN, how fast Mitum

can it be accelerated horizontally?

e. 17.23 m/s2 c. 12.27 m/s2
b. 13.72 m/s; d. 11.13 m/s2
12. A tank has a circular orifice 60 mm in diameter located at the vertical side. Its
bottom is elevated 19 m above the ground with the orifice 1 m above the tanks
bottom. Neglecting air friction, what must be the horizontal distance from a point on
the ground directly below the edge of the tank to the point where the water jet if the
tank is filled 10 m above the orifice. Use Cy = 0.97.
 isek IL -clew
eiruce -rtil""fraBudding, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
MANILA: Room 206, JPD
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquezl @yahoo corn
(032) 264-9967 (Cebu)

Review Module — HYDRAULICS 4

WEIRS Unsteady Flow through Orifice:
Theoretical velocity, vt = v 2gH' 2 Asdh
Total head producing flow, H' = H + t=
Qin — Qnut
Velocity head of approach. h, v2 / -2 g
When ar, = 0
Discharge through strip, dQt = dA • vt 2A„ r—
t =
oit a v2g
Rectangular Weir:
Q out = CA0Tg171
Actual Discharge, Q:
2 For submerged orifice or tube connecting two tanks, the time for the
Q= C jL [(H + 1103/2 — 11,3/21 head to change from Hi to H.

Or Q = CL T(H + hy)3/2 —11,3/21

t
1 f 41 Ast As2
H /2dH
Cy, = Weir Factor C.Ar, \F2g
- Ast + As2

When As: and A.,2 are constant,

Contracted Rectangular Weirs: Ast A . 2
t= CA.‘irg(fil; 11-12)
L = L' —0. INH As 1 + As2

Where: L = measure length of crest

N -= number of end contraction Or simply,
H :-- measured head 2A',
t= ( — yri-rz.)
CA„,V2g
Triangular Weir (V-Notch):
where:
8 tf 5 1 1 1
Q = -- . tan — H C tan — H 2 =
15 2 w 2 A', Asi 4,2

For standard 90 weir:

Q 1.41-1512 SITUATION. A circular vessel 3 m. in diameter and 6 m. high is fl ed with
liquids A. B and C. Liquids A, B and C has specific gravities 3.0, 2.0 and
Trapezoidal Weir: 1.0 respectively. All liquids have heights of 2.0 m each. At the bottom of
the vessel is a 0.005 m2 standard orifice. C 0.60.
Q = Qrectangle Qtrlangte 5. Find the time to remove liquid A out of the container.
3. o ,
Q = Cw, LH / 2 + HS/ 2
6. Find the time to remove liquid A and B out of the container.
2 7. Find the time to empty the container.

Cipolletti Weir:
trapezoidal weirs with side slope of 1 horizontal to 4 vertical 8. The tank shown in Fig. Hydr-422 is filled with oil (S 0.80), The
bottom contains a 100mm0 orifice whose coefficient of discharge
Q = 1. 859LH3/2 can be taken as 0.60. Determine the time it takes to empty the tank.

1. A rectangular, sharp-crested weir with both ends contracted is 1.4m

long. How high should the crest be placed in a channel to maintain an
upstream depth of 2.35 for a flow of 400 L/s9

2, A trapezoidal weir with top length of 6m and bottom length of 3m is

under a head of 2m. Compute the discharge if C=0.60.

3. Compute the flow rate over a trapezoidal weir with sides inclined at 75
deg 57 min 49 sec with the horizontal, with crest length of 2m and under
ahead of 0.5m, in rrOls.

UNSTEADY FLOW (VARIABLE HEAD)

A,(111
t=
H. Qo
If the flow is through a suppressed rectangular weir:
Fig. Hydr-422
2A, {
t
C‘„L old
9. An open-rectangular tank is divided by a partition into two chambers
and provided with a round 200-mm-dia sharp-edged orifice at the
4. A spillway with crest at elevation 125 m controls a reservoir 5
lower portion of the partition. Chamber A is 4m in length while
hectares in area. If water can be di awn from elevation 127.8 m to
PIPUntinn 17S F rn in 37 minutes. usina Francis Formula, find the
chamber B is 8m in length. Both chambers are 3m wide. At a certain
• . 1_
 asireca ILIP'TO IAXIL.
MANILA: Room 206, OD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarguezl @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS 15. In Figure BPS-1, reservoir A is the source of water supply and is at
13. Determine the flow in each pipe connecting the three reservoirs Elev. 150 m, B is the junction at Elev. 72, C is a town at Elev. 31 m;
shown in Fig. BPS-2. D is another town at Elev. 15 m. Length AB is 15,000 m, BC is 9200
m, BD is 6100 in. The consumption is 150 liters per capita per day.
in For the pipes, friction factor f = 0.02 and diameter are: DA.p=350mrh,
ftic=220mm, DFID=200mm. Determine the number of inhabitants of
Pipe 2 El. 70 m
2500m - 6()0inm0 Town C and D.
f' 0.02
pipet El. 150m
2000m - 500mm0
f 0.02

Pipe 3
4500in - 800nun0
I =0.02
Fig. BPS-2 LAB-15,000m
DAB=350mm0
ANSWERS: Q1 = 0.7196 m3 /s
Q2 = 0.5269 M3 /S
Q3 = 1.2465 m3 /s

14. Determine the flow in each pipe connecting the reservoirs shown
in Fig. BPS-3.
I IQ Ui
El. 90m

EWA Pipe 2
1000m - 600mm0 12(X/in -800ipm0
f = 0.020 f=0.025

El
Pipe 3
1400m - 300min0
f=0.015
Pipe 4
1800111 - 900mm0
f = 0.030

Fig. BPS-3

ANSWERS: Q1 = 1.3772 rn3 /s

Q 2 = 1.6382 1n3 /s
Q3 = 0.2040 m3 /s
Q4 = 2.8114 m3 /s
 al wit a wr LEVIED) Ft Ak L. tom -11"IE
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Budding, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquezl @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Take Home Exam- HYDRAULICS 4

. What pressure p, is required in the figure to cause 1 ft3/s of water to flow, SITUATION. Reservoirs A, B and C are connected by pipelines 1, 2 and 3
given p2 = 5 psig? Use f = 0.0 7 5. respectively which meets at the junction D. The elevation of reservoir A is 300 m,
while that of C is 277 m. Reservoir B is higher than reservoir A. The rate of flow
Jc: out of reservoir B is 560 liters/sec.
Ii U
loft i044, 'petit grevitY' Pipes Diameter Length Friction factor T
44sroiSZAL04:44+1 A 1 900 mm 1500 m 0.0208
*soon 2 600 mm 450m 0.0168
3 45D mm 1200 m 0.0175

64n navy conmarcill 13. Compute the discharge flowing in or out of reservoir A, in Liters/sec.
• 0.5 mil igro N't
a. 65 b. 32 c. 79 d. 93
a. 8.2 psig C. 13,4 psig
b. 10.5 psig d. 16.2 psig 14. Compute the discharge flowing towards reservoir C, in Liters/sec.
a.528 b.481 c.467 1,495
2. A weir of certain shape for which the discharge varies hneariy with the head.
a. Rectangular Weir c. Suttro Weir 15. Compute the elevation of reservoir B.
b. Cipolleti Weir d. Triangular Weir a. 302.54 m b. 302.12 m c. 301.75 m d. 303.24 m

3. A cylindrical vessel 2 m. in diameter and 3 m. high has a rounded circular SITUATION. If the rate of flow in pipe 1 is 10 liters/sec and assuming f = 0.02 for
orifice 50 mm in diameter at the bottom. If the vessel is filled with water, all pipes, compute the following.
how long will it take to lower the water surface by 2 m. Assume C = 0.60 Pipelines Diameter Length
a. 382.7 sec b. 440.7 sec G. 881.4 sec d. 765.4 sec 1 200 mm 3000m.
2 300 mm 2200 m.
SITUATION. The length of weir of a reservoir is 200 m. long. After a heavy down 3 200 mm 3200 m.
pour the depth of water over the weir was 4 m. The total discharge through the 4 400 mm 2800 m
weir was 1,000,000 m3.

4. Compute the average rate of low of the water, until the flow over the weir
lasted, in m'is.
a. 1104 b.736 c. 1472 d.2944

How long did the flow over the weir lasted9

a. 905.80 sec b. 1358.70 sec c. 339.67 sec d. 679.35 sec Rate of flow of pipeline 3, in liters/sec.
a. 6.31 b. 3.69 c. 7.69 d. 2.31
B. What is the depth of water after 300 sec. when the discharge through the
weir is only 540000 m3. Rate of flow of pipeline 2, in liters/sec.
a. 2.88 m b. 1.12 m c. 2.24 m d. 3.36 m a 6.31 b. 3.69 c. 7.69 d. 2.31

SITUATION. The three reservoirs A, B and C are connected by pipelines A, B Total head loss from A to D, in Joules per Newton.
and C respectively, the elevation of reservoir A is equal to 200 m. while that of C a 1.68 b. 1.58 c. 1.48 d. 1.38
is 178 m. The discharge flowing towards reservoir B is 0.60 m3/s. Reservoir B is
higher that that of C. A swimming pool with vertical sides is 25 m long and 10 m wide. Water at
the deep end is 2.5m and shallow end 1 m. If there are two outlets each
Pipes Diameter Length Friction factor "1" 500 mm diameter, one at the deep and one at the shallow end, find the time
A 800 mm 1500m 0.0158 taken to empty the pool. Assume the discharge coefficients for both the
600 mm 450m 0.0168 outlets as 0.8.
450 mm 1200m 0.0175 a. 6.86 min b. 7.85 min c. 8.86 min d. 9.86 min

7. Compute the rate of flow out of reservoir A, in Wk. 20. Determine the critical velocity for gasoline at 20°C flowing through a 20-
a.1.01 b.0.41 c.0.60 d. 1.42 mm pipe. v = 6.48 x 10-7 m2/s
a. 0.0648 m/s c. 0.0745 m/s
8. Compute the rate of flow towards reservoir C, in rills. b. 0.0324 m/s d. 0.0486 m/s
a. 1.01 b. 0.41 c. 0.60 d. 1.42
21. The industrial scrubber B in the figure consumes water at the rate of 0.1
a. Compute the elevation of reservoir. m3/s. If the pipe is 150-mm commercial pipe, compute the necessary tank
a, 194m b. 191 m c. 186m d. 182 m pressure p,. Use f = 0.016.

SITUATION. Reservoir A is the source of water supply and is at Elev. 150 m, B

is the junction with total energy at Elev. 91.46, C is a town at Elev. 30.49 m with
25,000 inhabitants, D is another town at Elev. 15.24 m with a population of
30,000. Length AB is 15,240 m, BC is 9150 m, BD is 6100 m. Determine the size
of the pipes if the consumption is 150 liters per capita per day. For the pipes,
friction factor f = 0.02. Determine the required diameter, in meters, of

18. pipe AB
A. 0.450 B. 0.390 C. 0.330 D. 0.420
a. 2605 kPa-g b. 2506 kPa-g c. 2460 kPa-g d. 2560 kPa-g
11. pipe BC
A. 0.366 B. 0.216 C. 0.500 D. 0.196
 oe re 41 ir" LP 7r 40 Ft " L. C;'EII1rEfl
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yaboo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE Exam - HYDRAULICS 4

1. A rectangular, sharp-crested weir with both ends contracted is 2 m 13. Determine the depth of water after one-half of its content is
long. How high should the crest be placed in a channel to maintain discharged through the orifice.
an upsteam depth of 3 for a flow of 10 miis? Consider the velocity a. 1.65 m b. 1.85 m C. 1.75 m d. 1.95 m
of approach of 1.667 m/s and use C = 0.60.
a. 0.60 m b. 0.65 m c. 0.70 m d. 0.75 m 14. How long will it take to discharge one-half of its initial volume,
a. 124 sec b. 144 sec c. 134 sec d. 154 sec
2. A sharp-crested. contacted, triangular weir with a weir angle of 90-
deg carries water under a head of 0.955m. Find the flow of water over SITUATION. A rectangular swimming pool is lm deep at one end and
the weir, in m31s. increases uniformly in depth to 2.6m at the other end. The pool is 8m
a. 1.25 b. 1.05 c. 0.95 d. 0.85 wide and 32m long and is emptied through an orifice of area 0,224m. at
the lowest point in the side of the deep end. Taking Cof for the orifice as
SITUATION, The error in the measured head in a channel is equal to 0.6, find,
0.018 m. If the discharge flowing in the channel is 0.60 m'is, compute 15. the time for the depth to fall by lm
the following: a. 148 sec b. 314 sec c. 299 sec d. 241 sec
3. Percent error in discharge if a suppressed rectangular weir is used
with length of weir is 4.2m. 16. the time to empty the pool completely.
A. 10.6% C. 15.2% a. 458 sec b. 701 sec c. 662 sec d. 514 sec
B. 16.3% D. 6.5%
4. Percent error in discharge if a Cipolletti weir having a length of weir
of 4.6 m. 17. Two cylinders standing upright contain liquid and are connected by
A. 10.6% C. 15.2% a submerged orifice. The diameters of the cylinders are 1.75m and
B. 16.3% D. 6.5% 1.0m and of the orifice. 0.08m. The difference in levels of the liquid
5. Percent error if a right triangular weir is used. Assume Cd = 0.5 is initially 1.35m. Find how long it will take for this difference to be
A. 10.6% C,.15.2% reduced to 0.66m if the coefficient of discharge for the orifice is
B. 16.3% B. 6.5% 0.605.
a. 34.0 sec b, 30.7 sec c. 102.7 sec ci. 71,4 sec
5. Determine the flow characteristics of water at 20°C flowing through
a 20-mm pipe at 0.052 mis. v =-- 1.02 x 10-6 ni2 /s IS. A rectangular reservoir with vertical walls has a plan area of
a. Laminar c. Turbulent 60000m". Discharge from the reservoir take place over a
b. Transition d. Critical rectangular weir. The flow characteristics of the weir is Q = 0.678
Ft1.2 cubic meters where H is the depth of water above the weir crest.
7. For a 300mm diameter concrete pipe 3,600m long, find the diameter The sill of the weir is 3.4m above the bottom of the reservoir.
of a 300m long equivalent pipe. Assume the friction factor f be the Starting with a depth of water of 4m in the reservoir and no inflow,
same for both pipes. what will be the depth of water after one hour?
a. 7-1/4" c. 7-1/16" a. 3.98 m b. 3.68m c. 3.48m d. 3.18m
b. 7-1/8" d. 7-3/16"

SITUATION. A compound pipe consists of three pipes connected in SITUATION, The 3 pipes are connected parallel to each other. If the
series. The first pipe has a length 100 m, diameter of 300 mm and Darcy- combined discharge is 0.86 m'is. Compute the discharge in pipes 1, 2,
Weisbach friction factor f = 0.021. The second pipe has a length 150 in, and 3. Assume f 0.02.
diameter of 200 mm and Manning's roughness coefficient n 0.015. The
third pipe has a length 125 m, diameter of 250 mm and a Hazen William
coefficient C = 120. If the pipe system carries a flow rate of 800 Llsec.
8. Determine the head loss in first pipe in meters.
a. 107.5m G. 1187.7m
b. 45.7m d. 1432.0m

9. Determine the head loss in second pipe in meters

a. 107.5m c. 1187.7m
b. 45.7m d. 1432.0m

10. Determine the head loss in third pipe in meters

a. 107.5m c. 1187.7m
b. 45.7m d. 1432.0m
19. Discharge of pipeline 1.
11. A V-notch is located or cut at one end of a tank having a horizontal a. 302 Lis b. 195 Lis c. 364 Us d. 471 Lis
square section 10m x 10m. If the initial head on the weir is 1.20 m
and it takes 377 sec. to discharge 100 cu. m. of water and using a 20. Discharge of pipeline 2.
correction factor C 0.60. Compute the vertex angle of the weir. a. 302 Us b.-195 Us c. 364 Us d. 471 Us
a. 94°52' b. 104'52' c. 99'53' d. 109'53'

SITUATION. A tank with a frustum of a cone having its bases horizontal

and axis vertical is 3 m. hiah and is filled with water. It has a diameter of
 Ii 11
,1,1

!Ls i . 'Pea —Tr- was

MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 41T-: J. Martinez Bldg., Osmena Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarguez1 @yahoo corn
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE — Hydraulics 5

OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW AND FLOW STATES CRITICAL FLOW
Open-channel flow, is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, When the flow is critical
=
known as a channel.
Hydraulic radius, !s the term used to describe the shape of a channel. It is the Specific energy is a MINIMUM
ratio between the length of the wetted perimeter and the cross-sectional area of Discharge is a MAXIMUM
flow. The depth is known as critical depth
A, cross sectional area of flow When flow is critical, the following formula will be useful
R=
P, wetted perimeter
For non-rectangular channels (general)'
FLOW CAPACITY Q2 A3
=
Manning s Formula g B
1 2 1
V =—RST Q = Av
For rectangular channels
€12
SPECIFIC ENERGY — = (13,
- is the energy of the flow with reference to the channel bed as the datum.
Relation bAv critical depth and the specific energy (for rectangulad'
NORMAL DEPTH 2 3
- is the depth when the flow is steady and uniform.

BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESS

UW FLOW/DISCHARGE, q (m3/s/m)- (For rectangular sections only)
T= yRS
q = vd =

SITUATION. A circular section channel 3 m in diameter of n = 0.013, is laid to a

gradient of 1 1000. SITUATION. A wide rectangular channel has a critical depth of 2m.
1. What is the mean velocity when the depth of flow is 1.0 m? B. Determine the minimum specific energy.
2. Determine the rate of uniform flow when the depth of flow is 1.0 m. 9. Determine the maximum (unit) discharge at critical stage.
3. What is the mean boundary shear stress? 10. Determine the critical velocity.
FLOW STATES / ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW SITUATION. The channel with the given cross-section below is discharging 16
FROUDE NUMBER, FN m3/s of water. Compute the following.
- is a dimensionless value that descnbes different flow regimes of open channel
flow. It is a ratio of inertial and gravitational forces.
2m
Energy Grade Line Depth, d
dr i 4c
,UPPER STAGE, (Fti < ' 3)

CRMCAL STAGE.
4 in
11. Cntical depth.
12. Critical velocity.
LOWER STAGE, (FN > 1.0) 13. Critical slope it n 0.015.

Channel Bed
MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
Discharge, t)
FN < 1, subcritical flow (slow, tranquil) j
FN = 1, critical flow
FN > 1, supercritical flow (fast, rapid, shooting)

For rectangular sections, Rectangular Trapezoidal

(half-square)
FN =- 37_
gd

For non-rectangular sections,

V A
FN = IQ213 OR FN where: D = hydraulic depth = — ro-stueo unannet
A3g B Triangular (half of a 2N-sided polygon)

SITUATION. Given the section of channel and loodway, it has a uniform slope
of 0.0004 and the Manning's coefficient n 0.024 for both channel and
floodway. The side dopes used is 11.

?- Most Efficient of all Most Efficient of all

Trapezoid Sections Circular Sections
/////1////////,',////,' • l'Serni-heXa.cion,1
F loodwey
F krodwav For Minimum Seepaise
7 . ..• z7-v 717
I--- 2()m-- ----...5 m -,..)....--.8 rn—...t...s m..—..- -25 m
 .. ilt',
NLI t..CDU: err .1. Wit11111/eZ mug., uemena Divu.,ldeuu
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.coni
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

SITUATION. An open channel is to be designed to carry 2 m'is at a slope of HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE

0.005. The channel material has an n-value of 0.015.
14. Find the most efficient cross-section for a rectangular section. 1HD = PQ(WV2)
15. Find the most efficient GYM section for a triangular section. SITUATION. A jet of water flowing horizontally in the atmosphere is to be
16. Find the most efficient cross section for a trapezoidal section. deflected. lithe water jet has a diameter of 1.5" and a velocity of 25.5 fps, find
the force required to hold the vane in place if,
17. A trapezoidal canal has one side vertical and the other slanting 45°. The 24. the jet hits a fixed vertical plate at right angle.
discharge through the canal is 25 m'/s arid its mean velocity is 1 mls. 25. the jet hits a fixed curved vane and is deflected 35-degrees from the
What the dimension of the most efficient section. horizontal.

SITUATION. A horizontal jet having a diameter of 50 mm and a velocity of 12

FLOW TYPES m/s is deflected through an angle of 60 degrees by the vane. Neglecting
Steady flow - discharge is constant with time. friction, determine the force exerted by the jet on the vane
Uniform flow - the cross-sectional area of the fluid flow is constant through the 26. If the vane is fixed.
flow path. 27. If the vane is moving 3.5 m/s along the horizontal jet
NON-UNIFORM FLOW 28. If the vane is moving 4.5 m/s against the horizontal jet.

29. A horizontal bend in a pipeline conveying 1 m'is of oil (s=0.8) gradually

HYDRAULIC JUMP - when liquid at high velocity discharge into a zone of lower
reduces from 600 mm to 300 mm in diameter and deflects to flow through
velocity, 3 rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing
an angle of 60°. Al the larger end the pressure is 170 kPa. Determine the
liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flow's
magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the bend.
kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy
irreversibly lost through turbulence to heat.
WATER HAMMER
AF = pQ(Lv)
- Also called Hydraulic Shock.
F2 - Fl
QY - is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid (usually a liquid but
sometimes also a gas) in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly
(momentum change).
For rectangular sections -
- A water hammer commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of
di d2-\
-q2 A d a pipeline system. and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe.
( 2 )
For any section. Celerity, c
Q A1y1 - Ay:
For RIGID pipes C =
727 Ai
For NON-RIGID pipes C = EB
,
SITUATION. Npkl-rEr }
Water flows at a rate of 20 m'is through a rectangular section 4 meters wide
from a "steep slope to a 'mild' slope creating a hydraulic jump, in the mariner Time for pressure wave to travel, T
shown in the figure, The upstream depth of flow di is 1.20 m. T = 211c
For t, = 0, instantaneous closure
= pcv
For t, < T, rapid closure

For t, > T, slow closure

SITUATION. A 600-mm diameter non-rigid pipe of length 2.5km with a

thickness of lOmm is to carry water flowing at 0.9 m3/s. Use E. = 2.07x109 Pa
for water and E, = 200000 MPa for steel.
30. Determine the celerity in m/s.

31. Find the water hammer pressure developed for the following conditions.
a. Time of closure = 4 seconds
18. Find the downstream depth, d2. b. Time of closure rz 6 seconds

19. Find the head loss in the jump. 32. Determine the composite bulk modulus of water.

SITUATION. Water flows n a trapezoidal channel of 1m width and side slope at

1.1. At upstream depth of lm, the Froude's Number is 3.20. 11 the water
undergoes a hydraulic jump:
20. How much is the flow capacity of the channel? >owitglr< On;
tiritelarri
21. Determine the depth of flow after the jump.

22. What is the Froude's number downstream of the jump?

23. Determine the corresponding power loss in the jump.

 75. y
Telephone Number (02) 516 7559 (Manna) E-Mail: buksmarquezl @yaboo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Take Home Exam - HYDRAULICS 5

SITUATION. A rectangular channel 5.6 m. wide by 1,2 m. deep is lined with a SITUATION. Consider flow in a wide channel over a bump, as in the figure. The
smooth stone, well laic and has a hydraulic slope of 0.002. Using n = 0.013. depth of flow yo = 0.85m before the bump. If the flow rate is 1.2 m'is per meter
1. What is the capacity of the channel in m'/s. of channel width,
a. 10.92 b. 3.06 c. 20.58 d. 24.50

2. What savings in earth excavation (in m per meter of channel) could have
been offered by using more favorable proportions but adhering to the same
delivery and slope.
3.0.83 b. 1.57 c, 0.29 d. 0.45

3. What savings in lining per meter length by using more favorable proportions
but adhehng to the same delivery and slope?
19. Compute the water depth at the too of the bulge.
a. 0.83 b. 1.57 c. 0.29 d. 0.45 a, 0.768 m d. 0.985 m
U. 0.703 m c. 0.847 m
SITUATION. A trapezoidal canal with a bottom width of 1.5 m and with side 20. Compute the velocity of flow at the top of the bulge if it has a height h of
slopes of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical has a velocity of 1.2 mis. tithe depth of flow is
0.1m.
2.4 m and has a slope of channel bed of 0.000212, compute the following.
'a. 1,707 m/s b. 1.502 m/s c. 1.358 m/s d. 1.125 mis
4. Discharge of the canal, in ma's.
3. 18,14 b. 12.14 c.9.14 d.8.14
21. Characterize the flow above the bulge.
Subcritical b. Supercritical c. Ontical d. R id
5. Roughness coefficient of the canal.
a. 0.014 b. 0.012 c. 0.010 d. 0.008
SITUATION. The Gross section of a right triangular itannel is shown with a
coefficient of roughness ii= 0.012. 1f the rate of flow = 4 mats.
6. Shearing stress at the boundary of the canal, in Pa.
22. Calculate the critical depth.
a1.8 b.2.0 c.2.3 d. 2.6
a. 1.267m b. 1.025m c. 1.369m d. 1.525m
SITUATION. A trapezoidal flume of most efficient proportion has a base of 1.5
23. Calculate the critical velocity.
m. Its full discharge is 3 mats.
a. 1.98 m/s b. 2.32 mis c. 2.49 m/s d. 2.86 ints
7. Compute the averagethydraulic depth of the trapezoidal section.
a, 2.923 m b. 0.974 m c. 0.750 in d. 4.500 in
24. Calculate the critical slope.
a. 0.0032 b. 0.0020 c. 0.0013 d. 0.0026
8. If the section is replaced with the most efficient rectangular section with the
same wetted perimeter, compute as normal depth.
SITUATION. A rectangular canal is to discharge 1.86 m3ts per meter of Odd),
a 1.375 m b. 1.231 m c. 1.125 m d. 1.500 m
with a minimum energy content The channel is 12-rn wide and a =
25. Compute the minimum energy content.
9. Compute the decrease in the discharge, in mats.
3.0.71 m b. 1.85 m c. 1.54 m d. 1.06m
a. 3.00 b. 1.72 c. 0.64 d. 2.36
26. Compute the corresponding depth.
SITUATION. If water flows foli n a trapezoidal canal having a base width of 1.8
a.0.71 m. b. 1.85 m c. 1.54m d. 1.06 m
m, width at the top of 2.8 in and a depth of 1.2 m Slope of channel bed is 0.002,
coefficient of roughness is 0.012.
27. What slope would be necessary to maintain this depth and rate of
10. Compute the rate of flow in the canal, in mats.
discharge?
a. 2.7 b. 7.5 c. 5.4 d. 9.3
a. 0.0026 b, 0.0037 1P. 0.0031 d. 0.0010
11. Deterrnine the type of flow.
a subcritical SITUATION. A circular aluminum (n = 0.020) diarinel 2.44 m in diarnetei has a
b. supercritical c. critical d. laminar
Froude Number of 0.540. in uniform half-full flow.
28. Compute the critical velocity, in m/s.
12. Compute the critical depth.
a. 1.53 b. 2.30 c. 1.15 d. 3.07
a 0.6 in b. 0.8 m c. 1.1
29. Compute the channel slope.
SITUATION. A valve is suddenly dosed in a 200 mmo pipe. The increase in
a. 0.00145 b. 0.00182 c. 0.00258 d. 0.00345
pressure is 700 ItPa Assurn;rig that the pipe is rigid and the bulk modulus of
waters 2.07 x 109 tiltm2.
30. Compute the specific energy, in Joules per Newton.
13. Compute the celerity of the pressure wave, in rrits
a. 1.34 o, 2.68 c. 1.70 d. 2.01
a. 4549.73 b. 2324.21 c. 1785.29 (l_9438.75
SITUATION. A jet of water 250 mm in diameter impinges normally on a flat steel
14. Compute the velocity of flow, in m/s.
plate. If the discharge is 0.491 mats.
b. 0.45 c. 5.41 d. 034 31. Find the force exerted by the jet on the stationaiy plate, in kN.
a. 4.91 CI 3.25 c. 1.19 d. 2.86
15. If the length of the pipe is 650 m. long, compute the water hammer pressure
kPa) at the valve if it is closed in 3 seconds.
a.523 32. If the flat plate is moving at 2 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet,
b.211 c.432 d.333
find the force exerted by the jet on the plate, in kN.
a. 4.28 b. 3.01 c. 3.93 d. 5.22
SITUATION. Water flows over a spillway into a rectangular channel forming a
hydraulic jump in order to dissipate mechanical energy. The spillway and the
33. if the flat plate moving a 4 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet, find
settling basin is 20 meters wide. Before the jump the water has a depth of 1 m,
and a velocity of 18 m/s. the work done on the plate per second._
a. 13245 Nm/s b. 18648 Nrn/s c. 11789 Nrnts d. 10258 Nints
16. Determine the depth after the lump.
a. 5.12 m b. 7.64 m c. 9.68 m d. 2.58 m IfrYieri youfee(like giving up,
17. Determine the velocity after the jump. Lookbackat nowfaryou've come.
a. 2.36 m/s b. 3.21 m/s c. 4.55 m/s d. 2.01 m/s (Be strong.
Stay on your path.
18. Determine the Frou,de No. sfter the lump. NEVER STM'iiiit
a. 0.83 b 0.27 c. 0.98 d. 0.54 - Engr