CP6otiv6

February 1981
vol 7, no 2

cOIRputin
the #1 magazine of computer
applications and software

In Pascal: A
Genetics SimUlation

Monster Combat
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 Mountain Computer
can now .

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Eight more slots for your Apple! Now you • Eight mirror image I/O slots of the Apple
can bank-select eight more peripheral slots • Fully buffered, bi-directional data lines
with immediate or deferred software • Apple II compatible interface card
commands-like having up to 16 peripheral • Dual selection capability; hardware or
cards "on line"-or use the Select/Deselect software
switch mounted on the front panel. • Immediate or deferred selection in
Expansion Chassis' heavy-duty power software mode
supply is primarily for peripherals, without • From BASIC, a single POKE command
the heavy demand of motherboard support turns the chassis ON or OFF
chips required in your Apple. This means • Compatible with all software
much more power is available for peri-; • Dedicated power supply with
pherals than in your Apple itself! If you've approved power transformer
run out of room in your Apple-Expansion
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the dealer nearest you. (408) 429-8600 TWX 910 598-4504

CIRCLE 191 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Time & Money. Commodore; Atari® & Apple®
users get more with VisiCalc™ software.
A financial VP in Massachusetts is cutting the time it takes. more alternatives and forecasting more outcomes. It really
to prepare month-end reports from three days to three hours. increases your decision-making batting average!
A California company is replacing most of its time-share When you finish, you can print a copy of the worksheet just
computer service with a personal computer and VisiCalc, as it appears on the screen andlor save it on diskette.
saving at least $30,000 the first year.
'1 like VisiCalc's ease of use"
Thousands of other personal computer users are also sold
on how VisiCalc is increasing their productivity. Besides saving That response comes from a Utah businessman using Visi-
time and money, they're 'simplifying their work and getting Calc for production forecasts, financial report ratio analysis and
more information that helps them make better decisions. A job cost estimating. Ease of use is VisiCalc's best-liked feature.
typical user reaction comes from a New York dentist: It's designed for a non-programmer, and has an extensive, easy-
to-understand instruction manual.
"VisiCalc has become an integral part of my business"
Users also like solving a wide variety of problems with
VisiCalc displays an "electronic worksheet" that auto- VisiCalc . . . and solving them their way. VisiCalc can even
matically calculates nearly any number problem in justify the cost of a personal computer, according to a New
finance, business management, marketing, sales, engi- Hampshire financial analyst:
neering and other areas. The huge worksheet is like a
"VisiCalc is paying for itself over and over" '
blank ledger sheet or matrix. You input problems by
typing in titles, headings and your numbers. Where VisiCalc is available for 32k Commodore PET ICBM, Atari
you need calculations, type in simple formulas 800 and Apple disk systems. VisiCalc is written by Soft-
(+,-, X, -;-) or insert built-in functions ware Arts, Inc.
such as net present value and averaging. See VisiCalc at your Personal Software dealer.
As quickly as you type it in, VisiCalc For your dealer's name, call Personal Software Inc.
calculates and displays the results. at 408-745-7841, or write 1330 Bordeaux Drive,
Sunnyvale, CA 94086:
'1 am extremely impressed with Visi-
While there, see our other Pro-
Calc's capability, flexibility and orderly
ductivity Series software: Desktop Plan
presentation of instructions"
and CCA Data Management System.
So writes the director of a New York cor- They're like time on your hands and
poration. He appreciates VisiCalc's powerful money in the bank. ~
recalculation feature. Change any number in
your modfl and instantly all numbers affected by
that chan eare recalculated and new results are
?i=~A~
1
displayed You can ask "What if ... 7',' analyzing
Commodore is registered trademark of Commodore
Business Machines Inc., Atari is a registered trademark
Atari lnc.. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple
Computer Inc.
of sorl''''~
CIRCLE 170 ON READER SERVICE CARD
111 T~isissue,-------
e"aluatiolls6 profiles applicatiolls - ~ames
18 Music Editors for Small Computers Mercuri 78 A Problem Solving Technique
Unnatural Selection
Based on Genetics
Radcliffe
A comparative study

26 Radio Shack Line Printer VI Koester 82 How To Solve It

National Programming Contest
'Piele
A dot matrix printer for TRS-80 Level II

Base 2 Makes Its Mark Cummings 94 Genepool Eisenberg

30 An inexpensive alternative
A genetic simulation in Pascal

36 Three Sorcerer Games Stuckmeyer 106 Monster Combat

Make a killing in the forest
, Chapel

Lubar
40 Soft Centered
Interactive fiction and other goodies 118 Birthday Celebration
A cake from your TRS-80
Harper

42 Interactive Literature Nelson

122 Inputting Without Input Persuitte
An aid to interactive programs

articles 124 Lower-Case Display for Apple Writer

Apple Writer meets Paymar chip
Stith

Whaland
44 When Is a Program Intelligent?
Thoughts on the subject 130 Introduction to Computer
Interfacing techniques
Control Pearson

The Problem of Defining Intelligence Lubar

52 Artificial intelligence is a talking rabbit
departmellts
56 I Compute-Therefore I Am Connor.
6 Et Cetera Et al
Simon
62 Are Computers
Can life be artificial?
Alive?
8 Input/Output Readers

68 Some A.1. Reports of Interest . 123 Computer Store of the Month .

A bibliography of recent research reports
140 Compleat Computer Catalogue Staples
Keith
70 Bach ;
Basic Aids for Composing Harmonies 148 Puzzles & Problems Townsend

74 Bingo Card Secrets Ahl 152 Software Legal Forum N,bvick

Pritchett Yob
76 Computers and Descriptive
Computers analyze language
linguistics
154 Personal Electronic
A Toolkit and four Pilots
Transactions ,

Gray
162 TRS-SO Strings

fictioll6 foolist'llless 168

Music and Graphics

Outpost: Atari Blank

136·The Grandmaster Factor Grossbach Peeking into the monitor
It's only a game

150 Oops!. Payack

172 Apple-Cart
Mini Pilot listing
Carpenter

Some scientific boo boos by the ancients

182 Intelligent Computer Games Levy

FEBRUARY 1981 VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2 183 Retail Roster .

Creative Computing magazine is published monthly by Creative Computing. P.O.

Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. (Editorial office 39 East Hanover Ave., Morris
Plains, NJ 07950 Phone: (201) 540-0445.)
186 Effective Writing
Getting around the block
Schwartz

Domestic Subscriptions: 12 issues $20; 24 issues $37; 36 issues $53. Send

subscription orders or change of address (P.O. Form 3575) to Creative Computing
188 Book Reviews Gray
P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown. NJ 07960. Call 800-631-8112 toll-free (in New Jersey
call 201-540-0445) to order a subscription (to be charged only to a bank card). 194 Index to Advertisers .
Controlled Circulation paid at Richmond. VA 23228.
This month's cover was designed by Peter Payack and Opal
Copyright©1981 by Creative Computing. All rights reserved. Reproduction pro- Louis Nations of Cambridge, MA. For more information, see
hibited. Printed in USA. page 140.

FEBRUARY 1981 3
Publisher/Editor-in-chief David H. Ahl Advertising Sales Foreign Customers
Foreign subscribers in countries listed below
Advertising Coordinator may elect to subscribe with our local agents using
Editorial Director George Blank Renee Christman local currency. Of course, subscriptions may also
Creative Computing be entered directly to Creative Computing (USA)
Editor Elizabeth Staples P.O. Box 789-M in U.S. dollars (bank draft or credit card). All
Morristown, NJ 07960 foreign subscriptions must be prepaid.
Many foreign agents stock Creative Computing
Editor-at-Iarge Ted Nelson (201) 540-0445 magazines, books, and software. However, please
inquire directly to the agent before placing an
Associate Editor David Lubar Western States, Texas order. Again, all Creative Computing products may
Jules E. Thompson, Inc. be ordered direct from the USA-be sure to allow
Contributing Editors Charles Carpenter 1290 Howard Ave., Suite 303 for foreign shipping and handling.
Thomas W. Dwyer Burlingame, CA 94010
ICANADA Surface Air
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,
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Software Production John White responsible for the return of unsolicited 2XF COMPUTERCOLLECTIEF
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gram listings, etc. not submitted with a 1017 APAMSTERDAM, Holland
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David Rogers . sonal computing club newsletters, and

JAPAN Y Y
nonprofit publications. Only original l-year 6,900 11,800
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ASCII PUBLISHING
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Moira Fenton the first page of the reprint in 7-point or 5-16-1 Minami Aoyama, Minato-Ku
Carol Vita larger type (you may cut out and use this Tokyo 107, Japan
notice if you wish):
PHILIPPINES P P
Customer Service Patricia Brown
Copyright © 1981 by Creative Com- t-year
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Fack
Shipping & Receiving William Rogalski Creative Computing is available on S-200 12 Malmp 2, Sweden

Ronald Antonaccio permanent record microfilm. For com-

OTHER COUNTRIES US$ US$
Scott McLeod plete information contact University mi- t-vear 29 50
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Mike Gribbon or 18 Bedford Road, london WC1 R 4EJ, CREATIVE COMPUTING

P.O. Box 789-M
Nick Roy England. Morristown, N.J. 07960, USA

4 CREATIVE COMPUTING
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CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 5
 I e't ce"i:era I
received editorial mention in The New run David Levy's Intelligent Computer
Congratulationsl York Times, New Jersey Monthly, The Games column, for example. Also, we
We have two winners! In September, Christian Science Monitor as well as on occasionally reprint a piece from PCW
we announced a competition for the best CBS-TV. and vice versa.
transportation simulation and the best Growing Stronger We feel that some important develop-
simulation in a freestyle category. All this growth would not be possible if ments are emerging from the U.K., such
Kenneth Murray of Grand Rapids, we didn't have quality products. And quality as the Sinclair ZX80, Acorn Atom and
Michigan wrote an amazing simulation, in this business means people, none in the Tuscan Sl00 on the hardware front. In
"Streets of the City." The user has goals publishing business being more important addition, companies such as Thorn!EMI
of completing street and Interstate highway than the editorial people. are developing outstanding software. Short
construction, improving street repair, Hence, it is with great delight that we of frequent trips to Britain, we keep tuned
improving traffic safety, upgrading the welcome George Blank to our staff as to the latest developments through the
bus fleet, increasing ridership and improv- Editorial Director. George comes to us magazines.
ing on-schedule performance. It will be from The Software Exchange where he A one-year subscription to PCW costs
published in its entirety in the April or was editor of Softside. Readers of Creative 22 (approx. $50) via air mail. Write
May issue of Creative Computing. Ken should be familiar with George as the Personal Computer World, 14 Rathbone
received an Ohio Scientific Challenger authorof our Atari column. We feel that Place, London W1P lDE, England.
1P for his simulation. George will be a tremendous addition to
Richard Galbraith of Tempe, Arizona
also wrote an exceptional simulation,
our editorial department. His responsibility Personal Computing for
includes management of all magazine, book
"Trucker." The program simulates coast- and software publishing of Creative Com- the Handicapped
to-coast trips by an independent trucker
hauling different types of cargo. The
puting. (National Contest)
The "new" editor of Creative Computing
primary objective is to improve the user's is Elizabeth Staples. No newcomer to these Johns Hopkins University will be con-
understanding of reasonable risk-taking pages, Betsy has been doing the new ducting the First National Search/Contest
and the costs involved in freighting. It products column and generally one or on the Application of Personal Computing
succeeds very well. It will be published in two pieces per issue for the past year and to Aid the Handicapped starting in Novem-
the March or April issue. Richard received a half. This was done on top of her regular ber 1980 and lasting to June 1981.
an Interact computer and software for duties as Business Manager where she
his efforts. oversaw the entire order processing, Major objectives of the contest are to:
subscription fulfillment, retail sales, finan- 1) Focus the power of computing tech-
nology on the urgent needs of millions
Getting Bigger and cial and accounting operations of the
of handicapped citizens.
corporation.
Growing Stronger Ted Nelson will occupy the newly-
2) Harness individual innovation and
creativity on a national basis.
Getting Bigger created position of editor-at-large. In this
Some months ago when we had a position he willhave the freedom to explore
company luncheon at Victoria Station, new and interesting concepts, carry on National Computer
with his personal research projects, philo-
we needed their largest private room to
hold all 60 of us. Such is the time for sophize and give us outpourings from his Problem Solving Contest
reflections and one person recalled that fertile mind. The University of Wisconsin - Parkside
two and a half years ago the company We expect these changes to have a extends an invitation to schools everywhere'
would have fit in one large booth (8 very positive effect on both the editorial to participate in its fifth annual computer:
people). content of the magazine and our dealings problem solving contest. Complete rules
We're still growing. Our newest division with outside contributors. Speaking of and a copy of last year's problems with
headed by Larry Koss will provide exten- contributors, if you haven't seen the solution, appear on p. 82 of this issue.
sion and adult educational courses in editorial on effective writing by Chris
cooperation with school districts and Morgan in the December issue Byte, I
colleges throughout Northern New Jersey. urge you to read it. He says many things Corrections
Of course, there are also our new maga- that I've been saying for ages, but he does In the December 1980 "Apple Cart,"
zines, Microsystems, and Sync. These and it in a succinct and entertaining fashion. the price of RADCOM PLUS was given
several other new ventures willbe described as $190,000. The correct price is $190.
in an upcoming Random Ramblings Credit Due to Personal Also, the software was referred to as Integer
column. Basic. This is not the name of the program,
However, we're not ignoring our estab-
Computer World just the language it runs under.
lished divisions. Creative Computing maga- In the December issue, we published The Program for "Out of Sorts"
zine is growing at a rapid clip. Indeed, an in-depth review of the Sinclair ZX80 (December 1980, page 14) has a line
within a few months you'll be seeing ads by David Tebbutt. We also noted that the missing. The line is:
for it on TV in certain parts of the country. review was reprinted from Personal Com- 205 LET I=I-Y
You've probably already seen ads for it in puter World. However, we probably should
Popular Science, Scientific American, The have given you a bit more background On page 67 of the December 1980 issue
Wall Street Journal and scores of other Personal Computer World is a British the price of the CBM 2022 printer was
places. magazine and, in some loose sense, is our incorrectly listed as $995. The printer
Recently too, Creative Computing has sister publication in the U.K. We both sells for $795.

6 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 t/
put

© Creative Computing

Business as Usual Bleak House

Dear Editor: Dear Editor:
I would like to comment on the article written by Mr. Paul I couldn't agree more with the observations of Mr. Doering
F. Doering, entitled, "The Bleak Future of Small Business in his article "The Bleak Future of Small-Business Computing"
Computing," in the November, 1980 issue of Creative (November 1980). Clearly he makes many fine points regarding
Computing. the sometimes immoral schemes foisted upon the innocent (and
First, I certainly agree that there are both good and bad sometimes naive) small businessman.
business programs available. However, to condemn all business I regularly run up against businessmen who are so eager to
programs as being poorly written is like throwing the baby out "get into computers" that they just can't reason straight. When
with the bath water. an effort is made to explain such things as the need for backup,
While some of the problems mentioned in Mr. Doering's maintenance, audit trails and the like, they conclude that such
article are real, he has missed a very critical point. That is, the things are merely an attempt to "milk" them for more money.
whole area of business application of small computers is very They are bound and determined to get a complete computer
new. As in a fledgling industry, it takes time to mature and system for the least amount of money. Therefore, they invite
shake out the marginal operators. Mr. Doerings kitchen-table amateur (KTA) in with open arms!
A suggestion we use, in our firm, to ascertain the quality of Is it any wonder that such businessmen fail?
a program is to ask for the documentation before purchasing. At the same time though, I question the conclusion of
This costs a firm little and does a reasonable job in protecting it Mr. Doering that a bleak future is ahead for small business
from poorly written programs or programs with inadequate computing. Regardless of the reasons why the situation has
documentation. reached its current state of affairs, I don't think it is a terminal
Also, another thing a prospective purchaser of business ailment. The mystique which has long surrounded computers is
programs should inquire about are the qualifications of the quickly crumbling, thanks to the home computer craze.
programmer: It is very critical to have a programmer that Businessmen worth their salt have gone and talked to others
understands the application as well as having programming about the problems associated with installing a computer
skill. For example, frequently I have seen programs written to system. Most of them are smarter than we computer
compute asset depreciation schedules - only to find out that professionals may be willing to give them credit for.
they use the general guidelines method of depreciation. This No doubt the problems mentioned in the article have
method was outmoded by the ADR (Asset Depreciation Range contributed toward the go-slow attitude we have seen among
schedule) which offers significantly greater tax shield to the businessmen in general. And remember too, there have been
firm. successes. Those competent commercial programmers (CCP's)
Our firm has been in business for two years now - responsible for such successes are going to be in high demand.
dedicated to promoting quality business software. To our They will be around for a long time. Meanwhile, the kitchen-
knowledge, we have never had any complaint about our table amateur who is out to make a quick buck is liable to move
products. I only mention this to show that there are good along to some other get-rich-quick scheme. While new ones will
business software houses. come along from time to time, I think we will see a stabilizing
Jerome S. Osteryoung, Ph.D. which will be beneficial for all.
Management Systems Software, Inc. The situation reminds me of the fledgling personal
2912 Brandemere Drive computer marketplace that existed just a few years ago. Then
Tallahassee, FL 32312 the urge was to market a product that was insufficiently

6 CREATIVE COMPUTING
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0/16 .. S-80 ..... $19.95 MONTY DUNGEON CAMPAIGN
C/4 ... S-80 ..... S14.95 PertOMI Software SYl1lrglll1c Software
RPN CALCULATOR C/S-80 ........... S24.95 O/Appl •........... $17.50
by RUI"N SlIrh, C/Appl •.......... $27.95 C/Appl •........... $14.95
C/16 .. S-80 ....... $9.95 0/S-80 ........... S27.95 WILDERNESS & DUNGEON
STSo-UC O/Apple .......... $27.95
CAMPAIGN
by lInel Mltklu. LEVEL III BASIC Synergistic Softw,r'
4/M .. S-80 ....... $24.95 MII:ro.ott 01 Apple. . . . . . . . . . .$32.50
ST-SoD SMART TERMINAL C/S-80 .......... $49.95 WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN
by LInce Mltklu. MuMATH Synergistic Software
C/16 .. S-80 ....... S49.95 Mh;:rOloft C/Apple ........... S17.50
0/32 .. S-80 ....... $79.95 0/S-80 ........... S74.95 O/Apple ........... S19.95
STAD EDITOR-ASSEMBLER ODYSSEY
by Plul Vln der Ellk Microsoft Synergistic SottwUI
161M .. S-80 ...... S24.95 C/S-80 ........... S29.95 O/Apple ........... $29.95

SARGoN II CHESS
AutolNlt.d Simulation. H.yd,n Softw.r, Atarl
0/S-80 S24.95 0/S-80 $34.95 C/Atarl S39
O/Apple S24.95 01 Appll. . . . . . . . . . .$34.95
C/S-80 $19.95 C/S-80 $29.95 STAR RAIDERS
C/Apple $19.95 C/Apple $29.95 AI.rl
C/Pe!. $19.95 C/Atarl. $15
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
ADVENTURELAND Slnlillon.1 Softw.rl SUPER BREAKOUT
Advt,"urllnllrn.tIonlt C/S-80 $9.95 At.rt
C/S-80 $14.95 C/Appll S9.95 C/Atarl $39
C/Appl •.......... S14.95 SUPER INVASION EDITOR ASSEMBLER
PIRATE'S COVE S,nsatlon.1 Softw.r, Atarl
AdYintul'llntern.tlon.1 C/Apple $19.95 C/Atari. $15
C/S-80 $14.95 SPACE WAR/SUPER
C/Apple S14.95 VIDEO EASEL
INVASION Atarl
MISSION IMPOSSIBLE S,nllllon.1 Softw.r, C/Atarl. S39
Adn",urelnt.rllltional O/Apple $29.95
C/S-80 $14.95 INVESTMENT PORTFoL
C/Apple S14.95 DATA FACTORY Sm.11 Systems Softw.r,
Mlero lib
C/S-80 $4!
MYSTERY FUN HOUSE O/Apple S100.00
Ad",ntur.lnt,rnatlon.1 DOGFIGHT WALL STREET CHALLE
C/S-80 $14.95 Micro lib Im.ge CompUII' Producls
C/Apple $14.95 O/Apple S29.95 C/Atari. Sl'

WARPATH VISICALC T SHORT

by Ron PoIkln hrsoo.1 Softw.r, W,blnt'rnrllon.1
C/16. S-80 ....... $14.95 O/Apple .......... $149.95 C/S-80 .......... S9.95
MAGIC PAINTBRUSH O/Atarl. ......... S199.95 ULTRA MON
M.rkhlcz.rskl Intlrpro
0/32/A ROM ...... S29.95 INTERLUDE C/S-80 .......... $24.95
Syntonic Softw.rl
THREE-D GRAPHICS C/S-80 .......... $16.95 AMBUSH
M.rkPtacz.rskl C/Apple .......... $16.95 Slrll.glc Simulations
O/48/A ROM ...... S29.95 0/S-80 .......... $19.95 O/Apple ........... $59.95
PORK BARREL O/Appl •.......... $19.95 BASKETBALL
Georg, allnk A"~
SPECIAL DELIVERY EXTRACT C/Atarl ............ S39.95
C/16/A ......... $9.95 QUIIItySoftw.re Distributors
0/S-80 .......... S125.00 MUSIC COMPOSER
AUTOMATED DISK AlIrl
DIRECTORY C/Atlrl ............ $59.95
R.m •• rl FORTH II
Softapelne . BLACKJACK
C/[2]/321S-80 . . . . .$19.95 A"~
O/Apple ........... S49.95
PATHWAYS THROUGH THE C/Allrl ............ S14.95
ROM APPLE LISTENER HANGMAN IN BASIC
SGftSld, PubMeattons Sofbpelnc. A"~
plus Sl. shipping ... $19.95 C/Appl •........... S19.95 C/Atlrl ............ S14.95
 TRS-80*
COLOR COMPUTER
4K $359.00
16K with extended
BASIC $519.00

TRS-80*
MODEL III
16K $929.00
32K,with two drives $2299.00

iiiiif'''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''\\\\\\ ATARI 800

$849.00
---------------
--------------
--------------
-,...----------- ATARI400
----
$529.00

ATAR!" JACC 16K RAM $149.00

AXLON 32K RAM $259.00

APPLE 11* OR APPLE II

48K $1119.0~\
+1_ ~

DISK-80
• Disk Controller (up to 4 drives)
• Data Separator
• Incl. 16K of RAM
• Provision for an additional 16K RAM
• TRS-BUS Connector for future expansion
• ONLY $339.00

PRINTERS
Microl ine-SO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $599.00
Microline-82 $769.00
Epson MX-SO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $569.00
Centronics 737 $839.00
Vista V300 $1799.00
HARDWARE ITEMS ONLY:
TERMS: Prlcel and Ipeclflcatlanl lie subject to ch.nge HARDSIDE .cceptl VISA
& MASTERCARD. Certified checks .nd Maney Orders; Perlan.1 checkl .ccepted
(takes 3 wHkl to cle.r) HARDSIDE payl all Ihlpplng ch.rges (whhln the 48
Itatel) an all PREPAID orders OVER SI00.00.0n all ardell under S100 a S2.50
handling ch.rge mUlt beaddad. COD orders .ccepted (arderl aver S250 require
25'7, depalh) there II • S5.00 handling charge. UPS· 8luelabel •• nd Air Freight
IVIII.ble It extra COlt •

. 'TRS·80. APPLE and ATARlare trademarks of Tandy, Apple Computer Ca .•

and Warner Communication, respectively.
I/q, continued... . as such I have experienced much of the frustration and dissatis-
engineered to protect the buyer's investment. Yet, it was cheap! faction of purchasing hard & software from numerous vendors.
Computer enthusiasts bought such hardware thinking they Over the past few months I have had the absolutely incredible
were getting a bargain. Thankfully, many of those early experience of dealing with Mountain Computer, Inc.
marketeers are no longer with us. Instead, we have a relatively Mountain Computer manufactures a line of peripherals
stable community of competent hardware vendors who are mainly for the Apple Computer. As the owner of three of their
conscientiously trying to deliver a reliable product at a products, I can say without fear of contradiction that their
reasonable cost, but not necessarily cheap. They recognize the products are second to none. Their hardware, software, docu-
value of doing it right even if it must cost a few dollars more. mentation and even the packaging of their products is superb.
Daryl A. Frame, President Mountain Computer has an incredible attitude towards its
Discreet Computer Service, Inc. customers. I have had a few occasions to correspond with the
69 Victor Herbert Drive company to request information. I was slightly amazed (in a
Ventura, CA 93003 field in which companies seem to neglect answering their mail)
to receive immediate, informative and friendly replies to my
requests. In one instance they actually called me via telephone
Lonely Parts Club to give me a personal and timely reply to my request.
I once telephoned them to ask if it would be possible to
Dear Editor:
send a representative to our local Apple Users Group (note: we
I would like to help form or join a Vid~o Brain user's are in New Jersey; they are in California) to demonstrate their
group. My little orphan was purchased for $78 with three ROM product line. I really expected a negative answer, but much to
cartridges, but I have been unable to obtain a Basic RoM so far, my joy and surprise they answered in the affirmative and even
so it's just games for now. I would like to get in touch somehow set a date with me immediately.
with other users, and most of all obtain a Basic cartridge. Can I can go on and on about this outstanding company. If you
you help me? are looking for an Apple peripheral, give this company a look,
John Starrett because if they happen to manufacture what you are looking
7115 E 14th Ave. for, you will be hard pressed to find a superior product.
Denver, CO 80220 S. D. Sadowsky
P.S. I also own a ZX80and would like to see some articles about 17 Round Hill Road
it and correspond with other users. Scotch Plains, N J: 07076
We did run something on the Video Brain in the September
1980 issue, p. 38.
As for the ZX80, try our new magazine, Sync, $10 a
year. - TN
Waiting for Baudot
Dear Editor:

Vote of Confidence As your November issue points out, being a deaf dancer
really IS something. Being able to communicate with her
Dear Editor: friends, relatives and emergency services via telephone is
something else. I would like to enlist your help in providing
I found Stephen Kimmel's "Election Prediction by
some information which may be important to this young
Computer" in the October 1980 Creative Computing and used it dancer.
with great pleasure this week.
As you may know, the deaf can use teletypewriters to
In fact, at about 6:45 p.m. on November 4th, my TRS-80
communicate with their friends and a small number of public
predicted a Reagan landslide with only Kentucky and Indiana
agencies which have installed TTYs. Because the origin of this'
- but then who believes a "computer knut" that early in the
network resulted from cast-off Western Union hardware, their
evening? (Actually not even the knut.)
standard for communication is the BA UDOT code. I have been
Anyway, the program was well written, it worked on first
trying to track down a reasonably priced modem which would
input, and the article presenting was also good reading. I am not be switchable from ASCII to BAUDOT. If such a device exists
a subscriber but I scan all the appropriate magazines at the or if its development could be encouraged, it would have several
University Library. commercial and human benefits:
Thank you and congratulations for a most enjoyable
• The deaf could be integrated into the home-computer
evening.
communication network to the benefit of all.
Eli C. Hall • The deaf could use home-computers rather than the
Resident Manager single-purpose devices they now must buy which cost as
University of Kentucky much.
Carnahan House Conference Center • Businesses would be in instant compliance with Federal
Lexington, KY 405 I I laws which require them to have non-discriminatory
communicative access, through interface with existing
ASCII hardware or typewriter interface.
Peak Performance • Everyone could communicate with and market tele-
communication devices internationally. (Is BA UDOT
Dear Editor:
translation not a problem?)
It seems that the people who "yell" the loudest in the world If you ~ave any specific information, leads or general
are those who feel they have been wronged. Computer journals thoughts abort making the computer revolution work for ALL
are filled with letters telling of the incredible suffering and
~~~~~:swo~U;~rl
b:~~~~.to share them with some of the young deaf
horrors of trying to do business with various computer oriented
companies. Unfortunately there is little said about the
companies with whom we have dealings which are especially David V. Williams, Ph.D.
pleasant. 5 Wildflower Drive
I have been a computer hobbyist for quite some time, and Ithaca, NY 14850

12 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 MAGI( WAND
• . . TM

The is

We've been saying it for a few months

now, and the reviewers seem to agree.
, , Until I saw the Magic Wand, if I were allowed to own one and
only one editor, Word Star* would have been it. ... My personal
preference is for Pencil or Magic Wand for text creation. , ,
Jerry Pournelle '
On Computing, Summer 1980

, , The basic functions of the Magic Wand editor are as easy to learn
as those of Electric Pencil *.. . Magic Wand dominates in the area
of print formatting. , , Larry Press
On Computing, Summer 1980

, , Of all the word processors I have used (and that includes a dozen
or more), the Magic Wand is the most versatile. The Wand has
almost all of the features of other processors, plus many new ones of
its own. It measures up to even the word-processing software running
on the largest mainframe computers.' 'Rod Hallen
Microcomputing, June 1980
, , The Magic Wand is one of the most flexible word processing
packages available, and should be considered by any potential word
processing purchaser. , , Glenn A. Hart
Creative Computing, August 1980

Available for both the CP/M® and OASIS operating systems

sU\o.\\ \)US\\\~Ss o.\l\i\c.o.\\O\\S. \\\c..

3220 Louisiana. Suite 205 • Houston, Texas 77006 • 713-528-5158
Electric Pencil is a trademark of Michael Shrayer Software, Inc.
WordStar is a trademark of Micro Pro International. Inc.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp.

CIRCLE 194 ON READER SERVICE CARD

1/0 continued ... For some reason he complains that the program pushes the
PET to its limits in order to obtain the best possible results
In Addition (would he prefer a lower quality music, to make it "easier" on
the PET?)!
Dear Editor:
In his evaluation, Mr. Yob Tecommends the use of
Your October, 1980 issue carried a letter in the additional hardware, which costs considerably more than $1000
Compendium section by a Susan J. Wilkins wherein an (whereas the MTU system requires only a $50 digital-to-analog
accountant or equally uncreative type was required to be converter, which can be used for other purposes besides music,
browbeaten by the programmer in determining a listing and a $25 software package).
program. The major advantage of computer generated music is the
In acquiring my first cassette computer system in 1973, I ability to control instrument definitions, alter pitch, and
too was advised that the computer could not add sideways. envelope & timber. We personally don't know of any $7.00
When I pointed to my purchase order and said that it was record that can be played with several different variations and
part of the agreement; that if no such program could be control.
accomplished that I would not pay for the system and the Granted, there are some limitations in the system, but not
factory could pick up the equipment, then: enough to condemn it to the point of abstinence simply because
Very quickly not only could the computer add sideways it can't compare to album quality (kind of like cutting your
but the program allowed for an error column and a provision nose off to spite your face).
for correcting errors, the computer could add down, and both
sets of columnar totals would balance against each other and Matt Ganis & Fred Covitz
indicate any errors in balance differences.
Two years ago when I went to a hard disk system, Wang's
people gave me the same runaround (which cost them a sale) but
Century Computer's staff found no problem in providing the
Constant Comment
application. Dear Editor:
When programmers realize they are here to provide what a
In a recent article (August 1980) entitled "Translating into
user requires or wants, not what a programmer feels the user
Apple Integer Basic," the author, Jordan Mechner, spoke of
. could use, then perhaps more systems would be acquired
some limitations of integer arithmetic. I would like to pass
resulting in uncreative types of programmers becoming human
along some tips developed in the olden days (i.e., 1970, 4K Nova
beings.
computer, no model number, just a Nova) for dealing with
Sully Sudin fractions using integers.
Public Accountant We used a "precision constant" to give us the desired
730 East Washington Street fractional accuracy in our computations. You multiply your
Marina Del Rey, CA 90291 number by a precision constant before an operation which
would produce a fraction. For example, (5- 10)/ 2 = 25. You can
Summing it Up output the precision constant and result (10,25) and know the
answer is really 2.5. Using this method you can get any desired
Dear Editor: degree of precision. Usually one or two decimal places is all that
Iam not too often moved to write rebuttals to publications is required. The concept of significant digits is relevant here.
but in reference to Susan J. Watkins' "A Short Episode" in the Thus, square root and Mugwumps is possible with Apple
October Compendium, Page 12, I have been moved. integer Basic contrary to Mechner's article.
One of the great differences between a GOOD programmer You must be careful using this method. Some very large
and just another programmer is that person's knowledge of now numbers can result, and the user must watch out for overflow.
to make the program do what the customer wants it to do. It is, Also note IX = JIOX. For square root applications use 100 or
admittedly, sometimes difficult for us customers to convey to 10,000 as the precision constant.
the programmer what we want done. Andrew L. Homer
The image of the programmer locked up in the back room Research Associate
with his chocolate bars and root beer is not helped much by University of Missouri - Columbia
Ms. Wilkins' programmer friend. It sounds like he falls into this Department of Psychology
image very well. He is not sharp, he is just not a programmer. 210 McAlester Hall
I am no programmer but once in a while Ido convince my Columbia, MO 65211
computer to do what I want it to do. One of those things is to
add BOTH row and column totals. It is not difficult and
certainly should be within the capabilities of any programmer.
Maybe my assumptions are wrong. Maybe both Ms.
Wilkins and Creative Computing were looking for Halloween Curtain Call
stories since her story a,Ppeared in your October issue. Dear Editor:
R. W. Russell I especially enjoyed your feature on Actor Languages in
418 Louisiana, S.E., Suite 8 the October issue. Small talk and its friends may not save the
Albuquerque, NM 87108 world from Basic and COBOL but at least it's concept-oriented
(rather than machine-oriented). Here are some other fun ideas
For the Record for special sections: program testing and verification, Very
Dear Editor: High Level Languages, exotic graphics systems, database
models, compiler design for the layman ... did I leave anything
We are writing this letter in regard to Mr. Yob's evalu- out?
ation of the MTU music system and song data in the November
1980 PET column ("about going too far"). Steve North
Mr. Yob seems to have missed the overall point of the 35A Orchard St.
system (which is to produce high quality music at a low cost). Summit, NJ 07901

14 CREATIVE COM'PUTING
 MeettheTigeIwith
a bigger bite.
Introducing the remarkable 132-column columns, parallel and serial interfaces, se1£-
Paper Tiqer" 560. The first full-width matrix diagnostics, and more. All inside the most
printer to give you fully formed characters compact printer of its kind.
for a low $1695.* Need more stripes? Dotplot," our high-
The new 560 features a staggered nine- resolution raster graphics package, is stan-
wire ballistic type print head that overlaps dard on every 560.
dots in both horizontal and vertical planes. For data processing, word processing
It bi-directionally prints up to 150dense, text and small business applications, this is your
quality characters per second. Tiger. The business-sized Paper Ticer" 560.
The 560 also features a reliable cartridge It's a Tiger you can count on.
ribbon that lasts up to four times as long Call TOLL FREE 800-258-1386(In New
presents a breakthrough in matrix printin Hampshire, Alaska and Hawaii, call
ering the user excellent print quality wit 603-673-9100.)Or write: Integral Data
ce of a matrix printer. Employing a uniq Systems, Inc., Milford, NH 03055.
red c of umn " head manufactured by Integr
creates high quality printouts by overla
Paper Tiger 560 Print Sample

as spool and cassette ribbons, separate

heavy-duty stepper motors to drive the print
head and advance the paper, plus true
tractor feed.
And famous Paper Tiger performance
comes with every new 560. Like fixed or
proportionately spaced text, programmable
tabbing and business forms control, auto-
matic text justification, print formats to 220
CIRCLE 207 ON READER SERVICE CARD

'Suggested u.s. retail price.

ALF/ Apple Music
Synth"size,

The ALF Apple Music Synthesizer (AMS) is an easy to

use peripheral which allows you to program music into
an Apple II computer using standard musical notation.
The ALF kit includes the synthesizer board (plugs into any
peripheral slot), exceptional quality software, and an With the ALF software, entry of music is easy,
extensive user manual. fast and accurate.

Sophisticated Music Entry Program

Sheet music is easily entered using the Apple game
paddles. The high-resolution ENTRY program features the Nine Voices for only $198
familiar music staff with a "menu" of musical items listed
beneath it (note lengths, rests, edit commands, acciden- The new ALF "AM-II" music synthesizer offers an
tals, etc.). One game paddle moves a cursor up and down unbeatable value for the Apple owner who is a music
the music staff and is used to select the note pitch; the hobbyist. With nine voices on a single music board for
second paddle chooses from the menu items (note length, $198.00, the AM-II is the most economical device for
etc.) With the ALF hi-res ENTRY program, you won't have creating music with the Apple.
to use cryptic codes to select note parameters. The AM-II uses the same excellent ENTRY and PLAY
As you program sheet music with ENTRY, measure bars programs as the more sophisticated ALF Music Synthe-
are inserted automatically (and note values are tied over sizer (AMS); the same hi-res graphic display from which
the bar where necessary). Key Signatures are also notes are selected with the Apple game paddles (not typed
automatic-you don't have to keep writing in every sharp with cryptic codes). All of the conveniences of the ENTRY
or flat! program apply -easy editing, playback with low-res
Three monophonic, individual parts can be programmed display, ability to save songs on cassette or disk, etc.
with each ALF Music Synthesizer. Two boards are The AM-II has stereo output (3 voices in left, 3 voices in
required for stereo. A total of three synthesizers can be the middle, 3 voices in the right).
used Simultaneously for a maximum of nine voices. By How can the AM-II offer so much for only $198.00? The
controling the envelope (or shape) of each voice, many two basic differences between the AM-II and the ALF
different instrumental sounds can be simulated. Apple Music Synthesizer (AMS) are pitch accuracy and
dynamic range. The AM-II has an accurate pitch range of
Eight-octave Range about six octaves. Pitch values above the treble staff
become increasingly inaccurate. Also, the AM-II has a
The ALF Music Synthesizer has a pitch range of eight
dynamic range of 28db, with 16 different volume levels,
octaves-a wider range than a grand piano. The ALF can (the AMS has a dynamic range of 78db).
also play semitones-"blues notes" or the pitches in The AM-II is manufactured with the same high quality
between the keyboard notes of a piano. (The pitch range is standards as other products from the ALF Corporation.
from 27.5 to 55,000 Hertz, well beyond the limits of human No sacrifice has been made in reliability; the new AM-II is
hearing.) Tuning accurancy is virtually perfect within simply a great bargain.
two cents of pitch value.
Every parameter of the ENTRY program can be changed Professional musicians will still want to use the original
again and again during a musical piece. For example, you Apple Music Synthesizer (AMS) for its extended range and
can make changes in key, time signature, VOlume, and volume controls (the AMS has a range of 8 octaves). But
timbre (envelope). Parts can be edited at any time, also. for the Apple owner who is interested in music as a hobby,
Notes can be added or deleted,note length can be the AM-II is the best music peripheral value available
changed, as well as pitch, volume, etc. today.
You can save songs on either cassette or disk, and play Requires: 16K Apple II or Apple II Plus, cassette or Disk
them back using either ENTRY or PLAY. The playback II, and an external audio amplifier (all necessary patch
speed is adjusted with one of the game paddles, and can cords are included).
be varied during the playback, if you wish to change the AM-II ALF / Apple Synthesizer $198.00
overall tempo. AMS ALF / Apple Synthesizer 268.00
To order, send payment plus $3.00 shipping and
Colorful Playback Display
handling to Peripherals Plus, 119 Maple Ave., Morristown,
The ALF Music Synthesizer features a 16-color low-res NJ 07960. Credit card customers should include card
graphic display during song playback. Each musical part number and expiration date of Visa, MasterCard or
is represented on a stylized piano "keyboard"-the American Express. Credit card customers may also order
intensity of the note determines the color, and the pitch is toll-free:
shown in relation to "middle C". 800-631- 8112
The ALF Music Synthesizer requires the use of an (In NJ call 201-540-0445)
external audio amplifier. Stereo programming is possible
with the use of two or three synthesizer boards.
The ALF software includes the ENTRY and PLAY
programs, sample songs, an introduction to "envelope
shaping", and demonstrations of advanced uses of the
Perip-herals PluS
synthesizer. 119 Maple Ave., Morristown, NJ 07960
CIRCLE 239 ON READER SERVICE CARD
HOW-TO TURN AN APPLE Il1TO A TANK.
With Computer Conffict"'and a little imagination, we'll the same time, caution cannot be cast aside; severe unit
transform your staid and respectable Apple computer into the losses will only result in a Pyhrric victory at best
fearsome war machine of the Soviet Red Army. Computer With its five levels of difficulty (plus one where you make
Conflict actually consists of two fast-paced, action-packed war- up your own), the computer can and will stress your tactical
games played on full-color mapboards of Hi-Res graphics: skills to their fullest
Rebel Force and Red Attack! RED ArrACK! simulates an invasion by a mixed Soviet
REBEL FORCE puts you in the role of a Soviet commander tank and infantry force against a defending battalion. As the
whose regiment must face a computer-directed guerrilla up- defender, your task is to deploy your infantry units effectively
rising which has overrun a vital town. Armed with your tank, to protect three crucial towns - towns that must not fall!
heavy-weapons, and infantry units, your mission is to regain As the Russian aggressor, your objective is to crush the
the town through the annihilation of the Rebel Force. resistance by taking two of these three towns with your tanks
Your advance will be brutally opposed by minefields, and infantry. With control of these strongpoints, the enemy's
ambushes, militia, and anti-tank guns - all skillfullydeployed capitulation is assured.
by your computer. Survival and success of your units will Red Attack! is a two-player computer simulation of modem
depend on your ability to take advantage of the variable terrains warfare that adds a nice touch: At the start of each game, the
- open, forest, and rough - each of which has different move- .computer displays a random setup of terrains and units, pro-
ment costs and' shelter values. viding every game with a new, challenging twist
In this finely-balanced solitaire warga me, every move is , Computer Conflict, for $39.95, comes with the game pro-
played under real-time conditions: Procrastinate and lose. At warn mini-disc and a rule book

ORA SPITFIRE.
After you're done playing Computer Conflict, you may be PLAY THE COMPUTER. Aside from being the game's
in a mood for something other than ground-attack wargames. perfect administrator and referee, the computer will serve as a
In that case, Computer Air Combat"'is just what you need. fierce opponent in the solitaire scenarios provided: Dogfight,
With Computer Air Combat, your screen lights up with an Bomber Formation, radar-controlled Nightfighter, and V-I Inter-
open sky generated by Hi-Res graphics offering global and cept There's even an Introductory Familiarization Flight (with
tactical plots. Squint your eyes a bit, let loose your mind, and Air Race option) to help you get off the ground.
you'd swear your keyboard has melted into the throttle, rudder, With the number and type of planes and pilot ability
altimeter, and other cockpit instrumentation of a World War II variable, you can make the computer as challenging as you
combat plane. In fact, any of 36 famous fighters or bombers, want to give you the ultimate flying experience.
from a Spitfire and B-17 Flying Fortress to the Focke-Wulf 190
and A6M5 Zero. Each plane is rated - in strict historical PLAY A HUMAN. Two can play this game as well, in
accuracy and detail - for firepower, speed, maneuverability, dogfights and bomber attacks. Given a handicap of more or
damage-tolerance, and climbing and diving ability. better planes or an ace pilot (or all of the above), even a
Practically every factor involved in flying these magnificent novice at Computer Air Combat stands a chance to defeat a
airplanes has been taken into account, even down (or up?) to battle-hardened veteran.
the blinding sun. Climb, dive, twist, and turn. Anything a real For $59.95, Computer Air Combat gives you the game
plane can do, you can do. However, the computer prevents all disc, a rule book, two mapboard charts (for plotting strategies
"illegal" moves - such as making an outside loop (which in between moves), and three player-aid charts.
real life, would disastrously stall a plane).

Credit card holders, if you own an Apple=ll 48K (Apple- o Computer Bismarck for your Apple: $59.95
soft ROM) and a mini-floppy disc drive, call 800-227-1617 Computer Bismarck, TRS-80® 48K Disc: $59.95
ext. 335 (toll free) and charge your order to your VISA or Computer Bismarck, TRS-80 32K Cassette: $49.95
MASTERCHARGE.In Califomia, call 800-772-3545, ext 335. D Computer Ambush (a tactical simulation of man-to-
To order by mail, send your check to: man combat in W\VII)for your apple: $59.95 .
Strategic Simulations Inc, Dept ST, 465 Fairchild Drive, o Computer Napo\eonics, the Battle of Waterloo for your
No. 108, Mountain View, CA 94043. All our games carry a Apple: $59.95
14-day money back guarantee to assure your satisfaction. o Computer Quarterback (a reel-time strategy football
While you're at it, you can also get our other games: game): $39.95
Apple is a registeredtrademark of AppleComputer Inc. TRS-80is a registeredtrademark of TandyCorporation.

CIRCLE 201 ON READER SERVIC;E CARD

A Comparative Study

Music Editors for

Small Computers
Rebecca 1. Mercuri
Four-voice choral notation as seen in the MMI display. Notice that
the second complete measure appears to contain only three beats
due to the fact that rests are not visible.

the user to directly input hexadecimal codes Display With ASCII Input
for each of the notes, each hex word
An abundance of music editors for small specifying both the pitch and duration of The MMI and Atari systems use ASCII
computers have recently appeared on the one note. Musicraft and Orchestra-80 both input information similar to the Musicraft
market. At RCA's David Sarnoff Research take this idea one step further, and permit and Orchestra-80 systems, but provide a
Center, where I an involved with computer the user to input notes as they would be visual staff display for editing and playback.
music experimentation, I have had the read aloud from conventional music. For MMI utilizes a full four-voice display and
opportunity to compare these systems. example, A3H would indicate a 440 Hz requires that all notes in each chord be
The presently available music editors half note. written vertically during editing. In the
appear to fall into three categories: Since both of these systems are similar display-and-play mode, the score is scrolled
-Text editors which enable the user to to standard text editors, features have been from right to left, and note durations may
directly enter a music file in a program incorporated which make it easy to ma- not always be sounded precisely. In the
like format. nipulate the music program. Insertion and play mode, there is no video display, but
-Editors which display musical notation, deletion procedures can utilize line numbers, all rhythms are correctly performed.
but require the user to enter the notes and looping, segmentation and external Atari permits the independent writing
using an ASCII keyboard. calls to other portions of the program are of up to nine separate phrases. The arrange
-Graphic editors where entry of notes processes available to the user. mode enables the user to insert these phrases
directly on the music staves is made possible Both Musicraft and Orchestra-So require into any of the four voices. In addition,
by cursor manipulation. compilation of the music program before the volume of each phrase may be changed
playback, but an interesting feature of the each time it is called. Looping can be used
Text-Like Editors Orchestra-80 editor allows the tempo to in order to implement repeats or rounds.
be changed during play by depressing The color display used in editing assists
The VIP's system could be called a number combinations on the keyboard. the user in specifying the octave for each
machine-language editor since it requires This feature enables the piece to be heard note. On playback, only one voice at a
Rebecca Mercuri, ReA, David Sarnoff Reasearch at various speeds: These may be adopted time may be displayed, the display voice
Center, Princeton, NJ 08540. into the program text at a later time. being selected by the user.

Double 'staff display of the Atari editor. When measure checking The Supersound display utilizes coded information tokeep track
is on, this measure would not be allowed, since it is clearly of measure, voice, selection, section, and note numbers, The I
oversized. Color bands (difficult to see in this B & W print) are above the staff indicates an oversized measure. The note currently
used to delimit the octave ranges. ' being edited is printed below the staff.

18 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 mp 0 co~e all ye faith-ful

The ALF system incorporates a menu and set of staves into its Single page of ideal music editor. Notice the similarity of the
display. Notice that both key signatures and meters may be changed black-on-white display to actual musical notation. Staves are spaced
and displayed during the piece. User has the option to hear notes far enough apart to permit insertion of text and dynamics mark-
as cursor is moved or notes are deleted (see speaker diagram at ings.
right lower corner).

Considering the rapid development of step increments on the staff, the pitch is A light pen (which is provided) may be
the personal computer industry, it should also heard. Future availability of this editor used to access the menu. Version #1.1,
soon be possible to construct music editors will most likely depend on user interest; which I viewed, did not provide the software
which bear a striking resemblance to printed information may be obtained from RCA support which I understand willbe available
music, and can also be used in real-time Customer Service. in future versions. For instance, it is not
performance. My photograph of the "ideal" The ALF system is similar to the two yet possible for the user to create his/her
music editor demonstrates the high level editors I mentioned previously, in that it own instrument tables in order to augment
of readability which is presently possible permits cursor manipulation directly on those that are supplied. It may be useful to
using the Apple II graphics display. Notes the musical staff. In addition, it incorporates review this system again at a later date
were input using a light pen, and sufficient many of the features of the text editors when more software becomes available. I
space is available between staves to permit such as subroutine calls and recursiveness. regret that I was unable to obtain a picture
insertion of text and dynamics markings. Meters, key signatures, envelopes, volumes, of Mountain Hardware's unique display.
The black-on-white displayfurther enhances and tempi can all be redefined at any point The folllowing chart is a 37-point
the similarity to printed notation. Let me in the music, thus providing the capability comparison of eight available music editors,
remind the reader that this editor is only in for inventiveness and flexibility in musical a VIP-compatible editor prototype, and
the development stage and is not commer- interpretations. The pitch of notes is heard what I feel would be the "ideal" music
cially available. as they are entered, providing immediate editor.
KL-4M, Supersound, AlP, and Mountain auditory feedback for the user. In addition, The music editors in this chart have
Hardware all offer music editors which measure bars are automatically inserted been listed in order of increasing complexity,
permit cursor manipulation and note by the editor. Notes which exceed the and grouped according to the categories
insertion directly on the musical staff. measure boundaries are tied over into the mentioned above. Increased complexity
The Visible Music Monitor provided subsequent measure. The ALF system does not imply that these editors are harder
with the KL-4M DAC Board permits four- resolves the problem of real-time music to use; in fact, the reverse is often the
part harmonic input for PET /CBM Com- display by utilizing a set of horizontal bars. case. I have avoided subjective factors
puters. The notes are displayed horizontally, As the notes are played, a small rectangle (e.g. which is best?) so that the reader will
but grouped into chords with small lines. moves across each bar, and its position be able to peruse that chart and determine
The cursor can be moved up or down to relative to middle C may be viewed. The which system suits his/her present needs.
change the pitch of notes, and may also be color of the rectangle is dependent upon It is important to note that the cost
moved right or left for insertion or deletion the volume of the note. It is my understand- listed for each editor can be deceptive,
purposes. Due to display requirements of ing that ALF is now marketing a single and should therefore be considered only
the PET, the notation appears much like nine-voice board which has a six-Irather in conjunction with the list of the equipment
that used in medieval music, but this does than eight-) oatave range, and a 28 db required. Some of the less expensive systems
not detract much from its readability. dynamic range (instead of 78 db for the 3- demand extensive hardware support; but,
Persons familiar with the VIP system voice board). on the other hand, a number of the systems
will recognize the Super Sound name in The Mountain Hardware system utilizes have special circuitry which cuts costs for
reference to the four-channel music player. 16oscillators in order to obtain high-quality the user.
At RCA, an experimental prototype music polyphonic instruments. Instead of specify- Although all efforts were made to com-
editor for the VIP was developed. The ing a monophonic voice, the user may plete this chart, not all needed information
VIP four-channel Super Sound has the select one of six instruments which have was available. Where no information was
same music-playing features as the proto- been preset. Of course, the number of available on a specific topic "NI" was used.
type Supersound editor. The major differ- notes played at anyone time must not "None" was only used if the product did
ence is that with the VIP, notes and exceed sixteen. This editor permits single not incorporate a particular feature. There
measures must be hand-coded into memory, or double stave notation utilizing the treble, were also occasional discrepancies between
while the Supersound editor permits graphic bass, tenor and alto clefs. A wide range of information presented in user's manuals
entry of notes. Another feature of the proto- dynamic and tempo resets are also available, and by the software representatives of the
type involves the use of the note cursor. which may be inserted throughout the various music editors (or by the editors'
As the note is moved up or down in half- music. performances alone). D
 Music Editor VIP Super Sound Musicraft Orchestra-80 MMI ATARI

Features
ReA Customer Service New Paul J. Medlack 1031 Marlou Jon Bakelman 473 Sapena 309 Braufort Normal, IL 1195 Barregas Sunnyvale,
For Further Holland Ave. Lancaster, PA Drive Baltimore, MD. Court Suite 1 Santa Clara, CA 61761 CA 94026
Information 17604 Distrib.:Newtech 'Computer 95051
Systems 230 Cinton SI.
Brooklyn, N.Y.

2 or 4 programable None Sound Chip and D/A Dividers, D/A converter, Hardware is part of Atari 800
Music Hardware frequency generators, music converter included on 1Y2 x audio amplifier on board. Keyboard Console
Included circuitry and keypad 2" PC board.

2 channel VP550 $49 $79.95 $79.95 $200 Approx. $40

Cost Expander VP531 $74
4 channels Total=$123

Monitor, 4K VIP Audio CP/M System (Digital TRS-80 Audio Amplifier & Atari 800, TV
Other Equipment Amplifier + Speakers and Research) Terminal with Speaker
Apple 118 or 16 speaker.

Required cable addressable cursor. Newtech

Model 6 Music Board
($99.95)

Number of 2 + drum or 4 with a single Editor can support 24 voices 4 4 4

VIP. hardware can only supply 4
Voices voices

Chaining of multiple VIPS is More memory can be added Software may be added but Sound can input through
Expandability possible. in order to increase fill size.
2:66 MHz clock can be used
is not presently available. hi-fl. but cables are not
for better sound resolution
It may later be possible to provided
expand to 24 voices.

Required Minimum 2K/4K 24K Need additional 8K with 16K 48K 16K
music board
Memory Size

Cassette Tape Floppy disk Floppy disk

File Storage Floppy disk Cassette or disk

File Protection NI File can be destroyed if NEW RETURN kills file 14 Single keystroke (O) when in Erasure only occurs for
RESET or SHIFT seven is keystrokes) In edit mode, command mode can kill single phase after query is
depressed. lines can be deleted by entire RAM file. answered by Y RETURN.
depressing CLEAR. User can retrieve part of file.

Hexadecimal Display For All ASCII display All ASCII display.

Display Memory Address and data
White lines and notes on In editing mode, color bands
black background. High are used to denote octave
Characteristics byte. resolution. ranges. Color also used to
highlight commands.

Ef.liting Hexadecimal codes written Each line is one duration Each line is one complete Writing of each chord-all Displays one measure at a
into memory locations in value. All notes in chords measure. Voices are voices. Chord sounded after time. Plays entire measure
Mode order to create music file. must have the same duration. separated on the line. all voices are entered. each time a note is entered.
Machine-language type Enter: duration, note, octave. If display is exceeded in
editing. Voices which contain measure, only the remaining
sustaining notes are not notes are seen.
requested in the subsequent
beat(s).

Rewriting of incorrect Standard text editing

Error memory locations. methods for insertion or
Standard text editing Rewriting of each chord-all Measures of phrases may be
features plus: Move lines voices. User must remember called. Cursor may be moved
Correction deletion of characters. around in program. Split or to install dashes for voices to insert, delete or rewrite
merge lines. Duplicate lines. containing sustained notes. individual notes.
Locate any string. Chords can be called by
number.

Editing Program Not applicable Menus or input area. Line Program text edit. Line Program is either in a Tree structure with menus,
numbered text. numbered text. command mode, or is staff display or arrange
Structure requesting a new command display.
mode.

Selection/Sections Program text is stored. Note Program text is stored. A part Table of waveforms can be Phrase records pitch,
Music File Envelope/ Pitch value, V1, V2, V3, V4 needed may be defined as a group of stored separately. Music file duration pairs. Voice records
Structure Voice 1&2 Measures for each line. Other measures and may be looped stores chords consecutively with voice info. Looping in
Voice 1 Notes commands may be inserted or called as a subroutine. V1, V2, V3, V41stchord voices is possible.
Voice 2 Notes directly into the text. V1 ,V2, V3, V4, & 2nd chord
Voice 3&4 Measures
Voice 3 Notes
Voice 4 ~otes

Playback No display. Play once or No display. Delayed No display. Compile Display + play shows full Displays one voice in real-
repeat. Play random interactive system-compile necessary. Real-time choral notation on double time. If tempo is too fast.
Mode Selections is necessary before play. interaction via keyboard is staff. Incorrect rhythms may sometimes notes on the
possible to change tempo occur. Play mode-no display lag behind.
during play. display. Correct rhythms.

Note duration
types
OcJ~J'~ oJ~ J' J'~~
Plus various pre-defined
oJ~JJ1 dd J J' Jjjtf
"'"
~;. Triplets
durations (triplets,
quinteuplets).

Dots Only dotted half, quarter and Single and double dots. Single, double and triple Single dots only. Dots appear Single dots only. Dots appear
eighth are available. dotting. in relation to line or space. in relation to line or space.

20 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 KL-4M Supersound ALF Mountain Hardware Ideal
Graphics Editor
Prototype
Mike Riley cto A-B ReA Customer Service New 1448 Estes Denver, CO 300 Harvey West Blvd. Santa See upcoming articles in
Computers 115 E. Stamp Rd. Holland' Ave. Lancaster, PA 80215 Cruz, CA 95060 Creative Computing. R.
Montgomeryville, PA 18936 17604 Mercuri, M Keith, RCA DSRC

a-btt D/A converter, Low 1802 microprocessor, 2 Latches, dividers and RC 16 oscillators. Light pen Sound generation
pass filter, audio amplifier, supersound chips, RC filters. filter on each board. Each board. equipment, D/A converter,
RCA jack. audio amplier. keyboard. board has an individual audio amplifier included.
crystal.

$59.90 Not on Market $265 per board $545 Not on Market

Commodore PET-CBM TV Apple II with paddles. Audio Apple II with at Icast 1 Adapters to major small
Speaker Amplifier Speaker(s) paddle. Audio Amplifier computer sockets should
Speaker(s). be available (Apple,
8-100 ...) computer system.
Speakerts).

4 4 3 per board, up to 3 boards 16 Virtually inifinite. Ability to

are possible assign voice numbers to any
note sequence.

Hardware or software Sound can input through hi- With more than one board, NI Light pen com partible. Stereo
expansion would involve fi. Two or more supersounds stereo becomes possible. adaptability. Should allow for
considerable program can be interfaced. Relatively easy to add user easy addition of software by
revision. software. user.

NI 5K ROM 36K 48K As small as possible

3.5K RAM

Floppy disk Cassette Tape Floppy disk Floppy disk Disk

Virtually impossible to kill file C (clear). N (new) or R(read) NEW RETURN kills file (4 When in editing mode, if User should not be able to
while in editing mode. followed by RETURN can keystrokes) quite is requested, you are accidentally overwrite disk or
destroy file .. asked to confirm quit using destroy RAM file. Query
keyboard. before execution. User
option to destroy or retrieve
part or all of file.

Medium resolution white Low resolution white lines White lines and notes on High resolution white lines Black lines on white
lines and notes on black and notes on blue black background. and notes on black background. Color option to
background. background. Measure and background menu display indicate notes in individual
voice numbers are also in below staves. Choice of voices. Color also used to
various colors. single of double staves. define timbre and envelope.
Choice of 4 menus. High Resolution.
- -
Cursor is positioned at center Pressure sensitive keys are Screen editing. Paddles are Single or double staves User should be able to input
of screen, and may be moved depressed. Duration is used for menu and note displayed with menu music directly from written
up or down, or the staff may determined and note may be cursors. Any measure may be beneath. Menu may be page. Notes can be written in
be scrolled left 0'right. moved up or down on the accessed. Only one voice at accessed with light pen, any order on the screen.
Notes are written horizontally st~ff by repeated key a time may be edited. paddle or keyboard. Note Editor creates a playable file
and may sustain over other presses. cursor accessed with paddle. from the screen image.
voices.

Staff can be scrolled to Can access any measure and Deletion, replacement and Beginning or end of file can Can stop music during
permit note correction. scan next and previous insertion is cursor controlled. be accessed. Staff can be playback and page wi!1 be
measures and notes. Can't File is compacted or scrolled to permit note displayed. Insertion and
insert or delete measures. expanded for deletion or correction, insertion or deletion of groups of
Can copy measures insertion. deletion. measures or notes. Easy
previously written. access with light pen to any
item or page.

Command menu, or note Staff Either editing a part or a Command menu. Instrument Menu and staff display on
display. Menus' subroutine. Menu driven edit. and speaker definitions. Staff separate pages. Separate
Music Table~Sections? Menu appears at bottom of display with main menu. 3 page for control menu (help,
Select --;.. Number? staff display. other menus can be called. store, retrieve, etc.)

Coded in Hex. 2 hex digits See VIP Voices stored sequentially in NI Separate editing file and play
for each note. Each pair is & Color Storage variable size blocks. file. Editing file contains
the pitch. voice and duration Subroutines stored before visual data (words. spacings
code for the note. parts. of notes).

Musical staff display on or off See VIP Low resolution bars with No display. Save and Paging used in real-time
during playback. moving rectangle indicating compile is necessary prior to display. Optional bouncing
pitch (relative placement) play. ball. Automatic rewrite when
and volume (color). file is stored places notes in
proper locations in measures.

OrJ~J~
~ ~ Uses dashed flags for
od~J'tf oJ ~ J';~) oJ~JJ~ oJ)J'tfJ)
32nds & 64ths. Also any length note can be Triplets with proper bracket.
Triplets also. user defined. Plus Triplets. User defined note durations.

Single dots only. Single dots only. Dots are in Single only. No dotted 64ths Single dots only. Multiple dotting. Dots modify
fixed position with note. appear in relation to line or note values rather than
space. Dotted Triplets separate storage for dotted
possible. units. Dots appear in relation
to line or space on rewrite.

FEBRUARY 1981 21
 \
Music Editor VIP Super Sound Musicraft Orchestra -80 MMI ATARI

Features

Rests . Same as note duration types. Same as note duration types Same as note duration types. Same as note values. Not
displayed during editing
Same as note duration types
Whole rest=whole measure
olayback. (not just 4 counts],

Ties Between measures by Note has to be written again NI None Multiple ties can be written.
extending note duration. if it exceeds the specified Slur may be written, but is
value. Attack will occur again. not executed.

Repeats Selections can be played Looping used for repeats. No A part can be defined as a None Arrange mode permits you te
repeatedly. levels of recursiveness are group of measures and can call or repeat any of the nine
possible. be repeated, Dr called in the phrases. Looping used to
program. repeat phrase groups.

Key None 0- 7 sharps or flats. NI None 0- 7 sharps or flats.

Displayed on staff.
Signature

Accidentals # or b only remain for that SHIFT 1,2, or 3 must be 1I,b, ~ .x. P PI, ~ 11,~ b. # or b only remain for that #,b ~ Remain for measure.
particular note. entered for each note. @ note. Not displayed near note if in
entered for natural or note in key signature.
key siq.

2-9/2,4,8. 2-9/2,4,8.
Meter 3/8-4/4 None None
8/2 and 9/2 are not allowed.

Transposition 12 half-steps up Dr down in NI Pitch of entire file may be None 36 half steps up or down.
play mode for all voices. 4 transposed up or Frequency transposition, not
channnel only down-does not affect file. file. Phrases in voices may be
independently transposed.

4 octave settings each with 7 octave range A to G# 6 octave range B - E 8va 2C's Below middle C, to 1C Below,
Pitch
31 note range. Span is 3 A's notation used for upper and 2C'sAbove to 2C's Above.
Range below to 4E flats above lower octaves.
middle C.

Measure None All notes in chords are voices are filled in on right None On or Off.
always of equal values. with rests to match the You can over or underwrite When on, return to menu is
Checking duration of the longest voice measures not permitted if measure is
for that measure. too large.

Fast/slow presets. Also Can vary tempo for any Can change speed of parts in Real-time variations possible 9 Tempos ranging from.J =3C
Tempo hardware tempo control. portion of the song by edited file. only during display & play to 270.
definitions withm the edited mode. May cnanqe tempo Many redefine tempo for
file. prior to playback mode. each phrase in arragement
prior to playback.

Volume One preset volume NI 256 gradations to specify Volume slide switch may be 7 volumes
relative volumes for each used prior to playback. o,pp,p,mp,mf,f,ff
voice definition. may be redefined in
arrangement prior to
playback.

Tuning Equal tempered fast & slow Equal Tempered NI Equal Tempered Equal Tempered
slide UP & down pitch for
each note presets

Envelope Each of the 4 voices in each NI NI Preset Preset

of the 8 sections may call
one of seven envelope
tables. Envelopes have 16

Square wave 16 fourier harmonics may be 4 harmonics may be used to 16 Fourier harmonics may Preset
Wave-shape used to set up to 14 different create new waveshape be manipulated in order to
waveforms in a data base. presets. set timbres. 2 timbres may be
stored in RAM.
I

Not Applicable Not applicable 4 voice choral layout. No Stems down above 3rd line,
Stems + Text editing only
Not Applicable
Text editing only Text editing only beams. up on or below 3rd line.
Beams Less than four voices, stems No Beams.
reverse direction in relation
to middle staff line ..

Clefs Notes called by using one of Notes called by octave Positive note numbers are Treble & Bass clefs displayed Treble & bass
4 notes range tables numbers. Treble. together. clef displayed together.
(2 treble, 2 bassi Negative are Bass.
MiddleC=O.

Scrolling/Paging None needed. Data placed Upward scrolling of file. Upward scrolling of text file. Notes scroll to left when line During edit, only one
directly into specific memory Wen the end of the file is is exceeded. Measures may measure displayed at a time.
locations. encountered, downward be called for display. If line exceeded, only the
scrolling begins. Cursor tabs remainder of the measure is
to next input location as displayed. In play, scrolling is
RETURN. from right.

22 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 KL·4M Supersound ALF Mountain Hardware Ideal
Graphics Editor
Prototype
Same as note duration types. Same as note duration types. Same as note duration types. Same as note duration types.
NI
Dotted & triplets etc. Whole
reset=whole measure not
just by 4 counts. Movable
position on staff by user or
computer detection of overwrite.

None Multiple Ties. Tied notes Multiple ties may be written. Multiply ties. Tie stored as
NI
are stored as single unit. Slur may be written but not separate character in fille.
'Notes that exceed measure executed. When tie connects notes of
are automatically convertec different pitches the
into tied notes, envelope is changed for slur-
effect. Slur connects notes on
rewrite.

Segments of any length may Selections can be played Subroutine calls for repeats. NI Go-to type pointers in file
be repeated (even partial repeatedly. Measures can be Recursiveness is also for repeats, 1st, & 2nd ending
measures). selected for copying and possible etc. No duplication of file for
then inserted. storage of repeat passages.

0- 7 sharps or flats. None 0- 6 sharps or flats. Key 0- 7 sharps or flats. Key User can input either 0.,.-7
signature may be redefined signature may be redefined sharps or flats or name of
at any time in piece & is at any time & is displayed. major or minor key. Signature
displayed. displayed on staff and can be
redefined durinq ,piece.

jf or Q may be used for any Sharps or flats are displayed jf,b'~ Remain for measure. jf,b\,~nbb ~ ,jf,b,x,bbl Remain for
notes. Not held for measure. during scan of notes for Cannot appear near note if in measure. can be written
entry. User may select key signature. even if in key signature.
sharp or flat. Not held for
measure.

None 1/4-4/4 1-19/1,2,4,8 or 16. Meter 2-32/1 ,2,4,8,16,32 meter Meter affects amplitude of
3/8 5/8 7/8 can be changed and may be changed & displayed notes 1"":2'011,2,4,8,16 Meter
displayed during piece. during piece. can be changed and
displayed during piece. No
meter is also permitted.

Pitch (not display) of any 12 half-steps up or down in 4 octaves up or down in None Name key that is wanted for
voice can be transposed play mode for all voices. quarter steps. Changes pitch, transposition. Transpose
higher or lower. User must Octave transposition for not file. segment of song within
check that pitch range is not individual voices during edit voices, or entire voice, or all
exceeded. mode. voices. Pitch and/or display.
Semi-tone transposition.

Limited to notes on bass or 4 Octave settings each with 3Fb's below to 3Fjf"7s above 8 octave span. Various clef Range identical to 88 key
treble clef staves. No ledger 31 note range. middle C. modes utilize different note piano. Octave (8va) notation
lines. Plus! will provide Span is 3 A's Below to 4 Eb's ranges. used to avoid excessive
octave above or below. Above. ledger lines.

None "I,{displayed when measure Automatically puts bar lines None On or off. Notifies user about
exceeded. Will not play when in. Ties note over bar if incomplete or exceeded
oversize measures occur. measure is exceeded. Can't measures, but permits user
Rests fill in measures write short measure except to continue. Plays as written
automatically. at end or part or subroutine. even if incorrect.

Can vary relative tempo Hardware tempo control. 2 increments for quarter 8 tempos. Variable tempo gradations
between notes, or overall note duration and 256 Identified by Italian musical can be redefined during
tempo between segments. 6 tempos may be redefined at terminology. piece. Presets for major
levels each of accelerado any place in the piece. Rea/- tempo terms callagro ...).
and ritardando. time tempo control in accel. & rit. functions.
olavback mode.

NI One preset volume 2 volume levels may be ppp, pp, p.rnp. rnt, f, fUff plus Variable volume gradations.
redefined at any point in the 9 accents. Also presets for opp-fff.
piece. Should be able to have real
time control of volume. Fresets
for cresc., dimin., &. accent.

NI on tuning. Equal tempered preset for Equal Tempered Equal Tempered? New pitch tables can be
Keyboard can be redefined, slides up & down each note. easily created by user.
but tuning remains the same. Presets for major timing
types/well, equal ...).

User could write software in 8 envelopes can be set. 3 4 point envelope can be Envelope defined in User can create and call
order to change the presets are available but can redefined at any point in the instrument block. Option envelope tables throughout
envelope preset. be overwritten. 16 time piece of staccato, tenuto or program. Graphic input of
segments in each envelope. percussive envelopes. envelope should be possible.

80 waveshape tables can be Square wave or noise choice Square or pulse selection Fourier additive synthesis. Fourier harmonics (16).
created in a 32K PET. 256 block used to define all Presets should be available.
features of each instrument. A large data base should be
More than 1 oscillator may possible. Presets vary with
be used. octave range.

All upward stems. All upward stems. Down above 3rd line. Melodic or chord notation Stems should be defined by
No beams. No beams. Up for all other. option for stems. No beams. user options-choice of
No beams. choral, piano or other formats
(all up, all down etc.) Options
to beam 8ths etc. together.

Treble & Bass Single stave may be used in Treble and Bass Treble, bass, alto and tenor Treble and bass clefs should
clefs displayed together. 4 note ranges (2 Bass & 2 clefs displayed together. clefs. be user defined on staves.
Treble) Double stave treble & bass Movable C clef should also
clef option. be possible.

Only 3 notes are Scrolling either left or right Scrolling either left or right Scrolling left or right by Complete pages should be
displayed-scrolling is from past stationary cursor, one by single notes. Measures, single notes. displayed. Each page
right, one note at a time. note at a time. parts, and subroutines may Can referente beginning or contains a double set of
Parts, selections, and be called. end of piece. staves. Fixed measure size
measures may be called. and number of measure per
page.

FEBRUARY 1981 23
 usic Editor VIP Super Sound Musicraft Orchestra-80 MMI ATARI

Features

prompting Not applicable Menu or music program text. Music program text. ?? in command mode Menus or staff display.
Note: Voice? for edit. Letter codes given as ones at
bottom of screen.

tem Limit 255 notes per voice. Fixed Depends upon memory size. Depends upon RAM size. 8K music file. Approx. 4K~ Nl for number of notes.
of File Block size for each voice. 48K will support 1100 four Nl for number of lines. number of notes. 127 arrange steps per voice.
voice lines.

Special Random access of musical Automatic tab and scrolling Readable instruction manual. Displays all inserted voices Arrange mode permits
times or fragments. Drum features. 16 levels of Real time manipulation of during display and play. rounds. Ease of inputting
F eatures option. 16 time segment recursiveness. Semitones tempo on playback. Duration Fourier waveshapes can be phrases.
envelopes can be set by and complex rhythms are does not need to be set by user. Virtually indestructable files.
user. possible. specified with each note.

Music Editor KL-4M S upersoun d ALF Mountain Hardware Ideal

Graphics Editor
F eatures
Prototype

prompting Menu or staff display. 2 menus or staff. When Staff and menu on same Staff and menu on same Full page of staff with floating
certain items are selected display. display. 3 alternate menus note cursor, or full paqets)
from menu, one word queries can be called. for menu.
are given.

tem Limit 32K PET can store 80 255 notes per voice. 5900 Entries NI Chaining and paging of music
waveshape tables. Fixed block size for each
of File NI for number of notes. voice.
files should be possible. Dual
disk drive could be utilized.

Waveshape tables can be Random access of musical Features can be reassigned Single or double stave Words and music displayed.
Special created. Can change relative tunes or fragments. (volume, key, tempo ...) at any option. Options for stem directions
Features tempo between notes or Display indicates note name, point in the piece. Can call Alto and tenor clefs. or color voices.
segments. Accelerando and .measure and part numbers. subroutines from different Melody or chord option. Double definition of notes
ritardando presets. voices. 16 voices possible. between the 2 staves.
Correction of overlapping
notes: .;.

GALAXY SPACE WAR I

'M
The time has come for computers Galaxy Space War 1 (WAR1) is a game 01strategy in which the player has complete
to control of his space fleets tactical maneuvers. Each fleet battles Its way toward the
Opponents galaxy in an attempt to destroy it and win the war. WAR1 simulates the
actual environment encountered in a space war between two galaxies. Optimum use
is made of Apple's high resolution graphics (HIRES) and colors in displaying the
twinkling stars universe. the colored ships of each fleet. long range sensors colored
illuminations. and the alternating blinking colors used in battles between ships.
Complementing HIRES are the sounds of war produced by Apple's speaker
WAR1 is played between Apple and a player or between two players You may
play with total knowledge of each others fleet or only ships sensor knowledge of
the opponents fleet Each player builds his starting fleet and adds to it during the
game. This building process consists of creating the size and shape of each ship.
positioning it. and then allocating the total amount of energy for each ship.
During a player's turn he may dynamcially allocate his ships total energy between
his screen/detection and attack/move partitions. The percentage of the total energy
allocated to each partition determines its characteristics. The screen/detection
partition determines how much energy is in a ship's screens and the detection sector
Introducing COGNIVOXseries VIO, range of its short range sensors. The attack/move determines the amount of energy
the ship can attack with. its attack sector range. and the number of sectors it can
the· affordable voice I/O peripherals move in normal or hyperspace.
When an enemy ship is detected by short range sensors. it is displayed on the

• TRS-80
•
SORCERER ALL Z-80 universe and a text enemy report appears. The report identifies the ship. its position.
amount of energy in its screens. probable attack and total energy. a calculated de-
AIM-65 PET APPLE II tection/attack/move range. and size of the ship. Also shown is the number of days
since you last knew these parameters about the ship. When a ship's long range sensor
Speech Recognition and VOice Response need no longer mean esoteric probes indicate the existence of an enemy presence at a sector in space. this sector
concepts and expensive hardware. COGNIVOX series VIO IS a family of is illuminated on the universe.
voice Input and output peripherals for personal computers that are easy to An enemy ship is attacked and destroyed with attack energy. If your attack energy
use and have excellent soltware support COGNIVOX can be trained to breaks through his screens. then his attack energy is reduced by two units of energy
recognize words or short phrases from a vocabulary 01 up to 32 words 01 for every unit you attack with. A text battle report IS output after each attack. The
your choice With an accuracy of up to 98% and It will talk back with up to 32 program maintains your ship's data and the latest known data about each enemy
different words. It can also play music and create sound effects ship. You may show either data in text reports or display the last known enemy posi-
tions on the universe. You can also get battle predictions between opposing ships.
COGNIVOX requires at least 16K 01 RAM in your computer. If your
The text output calculates the amount of energy required to destroy each ship for
computer has less memory or II you are only interested In recognition. ask different energy allocations.
us about our SR-l 00 series of vorce input peripherals. COG N IVOX series
VIO comes complete with microphone. amplifier and speaker. cassette
with software and extensive manual. It costs only $149 (add $5 lor shipp.
and hand! in US. 10% of order overseas. CA res. add 6% tax). Has
Immediate delivery and 120 day limited warranty. Write lor more
APPLE® II, 48K, APPLESOFT
ROM CARD, DISK II DOS 3.2
WARl DISK & MANUAL ...$39.95
• GALAXY
DEPT.CC4
P.O. BOX 22072
mformation giving us the make and model of your computer (CA residents add 6% sales tax) SAN DIEGO, CA 92122
VOICETEK (805) 685-1854 Write or call for more information (714) 452-1072
Dept C, P.O. Box 388, Goleta, CA 93116
CIRCLE 190 ON READER SERVICE CARD
24 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOR
OWNERS OF THE TRS-80™* MICROCOMPUTER

FOR
SOFTWARE

OWNERS
TRS-80'·
:L[]r:1PlJTA[]~%LS~.
NEF~}~~:JI~E
MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE
Practical Support For Model I, II & III
PROGRAMS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN OUR FIRST 12 ISSUES
• PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
• A COMPLETE INCOME TAX PROGRAM (LONG AND SHORT FORM)
• BUSINESS • INVENTORY CONTROL
• STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS
• GAMBLING. GAMES • WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (FOR DISK OR CASSETlE)
• LOWER CASE MODIFICATION FOR YOUR VIDEO MONITOR OR PRINTER

• EDUCATION • PAYROLL (FEDERAL TAX WITHHOLDING

• EXTEND 16 DIGIT ACCURACY
PROGRAM)
TO TRS·80'· FUNCTIONS (SUCH AS
SQUARE ROOTS AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS)
• PERSONAL FINANCE • NEW DISK DRIVES FOR YOUR TRS·80'·
• PRINTER OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR TRS80'·
• BEGINNER'S CORNER • A HORSE SELECTION SYSTEM***ARITHMETIC TEACHER
• COMPLETE MAILING LIST PROGRAMS (BOTH FOR DISK OR CASSETTE
• NEW PRODUCTS SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM ACCESS)
• RANDOM SAMPLlNG*"BAR GRAPH

• SOFTWARE EXCHANGE • CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE

• LEVEL II UPDATES"*LEVEL
PROGRAM
II INDEX
• CREDIT CARD INFORMATION STORAGE FILE
• MARKET PLACE • BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
• QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS • LINE RENUMBERING
• AND CASSETTE TIPS. PROGRAM HINTS. LATEST PRODUCTS
• PROGRAM PRINTOUTS COMING SOON (GENERAL LEDGER. ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE. FORTRAN 80. FINANCIAL
PAYABLE AND
APPLICATIONS PACKAGE .

. . . . AND MORE PROGRAMS FOR HOMEOWNERS.

STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL
MERGE TWO PROGRAMS.
PROGRAMS (HOTH
". ELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED). . AND

fREE . 'THSM,,")Sf\ )l{f\[)I'.M.~l<h()1' [,\!'[)\'C<lI~I'

. ~ _ WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM For writing letters, text, mailing lists, etc., with each new subscriptions or renewal.

'-"" LEVEL II RAM TEST Checks random access memory to ensure that all memory locations are working properly. Fb .
DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Complete file management
CLEANUP Fast action Maze Game.
for your TRS80'·. q£t-
-=
ADVENTURE Adventure no by Scott Adams (From Adventureland International).
* All programs are supplied on cassette (add $3 for Diskette Version· add $5 for modified Mod·1I Version).

SEND FOR OUR NEW 48 PAGE SOFTWARE CATALOG (INCLUDING LISTINGS OF HUNDREDS OF TRS80'· PROGRAMS AVAILABLE ON
CASSETTE AND DISKETTE) $200 OR FREE WITH EACH SUBSCRIPTIONS OR SAMPLE ISSUE.

~L[lraPlJTA[]~%LS~ NE'W 'TOL'L~FRE'E

rvtATl-Etv\ATCAl. ~TO\S SERVCE· •..

HOUR •••••...... ORDER LINE

SPRING
50 N. F>ASCACK
VALLEY,
ROAD
NEW YORK 10977
~
24 ORDER ~ (OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE)

ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $24 LINE (800) 431-2818

TWO YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $48 ...
(914) 425-1535
SAMPLE OF LATEST ISSUE $ 4
START MY SUBSCRIPTION WITH ISSUE ..
(#1 - July 1978. #7 - January 1979. #12 - June 1979. #18 - January 1980)
NEW SUBSCRIPTION. RENEWAL.

CREDIT. CARD NUMBER EXP. DATE _

SIGNATURE _

NAME _

ADDRESS ~____:_:::_:_:: CITY STATE IP

••• ADD $6. YEAR (CANADA. MEXICO) . ADD $12 YEAR AIR MAil· OUTSIDE OF .U.S.A.. CANADA & MEXICO ••• -------

CIRCLE 137 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 25
 Radio Shack Line Printer VI

After a long period of comparison

shopping for a printer to use with our
Roger and Bonnie Koester
TRS-80 Model II Level II, we decided on
a Line Printer VI. The first week of
September we placed our order,. even FIGURE #1.
though the printer wouldn't be ready for
shipment until September 30th. On October
21st the Radio Shack dealer phoned saying
our printer had arrived. LPRINT"SMALL"; CHR$ <: 3:11. ) ;; ••LARGE";CHR$(3Ql);"SMAL.L AGAnI"
The unpacking process was quick- PRINTING OF NORMAL AND DOUBLE-SIZE CHARACTERS ON SAME LINE DEMONSTRATED.
partially because of the method of packing, LPRINTCHR$(27) ;CHR$( 14); 'CONDENSED'
and partially because we were eager to PRINTS CONDENSED CHARACTERS.
set-up and run the unit.
The printer was securely packed with LPRINTCHR$(27);CHR$(lS); "NORMAL CHARACTER"
CONCELS CONDENSED CHARACTER MODE AND RETURNS TO NORMAL CHARACTER.
styrofoam blocks holding it tightly in place.
There was a dust cover over the Line
Printer, and printer and dust cover were
both inside a plastic bag. The manual, To change print size "CHR$( )" command say 4 to 15 inch paper, the tracks will go
which is extremely informative, was packed is needed. (See Figure 1.) from 2 5/8 to 16 5/8 inches. The tractor
. inside with the Line Printer. The ribbon The vertical spacing, also software feed paper can be entered at two locations.
cable, which must be ordered separately, selectable, can be six, eight, or twelve There is a paper insertion opening at the
came in a second package. There are two lines per inch. It automatically goes to six top center. If your printer stand allows,
ribbon cables available-one plugs into lines per inch at power-up. To change paper can also be fed into the bottom of
the keyboard,-the other plugs into the vertical line spacing, a two part code is the printer.
expansion interface. needed. (See Figure 2.) Changing from tractor feed to friction
Once unpacking 'was complete, it did One of the best features is the choice feed is simple. You turn off the power,
not take long before a new sound was of tractor feed or friction feed. With remove the upper plastic cover, and pull
coming from our computer room. tractor feed you can use any standard up on both sides of the mechanism. The
The Line Printer VI, a 9 X 7 dot-matrix tractor feed paper ranging from mailing rear part will unlock and you'll be able to
impact printer, has a very efficient output label strips up to 15 inch forms. They can remove it by simply continuing to pull
rate. be single, double, or triple sheets, allowing upward. Then you re-install the plastic
1.) It prints NORMAL characters at an original and two copies. We'd like to cover and turn on the power. You're now
100 characters per second, and 33 lines mention that although the specifications ready for friction feed.
per minute.
2.) The CONDENSED characters are
printed at 120 characters per second, and
37 lines per minute. FIGURE #2
3.) There is a maximum of 132 characters
per line.
4.) It has the capabilities to print in LPRINTCHR$(27);CHR$(S4)
both directions. In the large (elongated) PRINTS LINES AT 6 LINES PER INCH.
characters, however, it only prints left to xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx~xxxxxxx
.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
right.
The printer has four sizes of print that LPRINT CHR$(27);CHR$(S6)
are software selectable, and simple to PRINTS LINES AT 8 LINES PER INCH.
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
use. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1.) Normal Characters
2.) Elongated Characters
3.) Condensed Characters LPR.H.;TCHi'!$(27)
;CH~~i~f~ LINES AT 12 UNES PER INCH.
4.) Elongated-Condensed
Roger and Bonnie Koester, R.R. #1, Box 161A,
Tennyson, IN 47637. .

26 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 (201) 623-6818 (503) 243-2800
(201) 742-0858 (504) 343-0753
(201) 777-0952 (504) 524-0783
(202) 347-1400 (505) 243-7701
(202) 783-2050 (509) 455-7601
(203) 357-1800 (512) 227-7784
(203) 522-0344 (512) 926-4360
(203) 789-0211 (513) 323-8433
(205) 251-2495 (513) 461-1570
(205) 432-8015 (513) 621-7017
(206) 447-9012 (515) 288-7163
(206) 577-5835 (516) 292-0320
(206) 939-8200 (516) 586-7810
(208) 344-7823 (517) 372-5400
(212) 279-1000 (518) 445-9111
(212) 736-0099 (602) 257-1552
(213) 549-5150 (602) 790-0427
(213) 624-5230 (603) 224-8110
(213) 822-9287 (603) 431-2302
(213) 937-3580 (605) 224-6188
(213) 956-8235 (606) 233-0312
(214) 748-0127 (608) 251-5904
(215) 435-8268 (609) 348-0561
(215) 574-0620 (609) 392-6101
(216) 241-0940 (609) 983-9650
(216) 452-0903 (612) 339-0150
(216) 678-5115 (614) _463-1400
(216) 743-2296 (615) 244-8310
(216) 762-9791 (615) 756-5323
(217) 384-0011 (616) 458-1200
(2 17) 7 53-136,2 (617) 338-1400
(218) 722-0906 (617) 755-4810
(219) 234-9071 ElEPHONE TM (702) 733-2158
(219) 882-6300 (703) 435-3333
(301) 266-6886 (704) 374-0371
(301) 962-5010 (713) 224-3380
(302) 737-8550 (714) 231-1922
(303) 623-0876 (714) 320-7491
(304) 345-6450 (714) 558-6061
(305) 371-4801 Posted: Tue Jan 27, 19RI II: 14 MI F-ST (714) 747-0810
(305) 764-8880 From: TSC (714) 824-1710
TO: All MODEM User s
(305) 849-9600 CC: Your Friends (714) 891-5711
(307) 778-2721 Subj: TSC - Electronic Communication Service (715) 835-4641
(309) 637-8601 (716) 454-3430
(312) 372-4901 You're now just a phone call away from our exciting new Electronic (716) 847-0600
(313) 964-5538 Communication Service. (717) 236-3202
(313) 996-0351 (801) 364-2644
(314) 231-8800 (802) 229-4966
To get more information and/or to apply for an account;
(315) 472-5503 (803) 233-3488
(317) 456-3851 1. Call any of these phone numbers at either 110 or 300 baud. (803) 254-1108
(317) 635-9630 (803) 583-5421
2. After you're connected, hit RETURN twice.
(318) 221-2984 (804) 358-1941
(318) 387-6330 1. \,'hen it asks "TERM1NAL~", hit RETURN again. (804) 625-8291
(319) 363-2393 4. When it says "(~", type "MAIL",
(805) 659-4660
(401) 27~-9290 (813) 224-9920
(402) 341-7570 5. \.Jhen it asks "User name?", type ItNEl']/TSC". (813) 823-3223
(404) 324-0684 6. t.Jhen it asks "Pe s swo r d "!", type "NE\UTSC" ag a i n • (814) 453-7561
(404) 577-8911 (814) 535-7566
(405) 232-4550 (816) 474-1600
(405) 624-1112 If you have an APPLE, you can continue to count on us for fully (817) 336-7791
(408) 279-8450 documented and tested software, via our main number: (901) 525-2563
(408) 443-4980 (904) 252-6637
(412) 288-9950 (904) 356-0790
(413) 739-7221 (912) 236-2605
(414)
(415)
271-2560
362-6200
••
IIIUIO_
(913)
(914)
232-6816
473-5600
(415) 595-0360 IiIlIBIlIBIlIIiIlI (914) 682-8777
(415) 836-4884 IIl1l1m 1-213-329-3715 (915) 944-9670
(415) 856-9930 (916) 443-7921
(415) 881-1382 (918) 336-0020
(419) 243-8871 (918) 584-3215
(501) 374-1400 (919) 275-0231
(502) 223-1841 VOICE (213) 329-7544 (919) 549-8311
P.O. BOX 6548 - TORRANCE, CA 90504 MODEM (213) 329-3715
(502) 589-7520 (919) 761-1957
CIRCLE 206 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 27
Line Printer, continued ...

FTGURE #3

~ "#$%&7 ()->o(--+-,.-. /10123456789= ;<=>?@

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXVZC'3++'
abcdefgh~Jkl~~op~rstuv~~~z{: )-
~f~:;'=:£ J-A° ..•.·-t-§ @!0'.4 Y211¥A6u~::a:~ aow..8 ·;§;II:::J~~~:r
JIIH -!II" _--.!----II ~ .--~-.-,- I- I 1--1 -L-..J ....J--iPP""·.4~

The friction feed is a real plus. It has There is a self-test switch on the left rear
all the same capabilities as the tractor comer. During testing the line printer does
feed, and more. The use of single sheets not need to be attached to the computer.
of paper is very beneficial. We've used The test prints the character set (See Figure As a Radio Shock"
typing paper to write letters. They look 3.) Notice, as mentioned before, the Authorized Sales Center.
great. graphics capabilities. owned and operated by
It is very easy to keep track of the line So far we've only touched on the good Pan American Electronics, Inc.,
you are on when you need to advance the features. There are a few things with which we can sell
paper. Mechanically, you use the Line we are not satisfied: TRS-80 Computers for less.
Feed button, which advances by very 1. The high-pitched noise which one Toll Free Order Number
definite spacing. Manually, the roller can can hear any time the printer is on. 800/531-7466
be quietly heard, and distinctly felt, as it 2. The lack of a method for setting Telex Number 767339
advances each line. Many printers simply tabs. Texas & Principal Number
roll freely in order to advance the paper, 3. The lower case g, y, p, and q do not 512/581·2765
and you cannot tell how many actual lines go below the line. It's a shame that a
you have moved. printer of this quality does not do this. Pan American
The streamlined, attractive appearance
is a plus in our computer room. The Line
4. The absence of markings by the paper
release lever denoting which position is Electronics
Incorporated
Printer VI measures 24.2 inches(W) X 6.3 LOCKED for friction feed, and which
inches(H) X 13.3 inches(D). On the front position is FREE for using tractor feed. a lIadl8 Ihaek
there are three buttons (left to right reset, Regardless of these four points of AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER

Department CC
line feed, l/12line feed), and one switch dissatisfaction, we still believe the Line 1117 Conway
(on/off). Just above the buttons are three Printer VI is the best line printer we've Mission, Texas
78572
L.E.D.'s (power, alert (out of paper), ready). seen for the money. 0
CIRCLE 186 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FASTER THAN A SPEEDING TYPIST...

Is it safe to walk the keyboard of your TRS-80 at night? Do you look for Syntax Errors down every dark subroutine?
Well, look in your mailbox-It's a bill, it's an ad, it's CLOAD MANr Faster than keying in hardcopy, more fun than
an accounts- receivable package, ready to run in a single load ...

When mild mannered Clyde Cload (star

cassette tape duplicator at the MONTHLY
CLOAD) dons his cape, the evil Typo-Buqs
cringe in terror. This mighty Man of Iron Oxide
swoops down on your TRS-80 by First Class Mail
every month with super, ready-to-load programs
for your (and your computer's) education and
enjoyment.
Join in the battle against the Finqer-Cramps,
Edit Modes, and Typo-Buqs. LetCLOADMAN
come to your computer's aid by getting a
subscription to CLOAD MAGAZINE.
PRICES
] year subscription $42.00
6 month subscription .........••••........ $23.00
Single copies. ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. $4.50
Anthology·volume ] $] 0.00
Anthology·volume 2 ............••......... $]5.00
Tbe Ane PrInt:
Overseas rates slightly higher- please write for them.

_- .-
Back issues available-ask for our list."
TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation.
.·•. .•..
.-.: .......•...
_ ..
Califomia residents add 6% to single copies and anthologies.
Programs are for Level II 16K and occasionally for disks.
"24 Level I back issues also available.
Mastercharge/Visa Welcome Also Cash £, Gold. MAGAZINE
-_
·• ·••...•...
-H·• • -
inc.
P. O. Box 1267. Goleta, CA 9311:6
© Copyright CLOAn MAGAZINE 1980 (805) 964·276]
CIRCLE 1130N READER SERVICE CARD
 COLLEGE BOARDS
for TRS-80
PET, APPLE
The best way to sharpen your skills for the College Board Exams is to work on actual examinations.
Each of these program sets confronts the user with a virtually limitless series of questions and answers.
Each program is based on past exams and presents material of the same level of difficulty and in the
same form as used in the College Board examination. Scoring is provided in accordance with the
formula used by College Boards.
SAT, PSAT, N.M.S.Q.T., set includes 7 programs covering Vocabulary, Word Relationships, and
Mathematics. Price$79.95
GRE set includes 10 programs covering Vocabulary, Word Relationships, Mathematics, Logical
Diagrams, Analytical Reasoning. $139.95
Educator Edition - GRE, SAT, PSAT Includes all of the above programs plus detailed solutions and
explainations for each problem plus drill excercises. SATset includes 14 programs. $149.95
Graduate Record Exam Set includes 20 programs. $199.95

SWORD OF ZEDEK
Fight to overthrow Ra, The Master of Evil. In this incredible adventure game, you
must confront a host of creatures, natural and supernatural. To liberate the King-
dom, alliances must be forged and treasures sought. Treachery, deceit and witch-
craft must be faced in your struggles as you encounter wolves, dwarves, elves,
dragons, bears, owls, ores, giant bats, trolls, etc. Each of the 12 treasures will en-
hance your power, by making invisible, invulnable, more eloquent, more skillful in
combat etc., etc., as you explore the realms of geography, both on the surface and
underground. Dungeons, temples, castles, mountains etc., are all a part of the fan-
tastic world of Ra. Each game is unique in this spectacular and complex world
offantasy. $24.95

SUPER STAR BASEBALL

B. Ruth T.Wiliiams D. Parker

L.Gehrig . j. Foxx W.Stargell
J. DiMaggio H. Greenberg W.Mays
J. Jackson R. Hornsby P. Rose
G.Sisler H.Wilson O. Cepeda
S. Musial B. Terry C. Yazstrernski
T. Cobb M.Mande W.McCovey
W.Mays H. Aaron R. Jackson
C. Young-P W. lohnson-P G. Brett
R. Guidry-P

$14.95

TIME TRAVELER
The best of the adventure games. Confronts player with complex decision situa-
tions and the demand for real time action. Using the Time Machine, players must
face a challenging series of enviornments that include; the Athens of Pericles,
Imperial Rome, Nebuchanezzar's Babylon, Ikhaton's Egypt, Jerusalem at the time of
the crucifixion, The Crusades, Machiavelli's Italy, the French Revolution, the
American Revolution, and the English Civil War. Deal with Hitler s Third Reich,
Vikings, etc. At the start of each game players may choose a level of difficulty ...
the more difficult, the greater the time pressure. To suceed you must build
alliances and struggle with the ruling powers. Each game is unique. $24.95

*ALL PROGRAMS AVAILABLE FOR

TRS-BO, APPLE" & PET •• KRELL SOFTWARE Send check or money order to
21 Milbrook Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11790 (516) 751-5139
All programs require 16K. TR5-80 programs require Level II BASIC .Apple programs require Applesoft BASIC
CIRCLE 219 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 29
 Base 2 Makes its Mark
Wayne F. Cummings

two dots (aprox. 1fzchar.)from one line to Graphics

The Base 2 Model 800 is among the the next. This variation can be completely
printers presently undergoing extensive I eliminated by switching from bidirectional If the user wants, he can use no character
field testing at Creadve Computing. We 11 fonts at all. This is the graphics mode. It
to unidirectional printing. However, this
keep you posted on the results. - DL method also decreases throughput to 50 works much like the user defined set except
CPS. For most applications, I have found that instead of sending a data stream for
A relative newcomer on the market, the
the faster bidirectional printing to be satis- one character, the computer sends a data
Model 800 from BASE 2 Inc. is gaining a stream for an entire line. This can be slow,
reputation as a good quality, low cost, factory.
as the printer must receive an entire line
impact printer. Recently, I purchased one
Character Fonts before printing. Even if, for example, only
for my business (Midwest Microcomputer)
half a line is used. In connection with this
and thus far have been quite pleased. On power up, a standard 96 character
mode, the printer can be set to allow no
ASCII character set (font) is accessed in
Interfacing space between lines so that true graphical
the printer's 32K ROM. This set includes
output is achieved.
The Model 800 accepts the four basic upper & lower case characters. The lower
interface disciplines. Namely: Centronics case does not feature true descenders. (i.e.
parallel, IEEE-488, RS-232, and 20ma the tails of the p,j,y,g, & q do not hang Software Control
current loop. I presently use the parallel below the line). Probably the best feature of the 800 is
format with my TRS-80. The hook-up was Also, the user has the option of designing its software control. There is nothing that
simple: plug in the cable and set six his or her own character set. This is done can be done manually (i.e. by flipping
microswitches to 'off'. Presto! It's ready to under software control by loading the switches) that can't be done by the software,
run. printer's on board RAM with a data stream and there is a whole lot that can be done
that formats the character set. This may by the software that can't be done manually.
Printing Specifications seem a bit abstract, but is really quite This is due to the incorporation of an 8085
The unit is a 5 X 7 dot-matrix impact simple. The operating manual gives com- microprocessor in the printer's logic. Space
printer, available with either friction or plete instructions on how it works. Ifone does not permit a listing of all software
tractor feed. It can print in six different additional set isn't enough for you, the controllable items, but here are some of
densities; 64,72,80,96, 120 or 130 charac- Model 800 can accommodate eight more the more important ones:
ter/second (CPS) at all densities. The quality for a total of ten. Additional memory chips -variable line lengths (64,72,80,96,120,132
of print is good, especially at 96 characters/ need to be installed for these eight sets. char./line)
line which I find to be the most readable The printer is able to switch back and -elongated characters
with the least fatigue. However, character forth from one set to another, without -character font selection
column alignment can vary as much as reloading, as long as the printer remains -reset (sets all modes to their default (condi-
'on'. tion)
Wayne F. Ctimmings, 817 Charles St., DeKalb, IL
60115.
=form feed
-page length
-tabs (vertical & horizontal)
=graphics
-vertical densities (# of dots between
lines)
-unidirectional printing

Exterior
Physically, the printer is compact; only
3" xII" x 15" and it weighs only fifteen lbs.
It has a heavy gauge aluminum chasis that
appears able to withstand a very harsh
environment. (A refreshing change from
most of my other equipment, which is
Radio Shack plastic.) The tractor mecha-
nism is, unfortunately, plastic and looks
30 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 MODEll!
$ DISCOUNT $
, ,
MODEL \II

TRS-80~AL.R
COMPUTER SPECIALISTS
26-4002 26-1155 Quick Printer II .....•............•. $187.00
26-1145 RS-232 Boord ................•......•...... 84.00 26·1061 4K 1. $630.00
64K 1 Drive 26-1140 "0" K Interface ...• ' ...............••. , .. 249.00 26·1062 16K 111 888,00
$3440.00 26-1141 "16" K Interface 359.00 26·1063 32K III
26-1142 "32" K Interface ...............•........... 469.00 2·Drives, RS232 2225.00

26-4160 1 Drive EXP . $1035.00 26-1160 Mini Disk - Drive O 419.00

26-4161 2 Drive EXP ., 1575.00 26-1161Mini Disk - Additional. .........•........... 419.00 COLOR
26-4162 3 Drive EXP •. 21,15.00 26-1154 Lineprinter II..................•.......... 699.00
26-1156 Lineprinter III. 1799.00
26-4501 Gen. Ledger .•. 180.00
26-4502 Inventory 180.00 26-11'59Lineprinter IV ..................•.......... 859.00
26-1.166 Line Printer VI .....................• 1080.00
26-4503 Payroll .. '. , 360.00' 26-1563 Scripsit - Disk .................•............ 79.00
26-4554 Acct. Rec•.••.. 180.00 26-1566 Visicolc ............•........•.......••.... 83.00
26-4701 Fortran .•. . .... 270.00 26-1562 Profile., .. , 72.00
26-1157 A Daisy Wheel. 2495.00
26-11 58 Daisy Wheel II 1799.00
NOTE: Call for ovcllobilltv of VIDEO TEX, Model III, Color,
and other new products.

26-3001 4K $360.00
ALL OTHER R.S. SOFTWARE 26-3002 16K 540.00
FURNITURE, STANDS, CABLES 26-3010 Color Video ....•....... 360.00
AND ACCESSORIES AT 26·1206 Recorder .......•........ S4.00
DISCOUNT FROM 26·3008 Joysticks 22.50

CATALOG PRICE.

Acorn

l:enTROnll:S
Novation Cat Modem .. $149.00
CCA Data Management
System. . 72.00
8
GAMES:
Spftware
Aroducts, Inc.

Adventure Games
Alien Invasi~n .....••........ $9.00
Fast 100 CPS Centronics Games 1-9 each 14.00 Stock Market 9.00
730 Printer $659.00 Star Trek. .. . ......•......... 9.00
Text Quality Centronics Pocket Computer
Block 'Em. .. . .....•......... ,9.00
737 Printer $819.00 ring·Tong ....••......•....... 9.00
UTILITIES:
System Savers .......•....... 14.00
Model II Cobol Compiler EDUCATlON:1
$360.00
Cobol Run Time Package
. $36.00
26·3501 1.9K P.C
26·3503 Casselle I/F
14-812 Recorder
'...•..........
$225.00
45.00
72.00
::::~:~l::~E~
UPON
CAT~L::
REQUEST

1-800-841-0860 Toll Free Order Entry

r:1~~t1[]r:1i1~i1[jEr:1E~TSYSTEr:1S, ~~L.
No Taxes on Out Of DOWNTOWN PLAZA SHOPPING CENTER R.S. 90 Day Limited Warranty
State Shipments 115 C SECOND AVE. S.W. F-48 Form Provided
CAIRO, GEORGIA31728
Immediate Shipment (912) 377.7120 Ga. Phone No. largest Inventory
From Stock on Most Items In the S.E. U.S.A.
·TRS·80 I. a regllt.red trad.marae of the Tandy Corp.

CIRCLE 163 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 31
 Base 2, continued ... BASE 2 PRINTER TEST
64 CHAF.:, PEF.: Llt·lE, ! "#$;.~~'. ...0:: )*+.,._, .····01234567::::';;': .: <=>?O:~AE:C[:O[:::FGHI.J·f<Lt'1
NOPQRSTUUWXYZ[']~_'.bcd.~'hiJklMnop~r.tuvwxyz<:>-g

72 CHAR, PER LI~lE, '''#$:-;&' <: )*+.' - ,/" 0 1234567::::0:;0: .: < =>?I]lAE:CDEFGHI .Jf<U'U·mPQRSTU
UWXYZ['JA_'abcd~f9hiJklMnop~rstuvwxYz<I>-.

8(1 CHAR, PER LINE, ! "#$%&' < )*+, -, /(1123456789: ; <=>?@AE:CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVl,I>,~'z['J

A_'abcd~f~hiJklMnop~rstuvwx~z<l}~~

96 CHAR, PER LINE, '''tI$%&' 0*+, -, /0123456789:; <=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMHOPQRSTUVWXYZ['JA'abcdef9hU

_ kll'l
nop~rstuvwx~z{f~1

~i@mmii*ilil~jjimjji~J~lim~;~llilillil!i!!H@l!i!~ilillil!i!!i!!i!iI!iI!mil!!i!!i!ii!lilll1lilll1!i!~ijji~jji~l!!lI1l11~~'i!lI1l1!Mli~~!i!l1i!i!M@ill1l!!l!!!i!lI1~~!i!MliUl!i!m!i!m
jliiUf:~gi!l!!:lil!!~:)~::lii11ji11!1!~hli!l!!I!!I!!i!\1di!i!l!i1iil)llli!l!lli!l!l'I:m1mnm!l!!I!nll1l11l1iitllii!l!iiUillhIiM\\!lhlllli!l!!l!iIli1illiillllllllli11i1ll!ii11li1i1lMlgl!
ljOi~l1i!i!~@imll1i1!ll!!i!>!iil!ll!mll!ll!ll!lE1illmglimm>!illJmll!lIJl1illJiMm@jllJlIJlIJll!>!il!mi!i!mll!!i!llillJm>!i>!illJlI!ml!!>!ilIUiilimlli!lIJlIJll!li!ll!ll!ll!ll!>!il1ill!!i!>!i~l1i>!iliill!
lii!i!jnill!mllir.iil~l!1l1im~l!1liil!1l!1i11I1lIlll1i.llilill!1~I!1S>!i~liim~II!>!iWJ1l!1liiSSll!l!1lliliiliiliillilliill!1l1!lI!liil!1l1!l!1lli!UiiHiiliiilg\l>!iii>!i>!ilJ!!I!I!1Ii1>!illi!l!!I!lI!l!1

THE QUICK ·BROWN FO>~ JUt'1PED OVER THE LAZ'r' DOG'S BACK, THE QUICK BROWN FOX JU~1PED a
VER THE LAZY DOG...S BACK, THE QU I CK BRo(oJN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK, THE
QU I CK BROI.oJt·lFa>: JU~1PE[l OtJER THE LAZY r,OG' S BACK, THE QU I CK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER
THE LAZ'r' DOG...S BACK ,:THE G!UI CK BROLJN FOX .JUt1PED OVER THE LAZY DOG···:3 BACK, THE QU I C
K BROWN FOX .JUt'lPED OVER THE LAZ\' DOG'S BACK, THE QUI CK BRO~IN FO>~ JU~1PED OVER THE
LAze,' DOG,.S E:ACI<, THE QU·ICK BROI,JN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK, THE QU I CK BR
OWN FOX JUt1PED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S E:ACI(, THE QUICK E:ROWN FOX JU~1PE[l OVER THE LAZY
DOG·'S E:ACI<, THE QUICK BROI,JN FOX .JUMPED OVEF<: THE LAZ\' DOG'S BACI<, THE GIUICK BROWN
FO>, .JU~lPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S E:ACK, THE QUICK E:ROWN FOX JUMPED mJER THE LAZY DOG
'S BACK, THE I~UICK BROl,JN FOX .JUMPED OtJER THE LAZY DOG·'S BACI<, THE QUICK E:ROWN FOX
JUMPED 0t-1ER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK, THE QUICK BROWN FO>, JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S; B
ACK, THE QU I CK BROI~N FOX .JUMPED OVEF<:THE LAZe(' DOG...S E:ACK, THE QU I CK BROI~t·l FOX .JU~lP
ED mJER THE LAZ'.... DOG'S E:ACK, THE QU I CK BROWN FO>!. JUt'1PED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK,
THE I~UI CK BROI.')N FOX .JU~1PED OVER THE LAZY DOG,.S BACK, THE QU I CK BROI~N FOX .JU~1PED 0
VER THE LAZY DOG'·S E:ACK, THE QUICK BROl<IN FO>; JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACf(, THE
I~UICK BROl,m FOX JUMPED Ot)ER THE LAZY DOG·'S BACK, THE QUICK BROL)~l FOX JU~lPED Ot)EI':
THE LAZ~·' DOG···S BACK, THE QUICK BROWt·l FO>; JUt1PED O~JER THE LAZY DOG'S E:ACI<, THE QUIC
K BF<:o(')N FOX .JU~1PED Ot)ER THE LAZ\' DOG...S E:ACK, THE I:;!UI CK BROIJJN FOX .JUMPED OtJER THE
LAZY DOG'S E:ACK, THE I~UICf( BROWN FO:'; JUMPEr, OVER THE LAZ\' DOG'S BACK, THE QUICK BR
OWN FOX .JUMPED Ot)ER THE LAZ\' DOG·' S BACK, THE I~UI CK BROIJJ~l=ox .JUt1PED OVER THE LAZY
DOG···S E:ACI<, THE QUICK BROWN FO>; .JUMPED OVEF<: THE LAZY DOG'S; BACK, THE QUICK E:RO~IN
FOX .JUMPED OVE!': THE LAZY DOG·' S BACK, THE I:;!UI CK BROI,)N FOX JUt'1PED OVER THE LAZY DOG
'S BACK, THE QUICK BROW~l FO~; JUt'1PE[) OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK, THE QUICK 8ROI.')N FOX
JUMPED Ol)Ef': THE LAZ\' DOG...S E:ACK, THE I~UI CK BROIJJN FOX .JUMPED OVEI': THE LAZY DOG·· S E:
ACf(, THE QUICK 8RO~IN FO>!. ·JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK, THE QUICK E:ROWN FOX JUMP
ED Ot)EF<: THE LAze(' DOG·':3 E:ACf(, THE G!UICf( BF.:m,)N FOX JUt'1PEt:' OVER THE LAze,' DOG·'S BACK,

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like a last minute addition when compared charts, and appendices, A complete set of In summary, let me say that the Model
to the rest of the printer. Let us pray .., schematics is included for the hardware 800 is an exceptional printer, It has a few
minded and a sample program for every draw-backs, but for the price ($699)-)(.
Noise software feature is included for the software one would be hard pressed to find a better
It does make some, When printing, the minded, What else can I say? It's well value in an impact printer,
print head makes a high pitched racket, done and even has a glossy cover. Flash! Between the writing of this article
almost tinny sounding, that is quite loud, and the date of publication my printer had
Apparently, there are some even higher Service an accident, The printhead burned out!
pitched sounds emitted, because my dog Last but certainly not least, the actual This is most distressing, considering less
looks distressed and whines whenever it service, I ordered my printer directly from then 11<1 box of paper has been run through
runs, Fortunately, the printer makes no BASE 2. I was told it would be shipped in it. BASE II charges a flat $50 to fix anything
noise when standing by ...zero, Noise can about six weeks, That's 42 days folks, After on its printer, By coincidence, the cost to
be minimized in two ways, First, always 87 days and several long distance phone send me a new printhead is also $50, The
keep all metal covers on when printing, calls, the printer arrived ...without any unit's on its way back to the factory, I'll
And second, use heavy gauge paper to operating manual. By day 117I had received keep you posted, 0
reduce the sound of the impacting print- two manuals (one was a "preliminary"
head. manual sent a few days before the real *699 is the price for their 'loaded' model, the MST,
McCoy.) Keep in mind that a six week M= terminal screen buffer
Documentation I order turned into a sixteen week ordeal.
S= high speed paper advance & graphics
T= tractor feed
The operating manual is beautiful; 70 Suggestion: buy from a retailer who has I'm told they are phasing out "options" and
pages with plenty of illustrations, examples, them in stock, making them standard,

32 CREATIVE COMPUTING
from Quality Software

Three Sorcerer Games

One thing all Sorcerer owners have in which avoids collision with a computer- Bob Stuckmeyer
common is that we are desperate for soft- controlled car traveling in the opposite
ware! Exidy has made little effort to direction. Collisions are avoided by movement with the aid of a sector map
enhance their product with additional changing lanes at any of four intersec- which displays the position of enemy and
software or peripherals. Consequently, tions. Points are received for passing over friendly ships on a polar coordinate grid.
users like myself are forced to find other dots in the tracks lanes. The game has Battle between ships is graphically dis-
sources of Sorcerer software. This article three skill levels and models the arcade played on this grid.
will review three games from one such game very closely. Starbase Hyperion is rich in detail. Play-
source-Quality Software. Both of these games are addictive in ers will probably need hours of practice to
Martian Invaders and Head-on Colli- nature and not easily mastered .. Either become well versed in rules and tactics.
sion are modeled after popular video Random events like enemy reinforce-
arcade games. Both are written in ma- ments, circuit overloads and the recovery
chine language and make excellent use of of enemy battle maps make each game
the Sorcerer's graphic capabilities. In challenging. Unfortunately, the program
Martian Invaders (see Photo 1) 28 aliens has several minor errors which are irritat-
descend from the sky dropping bombs. ing. The screen area which lists the status
You must maneuver your gunner to avoid of all friendly ships is not always updated
the bombs while attempting to shoot the correctly when a ship is lost in battle.
aliens before they land. As aliens are shot, Advancing enemy ships occasionally dis-
those remaining descend faster. If all appear without having been destroyed.
aliens are eliminated 28 more appear Sometimes the program erroneously re-
slightly closer to the ground. Points are ports a ship is destroyed as it is launched.
awarded for each Martian destroyed. Fly- Because I received one of the first copies
ing saucers appear randomly and bonus shipped, the program may not have been
points are awarded for their destruction. Photo 2. Head-on Collision. fully debugged.
This game differs slightly from its arcade In addition to the programs reviewed,
counterpart in that only one gunner is one will be over in a few seconds if you
lack good hand-eye corrdination. These Quality Software offers about twenty
programs are quite good, but they would
be even better if they had sound. Al-
though the Sorcerer lacks an internal
speaker, sound could be produced over
an inexpensive amplifier connected to the
computer's microphone jack. This ar-
rangement has been used by several com-
panies who offer programs for the TRS-80
and would work equally well with the Sor-
cerer.
Starbase Hyperion (see Photo 3) is a
tactical simulation of war in outer space.
The object is to prevent enemy forces
from destroying your starbase. As com-
Photo 1. Martian Invaders. mander you must decide how to deploy Photo 3. Starbase Hyperion.
the starbase's energy each day. Energy
allowed and the gunner is not protected may be used to generate warships, to re- other programs for the Sorcerer. About
by barriers. lease probes, to increase the starbase's half of these are games; the others are
Although its title may be offensive to shields, to create additional power bands, "serious" programs including extensions
some (I would prefer Dodge Cars), Head- or to add power reserves. Different to Exidy's assembler, a smart terminal
on Collision (see Photo 2) is also an excit- classes of warships may be generated. program, a disassembler and more.
ing game. The object is to drive your race Each class has unique speed and arma- Quality Software can be reached by
car around a five-lane track in a manner ment ratings; those with the highest arma- calling (213) 344-6599 or by writing to:
Bob Stuckmeyer, 2347 Cavendish Lane, St. Louis, ment ratings require more energy to Quality Software, 6660 Reseda Blvd.,
MO 63129. create. The commander directs ship Suite 105, Reseda, CA 91335. 0

36 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 FASTGAMMON HEAD-ON COLLISION ARROWS AND ALLEYS

************************************************ ..
*************************************************

UTILITY PROGRAMS SIMULATIONS AND GAMES

***********************************************'~.*************************************************
FORTH. Now Sorcerer owners can enjoy the convenience and speed of the fascinating new! ARROWSAND ALLEYS'· by Vic Tolomei. The latest and possi bly the best arcade-
FORTH programming language. Based on fig-FORTH and adapted for the Sorcerer by type game for home computers. You drive your car in a maze of alleys. Your task is to
James Albanese, this version uses simulated disk memory in RAM and does not require eliminate a gang of arrows that constantly pursues you. You have a gun and the arrows
a disk drive. Added to standard fig-FORTH are an on-screen editor, a serial RS-232 don't. but the arrows are smart and they try to stay out of your sights and will often
driver, and tape save and load capability. Eight-bit input/output has been added attack from the side or from behind. Eliminate the arrows and another, faster gang
allowing use of the Sorcerer's graphics keys Documentation includes examples. comes after you. Four levels of play. Requires 16K or more of RAM. $17.95
Requires 32K or more of RAM. . $49.95
BEDIT by Ernest Bergmann. A BASIC editor. This short and easy to use program is a STARBASE HYPERION'· by Don Ursem. At last, a true strategic space game for the
machine language routine that loads in low memory and allows you to edit your BASIC Sorcerer! Defend a front-line Star Fortress against invasion forces of an alien empire.
programs by modifying text on the video screen. No more retyping a long line just to You create, deploy, and command entire ship squadrons as well as ground defenses in
change one character. A few cursor movements make the necessary modifications. this complex tactical simulation of war in the far future. Written in BASICand l-80 code.
Even renumbering lines is easy to do. This program is a real timesaver. Runs on any size Full graphics and realtime combat status display. Includes full instructions and
Sorcerer. $11.95 STARCOMbattle manual. Requires at least 16K of RAM. $17.95
GRAPHICS ANIMATION by Lee Anders. This package provides the BASIC programmer HEAD-ON COLLISION'· by Lee Anders. You are driving clockwise and a computer-
with a powerful set of commands for graphics and animation. The program is written controlled car is driving counter clockwise. The computer's car is trying to hit you head
in machine language but is loaded together with your BASIC program and graphics on, but you can avoid a collision by changing lanes and adjusting your speed. At the
definitions with a CLOADcommand. Any image from a character to a large graphic same time you try to drive over dots and diamonds to score points. Three levels of play,
shape may be plotted, moved, or erased with simple BASIC commands. Encounters of machine language programming, and excellent graphics make this game challenging
plotted character sets with background characters are detected and background and exciting for all. At least 16K of RAM is required. $14.95
images are preserved. Contains a medium resolution plotting routine. A keyboard LUNAR MISSION by Lee Anders. Land your spacecraft softly on the moon by control-
routine detects key presses without carriage returns. Includes a separate program for
constructing images. Runs on any size Sorcerer. $29.95 ling your craft's 'three propulsion engines. Avoid lunar craters and use your limited fuel
sparingly. You can see both a profile view of the spacecraft coming down and a plan
QS SMART TERMINAL by Bob Pierce. Convert your Sorcerer to a smart terminal. Used view of the landing area. Land successfully and you get to view an animated walk on the
with a modem, this program provides the capability for you to communicate efficiently moon. Nine levels of play provide a stiff challenge to the most skillful astronaut.
and save connect time with larger computers and other microcomputers. The program Requires at least 16K of RAM. $14.95
formats incoming data from time-sharing systems such as The Source for the Sorcerer
new! HANGMAN/MASTERMIND by Charles Finch. Two traditional games are brought
video. Incoming data can be storedIdownloadedl into a file in RAM. Files, including
programs, may be saved to or loaded from cassette, listed on the video, transmitted out to life by Sorcerer graphics. HANGMAN has three different vocabulary levels for you to
through your modem, or edited with an on-board text editor. Interfaces with BASICand choose from. In MASTERMIND, the computer selects a four-character code and you
the Word Processor Pac. $49.95 have to uncover it. These two games provide an enjoyable way for young people to
develop their vocabulary and their logical reasoning ability. Written in BASIC,for any
DPX'· (Development Pac Extension) by Don Ursem. Serious l80 program developers size Sorcerer. $11.95'
will find this utility program to be invaluable. Move the line pointer upward. Locate a
word or symbol. Change a character string wherever it occurs. Simple commands allow FASTGAMMON'· by Bob Christiansen. Backgammon players love this machine
you to jump directly from EDIT to MONITORor DDT80 modes and automatically set up language program that provides a fast, skillful opponent. Option to replay a game with
the 1/0 you want for listings. Built-in serial driver. Stop and restart listings. Abort the same dice rolls. Eight-page instruction manual includes rules of backgammon.
assembly with the ESC key. Save backup files on tape at 1200 baud. Load and merge $19.95
files from tape by file name. Versions for 8K, 16K, 32K, and 48K Sorcerer all on one MARTIAN INVADERS'· by James Albanese. How long can you hold out against a
cassette. Requires the Sorcerer's Development Pac. $29.95 persistent invasion force from Mars? lap all the members of the landing party and
PLOT by Vic Tolomei. Now Apple owners will be envious of how easy you can get good another group comes after you. The longer you hold out, the higher your score. The
graphics on your SORCERER.PLOTincludes both a super high resolution mode and a Sorcerer's programmable graphics make this game look great, plus we've added special
quick low resolution mode. Both are accessible from your BASICprograms using simple keyboard routines to really zip it up. Written in machine language. $14.95
commands. Hi-res & lo-res examples included on tape. $14.95 NIKE 11'. by Charles Finch and Bob Broffel. You may never get your computer back
from your kids once they start playing Nike II. The object is to destroy enemy bombers
SHAPE MAKER'· by Don Ursem. An on-screen character maker. $14.95 by firing Nike missiles at them. If you miss the bombers, they bomb your factories and
return for a second pass. Nine levels of play make this game a challenge for everyone.
DEBUG by Bob Pierce. Debug machias language programs. $14.95 Written in machine language. $11.95

Z80 DISASSEMBLER by Vic Tolomei. TANK TRAP by Don Ursem. An action

Decode machine language programs. game that combines skill, strategy, and
$14.95 luck. A rampaging tank tries to run you
down. You are a combat engineer, build-
ing concrete barriers in an effort to
SOFTWARE INTERNALS MANUAL FOR contain the tank. Four levels of play make
THE SORCERERby Vic Tolomei.A must this animated game fun for everyone.
Written in BASIC with machine language
for anyone writing software for the subroutines. $11.95
SORCERER. Seven chapters: Intro to WHERETO GET IT: Ask your nearest Sorcerer dealer to see Quality Software'sSorcerer
Machine Language, Devices & Ports, The programs. Or, if your prefer, you may order directly from us. MasterCard and Visa MAGIC MAZE'· by Vic Tolomei. A chal-
Monitor, Cassette Interface. BASIC cardholders may place orders by telephone. Or mail your order to the address above. lenging maze game. Ten levels of play.
California residents add 6% sales tax. Shipping Charges: Within North America orders Holding your lantern, you wander
structure, Video & Graphics, The must include $1.50 for first class shipping and handling. Outside North America the through a maze trying to stay on the right
Keyboard. Indexed. Includes diagrams charge for airmail shipping and handling is $5.00 - payable in U.S. currency. path and avoid pitfalls. Automatic scor-
and software routines. 64 pages. ing tells you how good a pathfinder you
'The name "SORCERER"has been trademarked by Exidy, Inc.
$14.95 are. $11.95

CIRCLE 243 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 TWO~~t
FREE TRIAL
OFFERS

And one that costs you a buck.

One: Buy a new TeleLink@) I cartridge for your Three: Send $1.00 to us and we'll send you the
ATARI 400@) or ATARI BOO@) computer and current "menu" of services, including the
get one free hour of CompuServe Information sophisticated big mainframe power of MicroNET.
Service time. Send $1.00, name and address to: CompuServe,
Information Service Division, 5000 Arlington
Two: Visit a Radio Shack® computer center. Most Centre Boulevard, Columbus, Ohio 43220.
are equipped to access the CompuServe
Information Service now. Log in and see what you
can get. The service is compatible with any
Radio Shack, TRS·80 and Videotex are trademarks of Tandy Corporation.
TRS-BO@)including the new VIDEOTEX@)unit. ATARI400 and ATARI800 are trademarks of ATARI, Inc.
All this is yours to command.
MicroQuote has his-
torical and statistical
data on almost every
stock, bond or option
you can buy. Corporate
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~ CIRCLE 134 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 David Lubar

Battles in space and on Earth seem to player option allows you to play by yourself. destroyed, you move to the next level.
be strong categories in the new software With two players, you can playas partners Each level either adds another craft or
releases. This is a continuation of the or playas opponents. There are also two increases the speed at which the crafts fly
computer-as-arcade-machine style, and I demo modes (one without sound) and a and shoot. As mentioned in their ads,
have to admit a fondness for it. No matter mode that lets up to eight players fly in Micro Lab will award special certificates
what other uses there are for computers, competition. The game starts at level one. to the first ten persons who score 10,000
games willalways represent a major portion The player faces a single jet or helicopter. points. It might be some time before those
of the new software. One such game is The enemy craft flies a random pattern, certificates are claimed.
firing bullets. You must evade these bullets Dogfight is a good game. The helicopter
while making your own attack. A shot is one of the nicest pieces of graphics
fired from a distance is less likely to down programming I have seen. Two things
the enemy. Generally, you have to get should be mentioned. The disk will only
A clever, logical rather close to the target. If you hit it, it boot if the drive controller card is in slot
solution to a problem explodes. Sometimes, the pilot will para- six. Also, when the game comes up, you'll
chute from the plane. If you don't shoot see some extra text on the screen along
might not work because him, he gets another plane and continues with the title. There is nothing wrong
the programmer never to fly. If you are hit, you have a chance to with your Apple, those random-seeming
jump. Once the plane or helicopter is letters are supposed to be there.
thought of it.

covered below. Another popular area is

adventure-type games. The original concept
has spawned several programs that, while
bearing a kinship to Adventure, are only
distant cousins. One will be discussed
below. Filling out the column, we'll take
a look at a mailing-list program.

Winging it
Dogfight ($29.95), from Micro Lab, 811
Stonegate, Highland Park, IL 60035 has
several game variations on one Apple disk.
This 32K machine-language program puts
you in control of a jet plane flying against
enemy jets and helicopters. At the start,
you have the option of using keys, paddles,
or one or two joysticks for control. Next,
you can select from six modes. The single- Dogfight

40 CREATIVE COMPUTING
Pump Up Your TRS-80 with the EStF Mass Storage System
THESE'FACTS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES!
CASSETIE ES/F MINI-DISK Let's face it. Cassette players were not
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Soft Centered, continued ...

You are There in Interactive Fiction you can enter ing on decisions made earlier. As the
sentences consisting not of real dialogue captain of the Impetuous, you have many
Interactive Fiction. The phrase does a but of a string of potential keywords. This choices to make, each of which could
good job of describing the product. These approach might reveal the design of the come back to haunt you later. Whether
programs by Robert LaFore, on disk for a program, but it kills all the fun. you end in fame or infamy, you can always
TRS-80, are stories where the player has The early disks were structured in such take another run through. the game. This
a chance to take part in the development a way that the drive was accessed fairly raises another interesting point. Since there
of the plot. This is done through dialogue. often. The programs vary in interest and is a goal (namely, ending in fame and
Throughout each story, the player has a quality. Six Micro Stories ($14.95) is one glory), players might be discouraged from
chance to put words in the mouth ·of a of the best. The player takes part in short exploring all the avenues since many are
character. The choice of words affects stories, each with many outcomes. In one, obviously losers. But what seems obvious
the outcome of the story. This approach you are a spy attending a German party might not be correct. Besides being fun
has several ramifications. As with all during World War II. Another story as games, these programs are a good way
interactive programs, you can succeed involves a meeting with a young women to show off your computer the next time
only with solutions that have been antici- in a park. The novel Two Heads of the someone asks, "What do you do with that
pated by the author. In other words, you Coin ($19,95)is a Holmes-and-Watson type thing?" The disks are available from several
are working within a well-defined universe. affair. Billed as one of the more difficult distributors including TSE (6 South St.
Part of the fun is in discovering the laws programs to solve, it is clever, but not Box 68, Milford NH 03055)
of this universe. Part of the frustration is that tough. Again, the main thing is getting
in being unable to transcend these laws. into the spirit of the program. Even after In the Mail
A clever, logical solution to a problem you've solved the story, you can go back
might not work because the programmer and look at other branches, Software Technology for Computers,
never thought of it. Another important The most recent release, His Majesties P.O. Box 428, Belmont MA 02178,produces
feature of these games is that you only Ship Impetuous, takes a slightly different Mailing List Program on disk for a 48K
get out of them what you put in. A user approach. There are fewer interruptions Apple with Applesoft. The program has
can approach Interactive Fiction as a for disk access and the story is more linear. ten pre-defined fields with pre-defined
contest between him and the computer, The series of events encountered during lengths, including first name, last name,
where the goal is to find the vocabulary any "reading"of the story will not change address, and phone number. Data can be
and overcome the program. For instance, much, but the outcomes will vary depend- saved on any initialized diskette. Before

42 CREATIVE COMPUTING
I' ..
pnntmg a I'1St, t he f ormat can b"'"
e tested
and changed. Data can be sorted in six
different fields, and the sorted information
can be printed. A search routine is included,
allowing you to print out only.those entries
which fulfill a specific catagory. You can
also print a list of names and phone
numbers.
The program performs as promised. For
$40, it is a bargain, with some qualifications.
You cannot search on a subset. For
instance, while the program will find
everyone with the last name "Jones," it
can't find everyone whose last name begins
with "L." Also, you can't produce a sort
of two fields such as an alphabetical list
of names within a list sorted by zip code.
But, if you don't need these extras, Mailing
List Program is a capable program.

Scattered Bits
On Line Systems, who gave the world
Mystery Mansion and The Wizard and
the Princess, has another high-resolution
adventure slated for release in the
near future. They've also come out with a
football game. These Apple products will
be covered in an upcoming issue. The
Sensational Software division of Creative
Computing will be distributing several Atari
games created by Thorn EMI, one of the
most innovative software developers in
England. 0

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©Creative Computing

'Suggested user price. Monitor and modem not included.

@1980, ReA
CIRCLE 244 ON READER SERVICE CARD
ROil
 When Is
A Program
lntelligentt
Norman Whaland

Inventors of flying machines have one usually qualified in an attempt to repair its A person who plays Nim perfectly is
major advantage over designers of intelli- defects. The creation of programs to carry surely exhibiting intelligent behavior.
gent programs. It is always evident out useful intelligent behavior is obviously Nevertheless, the existing Nim programs
whether a machine is flying, but not valid as an ultimate goal. However, it is can't be considered intelligent. We can say
whether a program is intelligent. A incorrect to use behavior as the sole to a person, "All right, now let's change the
program as proficient as man in a wide criterion of intelligence in formulating rules, and say that you can't draw more
range of intellectual activities would proximate goals. The behavior of most AI than five counters at a time." No great
indubitably be intelligent. Such success is programs is completely useless. They have intelligence is required for us to change our
far off, however, and perhaps impossible. value only insofar as they embody behavior accordingly. Nim programs are
For the present, we must be satisfied with principles that can eventually be incor- completely unable to do this, let alone find
programs of limited intelligence. Un- porated in useful programs. Intelligent- the winning method under the new rules.
fortunately, the distinction between seeming behavior is no guarantee that the Of course, Nim programs can't under-
ordinary programs and somewhat intelli- program represents any progress at all stand English, but that isn't the crux of the
gent programs is not entirely clear. toward true AI. matter. Even if we had a program that
Writing programs is a major activity understood English, there would be no
of AI researchers. The purpose of the way to link it to a Nim program so as to
programs is sometimes obscure, but most 'Intelligent-seeming be- duplicate human performance. The reason
are apparently thought to be intelligent in havior is no guarantee is that Nim programs and typical English
some sense or are intended as pilot projects sentences contain units of information of
for programs that will exhibit true that the program repre- entirely different kinds. Also, the infor-
intelligence. The design and evaluation of sents any progress at all. mation in programs isn't in a suitable form'
AI programs requires an understanding of for' modification. A Nim program might
what it means for a program to be contain an information unit like
intelligent. Such understanding has been Many AI programs can attack only =
230 IF X Y(J) THEN 540
slow in coming. problems within a limited range, called a Deprived of its context, it is meaningless
The goals of the early research in AI task domain. The rationale is that lessons and useless. It exists only to be executed at
were distorted by a one-sided conception learned with a small task domain can be the proper moment. Information in such a
of intelligence. The result was excessive applied to programs with much larger task form can't readily be manipulated to'
optimism and wasted effort. Much of the domains. If this plan is to be successful, produce appropriate behavior in changed
early progress in AI is proving illusory, as however, it is not sufficient that the circumstances.
the distinction between pseudo-intelli- behavior of the small-domain program A conventionally structured program
gence and true intelligence becomes more appear intelligent. Methods that work for lacks the flexibility that is an essential part
apparent. Even today, the difficulty of small domains can't always be applied to of intelligence. This lack can't be remedied
defining goals is a serious impediment to large domains. simply by adding to the program. New
AI research. . If the task domain is sufficiently ways of structuring programs are needed if
small, the number of different types of they are to use information flexibly and to
Pseudo Intelligence situation that can arise will be small accept and utilize new information.
compared to the number of instructions in The conventional techniques that
In their introduction to Computers
a computer program. Under these circum- succeed on small task domains are bound
and Thought, Feigenbaum and Feldman
stances, the domain can be handled by a to fail on much larger domains. If each
say that the goal of AI research is "to
conventional program, in which each type type of situation were to be handled by a
construct computer programs which
of situation is handled by a separate separate section of code, computer
exhibit behavior that we call 'intelligent
sequence of instructions. The program- memory and programmer endurance
behavior' when we observe it in human
mer, using his intelligence, makes all the would both be pushed past their limits, The
beings." Most authorities offer essentially decisions and records them in the form of a task-related information used by large-
the same definition, although lately it is
program. Such a program may seem domain programs must be in the form of
Norman D. Whaland, 430 E 9 St., Apt. 15, New York, impressively intelligent, but it is worthless facts and principles, which (unlike com-
NY 10009. for the purposes of AI research. mands) can be combined in various ways

44 CREATIVE COMPUTING
OSI SOFTWARE FOR OSI OSI
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The Aardvark Journal is a bimonthly tutorial for OSI computer plain English commands (i.e. take the sword,
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Intelligent, continued ...
to generate appropriate behavior. In this
way, the number of types of situation that
the program handles can be many times
larger than the number of items in the
information store.
For very large task domains, easy
communication with the computer is
needed. When Turing predicted that his
Test would be passed by the year 2000 - a
prospect that now appears very unlikely-
he believed that it would be necessary first
to program computers to learn, so that
they could be supplied with information
more efficiently. Unfortunately, programs
have so far been capable of only the most
rudimentary sort of learning.
If the behavior of AI programs is to
serve as an indicator of progress, they must
do more than solve problems in a small
task domain. Conventional programs,
which add nothing to our knowledge of
techniques useful for large task domains,
can do as much. Intelligent behavior by
itself is .a sign of progress only when it precisely, a few necessary characteristics of is being made, however. There are
includes the acceptance and flexible use of programs that think can be stated. The computer programs that model such
new information. It is possible for an AI specific information about the task thought processes as logical deduction,
program that does nothing but solve domain should appear, not in the actual goal setting, concept formation, analogy
problems to have value, but the deter- program, but in a data base consisting of formation, and associative retrieval from
mining factor is not its behavior but its discrete units of information. The informa- memory. Still, not very much is known
internal mechanism. tion units in the data base should be used about any of these processes, with the
flexibly in accordance with the situation. exception of logical deduction. Lengthy
True Intelligence The program should have entirely general experimentation will be necessary for the
methods, applicable to any subject matter, design of useful problem-solving programs
The stress on behavior as a criterion of
for retrieving relevarit facts and principles that think.
intelligence obscures the real goals of AI
research. The naive definition is, in my and applying them to the given situation.
False Optimism
opinion, the best one: the goal of artificial
intelligence is the creation of programs In the fifties, programs In What Computers Can't Do (Part 1
that think. Improvement of the behavior of in ROM, Vol.l#9,p.66;Part2inCreative
programs is too often accomplished by played checkers and Computing, Vol. 6#1, p. 54; both available
ruses of no general usefulness. Changing proved mathematical from Creative for $2.50 each), Hubert
the processes that AI programs use, so that Dreyfus called attention to the first-step
they more closely resemble thought, is a theorems. In the seven- syndrome that afflicts AI research. A
surer guide to progress. ties, they rearranged worker writes a program that seems
AI programs needn't necessarily somewhat intelligent, hails it as a first step
model human thought. It suffices that the blocks and figured out toward a much more powerful program,
mechanisms used by the program have the how to turn on the light and then goes on to something completely
essential characteristics of thought. Just as different - another "first step." Second
a flying machine .needn't flap its wings, a switch. steps are uncommon.
thinking machine needn't work exactly like When serious research in AI got
the brain. Of course, it may be difficult to In assessing the intelligence of a underway in the late fifties, there seemed to
agree on a definition of thought, in this program, we should ask these questions: be good cause for optimism. Some
extended sense. The need for a clearly How much of the information in the impressive programs were written then
defined goal might seem to justify the program is applicable only to certain types notably Samuel's checkers program and
customary emphasis on intelligent be- of tasks? Can it, like a conventional Gelernter's program for proving theorems
havior. program, apply only specific instructions in plane geometry. Contrary to expecta-
Still, thought is no more vague a to the problem, or can it utilize factual tions, still more powerful programs did not
concept than intelligent behavior. Neither information? Can it use any fact, or only soon materialize. It now appears that
can be defined; both must be judged certain kinds of facts? How flexibly does it many an impressive first step was not a step
subjectively. The skeptic's judgment that use the facts in the data base? How well toward AI at all. Progress in producing
the mechanism of an AI program is not does it retrieve from the data base just intelligent behavior is not necessarily
thought is just as valid as the proponent's those facts that are relevant to the progress towards producing thought.
judgment that its behavior is intelligent. problem? Are its problem-solving methods In recent years, AI researchers have
Success in problem solving is an objective organized as a rigid procedure, or are they become more aware of the difficulties to be
criterion, but (as we have seen) an activated flexibly as the situation changes? overcome. Nowadays it is mainly the
insufficient one. Those aspects of behavior The existing programs that are general public that is misled by reliance on
that indicate true intelligence - flexibility, relatively intelligent by these criteria are behavior as a criterion of intelligence.
adaptability, and the ability to learn and unimpressive problem solvers. This isn't Demonstrations of alleged artificial
understand - are difficult to measure surprising and shouldn't be discouraging, intelligence can be deceptively impressive
objectively. since there are many aspects of thought because of the force of analogy. It is
Although thought can't be defined that are not well understood. Real progress natural to assume that appropriate and
46 CREATIVE COMPUTING
• The Analyzer™
•The Controller®
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Intelligent, continued ...
seemingly purposeful behavior results
from thought. Laymen aren't in a position
to examine the program and determine
whether it is a bag of ad hoc tricks or an
approximation of true thought.
Since chess is one of the best-known
and longest studied task domains, it.makes
a good case in point. Claude Shannon
proposed in 1950 that a chess program
could serve as a pilot project for programs
that could do useful thinking, such as
engineering design. Early succe~s in
writing programs that played mediocre
chess was followed by a long period of little
apparent progress. Finally, the Slate-
Atkin program CHESS (I omit the ever-
changing version number) asto~nded
everyone by achieving an Expert ratmg-
three levels above the rating of the average
tournament player.
Many people overrate the significance
of the progress in chess programming.
Contrary to a widespread belief, it does not
harbinger machine play of world might shed light on habit-knowledge in
consciousness. We don't know, for
championship caliber. While CHESS has general.
example, how habits of thought organize
highly sophisticated tree-searching tech- problem solving purposefully yet flexibly. The obstacles to making explicit the
niques, it contains very little information Expertise consists of knowledge knowledge that underlies chess skill are
about chess. Its success proves only that about objects and of successful habits. formidable. No chess program has a
shallow but exhaustive analysis is more Knowledge about objects is largely hundredth part of the knowledge of a
effective than anyone anticipated. Further conscious. It can be, and often is, written human expert. Moreover, it won't suffice
surprises are possible, but it seems likely down in the form of declarative English to encode the knowledge by the usual
that programs will need far more chess
method of the programmer: visualizing a
knowledge in order to compete with top-
situation and asking himself what he
ranking players. It will be difficult to build
would do in that situation. The covert
more knowledge into CHESS without The goal of artificial intel- knowledge that leads to the decision must
slowing it down so much that it loses its
tactical skill. ligence is the creation of be made explicit. This is a much harder
task, and it is only the beginning.
The contribution of chess program- programs that think. Im- Once expertise is expressed as pieces
ming to the science of AI is essentially nil.
Some of the techniques used in chess provement of the be- of information, a procedure is needed for
utilizing them to produce the desired
programs can be applied to other games. havior of programs is too behavior. Because intelligent programs
However, they tell us nothing about
reasoning processes that can be applied often accomplished by generate their responses indirectly by
combining pieces of information, it is hard
generally. As pilot studies for programs ruses of no general use.. to predict their behavior. They can be
that could do engineering design, or
anything useful, they are complete failures. fulness. improved only by laborious trial and error.
Writing truly intelligent programs for large
I am afraid that a picture is being
task domains is much more difficult than
created in the public mind of impressive,
writing pseudo-intelligent programs for
sustained progress in AI. I see blind sentences. Habit-knowledge is covert.
small task domains.
groping and halting progress. Extravagant Methods of problem solving are learned
To write pseudo-intelligent programs,
expectations are likely to be followed by mainly from examples and by trial and
we need only use our knowledge. To write
picayune results, arousing suspicions that error. An expert knows far more than he is
intelligent programs, we must make our
AI researchers don't know what they are able to put into words. So it is in chess. The
knowledge explicit. The volume of
doing or that AI is an impossible goal. chess literature is full of advice about the
knowledge needed for useful problem
Indeed, critics of AI like Hubert Dreyfus evaluation of positions. It has almost
solving and the inaccessibility of much of it
have already exploited overly optimistic nothing to say about why the expert
pose a serious problem. Failure to grasp
predictions for purposes of ridicule. considers one move and not another.
this problem has caused much of the
Funding may eventually be affected. The Combinative skill is acquired by practice,
excessive optimism with which the field of
public shouldn't be led to expect of the not by learning rules.
AI has been afflicted. It has also impaired
young science of AI the predictable In a typical chess position, there are
the effectiveness of AI research.
progress characteristic of the mature usually about three moves worth serious
sciences. consideration. In combinative variations,
Neglected Problems
The early AI programs were based on the average is less than two. It has proven
casual observation of the human thinking difficult to write chess programs that come The emphasis on the performance of
process. One reason for undue optimism close to this degree of selectivity. The AI programs to the neglect of the processes
was, perhaps, the. belief that introspection highly selective programs tend to perform they use had an unfavorable effect on AI
would quickly provide an adequate picture poorly. Yet, it is the selection problem that research, particularly in the early years.
of the mechanism of thought. Unfortu- is particularly relevant to AI. An under- Lately, AI researchers have become more
nately, vital steps lie beyond the fringes of standing of the habits that guide the chess aware that their programs should do more
expert's analysis into productive channels than give the appearance of intelligence.

48 CREATIVE COMPUTING
Even today, though, there seems to be a skills like arithmetic in a form suitable for his general knowledge of problem solving
tendency to neglect certain fundamental AI. We would like to be able to represent a to produce a new pattern of behavior.
problems. skill as individual units of information that Computer instructions, frozen in a rigid
The quest for impressive program can be learned from examples and used procedure, aren't available for any purpose
performance sometimes results in the flexibly in a variety of situations. An except the one task that the procedure
selection of overly complex task domains, understanding of just what it is that we performs.
although the trend is now towards simpler learn when we learn arithmetic would be Other poorly understood aspects of
ones. In the fifties, programs played valuable for pedagogy as well. thought have also been neglected in the
checkers and proved mathematical Surely, arithmetic calculation is rush to produce programs that do
theorems. In the seventies, they rearranged "intelligent behavior." The thought something impressive. Many AI programs
blocks and figured out how to turn on the process that underlies routine behavior is rely heavily on formal logic, which is
light switch. This return to the nursery has simpler, perhaps, than that which gives rise essentially an idealization of one aspect of
excited some ridicule, particularly among human thought. Relatively little work has
Soviet scholars, but it seems to me to be a been done on analogy formation, concept
constructive development. It seems likely
The seeming intelligence formation, learning, and so on. It would
that most of the ingredients of intelligence of many a program is seem more logical to devote the most effort
will manifest themselves in the solution of to those aspects of thought that are least
simple problems. The use of complex task
belied by its mechanism. understood.
domains tends to divert attention from the The Outlook
study of thought processes to the study of to creative problem solving. Nevertheless,
the subject matter of the task domain. it is worth modeling on the computer, if Progress in AI is not as great as it may
There remains a curious omission in only in order to develop intelligent appear. The seeming intelligence of many a
the sorts of things that AI programs do. business programs, which would be easier program is belied by its mechanism. The
They never perform tasks for which there is to communicate with and modify than slow rate of progress should not, however,
a known procedure - arithmetic, for conventional ones. This problem has been be taken as evidence that AI is impossible.
example, or payroll accounting. A bona neglected apparently because conventional The advent of the computer has stimulated
fide AI program, it seems, must use some programs are believed, on the basis of their work in the psychology of thinking, but
sort of hit-or-miss search. Programs that behavior, to be adequate models of routine great areas of ignorance remain. Pro-
sometimes fail to find an answer are, skills. gramming is notoriously a slow activity.
oddly, regarded as more intelligent than It is clear, however, that programs Writing intelligent programs is even
those that always succeed. and people do arithmetic very differently. slower, because of the indirect linkage
Nevertheless, an intelligent program A person can use his knowledge of between the program and the problem-
that does arithmetic would be well worth arithmetic to solve cryptarithms, for solving behavior. We can expect progress
writing. We still don't know how to example. The same knowledge that he uses to accelerate once sufficient fundamental
represent the information that underlies for routine calculations is combined with knowledge is at hand. 0

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FEBRUARY 1981 51
 The· Problem
Of Defining Intelligence

David Lubar

One of the first phrases any fledgling argument, do not give the term a defini-
philosophy student learns is "Define your tion which presumes the conclusion of the
terms." This catch-all argument stopper argument.
has been used and abused for centuries. This is known as begging the question.
While its use may be hazardous to your It is not a very nice habit.
health (look what happened to Socrates), A few more words are needed on this
there are cases, such as discussions con- subject. Take the question, "Is a rabbit a
cerning artificial intelligence, where it is fish?" The answer, "By definition, a rabbit
crucial to define the terms. Careless selec- isn't a fish," might seem to violate Rule 1,
tion of a definition can make further dis- but it doesn't. In this case, the meaning of
cussion of AI pointless. To take an "rabbit" has been established by scientific
obvious example, imagine a dogmatic consensus. The existence of fish does not
biologist (let's call him Felix Canus) who change this definition. If the question was,
asserts, "Intelligence IS a property pos-
sessed by all higher organisms." (The
astute reader will notice that this is not As an example: AI will be achieved
really a definition. The astute and argu- when a computer duplicates the workings
mentative reader might ask Canus to de- Artificial intelligence is of the human brain.
fine "higher organism.") Armed with this Here, "intelligence" is not strictly
pseudo-definition, Canus will answer the a talking rabbit. defined. Instead, a criterion for its exis-
question of the possible existence of AI tence is established. Rule 1 is not broken
with an emphatic "NO!" The dogmatism since the implicit definition (that intel-
can swing 180 degrees. For example: "In- ligence is the result of certain physical
telligence is a property possessed by all elements connected and operating in a
higher biological and artificial computing "Is a talking rabbit a rabbit?" the situation certain way) does not force a stand for or
devices." would be different. Here, science would against the possible existence of AI. One
The above examples would obviously have to establish (or settle on) an answer. can use the example to enforce either
be useless in ariy serious, open-minded Relying on the previous definition (con- view. ProfessorCanus might say, "We can
discussibn of AI. While they are blatantly structed before the discovery of talking never duplicate the brain. Therefore, arti-
bad, they do have subtle counterparts rabbits) would violate Rule 1 because, in ficial intelligence is impossible." His
which are not so easily recognized. The this case, the answer to the question will opponent, using the same initial defini-
focus of this article will be to examine the become part of the future definition. tion, might conclude, "We can duplicate
flaws and strengths of different kinds of Artificial intelligence is a talking rabbit. the brain. It's only a matter of time. So
definitions, and to determine what is Now for some various definitions of "in- artificial intelligence is possible."
needed for a working definition. telligence" and the problems related to Unfortunately, they are both wasting
In the spirit of maintaining a scholarly these definitions. The first kind that will their time. While the example doesn't
facade, and since it helps break up the be considered establishes a standard of violate Rule 1, it has other problems. Two
monotony of paragraphs, let's put the one sort or another which must be assumptions have been made. First, that
above discussion into a formal rule. attained by a computer if it is to be accept- humans are intelligent. We can, with only
Rule 1: In defining a term within an ed as intelligent. minor discomfort, accept this. The second

52 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 AvaiJability

DYNACOMP DYNACOMP software is supplied with complete documentation containing clear explanations
examples. All programs will run within 16K program memory space (ATARI requires 24K). Except where
noted, programs are available on ATARI, PET, TRS·80 (Level II) and Apple (Appiesoft)
diskette as well as North Star single density (double density compatible) diskette. Additionally,
and

cassette and
most pro-
grams can be obtained on standard 8" CP/M floppy disks for systems running under MBASIC.
Quality software for:
ATARI TRS-80 (Level 11)* BUSINESS and UTILITIES
PET NORTH STAR MAIL LIST II (Nortb Star only) Price: $11.95
APPLE II Plus CP/M 8" Disk This many-featured program now includes full alphabetic and zip code sorting as well as file merging.
Entries can be retrieved by user-defined code, client name or Zip Code. The printout format allows the
use of standard size address labels. Each diskette can store more than 1100 entries (single density; over
2200 with double density systems)!

TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Price: $14.95 Cassette

GAMES $18.95 Diskette
An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simple paragraph in-
BRIDGE 2.0 (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette dexing. This text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quite capable of handling much
$11.95 Diskette larger jobs. Available for all computers.
An all-inclusive version of this most popular of card games. This program both BIDS and PLAYS
either contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your computer opponents will either PERSONAL FINANCE SYSTEM (ATARI only) Price: 534.95 Diskette
play the offense OR defense. If you bid too high, the computer will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0 PFS is a single disk menu oriented system composed of 10 programs designed to organize and simplify
provides challenging entertainment for advanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge your personal finances. Features include a 300 transaction capacity; fast access; 26 optional user codes;
novice. data retrieval by month, code or payee; optional printing of reports; checkbook balancing; bar graph
plotting and more. Also provided on the diskette is AT ARI DOS 2.
HEARTS 1.5 (Availal1le for all computers) Price: $14.95 C••••
tte FINDIT (Nortb Star only) Price: $19.95
$18.95 Diskette This is a three-in-one program which maintains information accessible by keywords of three types: Per-
An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is a trick-oriented sonal (e.g., last name), Commercial (eg: plumbers) and Reference (eg: magazine articles, record
game in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of spades. Play against two computer albums, etc). In addition to keyword searches, there are birthday, anniversary and appointment search-
opponents who are armed with hard-to-beat playing strategies. es for the personal records and appointment searches for the commercial records. Reference records
are accessed by a single keyword or by cross-referencing two or three keywords.
CRIBBAGE 2.0 (TRS-80 only) Price: $14.95 Cassette
$18.95 Diskette DFILE (Nortb Star only) Price: $19.95
This is a well-designed and nicely executed two-handed version of the classic card game, cribbage. It is This handy program allows North Star users to maintain a specialized data base of all files and pro-
an excellent program for the cribbage player in search of a worthy opponent as well as the beginner grams in the stack of disks which invariably accumulates. DFILE is easy to set up and use. It will
wishing to learn the game, in particular the scoring and jargon. The standard cribbage score board is organize your disks to provide efficient locating of the desired file or program.
continually shown at the top of the display (utilizing the TRS-80's graphics capabilities), with the cards
shown underneath. The computer automatically scores and also announces the points using the tradi- COMPARE (Nortb Star only) Price: $11.95
tional phrases. COMPARE is a single disk utility software package which compares two BASIC programs and dis-
plays the file sizes of the programs in bytes, the lengths in terms of the number of statement lines, and
the line numbers at which various listed differences occur. COMPARE permits the user to examine ver-
CHESS MASTER (North Star and TRS-80 only) Price: $19.95 Cassette sions of his software to verify which are the more current, and to clearly identify the changes made dur-
$13.95 Diskette ing development.
This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. It includes castling, en passant
captures and the promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may be preset before the start of play, COMPRESS (Nortb Star only) Price: $11.95
permitting the examination of "book" plays. To maximize execution speed, the program is written in COMPRESS is a single-disk utility program which removes all unnecessary spaces and (optionally)
assembly language (by SOFfW ARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in the REMark statements from North Star BASIC programs. The source file is processed one line at a time,
TRS-80 version. and two widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Star thus permitting very large programs to be compressed using only a small amount of computer memory.
File compressions of 20-50% are commonly achieved.

STARTREK 3.2 (Available for all computers) Price: $ 9.95 Cassette GRAFIX (TRS-80 only) Price: $11.95 Cassette
$13.95 Diskette $16.95 Diskette
This is the classic Startrek simulation, but with several new features. For example, the Klingons now This unique program allows you to easily create graphics directly from the keyboard. You "draw"
shoot at the Enterprise without warning while also attacking sterbeses in other quadrants. The your figure using the program's extensive cursor controls. Once the figure is made, it is automatically
Klingons also attack with both light and heavy cruisers and move when shot at! The situation is hectic appended to your BASIC program as a string variable. Draw a "happy face", call it H$ and then print
when the Enterprise is besieged by three heavy cruisers and a starbase S.O.S. is received! The Klingons it from your program using PRINT H$t This is a very easy way to create and save graphics.
get even!
TIDY (TRS-80 only) Price: $10.95 Cassette
$14.95 Diskette
SPACE TILT (Apple only) Price: $10.95 Cassette TIDY is an assembly language program which allows you to renumber the lines in your BASIC pro-
$14.95 Diskette grams. TIDY also removes unnecessary spaces and REMark statements. The result is a compacted
Use the game paddles to tilt the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball into a hole in the screen. Sound BASIC program which uses much less memory space and executes significantly faster. Once loaded,
simple? Not when the hole gets smaller and smaller! A built-in timer allows you to measure your skill TIDY remains in memory; you may load any number of BASIC programs without having to reload
against others in this habit-forming action game. TIDY!

GAMES PACK I and GAMES PACK II Price: $ 9.95 each. C••••

tte
$13.95 each, Diskette
GAMES PACK I contains BLACKJACK, LUNAR LANDER. CRAPS, HORSERACE, SWITCH
and more. GAMES PACK II includes CRAZY EIGHTS, JOITO, ACEY-DUCEY, LIFE, WUMPUS SIMULATIONS and EDUCATION
and others. Available for all computers.
Why pay $5.95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just $9.95?
BLACK HOLE (Apple only) Price: $14.95 Cassette
$18.95 Diskette
STUD POKER (ATARI only) Price: $11.95 Cassette This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problems involved in closely observing a black hole with
$15.95 Diskette a space probe. The object is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, an orbit close to a small black
This is the classic gambler's card game. The computer deals the cards one at a time and you (and the hole. This is to be achieved without coming so near the anomaly that the tidal stress destroys the probe.
computer) bet on what you see. The computer does not cheat and usually bets the odds. However, it Control of the craft is realistically simulated using side jets for rotation and main thrusters for accelera-
sometimes bluffs! Also included is a five card draw poker betting practice program. This package will tion. This program employs Hi-Res graphics and is educational as well as challenging.
run on a 16K ATARI.

VALDEZ (AvaUable for all computers) Price: $14.95 C••••

tte
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STATISTICS and ENGINEERING A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and Valdez Narrows. The pro-
gram uses an extensive 256X2S6 element radar map and employs physical models of ship response and
tidal patterns. Chart your own course through ship and iceberg traffic. Any standard tenninal may be
DATA SMOOTHER (Not available for ATARI) Price: $14.95 Cassette used for display.
$18.95 Diskette
This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information from noisy
business and engineering data which are equally spaced. The software features choice in degree and FLIGHT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette
range of fit, as well as smoothed first and second derivative calculation. Also included is automatic $11.95 Diskette
plotting of the inputdata and smoothed results. A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. The program utilizes
aerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches
and navigation using radials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops,
FOURIER ANALYZER (Available for aU computers) Price: $14.95 C••••
tte half-rolls and similar aerobatic maneuvers.
$18.95 Diskette
Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program features
automatic scaling and plotting of the input data and results. Practical applications include the analysis TEACHER'S PET I (AvaUable for aU computers) Price: $ 9.95 C••••
tte
of complicated patterns in such fields as electronics, communications and business. $13.95 Diskette
This is the first of DYNACOMP's educational packages. Primarily intended for pre-school to grade 3,
TEACHER'S PET provides the young student with counting practice, letter-word recognition and
TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: $19.95 Cassette three levels of math skill exercises.
$23.95 Diskette
This is a special software package which may be used to evaluate the transfer functions of systems such
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well as data editing features. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER is designed for educational and scien-
tific use, TFA is an engineering tool. Available for all computers. Ordering Information
FOURIER ANALYZER and TFA may be purchased together for a combined price of $29.95
(Cassettes) and $37.95 (Diskettes). All orders are processed and shipped postpaid within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order along
with computer information. If paying by VISA or Master Card, include all numbers on card. For orders
REGRESSION I (AvaUable for aU computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette outside North America add 10" for shipping and handling.
$13.95 Diskette Add $2.50 to diskette price for 8" floppy disk (soft sectored, CP/M, Microsoft BASIC)
REGRESSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial"
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statistical analysis (e.g., standard deviation, correlation coefficient, etc.) and much more. In addition,
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REGRESSION II (p ARAFIT) (Available for aU computers) Price: $19.95 C••••

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$ZJ.~ Di!keUe DYNACOMP, Inc.

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ly) in the fitting function. The user simply inserts the functional form, including the parameters (A(I),
6 Rippingaie Road
A(2), etc.) as one or more BASIC statement lines. Data and results may be manipulated and plotted as Pittsford, New York 14534
with REGRESSION I. Use REGRESSION I for polynomial fitting, and PARAFIT for those com-
plicated functions.
(716) 586-7579
REGRESSION I and II may be purchased together for $36.95 (cassettes) and $44.95 (diskettes) New York State resident!! pIeue add '4'1 NYS saln tax.

CIRCLE 136 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 The Problem, continued ... finition or bring about a need to do any I mean that there may not be one set of
assumption is that a model of the brain redefining. In this case, the machine would defining characteristics, but a number of
will have the same properties as the brain. not be analogous to our talking rabbit. subsets, each of which will be found in
But what is the crucial function which Having found a promising structure, certain cases. This is analogous to the
gives the brain intelligence? Is it speed of another question arises. Can the blanks be problem of defining "art." A statue may
operation? If so, then why couldn't a filled in a satisfactory manner? The selec- have properties A,B, and C; a painting
slightly slower model also possess intel- tion must be made carefully to avoid cir- properties B,C,D, and E; while a movie
ligence? Rather than make a function-by- cularity. (Blatant example time again.) has properties D,E, and F. Both the movie
function analysis of the brain, it would be "Intelligence is the ability to think." and statue are art, though they share no
swifter to show a defect that encompasses "What is 'thinking'?" "Thinking is intel- common characterists. (Please don't send
the entire example. ligent reasoning." As is seen in this ex- me any letters saying that they do share
- Suppose a computer was constructed ample, the definition cannot include characteristics. This is just an example.)
that mirrored the brain. Now, claiming terms whichare synonymous with "intelli- In cases such as this, the definition tends
that it is intelligent would violate Rule 1. gence." Adding to the problem is the fact to become broader and broader until it is
This all might seem frustrating, but it that it is not possible to completely avoid so general that it is almost useless. The
helps emphasize an important point: a de- circularity. The dictionary is finite. If the original definition of what art was had to
finition has no value when applied to a terms of a definition are defined, and the be changed as new forms evolved. Our
future system unless that definition has terms of the new definitions defined, etc., idea of what intelligence is might also
meaning outside of the system. So while sooner or later the same words will crop have to change.
-this kind of definition might be useful as a up. What has to be aimed for is a defini- It should be pointed out that there are
guideline for someone trying to construct tion which isn't immediately circular. two major questions concerning AI. One
a computer which could possibly be intel- Accepting this, the next task is to deter- is, "Can a computer be intelligent?" The
ligent, it can't be used as a premise in an mine the nature of the characteristic or other is, "Is this computer intelligent?"
argument which claims that the resulting characteristics to be used in the defini- Once a definition is established, the
computer is actually intelligent. tion. These characteristics will be exclu- second question can be answered through
Someone who wanted to use the above empirical evidence. The first question can
definition would have to do the follow- be answered either through empirical
ing. First, define "intelligence." Then, evidence (This computer is intelligent.
show that the structure of the brain is such Therefore a computer can be intelligent.),
that it has the properties named in the It is easy to fall prey or, as mentioned before, by finding the
definition. Now he can claim that any physical cause of the properties' men-
computer which mirrors the brain is intel- to human chauvinism tioned in the accepted definition.
ligent. But the second step is extraneous. and use terms which This discussion could go on, but enough
If we can define "intelligence," we don't
have to find the structure which causes it only apply to has already been covered to convey the
problems associated with constructing a
and then recreate this structure. the organic. definition, and the basic requirements of a
(Remember, we are trying to determine
useful definition. The ideal definition of
whether artificial intelligence is possible, intelligence may never be found. A suit-
we are not concerned with the mechanics
able definition, which will be acceptable
of building such a device.) to the majority of scientists, psychologists,
In other words, it's back to square one. sive to intelligent entities. Wait a minute.
Did he say "intelligent"? It seems that, to and philosophers, could be found. But the
How else can "intelligence" be defined?
follow this method, we must assume that selection of this definition must be made
One approach is to relate it to certain
we know what "intelligence" is before de- with great care and thought. See what you
human capabilities. But care must be
fining it. This is not as bad as it sounds, (or your computer) can come up with. D
taken. It is easy to fall prey to human
chauvinism and use terms which only and there are several ways around it. One
apply to the organic. To be blatantly approach would be to start out looking
obvious again, we can't use a definition only for characteristics associated with
such as, "A computer will be intelligent human intelligence. Another approach
when it can cry." This does not mean that would be to hold that recognition is not
a definition of "intelligence" has to be the same thing as definition. We can't
devoid of all human terms. It just means define something unless we can recognize
that the terms cannot be arbitrarily ac- it.
- cepted. Here, someone might make the follow-
Capabilities that might relate to intel- ing objection: "If we can recognize it, we
ligence include originality, problem don't need to define it. We'll know it when
solving ability, and abstract reasoning. A we see it, whether in a human or in a
definition along these lines would be, "In- computer."
telligence is the ability to produce original It is true that we could get by without a
concepts." (Original to the system, not the definition if we could recognize intel-
world.) ligence in a certain computer, while
This type of definition seems b~tter another person might claim that he
than the last one. It makes no assumptions doesn't recognize any such thing in that
that violate Rule 1. It will not force a particular machine. They could only
conclusion for or against the possibility of resolve this by stating what they mean by
AI. Also, if a defiriition of this type is ac- "intelligence." So a definition is still
cepted, the future creation of a machine needed.
which produces original concepts (or Getting back to the definition, one
does whatever else is involved in the ac- other problem arises. It is possible that © Creative Computing
COR"
cepted definition) will not affect the de- "intelligence" is an open concept. By this,

54 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 Find Your Way Around
The New Apple' DOS
With The Dakinfi'
Programming Aids 3.3©

Dakin5 Corporation, a Colorado software house, is making The Diskette Copy is a diskette-to-diskette copy program
available to the public 12 utility programs on one 16 sector that does more than just copy. First, the program verifies the
diskette, utilizing the new Apple DOS 3.3,which provides 23% input. Then it formats an output disk, copies each track, and
more storage. checks that the output matches the input. Additional options
These menu-driven utilities will facilitate the development allow you to either initialize a diskette without DOS, or to
of your own microcomputer programs. create a copy without DOS, thereby increasing storage by 32
All of the Dakin5 Programming Aids 3.3 programs are also sectors. You may even create a copy with a different volume
compatible with the Corvus Disk Drive system. number than the original.
This 12-in-1 set of utility programs accomplishes the The Array Editor is a simple word processor that allows you
following: to create, modify, print and save your own text or EXECfiles.
The Lister sends BASIC programs to the printer to be listed, The Screen Printer permits contents of the text screen to
utilizing the full line capacity of the printer. Pagination and be sent to the printer at any time the keyboard isactive (i.e. the
page headings, including program name and date, are also cursor is visible). This Screen Printer program remains in effect
provided as additional options. until you press RESETor "reboot" the system.
The Line Cross Reference produces a display or a printed The Prompter is a data entry subroutine that handles both
listing of all lines referenced by GOTO, THEN, GOSUB, LISTor string and numeric data. You have the option of using
RUN statements in an Applesoft BASIC program. Cross- commas, decimal points and leading zeros with right-justified
referencing of most programs is done in a few seconds. An numerics. Alphanumeric data is left justified with trailing
option allows you to print only the line numbers referenced in spacesadded as required. With the Prompter you are also able
GOSUBstatements. to specify maximum field length to prevent overflow in both
The Variable Cross Reference creates a display or a printed numeric and alphanumeric fields. You can even define your
listing of all variable names used in an Applesoft BASIC own set of valid characters.
program, showing all line numbers where a given variable
The Cruncher removes REM statements, unreferenced
name is used.
(dead) code, and compresses code in Applesoft programs. This
The Peeker displays or prints either all or selected records
will increase the speed of your programs; memory and disk
from a text file.
space savings could be more than 45%.
The Patcher allows you to display any sector of a given file
Many of these utility programs have been developed and
or program, and then to update any data within that sector.
tested for in-house use while producing The Controller"
Another option permits you to specify the sector you wish to
business package for Apple Computer Inc.
update such asdirectory sectors and sectors occupied by DOS.
The Copier copies absolutely ANY type of file or program Each programming aids package includes a program disk-
on a normally formatted diskette from one diskette to another. ette and very complete documentation, all attractively pack-
The name of the program or file is the ONLY information aged in a padded, blue print vinyl3-hole notebook with silver
needed. lettering. An identifying tab separates each program for
The Calculator adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides very
large numbers using numeric string data. The Calculator
subroutine (using twenty place accuracy) is written in Assem-
convenient reference.
See your Apple dealer or contact
Dakin5 Corporation, P.O. Box 21187,
D'AKINS
bler code, and runs much faster than an equivalent BASIC Denver, Colorado 80221.Telephone: CORPORATION

subroutine. 800-525-0463.Visa or MC welcome.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer lnc. The Controller is a registered trademark of DakinS Corporation.

CIRCLE 122 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 I Compute - Therefore I Am

Jim Connor
each respond to a Turing test? Is behavior
Of course the title will remind many of
at all adequate as a sign and measure of
Descartes's "I think, therefore I am" and
intelligence, or a cop-out? But if I can only
others of Sartre's "I am bored, therefore I
be sure that I myself am thinking, do Ihave
am." A comparison of the possible
any choice besides behavior as a clue to
meanings of these three statements and
another person thinking? Is intelligence the
their implications could prove en-
same as reason? If so, must it be logical?
lightening to the field of AI.
Are intuition and creativity close to 'leaps
While "thinking" is important for
of faith', or better considered as non-
Descartes as the one thing he cannot
logical reasoning?
doubt, the idea of reason and thought as a
Other questions about values and
part of the definition of a human was
prejudices, limitations and assumptions
canonized by Aristotle two thousand years
need to be asked;
earlier. And when Aquinas, in the 13th
Do we today have an intrinsic fear of
century, based Christian theology on this
any machine more sophisticated than a
Greek outlook, the position of reason was
through the subdisciplines of logic, typewriter (Example of familiarity breed-
further emphasized. Within this tradition
cognition, behavior, etc. And perhaps ing contempt at low levels)?
Descartes would separate the spiritual,
nowhere in history has there been such a Do we unconsciously assume that
reasoning soul from the mechanical body.
close, constant, and mutually dependent animals and robots are qualitatively less
And soon after, Newton's joining of
union of the craft and scholarly traditions endowed intellectually than human~ are?
heavens and earth under the law of
- the wedding of theory and technique. On the other hand, do we optimistically
universal gravitation led many to a
Its youth has led it to make rash regard all limitations as temporary, bound
mechanized view of the world. It could be
claims, to discount older traditions to to be overcome in time?
considered a gigantic, magnificent clock in
advance in practice without direction from Do we consider ourselves having been
absolute space and time, with God as
theory, to confuse the parts with the whole, 'programmed' by our parents, DNA, and
clockrnaker.
the means with the ends, the process with our early surroundings?
But for many moderns, such a view is
the product. Yet its growth has been The aim of this short paper, then, is to
the opposite of the truth. Even without
magnificent. Brilliant, energetic, clever, far point out some of the successes in AI, some
Einstein's contribution, there are no such
reaching scientist-technician-theoreticians of the areas of continuing problems, some
absolutes of space and time and clocks and
have inspired one another to great leaps in of the prejudices and the difficulties
gods. To existentialists, phenomenolo-
a short time. And it will probably continue encountered in achieving worthwhile
gists, etc. Sartre's boredom can be much
in the near future. results. To do this, let us move through a
more meaningful than Descartes's
When one field merges with and brief history of some of the problems, then
thought. In fact, one of the results of Al
affects so many others, there are great assemble some yeses about what has been
seems to be that we know very little about
problems with finding common ground by done, and some noes about what has not
computers, about human intelligence, or
way of accepted definitions, stated and some definite maybes about the future:
about boredom. And the more we learn
premises, hidden assumptions. The levels The problems, in order of successes:
about AI, the more respect and awe we
~t which discussions take place is very Prove math theorems
have for Human Intelligence.
Important; the questions asked must be the Simulate experts
The basic problems connected with
right ones, the insightful ones, the Play games
AI center around its youth and its breadth.
productive ones. Respond to language
While still only some two decades old, it
For example, questions about the
has profoundly influenced such disparate Prove Theorems
definitions are extremely important: How
disciplines as linguistics, mathematics,
many varieties of AI are there? What is If reasoning and thinking are marks of
philosophy, and psychology, especially
Human Intelligence? Are there levels, intelligence, certainly proof of A I would be
varieties? Where do Animal Intelligence, found with a machine that was able to
Jim Connor, 14A Washington Mews, New York, NY Infant Intelligence, the brain injured, and solve math problems. And this was done
10009. the superhuman genius all fit? How would early and well. Not only do computer

56 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 CP88tiv8
s6RsationaI computinJ1
SOftW8P6 SOftW8P8

Super Invasion 3Adventures

and Space War DiskCS-4513 $39.95
Requires 48K Apple II or Apple II Plus
Adventureland (by Scott Adams)
You'll encounter wild animals,
dwarfs and many other puzzles
and perils as you wander through
Disk CS-4508 $29.95
Requires 48K Apple II or Apple II Plus an enchanted world, trying to res-
cue the 13 lost treasures. Can
Super Invasion you rescue the Blue Ox from the
quicksand? Or find your way out
This original invasion game features superb
of the maze of pits? Happy
high resolution graphics, nail biting tension
Adventuring!
and hilarious antics by the moon creatures.
Fifty-five aliens whiz across the screen, Pirate Adventure (by Scott
quickening their descent, challenging you Adams)- "Yo Ho Ho and a bottle
to come out from behind your blockades of rum. " You'll meet up with
and pick them off with your lasers. A self- the pirate and his daffy bird along
running "attract] mode" makes it easy to with many strange sights as you
learn and demonstrate the game. Game' attempt to go from your London
paddles are required. flat to Treasure Island. Can you
recover Long John Silver's lost
treasures? Happy sailing matey ..
Space War
Mission Impossible Adventure (by
Take command in Space War. Select from Scott Adams)- Good Morning,
five game modes, including reverse gravity, Your mission is to... and so it
and the battle begins. Challenge your op- starts. Will you be able to complete
ponent with missle fire, force him to collide your mission in time? Or is the
with the sun or to explode upon re-entry world's first automated nuclear
from hyperspace. Be wary ... He may circle reactor doomed? This one's well
out of sight and re-appear on the opposite named, its hard, there is no magic
side of the galaxy.(This is the classic MIT but plenty of suspense.
game redisgned especially for the Apple.) Good Luck.

Space and Sports Games Strategy and Brain Games

Disk CS-4501 $24.95 8 programs Requires 32k Apple II or Apple II Plus Disk CS-4502 $24.95 12 programs Requires 32K Apple II or Apple II Plus

1
:2
:3 t:

Star Wars. Shoot down as many TIE fighters Breakout. Four skill levels and improved Blockade. Build a wall to trap your opponent,
" A
B D

Dodgem. Be the first to move all your pieces

as possible in 90 seconds. . scoring make this the best breakout ever. but don't hit anything. across the board in this intriguing strategy
game.
Saucer Invasion. Fire missles to destroy Nuclear Reaction. A game of skill, fast
the invaders who fly at different speeds decisions and quick reversals of position.
and altitudes. UFO. Use lasers, warheads or guns to des-
Rocket Pilot. Maneuver your spaceship over troy an enemy spacecraft.
the mountain using horizontal and vertical Genius. A fast-moving trivia quiz with scores
thrusters. of questions.
Torpedo Alley. Sink as many warships as Parrot. A Simon-type game with letters and
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 I Compute, continued ... Meanwhile, other medical simula- chess programs are not 'intelligent' in the
tions have been developed that also can way that humans are. These programs
programs do arithmetic calculations easily pass Turing's test. There are Mac depend on speed, not strategy and the use
correctly at fantastic speeds, but also man (heart, blood pressure), Mac puf of a large memory, while human experts
algebra, plane geometry, and calculus. By (lungs, respiration), Mac dope (drug seem to have less than 100 patterns in
1963 Slagle's SAINT could solve complex effects), and Mac pee (kidney, body mind. Moreover, very intelligent people
integration problems in eleven minutes; by fluids), etc. (Ahmed & Sweeney 1980, p. are often mediocre chess players, while
1967 Moses' SIN could solve such 112). The philosophical questions asked at some chess experts would not be con-
problems at the level of the large inte- the outset still remain, however. Do we sidered extremely intelligent.
gration tables in nine seconds! (Jackson, consider enough the behavior that allows
1974 p 90) but.far mere surprising than the the machine to pass the Turing test? Does Language
speed in solving integration problems and becoming imply being or imitation imply
the solving of 38 of the 52 theorems in the the essence? D9 we consider it realistic to When Understanding Natural Lan-
Principia Mathematica of Russell and talk about intelligence in such a narrow guage (Winograd,1972) described
Whitehead was the finding of a better domain since we have to start somewhere, SHERDLU, the program was hailed as a
proof for one of the theorems a.85).And however small? great breakthrough. Previous attempts to
the computer had not been told to find it! understand language and translate
Two experts in medical simulation
Russian into English had failed by the mid
The important point here is that what have recently answered these questions in
60's, but programs like ELIZA, SAD
we normally associate with intelligence the negative;' saying that human intelli-
SAM, STUDENT and SIR had been able
and a high degree of reasoning ability and gence . is' still far beyond our most
to respond to language in limited ways.
logic was done early and comparatively sophisticated programs (Szolovits, Pauker
They seemed to fool the public by clever
easily by the computer. Another 'symbol of 1978, pp.1l5-144). They speak of a human
simulations, reactions to key words,
intelligence,' chess, took a bit longer. medical expert using both categorical
phrases or syntactic structures. Clues from
(deterministic) and probablistic (eviden-
the context were very unsophisticated if
Simulations tial) reasoning in diagnosis. Other con-
present at all. On the other hand,
cepts mentioned as suitable substitutes
Possibly the easiest Artificial Intelli- SHERDLU used a heterarchical rather
for probabalistic were "belief functions"
gence programs to pass the Turing test than hierarchical approach and repre-
and "fuzzy. set theory," giving perspective
would be those that simulated expert sented knowledge as procedures rather
behavior. These would be problem solvers to the level at which the authors ap-
than stored items.
in other than mathematical and game areas proached the problem.
The 'physical result' could be seen as
that solve less abstract, more practical and They consider four programs of
simulated on a CRT. A robot moved
therefore more "human" problems. The Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: PIP,
blocks of various shapes and colors in and
first really competent one, DENDRAL, INTERNIST, CASNET and MYCIN,
out of a box, all on a table top. There was
was developed by Feigebaum (1971)and rating all as quite impressive (thus able to
an interactive English dialog. The robot
operates at the level of a Ph.D. chemist in pass the Turing test) but not reasoning at a
acted on commands, gave answers, and
truly expert level. That is, none covers the
analyzing the composition of organic asked questions. There was an interplay
spectrum as adequately as a human expert,
materials. between semantic and syntactic programs
combining the categorical and its narrow
The basic attempt was to simulate a as well as a deduction program. The great
context with the probabalistic and its
chemist using the mass spectrograph. Thus breakthrough! But nothing comparable
many comparisons - on the way to
'the route followed Turing's direction that has been done since. The state of the art at
recommending therapy. Where one
since we do not know if it is better to the practical level is dormant, waiting for
routine will be too strict, others will be too
imitate the human approach or aim the next thrust.
broad, allowing the diagnosis to go on and
directly at getting .the final results, we
on rather than deciding when it is
should work on both together. To under- Limitations
complete, etc. Again we can ask the early
stand the psychological workings, expert
questions but meanwhile realize even more But in spite of all of the successes,
chemists were watched and questioned as
how much Artificial Intelligence is helping proofs and hopes mentioned up to now,
to what they were doing and why. Howdid
each field as it challenges it to examine its there are still objections. Those who argue
they select a few hypotheses out of all the
possible ones that could be induced from tenets, its procedures, its results to a depth the existence of a truth for humans to the
not reached before Artificial Intelligence supernatural level cannot really be
the vast number of details presented by the
mass spectrograph? Thus the DENDRAL entered the arena. answered here other than to say such
would not be against reason, but above
problem was like that of the checkers and
Play Games reason. Rather, let us consider two
chess programs - how many ways did the
objections at the natural, rational level.
experts look at things? How many "rules of Some games are more difficult than
One is from the philosophers, the other
thumb," short cuts, heuristics were at their others. They require more 'intelligence,'
command? How did they decide? from the mathematical logicians.
usually dependent on the number of
But this approach was the opposite of possible 'moves' or combinations of them.
Limits from Philosophy - Intuition
the general problem solver (GPS) attempt. "Tic-tac-toe" was solved quickly. So was
In simulations, a great amount of data was the IS-Puzzle (15 blocks in 4x4 squares; As representative of the group of
considered but only in one narrow field. move to find a certain configuration); it philosophers that hold some elements of
And the authors of DENDRAL believed only required Y:i of 16! moves, about ten science as unaccountable, Michael Polanyi
that the process could not be too far trillion. Checkers was harder, with some holds a prime place. Well known and
removed from workings of the human 1040 possibilities, but Samuels had a respected for his views on science,
intelligence or humans' could not under- championship program by 1962. Chess philosophy and mathematics, he believes
stand it. The current state of the art is to was much, much harder with 10120 possible that there is more than explicit reasoning
use the results and skills gained from moves. And while Simon had predicted a used in science. This, he says, was
DENDRAL to find a Meta-DENDRAL grand-master program by 1968, another acknowledged even by Kant when, in
where chemists would not have' to be ten years were necessary before Berliner the midst of finding the rules for pure
questioned about their approach, but the (1978) went so far as to say that chess had reason, Kant agreed that no system of rules
knowledge wo uld be acquired auto- entered the jet age. can prescribe the procedure by which the
matically. Yet we must remember that these rules themselves are to be applied. In fact,

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 I Compute, continued ... operate are questions that look to the heart taneously over all machines. The claim is
of scientific inquiry and the power of the only that at anyone time, for any machine,
it's so inscrutable that it "is a skill so deeply mind. no matter how powerful, the mind is
hidden in the human soul that'fe shall always able to triumph because it can go
hardly guess the secret trick tha\\Nature
here employs." We thus\empl0y\some
secret trick every time we gf\J:lerali'~e and
'i
Lim,lj.tsfrom Mathematics

p:Mathematical
_ Gode!

logicans hail 1931 as a

one truth better. That truth states that only
outside-the-system can a general truth
about the validity of the system be known.
speak of dogs or trees or identi~tm'div~ual gte.tt;;l'eakthrough for understanding the Thus a machine can never be equated with
things as a dog or a tre(l.,,~tc. Polan i limit~of their discipline. In his lectures at mind. Whatever level of sophistication
believes that Kant and his stii'cess, Princer~s::::lnstitute of Advanced Study, may be achieved by one machine in any
so very little time on such a powe f Godel~tated his theorem that in any one instance, the mind can always advance
of the mind because they were onsiste"irt system that can produce at least a step beyond. Mind and machine are
afraid of it as too strong an sim~e arithmetic there are formulae which never the same, never equal.
unformalizable agent to be contr \.!frinot be pr 'f¥,ed-in-the-system, but Other, deeper objections may be made
pure reason. ~ :t~ch, from outside-the-system, can be involving deductive, consistent and forinal
To examine "'frow ihis works in 'see~o be true. John Lucas (1963, p.255) systems. These are quite complex and need
practice Polanyi contfd~~ celestial thought that this theorem pointed to an not be covered here as they have been very
mechanics as rigorous and ,relfctive a essential difference between machines and effectively answered by Lucas (1963,
discipline as can be found. Ye 'p1anets are the human mind. He questioned others in p.262). In the concluding remarks to his
not to be found where pre' fcted; they the field of mathematical logic and found paper he states that ever since Newton's
deviate. The question is whetI#r or not the general agreement to the following day the mechanical deterministic model
deviation forms a trend or DIlly a random arguments. has obsessed hil9JioIlhers, unresolved
pattern. And while statistical analysis may A computer satisfies Godel's con- even by Ka thanks to Godel's
be used quite rigorously, how to start using ditions since it essential that a machine, theorem t er will not have to
it and how to interpret the result is far from especially a computer, be the concrete deny free
formalized. (Is a chance pattern 1 in 10 or I expression of a formal system. And since the mora room for faith by
in 100? What is noise and what is such a machine is capable of simple abolishing science. In fact,
significant?) We have two illustrations arithmetic and usually much more, there is
from the history of astronomy: some formula which it is incapable of "It will still be possible to produce
Before Uranus was discovered as a producing as provable-in-the-system. Yet mechanical models of the mind.
planet in 1781, it had been re~~d...a.s-........ we can know it to be true, being outside- Only, now we can see that no
fixed at least seventeen ~,9;'-L'1it en l:-4,.e-system of the machine. mechanical model will be com-
Neptune.w~s discov~e in 18 owing . \ O~r machine n~ed. not be completely pletely adequate, nor any explana-
the predictions ook back determined. So, while It performs a set of tions in purely mechanist terms. We
into the record least two operations under a certain set of rules, and can produce models and explana-
other astro~ ers )1.. rded the it is given the initial information on which tions, and they will be illuminating:
moveJ?ent ,~~his ·.'s~ar" is~garde _ jylis to perform its. calculati.on.s,. it will be but, however far they go, there will
the evidence. Yet thlS,l-S~ Ip- . allowed to randomize. That IS, It ISallowed always remain more to be said.
realiz.vthe)tremen1Gus ~ A to do anything that .is consistent within the There is no arbitrary bound to
,/ ,/ r .. / . .r- f v . scientific enquiry: but no scientific
a~~,I:.c).no~o(} .rriust 1 pret""k"'grea~<!y. system. 1.'hus It can add ~he same ~umber
~ /~seles ~d c~fe;v
be d}f to both sl~es of an equatlO~, not dlffere.nt enquiry can ever exhaust the infinite
variety of the human mind."
/:~ eacfi s igate s a slowly numbers; It can use any valid method of Its
~/ c: mo . is, what is the choice to prove a given theorem as long as (Lucas 1963, pp. 270-271)
so ce, rule; of this insight that the theorem itself is true.
~ allows.-a s'ientist to escape from the It is possible for us to write down on
",r.out til...¢f11imework that began the study paper certain symbols for the initial
Child Prodigy Postscript
t6i' a:h'<l:l~,hancea new interpretation that could assumptions and kinds of operations built
)e~ to a new paradigm (Kuhn, 1962). into the system. We merely list the The careers of gifted children provide
V Intuition is the name given to this operations and the conditions before and an interesting analogy with the difficulties
ability in scientific fields. Accorditl:g to after each operation and finally, the in pattern recognition and understanding
Polanyi, it is the same as perception, it "is a conclusions (e.g., theorems) the 'rn~ language. Prodigies seem to be found most
skill, rooted in our natural sensibility to able to arrive at as being tr .... . , often in the areas of mathematics, chess,
hidden patterns and developed to effective- Godel's theorem says that we can fr a d music. Yet over the years the adults of
ness by a process of learning. Scientific uct . a true conclusion t s group will not keep up to their promise
intuition is one of the higher skills, like d-in-the-system. We can in music as well as in the other two areas. It
music, politics or~oxing, al\;."of which • ut the machine cannot seems that great musicians need to bring to
require special gifts in whrch a few y its~Jhr their discipline the experience of the world
exceptional people greatly exceed all ' .~ ux. It is easy to find a - joy, sorrow, etc., while chess masters
others. Great powers of scientific intuition )lIe to produce truths of and mathematicians do not. So too in
are called originality, for they discover an ter thart'1 human. But no pattern recognition and language under-
things that are mos~lsurprising and make matter what' ruth the machine arrives at, standing. There is such a rich background
men see the world irtll new wayl::1;(Polanyi, there is a truth it cannot arrive at but a of shape, position and color, or semantics
196-219). mind can. In theory we can produce a and syntax that only humans seem to be
In disagreeing with the usual descrip- machine that can do anything a mind can able to make sense of it - so far.
tion of scientific method as setting up a do. But no machinesgan, even in theory, do This is the hope of AI e'nters"
hypothesis and then testing, Polanyi opts everything a mind ~n. Thi~, is true even if to learn enough about the ns\).
for appreciating a deep and promising machines can be made to st)f-replicate and think and the way computers work t ,
problem as more impor!taJ).t yet more improve on one another. The mind will they may get AI to at least simufl\!e hu .
vague than formulating t~e always be able to see at least one truth intelligence very well. PossiblY'in'~.
And it is at the problem fi . more - from outside the system. process AI will achieve more and more
he sees intuition as most i It is important to note that no claim is reason for its existence, seen in "I
are intuitive gifts so rare 11 here made for a mind to triumph simul- compute." o
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FEBRUARY 1981 61
 Are Computers
Alive?
Geoff Simons

Reprinted with permission from Computer Age,

September, 1980. Copyright 1980 by Computer
Age Limited, 4 Valentine Place; London SEl.

mals - are alive, and that this is a matter of particular fields in which the qualities cur-

T
echnological developments do not
proceed in isolation from other social definition. Artefacts may behave as if they rently happen to exist. People get angry
factors. For example, microchip tech- were alive, but they are not really so. They and machines do not. But the notion of
nology is influenced - in its pace of devel- mimic the behaviour of animate creatures any angry robot is not meaningless or self-
opment and in other ways - by current but are themselves inanimate. contradictory. It should not be presumed
public appetites for entertainment and There are difficulties in this approach. If that artefacts could never, by definition,
sophisticated domestic appliances, by the the semantic decision is taken, on a priori experience emotion; or that they could
state of the arms race, and by government grounds, to exclude certain categories as a never be alive.
policies on state investment. matter of principle then linguistic confu- It is interesting to note how 'intelligent'
The technology developments, mediat- sion may arise. Consider the case of mo- has come to denote certain machine sys-
ed by social factors, in turn influence the bile robots. Suppose it had been said, be- tems. When writers first described such
character of society, often in unexpected fore the invention of articulated legs, that systems (eg. computer terminals with pro-
ways. One consequence of computer de- robots would never walk, that walking was, cessing capability), they often put the
velopments is that we are being forced to by definition, something only done by cer- word intelligent in quotes, viz: 'intelligent'
scrutinise many traditional ideas about tain mammals, insects, etc. How would terminals. Such writers often seemed re-
society and people. Atthe most intimate we then describe the behaviour of a biped luctant to admit that machines could exhi-
level we are forced to re-examine what is robot as it progresses across the floor? bit features that characterise the higher
meant by many of the conventional adjec- Surely it walks. animals. But now such quotation marks
tives traditionally applied to human be- This suggests that the limits of language are seldom if ever used: there is frequent
ings - such words as conscious, intelligent, should not be prejudged, that language talk of intelligent peripherals and termi-
thinking, perceptive, free and aware. At one developed for one purpose (eg. to describe nals, machine intelligence, artificial intelli-
level we may even speculate on what it the natural world) may come to be useful gence. The linguistic usage suggests that
means to be alive. There is a consensus that for another (eg. to describe artefacts). For intelligence, suitably defined, can equally
intelligence, defined in some way, can be example, no-one says that only birds, bats characterise certain biological systems and
artificial. Can life be artificial? In what cir- and insects can fly. Aircraft and kites can certain artefacts.
cumstances would we recognise a compu- fly as well. (But do submarines swim? And (The response of one layman to the idea
ter as alive? if not, why not?) of artificial intelligence is nicely described
One unreflective response to such an A consequence of this approach is that by Margaret Boden in Artificial Intelligence
enquiry is to assert that only the recognis- particular 'biological' words - conscious, and Natural Man. In Moscow, attending a
able biological species - the plants and ani- aware, alive, etc. may come to describe arte- conference on artificial intelligence, she
facts. Or they may not. Whether they do encountered a taxi-driver who, on learn-
will depend upon whether the artefacts in ing the name of the conference, 'roared
• Geoff Simons is the Chief EditorofNCC (National
Computing Centre) publications. He is the author of question come to satisfy criteria by which with laughter and made the "crazy-sign"
Introducing Microprocessors (1979), The Uses such qualities are recognised. And the for- against his forehead; nor did he stop doing
of Microprocessors (1980) and Robots in Indus- mulation of the criteria should be general this, his shoulders shaking, until he had
try (1980). in the sense that it is independent of the dropped us at our destination some five

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Alive, continued ... There are obvious similarities between the program. The computer decides what
the biological and artificial systems. Both to do according to the prevailing condi-
exploit the properties of chemical ele- tions, and very often the decision is unpre-
minutes later.' To such a man there was no
ments (carbon and silicon, respectively) dictable to the human programmer. If it is
question of viewing his passengers with
organised in complex arrays to realise par- argued that this is a tightly deterministic
wariness or disdain - 'we offered no
ticular analogous functions. It is likely that system, uncharacteristic of human beings,
threat, just comic relief.')
both types of organisation are physical then two points should be made - 1) there
Before considering the question of
realisations of theoretical two-state logic is a clear sense in which the prevailing
whether computers may be regarded as an
systems. Recent research suggests that conditions that affect computer choice can
emergent life-form, it is worth comment-
certain columns of neurons are analogous be unpredictable (ie. non-deterministic in
ing briefly on some mental attributes that
to computer processors. (In passing, it is the practical sense) and 2) it would be
have traditionally been regarded as char-
interesting to note that silicon has often simple to provide a random (ie. non-deter-
acterising . human beings; namely - been mentioned in speculative writing as ministic) element in computer decision-
thought, consciousness and free will. one possible chemical base for life on other making - if there was any point in doing
Part of the problem in trying to decide planets. Few elements can support the so.
whether computers think is -that we are complex molecules necessary for the lt follows .that decision-making, choice
not quite sure what we understand by metabolic processes in sophisticated life- and the exercise of free will are synony-
thinking in general. We assume that forms. However, silicon is used in compu- mous. The corollary is that the decision
human beings think, some more than oth- ters because of its semiconducting proper- facility in the computer can serve as an
ers - but do animals think? Many of us ties, not because it can support macro- adequate model of free will in the human
would maintain that some of the higher molecules.) being. Efforts to preserve the traditional
animals - dogs, cats, apes, etc - are cap-
I am sympathetic to efforts to identify status of free will derive from prescientific
able of rudimentary thought, but what
thought processes with the physical be- notions rather than from careful analysis.
about worms and insects? (There is evi-
haviour of the brain. If the physical behav- In this area, as elsewhere, we can see a
dence that snails are orgasmic. Electrodes
iour of computer processing units is suffi- close resemblance between machine pos-
register peaks of electrical activity during
ciently similar in important respects to in- sibilities and human mental processes.
copulation which subside after ejacula-
tion. Do snails thinkabout such things?) If we believe that computers can think,
Already, technical and popular publica- be conscious and exercise choice it does
tions have noted the thought potential in not follow that computers are alive. It is
computers. Hence Professor George de- paradoxical, but not self-contradictory,
clared (Computers and the Year 2000, 1972) that a thinking conscious entity may not
that 'the ability to think logically has been 'A potato in a dark cellar be alive. To show that computers are a
shown to be within the capabilities of ex-
isting computers.' Dr. William E. Mathe-
has a certain low cunning
son observed (Personal Computing, April about him which serves him
TIlE'COLD BRAIN
1978) that 'the machine is closing the gap in excellent stead. '
between itself and the brain.' And at the The Josephson junction is a superconduct-
same time, Ernest W. Kent" was proclaim- ing device based on principles enunciated
ing (Byte, April 1978) that 'it may be poss- by the. British scientist Brian Josephson in
ible for a computer to have subjective 1%2. A superconductor is an alloy or ele-
experience. '* ment (for example; tin or lead) which loses
A recent 1980 headline, 'A Speck that ternal brain behaviour, and moreover faci- all electrical resistance when its tempera-
thinks for Itself,' advertised work at the litates the same sort of 'intellectual' pro- ture is lowered to a few degrees above
University of Warwick and at the Colorado cesses - reasoning, decision-making, etc. absolute zero .. If a current is then put
State University ('the superchip machine - then if the word 'thought' denotes cer- through a loop of the superconductor, it
will be able to -literally - think for itself"), tain brain activities there appears to be no will flow indefinitely so long as the tem-
Dr. John Barker was quoted: 'The working good reason why is should not also denote perature is maintained. An extremely thin
of-the superchip will be virtually indistin- certain computer processing activities. layer of oxide sandwiched between two
guishable from the working of the human The key phrases, of course, are 'sufficient- superconducting slices forms the junction,
brain.' ly similar' and 'the same sort'. We should configurations of which can replace "con-
One approach is to compare the physics not expect identity of, but close resem- ventional" semiconductor devices - at
(and chemistry) of activity in the biological blance between, the processes and out- switching speeds measured in .picosec-
brain with activity in the processing units puts of biological and machine systems. onds. The junction consumes very little
of modem computers. In the computer, It may be objected that thought implies power; and there is a minimum of noise.
sub-atomic particles move in solid materi- consciousness, that people may be said to . A "cryocomputer" (parts of which have
al (metal conductors, chips of impure sili- already been constructed) will be very
be thinking because they are aware of the
con, etc). The chemistry of the silicon and process. For example, they reason, and small, One of 15 by 15 by 15 em dimen-
impurities is organised to realise electronic sions willi on present calculations, be able
know they are reasoning. This objection
components packed into a small volume. can hardly tell against the idea of machine 'to support abOut 16 megabytes of main
The components operate in concert to per- thought. It would be a relatively easy mat-
memory and allow data transfer rates be-
form the logic and arithmetic functions tween i~elf andauxiliary storage at about
ter to provide additional computer circuits
upon which all machine intelligence is bas- to monitor the activities of the central pro- 2.8 gigabits per second.
ed. In the brain, semiconducting proper- Although it js foolish to read too much
cessor. Would the computer then know
ties are also exploited, and pulses of elec- into an analogy, it still is interesting that
that it was thinking? Would it then be con-
tricity are generated to control the behav- this "cold brain" will be immersed in a
scious? However consciousness is describ-
iour of neurons (brain cells). The thou- '~rain fIuia" of liquid helium. •
ed it seems difficult to show that its central
sands of millions of neurons are intercon- features could not be provided, albeit at a "Acknowledgements to a fine article by Dr.
nected to realise the necessary functions of rudimentary level, by machine facilities. Wilhelm 'Anacker in the May 1979 issue of the
the organism - from the control of heart Another question is that of free will, a IEEE Spectrum magazine. A recent article on
beat and glandular secretion to motor con- supposed characteristic of human beings "cryocomputers"by Juri Matisoo appeared in
trol and all the mental processes of ratioci- which distinguishes them from compu- the Mil;y 1980 issue of Scientific American. Both
nation and decision-making. ters. The distinction is illusory. Compu- 'authors are atthe IBM Thomas J. Watson Re-
ters have a choice mechanism by virtue of searchCentre in Yorktown, New York, USA-
*See also Professor George's article, Artificial Intel- Editor. . .
Iigence and.The Layman, in Issue 1. conditional jump instructions provided in

64 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 QUAD

GAMMON
CHALLENGER

by Charles Asper
Tic-Tac-Toe, FOUR in a row? That's only
one of the differences with Quad, Acorn's
challenging three dimensional game. A
graphically represented cube, four rows by
four columns by four levels, Quad gives
you 64 different playing positions for your by Ray Daly & Tom Throop
X's and D's, and 76 different winning four-
in-a-row combinations. The backgammon player featured in Per-
sonal Computing (August 1979) is now
Play Quad against your computer or a back in a faster, even better version! The
friend; against the computer, there are four game logic of the new Gammon Challeng-
levels of difficulty available. You can rotate er has been compiled to machine lan-
the cube six different ways to get a new guage for extra speed, and there are more
perspective (or confuse your opponent!). special features than ever.
For even more challenge, set the built-in
game clock - it'll forfeit your move if time Choose one of three levels of play, but
runs out! don't get too ambitious - Gammon Chal-
lenger will put your skill to the test at all
Available for Level II, 16K. $14.95 for tape, levels. For serious players, the "doubling
$20.95 on disk. cube" option can be used for added excite-
ment. There are other computer backgam-
These are just two of Acorn's wide selec- mon games, but none quite like Gammon
tion of game, utility, educational and busi- Challenger. Supplied on tape for $14.95.
ness programs for the TRS-80*. Requires Level II, 16K.
•TRS·80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

Acorn
These and other popular Acorn programs
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Ask for them.
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634 North Carolina Avenue, S.E., Washington, D.C. 20003 I DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED I

ECARD
Alive, continued ... ing forms to see to what extent computers cation for the species (while allowing, ac-
share (or could share) such features. cording to the richness of the gene pool, .
newly emerging life-form we have to do A number of the behavioural attributes for individual variation). The DNA is a
more than show that they have conscious of living systems are obviously present way of remembering what the next gener-
thoughts and can take decisions. also in machines. Artificial functional de- ation should look like and how it should
vices can, for example, hear, speak, re- behave (so that apes produce baby apes,
Samuel Butler (in Ereiohon, first pub- spond to bright lights, aid their own sur- people produce baby people, and so on).
lished in 1872) suggested that machines vival by taking appropriate action in haz- Now, computers are very good at remem-
would develop consciousness (There is ardous circumstances, and carry out a bering things, and a section of computer
no security against the ultimate develop- wide range of creative and intelligent store could be allocated to 'genetic mern-
m.erit of mechanical consciousness, in the tasks. (Robot technology, as one relevant ory' - the computer specification could be
fact of machines possessing little con- area, is already providing tactile and vision stacked away somewhere safe, possibly
sciousness now'). And he proposed a sensors, to the point that such facilities as duplicated or triplicated for added secur-
materialism to show the continuity be- 'eyes' and 'artificial skin' will soon be com- ity, so that the computer could retain a
tween the simplest forms of life and man. monplace elements in factory machines.) constant record of its own identity. The
After considering possible conscious- .To many people, the capacity for repro- computer could thus be given its awn species-
ness in the potato ('even a potato in a dark duction is central to the idea of life. The specific DNA for propagation purposes.
cellar has a certain low cunning about him extent to which this ability can feature in This also relates to the biological life
which serves him in excellent stead'), he machine systems needs to be analysed characteristics of mutation and evolution.
considers what would be the obvious ob- with care. An initial point is that methods Because of differences between individu-
jection to such an idea - of reproduction vary widely throughout als, biological species have been flexible in
the biological world - from simple binary evolutionary terms, A changing environ-
'If it be urged that the action of the potato is fission in protozoa to all the complexities ment favours particular individuals who
chemical and mechanical only, and that it is of sexual reproduction in plants and ani- are thus more likely to generate progeny,
due to the chemical and mechanical effects of mals (internal fertilisation, external fertil- and so the character of the species
light and heat, the answer would seem to lie
in an inquiry whether every sensation is not changes. The mutation feature, in part re-
chemical and mechanical in its operation? sponsible for the individual variation
Whether those things which we deem more purely within a species, may be regarded as a
spiritual are anything but, disturbances of equili- 'A number of the raridom element (caused by sunspot acti-
brium in an infinite series of levers, beginning vity, chemical aberration in DNA duplica-
with those that are too small for microscopic behavioural attitudes of tion, pollution in the environment, etc).
detection, and going up to the human arm living systems are obviously It would be easy to introduce such a
and the appliances which it makes use of? random element into the 'species-specific
Whether there be not a molecular action of present in machines. '
DNA' held in the computer store. But it
thought, whence a dynamical theory of the would be highly inefficient and costly to
passions shall be deducible? Whether, strict-
ly speaking, we should not ask what kind of do so. A proliferation of unworkable
levers a man is made of rather than what is machines would be generated which
his temperament?' would have no chance of being 'selected
(my italics) out' by the_environment which, being well
(There then follows a quite remarkable isation, larval forms, pseudo-placental controlled, would be unlikely to change in
suggestion that prefigures the modem birth, placental birth, etc. etc). This sug- anyway.
knowledge that the nucleus of every bio- gests that the method of reproduction is Another alternative would be to allow
logical cell contains genetic material speci- not the central point. The key element is the computer 'species-specific DNA' to be
fying the characteristics of the total organ- that, by whatever means, an entity can modified by input received by sensors. For
ism - 'he anticipated a time when it would duplicate itself in a new entity that did not example, if the heat or humidity in the
be possible, by examining a single hair formerly exist. We all know that Unima- environment changed, it may be advan-
with a powerful microscope, to know tion's PUMA robot is good at performing tageous for the machine reproductive sys-
'whether its owner could be insulted with assembly tasks. Suppose it is set to assem- tems to generate different types of mach-
- impunity.') bling PUMA robots. Is it thereby, by virtue ines in the next generation. Heat sensors
Butler's willingness to believe in the of its programming, granted a reproduc- could transmit signals to modify informa-
possibility of machine consciousness tive capacity? Samuel Butler would have tion held in the computer store.
('germs of consciousness will be found in said so ('Surely if a machine is able to re- Such possibilities, though theoretically
many actions of the higher machines') is produce another machine systematically, practical, are unlikely to be desirable in
also linked to his consideration of mach- we may say it has a reproductive system'). any practical environment. Nature, by
ines as an emerging life-form. At the same The objection that man is the effective being profligate with both biological indi-
time he does not equate life with con- intermediary in allowing a PUMA to re- viduals and species, enabled evolution to
sciousness (plants are 'without apparent produce other PUMAs is not very telling. occur. Such profligacy would certainly not
consciousness'). He saw nineteenth-cen- Butler cited the role of insects in plant re- be cost-effective in the practical world
tury machines as prototypes of 'future production - 'Would not whole families of of computers and robots (and would cer-
mechanical life', and made an observation plants die out if their fertilization was not tainly be discouraged by a Thatcher
which is singularly relevant to modem effected by a class of agents utterly foreign administration).
computer developments - 'The present to themselves. Does anyone say that the Other characteristics of biological life-
machines are to the future as the early red clover has no reproductive system be- forms are such things as temperature re-
Saurians to man. The largest of them will cause the humble bee (and the humble bee gulation, self-repair of damaged tissue
probably greatly diminish in size ... a only) must aid and abet it before it can (extending to total limb regeneration in
diminution in the size of machines has reproduce?' In this way it can be shown some species), growth, and ageing. Com-
often attended their development and that a robot programmed to assemble puters can regulate temperature, diagnose
progress.' robots may be regarded as having a repro- faults, switch faulty modules out of circuit,
I cannot explore in detail Samuel ductive system. and organise repair procedures. And com-
Butler's consideration of machines as an Consider also the functional signifi- puters and robots obviously age: compon-
emergent life-form (see Ereuihon, Chapters cance of the genetic material DNA (deoxy- ents wear out and have to be replaced,
23 to 25), but some of his ideas will inform ribonucleic acid) present in the cell nuclei prior to total system replacement. In a
what follows. It is worth exploring in out- of plants and animals. The genetic materi- sense computers can also grow. Extra
line some of the defining attributes of liv- al is in part a blueprint, a definitive specifi- peripherals and additional bits of store can

66 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 be tacked on, and many systems specific-
ally allow for modular development and
expansion.
Special editions for Apple,
A key feature of biological life-forms is Atari and TRS-80 Computers.
the complex metabolic chemistry, the
highly complicated procedures that allow
animals and plants to digest food, gener-
·-ate· the necessary substances (enzymes,
hormones, etc), grow, repair tissue and
perform all the other bodily tasks that are
necessary for development and survival
from genesis to death. There is no artificial
equivalent to the complex metabolic pro-
cesses that characterise acknowledged liv-
ing systems. Animals and plants achieve
their purposes in a way that broadly de-
pends upon rapid biochemical reactions
that are too complex to define in toto. Com-
puters and robots may be organised to
achieve similar purposes, though at a
more rudimentary level, but they will
function in a different way, without com-
plex metabolic chemistries.
The question as to whether computers
are alive can only be answered if we decide
what life is in essence. What are the key
characteristics of living systems? If we
look for behavioural characteristics - such
as obvious intelligence, decision-making
abilities and the capacity to generate dupli-
cate entities (ie. to reproduce) - then arti-
ficial systems, where appropriately de-
signed, may be said to be alive, albeit at a
very lowly level. If, alternatively, we look
to the way in which animals and plants
realise their purpose (ie. via a complex dy-
namic metabolic chemistry) then artificial
systems are not alive, though livingartifi-
cial systems may be generated in the
future.
As computers and robots become more
able to perform the tasks traditionally Hey kids, are the folks out of the room? have to take my word on that. Just listen to
characteristic of acknowledged living sys- Good, 'cause I've got a secret to tell you. what these top educators have to say
tems, it is likely that less importance will You know that computerthey fuss over? about it: .
be attached to the way in which' animals Well, kid, between you and me, this whole Donald T. Piele, Professor of Mathe-
and plants realise their.purposes, In short, programming thing· is a lot simpler than matics at the University of Wisconsin-
more attention will be paid to performance they realize. . Parkside says, "Computers For Kids is the
and accomplishment and less attention to What's that? Sure, you Can learn. Just best material available for introducinq stu-
methods (ie. metabolic chemistry will be ,get a copy of CompuJers For Kids. It's a dents tothelr new computer. It is a perfect
seen as only one of several ways in which super book, and it tells you everything you tool for teachers who are learning. about
living systems live out their lives). By the need to know, Huh? You have an Apple? computers and programming with their
No problem, There's a version just for the. students. Highly recommended."
time computers and robots are having
Apple. One for the TR$-80 and one for the Robert Taylor, Director of the Program
flexible social intercourse with us, playing .
Atari too, with complete instructions for in Computing and Education at Teachers
games, discussing politics and philo- operating and programming. College, Columbia University states, "it's a
sophy, involving themselves in our con- The book will take you through every- good idea to have a book for chidren."
cerns, we will incline to view such artificial thing programmers learn. Its easy to Not bad, huh? Okay, you can let the
systems as alive. It will scarcely seem im- understand and the large type makes it adults back in the room. Don't forget to tell
portant that they do not rely on enzymes easy to read. You'll find out how to put them Computers For Kids by Sally
and hormones as we do. D together a flowchart,and how to get your Greenwood Larsen cost only $3.95. And
computer to do what you want it to do. tell them you might share it with them, if
There's a lot to learn, but Computers For they're gOOd. Specify edition on your
Kids has 12 chapters full of information. order: TRS-80 (12H); Apple (12G); Atari
You'll even learn how to write your own (12j). . .
games and draw pictures that move. Your local computer shop should carry
Just so the folks and your teachers won't Computers For Kids. If they don't ask them
feel left out, there's a special section for to get it or order by mail. Send $3.95 pay-
them. It gives detailed lesson ideas and ment plus $1.00 shipping and handling to
tells them how to fix a lot of the small Creative Computing Press, P.O. Box 789-
problems that might pop up. Hey, this M, Morristown, NJ 07960.
book is just right for you. But you don't

CP8Btlv8 COlRpatlnd. PP8SS

©Creative Computing CIRCLE 300 ON READER SERViCE. CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 67
 Some A.I. Reports of Interest

We received a bibliography of recent "Microprocessor assisted learning: Turn- matics." Edwina R. Michener. AIM-
research reports in the field of Artificial ing the clock back?" J.A.M. Howe & B. 488, August 1978, $1.00. MIT Artificial
Intelligence. The bibliography is in the DuBoulay. Report No. 114, 1979. Intelligence Laboratory, 545Technology
May 1980 issue of the AISB quarterly. University of Edinburgh, etc. Square, Cambridge, MA 02139.
Among the many entries, we noted the
following titles: . "Teaching Mathematics through LOGO "Bandpass channels, zero-crossings, and
programming: an evaluation study." early visual information processing."
"Teaching strategies to an advice takerl J.A.M. Howe, T. O'Shea, and F. Plane. D. Marr. AIM-491, Sept., 1979, $1.00.
inquirer system." N. Findler, et al. SUNY Report No. 11-, 1979. University of MIT Lab, etc.
at Buffalo, Department of Computer Edinburgh, etc.
Science, 4226 Ridge Lea Road, Amherst, "Developing a computational representa-
NY 14426. "Development stages in learning to tion of problem-solving skills." Ira
program." J.A.M. Howe. Report No. Goldstein. AIM-495. Oct., 1978, $1.50.
"A computer model of learning from 119, 1979. University of Edinburgh, MIT AI Lab, etc.
examples." P. Langly. CIP-400.Carnegie- etc.
Mellon University, Computer Science "Information prosthetics for the handi-
Department, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. "Learning through model building." capped." A. Seymour and Sylvia Weir.
J.A.M. Howe. Report No. 120, 1979. AIM-496, Sept., 1979, $1.50. MIT AI
"Models of competence in solving University of Edinburgh, etc. Lab, etc.
physics problems." J.H. Larkin, et al.
CIP-408. Carnegie-Mellon, etc. "Teacher transformations: student teach- "Learning by understanding analogies."
ers programming in LOGO." B. Du Patrick Winston. AIM-S20, April, 1979,
"A New Deal? Using computers to teach Boulay. Report No. 122, 1979/80. Uni- revised June 1979, $2.25. MIT AI Lab,
children with communication difficul- versity of Edinburgh, etc. etc.
ties." J.A.M. Howe. Report No. 111,
1979. University of Edinburgh, Depart- "Some Roles for the computer in special "Logo music projects: experiments in
ment of Artificial Intelligence, Forrest education." J.A.M. Howe. Report No. musical perception and design." Jean
Hill, Edinburgh, EHI 2QL, United 126, 1980. University of Edinburgh, Bamberger. AIM-523, May 1979, $1.50.
Kingdom. etc. MIT AI Lab, etc. 0

"Teaching teachers mathematicf "Teaching mathematics through pro-

through programming." J.B.H. D~ gramming." J.A.M. Howe. Report No.
Boulay. Report No. 113, 1979.University 129, 1980. University of Edinburgh,
of Edinburgh, etc. etc.

Reprinted with the permission of the Sigcue Bulletin. "Understanding understanding mathe-

68 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 230 ON READER SERVICE CARD
FEBRUARY 1981 69
 An Experimental Micro Music System

Hach
Michael Keith

Being an amateur musician as well as a Software system is the ability to enter, store, edit,
small computer owner, I have observed Before describing the BACH software retrieve, and playback music entered into
with much interest the recent emergence in detail, I will discuss some of the musical the system. This is perhaps the most
of several small computer-compatible music philosophy incorporated into its design. important function which it must perform,
systems for popular machines such as the One basic function of any music software so it is essential that this step be as easy for
Apple, PET, and TRS-80. A good survey
of some available systems can be found in Figure 1 Video Display
the article "Music Editors For Small
. Computers: A Comparative Study," by
. Rebecca T. Mercuri in this issue.
The purpose of this article is to describe a
BACH (Basic Aids for Composing Har-
monies), a homebrew software music system
~
••
which interfaces to existing hardware (an
. Apple II with ALF music boards and a
light pen) to provide a flexible, easy-to-use
computer music instrument.
0 0
". Light
Pen

Hardware
As mentioned previously, the hardware
used is a standard Apple II with several \
AlF music boards. ALF boards were chosen \
Editor Edit
since they are one of the few music boards Program File

I /

As computer music
hardware becomes
more affordable, Compiler

there will be an even

greater need for good
software support. \
Play Play
Program File

available that have sufficient documentation /

I
. to allow a user to interlace custom software.
Also used is a Symtec light peon.This is a
high-resolution light pen capable of resolving
a single Apple high-resolution point. It is
used as the primary means of interaction
with the music editor program.
B , tJ
Figure I. Basic structure of the BACH music editing system. Music is
Michael Keith, RCA David Sarnoff Research "drawn" on the TV screen with light pen, compiled and played through the
Center, Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08540. music hardware.

70 CREATIVE COMPUTING
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o INTER-LOCAL CALLS [D) (T) _..... _. 17.95 o EMPIRE STRIKES BACK (T) 13.55 o BENEATH APPLE MANOR (AP) 13.55
o INTER-TWO HEADS [D) (T) .. 17.95 o GREAT DICTATOR (T) 7.25 o BENEATH APPLE MANOR [OJ (AP) 17.95
OKlO-VENTURE 1 (T) __ _ 13.55 o JEDI KNIGHT (T) 11.75 o QS LIGHT PEN (T) 17.95
o STAR TREK 3.5 (T) _.. _ 13.55 o LUNAR ENCOUNTER (T) 11.75 o SKETCH BO (T) 13.55
o
§ ~6~~J~T~
St~CE[Dht)_ g~~
: : : : : : : : : : : :: o
MERCENARY
MICRO ARCADE
(T)
(T)
, 8.95
13.55 STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS
o ZOSSED IN SPACE [D) (T) _. _. 17.95 o SHARK. COLOR ONLY (C) 5.95 o COMPUTER AMBUSH [OJ (AP) 51..5.0
o SLOT MACHINE (T) 7.25 o COMPUTER BISMARCK [OJ (AP.T) 51.50
AVALON HILL o BATTLE OF BULGE-ST. VITH (T) 13.55 o COMPUTER BISMARCK (T) 42.00
o MIDWAY (P.T.AP) _ _ 13.50 o STAR CRUISERS (T) 13.55 o COMPUTER CONFLICT. [OJ (AP) 35.00
o NUKE WAR (P,T.AP) . _ _ 13.50 o TYPE WRITERS (T) 17.95 o COMPUTER NAPOLEONICS [OJ (AP) 51.50
o PLANET MINERS (P.T.AP) _. _.. _ 13.50 o U-BOAT, COLOR ONLY (C) 5.95 o COMPUTER QUARTERBACK [D) (AP) 35.00
o
§ ~?~6~1~~~D~~~T~~rAP)::::::::::: g~ INSTANT SOFTWARE
COMPUTER CONFLICT
SUB-LOGIC
(D) (AP) 51.50

o AIR FLIGHT SIMULATION (P,AP,T) 8.95

ACORN SOFTWARE o AIRMAIL PILOT (T) .. , , 8.95 o 3D GRAPHICS (AP) 40.00
o ATERM (T) _ " 17.95 o BASIC PROGRAMMING ASSISTANT (T) 13.55 o 3D GRAPHICS [0] (AP) 48.00
o SYSTEM SAVERS (T) _.. _. _ 13.55 o BALL TURRET GUNNER (T) 8.95 n A2-FS1 FLIGHT SIMULATOR (AP) .•.... 22.00
o TlNG- TONG (T) _ _ _ 8.95 o BATTLEGROUND (T) 8.95 o A2-FSI FLIGHT [OJ (AP) : 29.00
o DISASSEMBLER (T) 13.55 o CHECK MANAGEMENT [D) (T) 36.55 o T8CJ..FSlFLIGHT SIMULATOR (T) 22.00
o DISKITAPE UTILITY (T) _ 17.95 o CHESSMATE-80 (T) 17.95 o 3D GRAPHICS (T) 26.50
o CHECKBOOK [D) (T) _ _ 22.95 o THE COMMUNICATOR (T) , 8.95
o STAR TREK SIMULATION (T) 8.95 o COSMIC PATROL (T) ........•....... 13.55 MICROSOFT SOFTWARE
o CODEBREAKER (T) , _.. 8.95 o DAREDEVIL (T) 8.95 o ADVENTURE [D) (AP.T) ..........•.. 25.50
o OPERA THEATER (T) __ __ 8.95 o DISASSEMBLER (T) .......•.•.... , 8.95 n ASSEMBLY DEVELOPMENT [OJ (T) 80.00
o GAMMON CHALLENGER (T). _..••. _.. 13.55 o DISK EDITOR [D) (T) .....•.•• , 36.55 [] BASIC COMPILER [D) (T) 175.00
o BLOCKADE (T) .. _ _......•.... _ 8.95 o DISK SCOPE [D) (T) .......•••...... 17.95 [] EDITOR/ASSEMBLER (T) ...........•. 25.50
o ALIEN INVASION (T) _' _. 8.95 o DLDIS [D) (T) 17.95 [] FORTRAN COMPILER [OJ (T) .......• 80.00
o PIGSKIN (T) _ _ 13.55 o ENHANCED BASIC (T) 22.50 o LEVELlIl BASIC (T) ...............•.. 44.00
o STRUCTURED BASIC [D) (T) . _.• _ 26.95 o FLIGHT PATH (T) 8.95 o MuMATH [D) (T) 64.00
o ULTRA TREK (T) _ 13.55 o INVESTORS PARADISE (T) B.95 o OLYMPIC DECATHALON [D) (T,AP) 20.00
o SPACE WAR (T) _ _ _ _. 8.95 o IRV (T)......... . 22.50 o OLYMPIC DECATHALON (T) .......••. 20.00
o WARP/LANDER (T) ............•... _.. 8.95 o IRV [0) (T) 27.55 o TYPING TUTOR (AP,T) 13.55
o BASKETBALL [D) (T) _ _.• _ 18.95 o JET FIGHTER PILOT (T) 13.55 o Z-80 SOFTCARD [PI (AP) ':280.00
o BASKETBALL (T) _. _ _.. , 13.55 o MIND WARP (T) B.95
o DUEL-N-DROIDS [D) (T) _.. _. _ 18.95 o MONEY MADNESS (T) B.95 ON UNE SYSTEMS
o DUEL-N-DROIDS (T) _ 13.55 o NIGHT FLIGHT (T) 8.95 o HI-RES ADVEN. #2 [D) (AP) 29.00
o INVADERS FROM SPACE (T) ..• __...• _ 13.55 o ONE-D MAILING LIST [D) (T) 22.50 o HI-RES ADVENTURE [OJ (AP) 22.50
o INVADERS FROM SPACE [D) (T) . _. __ 18.95 o OTHELLO (T) 8.95 o HI-RES FOOTBALL [D) (AP) 36.00
o PIGSKIN [D) (T) _. _.. _ 18.95 o PET UTILITY (P) B.95 c HIGHER GRAPHICS [D) (AP) 31.00
o PINBALL (T) _.. _. _ _ 13.55 o PROGRAMMER'S CONVERTER (T) B.95 o CYBER STRIKE [D) (AP) , 36.00
o PINBALL [D) (T). _ _. _.. _. 18.95 o QSL MANAGER [D) (T) 17.95
o QUAD (T) _..........••.• _ 13.55 o SANTA PARAVIA FIUMACCIO (AP,T,P) .. B.95 BonOMSHELF
o QUAD [D) (T) 18.95 o SKIRMISH-BO (T) B.95 o ANALYSIS PAD [D) (T) 90.00
o SUPERSCRIPT [D) (T) _ _. _ _. _ 28.50 o TERMINAL-80 (T) 22.50 o BUSINESS MAIL [D) (T) 100.00
o TLDIS (T) 13.55 o CHECKBOOK II [D) (T) ....•........ 44.50
AUTOMATED SIMULAnONS o UTILITY I (T) .....................•..• 7.25 o CHECK REGISTER [D) (T) .....•..•.. 67.00
o STARFLEET ORION (T.AP,P) _.. _ _. 17.95 o UTILITY II (T) 7.25 o DATA MANAGER [D) (T) 67.00
o STARFLEET ORION [D) (T,AP) _ 22.50 o WINNERS DELIGHT (T) 8.95 o LIBRARY 100 (T); 44.50
o INVASION ORION (T.AP.P) ... _ _ 17.95 o WORDSLINGER (T) , 26.00 o HEAD CLEANER [D) (AP.T) ...•...... 17.00
o INVASION ORION [D) (T,AP) .. _.. _.. _ 22.50
o TEMPLE OF APSHAI (P.T);·_ .. _ _ 22.50 PERSONAL SOFTWARE SYNERGlSnC SOFTWARE
o TEMPLE OF APSHAI [D) (AP,T) _ 26.95 o CCA DATE MGMT [D) (AP) 85.00 o DUNGEON & WILDERNESS [D) (AP) 29.00
o DATESTONES OF RYN (AP,T,P) .. _ 13.55 o CCA MGMT-TRS-80 [D) (T) , .. 65.00 o DUNGEON (AP) 13.50
o DATESTONES OF RYN [D) (AP,T) . 17.95 o DESKTOP PLAN [OJ (AP) 85.00 o DUNGEON [D) (AP) 15.75
o MORLOC'S TOWER (AP,T,P) _.. _.. _. __ 13.55 o GAMMON GAMBLER (AP) 17.95 o ODYSSEY [D) (AP) 27.00
o MORLOC'S TOWER [D) (AP,T) .. _.. _. 17.95 o GAMMON GAMBLER [OJ (AP) 22.50 o WILDERNESS (AP): 15.75
o RESCUE AT RIGEL (AP,T,P) __.. _.... _. 17.95 o MONTY MONOPOLY .IDJ . (AP) 31.55 o WILDERNESS [D) (AP) 18.00
o RESCUE AT RIGEL [D) (AP,T) _.. _. _.. 22.50 o VISICALC [PI lAI'l 125.00
o HELLFIRE WARRIOR (T,P) .. __.. _ 22.50 o VISICALC [OJ (AT,P) 170.00 APPARAT
o HELLFIRE WARRIOR [D) (AP,T) _ 26.95
o NEWOOS/80 [D) (T) ..........•.... 125.00

If you don't see it listed, write ... we probably have it in stock!

Ship the above programs as checked to: Number of Programs Ordered

Mr.lMrs. Amount of order _

N.Y. residents add Sales Tax. ... I

A1:1dshipping anywhere in the US. 2.00 I
I Total amount enclosed I
State ..-.-------.--- Zip____ Charge my: 0 Master Charge 0 Visa I'
I KEY:
I AT -Atari
AP-Apple
I have a
name of Com pule, Signature -------------
I
I TP-Pet
- TRS-80
with
CC-2-Bl
K memory Card No Expires. I
I C- TRS-80 Color I
I ~-~;t
,
~:~ked-CassetteMail
ATARI is a trademark 01ATARIINC.
APPLE is a trademark 01APPLE COMPUTER.INC
en r ':":-~--:;;:~;_;;;;;~:_;;~=~
to:
••••
;;;;;••
;--- ....•
SOF'l'W AB.E
a division of 191 yte Systems C orp.
• 0"8 I
I
\
TRS-80 isa trademark 01TANDY CORP
PET is a trademark 01COMMODOREBUSINESS MACHINES
31 East 31 st St ree,t N ew Yor,k NY
. . 10016 I
----------.-------~----------'-----------.----~--.-.•..-".-,.".
,CIRCLE 198 ON READER SERVICE CARD Phone: (212) 889-8975",
BACH, continued ... editor program is used to interactively someone unskilled in music. Thus the
create music on the video display with a approach taken in this system is to let the
light pen. This produces an edit file which compiler program do the task of automati-
is stored on disk. The compiler program cally splitting up the music into parts. This
takes this file and compiles it into ALF- is not a trivial task as it requires some
.r
D J J
- .,1 I •.b\"- compatible format (the compiler also
performs other functions described below).
pseudo-intelligence in the compiler to
decide which voice a note should be assigned

-
I- 1 7 ~ The play program then plays this file using to, but the compiler seems to do an
the ALF playing subroutines. acceptable job for most pieces of music.
1- PI '" The editor program operates as follows. The display for a completed page of
1"21:114 '56 78 90 ,/ The light pen is used to move a note (or music is shown in Photo 2. Note the
n.el other object) around the page to the desired following other features of the BACH
location on the staff. A letter in the upper editor:
left comer show the note name for the
current position of the note on the
staff. A touch of the light pen deposits the
Photo 1. Commands available in editing command note. This is a very natural way to write
mode. There is still some blank space on this page music-similar to using a regular pen on
for additional commands. paper. The display is black notes on a
white background, which also resembles
the user as possible. The music willgenerally printed music.
be transcribed from printed sheet music, Touching the left edge of the page brings
so it is very desirable that the system up a command page, shown in Photo 1.
conform as closely as possible to standard This page contains various commands to
musical notation, both in display and entry change the current object to use, change
of music. Alphanumeric entry schemes, key or time signature, enter delete mode,
such as "F#3Q" should be avoided. The or move to another page of music. Com-
mand selection is again made with a light
pen. Touching the bottom edge of this Photo 2. A finished page of music as it appears on
display returns to the music page being the videodispiay. The words to the song are displayed
edited. The switch from music page to during playback only, but otherwise the display is
There is sufficient space command page is made using the Apple
identical to the display during music editing.

between the staves to hardware paging feature (which allows

virtually instantaneous interchange of two
include the words high-resolution pages on the video dis- 1) Notes are allowed between the staves.
to a song. play). For example, a middle C can be written in
One unique feature of the system com- two places (one ledger line below the upper
pared to most other small computer music staff or one ledger line above the lower
editors is that the concept of "voices" or staff). The editor allows these redundant
user should be able to enter notes directly "parts" is completely absent. This refers note positions. The compiler correctly
onto a set of standard musical staves. to the operation taking the given piece of translates these notes to their proper
It is also useful to be able to display as music and breaking it into several voices, pitch.
much music as is possible at one time on each containing only one note. This is one 2) Ornaments and special signs are possible
the video display. Some music systems of the more tedious aspects of using some such as the hold (t:'), trill (tr-vj.anddynamic
give the feeling of looking at the music music editors, and is not even easy for markings (mp, f, etc.). The compiler inserts
through a small "window", which makes it
difficult to get a good overall view of the
music entered. Another consideration in Figure 2
this respect is the ability to enter and display
all the voices or parts of the piece of music
at once, This again increases the clarity of
the display and resemblance to standard
music.
Original
Music
I~ t J
..•

i ~ I ; II I
The basic format of the display is also a
consideration. Most editors display the
music on a single, continuous, horizontally-
I Compiler
Program f ~voice 1
I; J. J
..
J j
I cs
II I
scrolling set of staves. Printed music,
however, is organized in pages, each page
containing several sets of staves. This format
was chosen for BACH sirice it conforms to
our previously mentioned philosophy of
displaying the maximum amount of music
possible and since it gives the user the
r--voice 2
; J. 7 J 3 I 0 I! ·1

familiar feeling of manipulating pages of

music. This format is also used for display
of the music during playback, with the
computer automatically "turning the page"
when the end of the currently displayed
•.•.voice3
1# J.
7-
- I 0 II I
page is reached.
Figure 2. Example of the automatic voicing performed by the compiler.
The components of the BACH system Note the rests automatically added in voices two and three.
are shown schematically in Figure 1. The

72 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 The joy of music
the proper volume settings, notes, etc. into without years of practice!
the play file as the special symbols are
encountered.
3) Measure bar lines are in a fixed position
on each page. The default spacing is
determined by the time signature but can
be changed by the user. The positions of
the notes within the measures are deter-
mined by the user. This allows the notes to
be spaced in roughly the same manner as
they are on the printed music.
4) There is sufficient space between the
staves to include the words to a song.
These words do not affect the music but
are displayed during playback (providing Photo 3. Color graphics can be interspersed with
I the capability for a computer sing-along). the music displays during playback. It is also
conceivable to have animated graphics accompanying
the music as well.
Other Features ALF offers the very finest in music
After creating a piece of music with the hardware and software for the
music editor program, it is possible to Apple® II. You can enter your own
manipulate the music data with other songs from sheet music and play ,
programs to produce interesting variations them back very easily - our de-
on the piece. For example, one program I tailed manual shows you how, step
have written transforms the input piece of by step. And there's a growing
music into other modes (for example, it library of preprogrammed songs
can change a piece from major to minor, available too - now over 115 songs
with sometimes humorous results). on 7 "albums", priced under $15
Also, during playback one can display
each. ALP's highly acclaimed music
an arbitrary sequence of high-resolution
pages (not necessarily just the BACH sheet- software has many features found
music displays). These pages can contain, on no other Apple music product -
for example, all the words to the song plus and no customer has ever reported a
chord names (for play-along or sing-along) "bug" or error,
and/or graphics displays such as the one Photo 4. Sample vocal-piano score display format.
shown in Photo 3. One could even have Whether you pick our exciting
animated graphics, rather than a series of 9-voice MC1 music card at just
still pictures, accompanying the music, $195, or our gourmet 3-voice MC16
resulting in a "digital cartoon". card at $245, you'll get ALP's top-
The compiler program, as described quality hardware that's famous for
above, performs the functions of assigning reliability and clean sound (we've
notes to voices arid translating into the been designing computer-controlled
codes required by the ALF play routines. musical instruments since 1975).
The compiler also adds rests in voices
which are momentarily silent. Figure 2 So see your Apple dealer today, and
shows an example of the processing done be sure to specify ALF music cards
by the compiler program. for the best performance. When
The play program is a smallBasic program you've seen ALP's total music
which calls the ALF play subroutines and package, you'll know why some
handles the task of turning the pages of
music cards are more equal than
the display. At present, only three pages
of the playing music can be displayed. Photo S. Sample tablature format, illustrating the others!
possibility of entering music in one format and
This is accomplished by constructing the have the computer automatically translate to regular Please mention this magazine when
video images for the pages in RAM prior music notation. requesting information from:
to playing the music and doing fast memory ~ A L F Products Inc.
moves during playback when it is time to Conclusions 'V 1448 Estes Denver, CO 80215 (303) 234-0871
turn the page. To display more pages would The experimental system described in Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
require drawing them on the fly as the this article demonstrates that it is possible
music is playing, which would be much to create an inexpensive computer music
more difficult (but conceivably possible). tool of reasonable musical sophistication DISK COPYING
I have also experimented with other with existing hardware. Dependable, no-hassle copying of
display formats. Photo 4 shows a sample As computer music hardware becomes Apple-compatible disks (all formats,
vocal-piano score and Photo 5 show a more affordable, there will be an even including copy-protected), Fast
slightly more exotic notation, banjo greater need for good software support. service on 50 copies or thousands
tablature. These alternate forms of notation Whereas the actual programs described in of copies, Mix titles for quantity
could be integrated into the system to this article are somewhat hardware- discounts, Call or write for more
provide the ability to enter music in different dependent, the ideas are not. Adequate information,
formats or to have the computer automati- software support can help the small com- ~ A L F Products Inc.
cally translate from one form of notation puter realize its full potential as a true 'V 1448Estes Denver, CO 80215
to another. musician's tool. 0 (303) 234-0871

FEBRUARY 1981 73
 I

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In which we tell all about bingo cards and hope

you're inspired to write for Creative Computing.
~-~--- I
must be factual and objective. The biggest You probably didn't do everything right
DavidAhl single group of people who read Ford ads the first, time through. Why not? Describe
are those people who have just bought a these experiences and bad starts in a way
Bingo cards. That's the affectionate Ford. We all have a psychological need to that someone else can learn from them.
publishing industry term for the reader justify a purchase. A product review is not Supporting Material
service cards in the back of the magazine. an appropriate psychological outlet to justify
If you've ever used one of our reader a purchase. Nor is it the appropriate place Pictures and illustrations. They're abso-
service cards-and 84%ofyou have-you've to vent your passion against a manufacturer lutely vital with a review or article. If we
probably noticed that we ask some questions who has wronged you in some way. have to go to the manufacturer for a
on the left side of the card. We change Reviews should start with a brief descrip- publicity shot or photograph the item here,
these questions every few months. Your tion of the class of product (say modems it won't be nearly as effective as your
responses have given us a pretty good or drill and practice software). Next should photos. If you're not a photographer, find
indication of who you are, what you have come a thorough description of the specific a friend with a 35mm SLR, load it up with
or plan to buy in the way of computer product being reviewed (no opinions yet). TRI-X or Kodacolor 400 and shoot the
systems, and what you want to see in the Next should follow your experience with item. Vary the angle and lighting. They
magazine. the product: putting it together, using it won't all come out, but four or five usable
Table 1 is a list of magazine contents the first time, using it later, and the reaction shots out of 20 easily justifies the $7 or $8
that we asked about recently. We've ranked of others to it. It goes without saying that for film and developing. We don't need 8
the items by the percentage of people rating the product should be used in the environ- X 10or even 4 X 5 prints; standard Fotomat
the item "great" or "nice." ment for which it is intended. 3 1/2 X 5 is fine. But they must be glossy
Although this gives us a suggested list of The appropriate length for a product finish; matte is not acceptable.
topics to emphasize, we do not feel that review is from 500 to 2500 words. Longer Illustrations should be done in black on
we should be slaves to the list. For example, reviews are probably going into too much white paper. Use India ink or a Pilot Razor
we'll continue to look for important new detail. Needless to say, a $1,000 computer Point or equivalent. We prefer to use your
developments in software and systems and warrants a longer review than a $10software illustrations than redraw things here.
bring them to your attention. We'll also package. We favor comparative reviews Program listings and runs must be done
continue to philosophize a bit because we of three or four of a similar item over with a new black ribbon on white paper.
feel that someone ought to be "thinking single reviews, but both are acceptable. Light copies, blue, or purple ribbons cannot
out loud" about the future of technology Before writing a review, it's probably be used. I can't emphasize this strongly
and what it means to each of us. wise to write or call David Lubar to see enough. Even if an article is absolutely
that someone else is not doing it already. perfect, it is useless if the listing and run
Write for Creative Computing cannot be read easily.
On the other hand, we certainly don't Application articles
Payment
intend to ignore your preferences. But to We routinely reject application and Unlike other magazines, Creative Com-
be responsive, we need your help too. software articles that are either "gee whiz" puting pays for an article at the time of
Why not write us an article. Tell us about success stories or naked programs. What
that neat program you've developed. Tell acceptance. This means that even if it
we're looking for is an article that describes does not run for five or six months, you
us your experience with Brand X computer, the problem you're attempting to solve
Brand Y peripheral or Brand Z software. won't be waiting for your money.
(the background), how you went about it Share an idea with our readers. Don't
Product Reviews (the approach), algorithms, flowcharts, data put it off. Crank up that word processor
gathering (the method), the program and today! 0
A word about product reviews. They several sample runs.

74 CREATIVE COMPUTING
I
Item Rank
Percent"
1 Advertisements 91.4
2 New products (Catalogue) 91.1
3 Software evaluations 90.5
4 Equipment evaluations 86.1
5 Personal and home application 83.3
6 Graphics and animation 80.8
7 Games 77.3
8 Input/Output (letters) 75.8
9 Intelligent Computer Games 72.2
10 Apple Cart column 71.2
11 Educational applicatioris 67.1
12 Tutorials 63.4
13 Business applications 63.1
14 Book reviews 58.8
15 TRS-80 Strings column 55.9
16 Effective Writing column 55.0
i7 Music Applications 48.9
18 Outpost: Atari column 38.4
19 PET column 34.7

*Percentage of reader service card re-

spondents who checked the item as "Great"
or "Nice."
Table 1

U5R·330D Modem
Auto-Dial/ Auto Answer $399
Connect your TRS-80,Apple, or any other
computer to the'phone lines.
• 0-300 Baud-Bell 103/113 compatible
• Serial-RS232
• Half/Full Duplex
• 1 year warranty
FCC Certified _
Direct connection to
phone lines via RJ11C
standard extension -
phone jack
USR-330A Modem 5339
. Same as 3300
but Manual-Originate/Auto-Answer.
Radio Shack Model II Users -
We have software to connect you directly
to the phone lines.

U.S. ROBOTICS ONe

203 N WABASH
SUITE 1718
CHICAGO ILL 60E::301

~ I ~. 11 '11')( I

CIRCLE 185 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CIRCLE 118 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 75
 Computers and

Descriptive

Linguistics

Bradley Pritchett
Descriptive linguistics is the field which exclusively between vowels. We verify
deals with the 'analysis and description of this by computer. Thus, because Idl and
languages as systems within themselves. If! are similar (ldl is a voiced dental stop
The linguist collects linguistic data- and I d' I is a voiced dental fricative), we
words and sentences-and then analyzes can tentatively conclude that Idl and I ~ I
these data in order to describe the are, in Spanish, alternative pronuncia-
phonology, morphology and syntax of a tions of the same sound and that they are a
language. This is a time-consuming and single phoneme. Each occurs in a
tedious task, particulary in the initial different and definable environment. De-
stages. Computers are excellent data ana- termining this without a computer,
lysts; the marriage of linguist and personal analyzing all of the data without assi-
computer could not be more natural. Let stance, is arduous and extremely time
us then briefly consider how to use a 'per- consuming, especially since this pro-
sonal computer to simplify the task of cedure must be performed until every
describing the phonology, morphology distinct sound of the language under con-
and syntax of a language. sideration has been treated.

Phonology Morphology
After phonemic analysis, the linguist is
Phonology concerns itself with the rele- ready to analyze the morphology of the
vant sounds of a language. Not only must language. Morphology is the science of
the linguist describe how these, sounds are word formation. It is morphology which
produced, but he must also state which explains, for example, how to form the
sound features are important to speakers It is thus the first task of the descriptive simple past tense of English verbs. It is
of the language, and which are not. For linguist to determine all of the relevant often said that one simply adds "ed" to the
example, in English It I as in "type" may be sounds in a language. This can be greatly verb. This is totally insufficient for a
pronounced by tapping the tongue against simplified by using a personal computer. linguist. He is concerned not with how a
the alveolar ridge behind the upper teeth. My first step toward using the computer language is spelled but with how it is pro-
Alternatively, it may be made by tapping as a linguistic tool was to define the char- nounced. Careful examination shows that
the, back of the upper teeth themselves. acter set of the International Phonetic Al- , "ed" is pronounced /d/ in some cases
The, difference is unimportant, and the phabet on my Apple II. If your computer (screamed), It! in some other cases
English speaker ignores it. does not have user-definable characters, (walked), and ledl in other cases
In some languages, these two varieties you can develop your own phonetic (bunted). When we notice this incon-
of It I would be considered distinct, and alphabet using the standard character-set, sistency, we can have the computer gener-
the speakers of such a language would as long as you employ it consistently. I ate lists of past tense verbs ending in It!,
hear sounds which to them are as different then wrote a snort program which would /d/ and /ed/,
as It! and Id/_~~e to us. Conversely, in allow me to scan my data, transcribed Returning to our earlier problem with
some languages, including some Ameri- phonetically, for any string. This allows English verbs, we conclude that It! ap-
can Indian languages, pairs such as lul me to obtain a listing of the occurrences pears after unvoiced sounds (sounds not
and Ig/, It! and /d/, and /b/ and /p/ of any sound. accompanied by vocal, cord vibration),
would not be considered distinct. If these Suppose we are suspicious about the Idl after voiced sounds (sounds with
languages had a word "ball," it could be sound Idl in Spanish. We have the compu- vocal cord vibration), as /ed/ after It! or
pronounced either /ball/ or /pall/, and ter list all occurrences of that sound found Id/. Thus, we have determined how to
the speakers of the language would hear in our data. We notice that there does not form the past tense of most English verbs
no difference or, at least, not consider seem to be a /d/ between vowels. We can and determined that they, are formed
the difference significant. quickly check this by having the compu- regulary and predictably. The computer
ter list all occurrences of vowel +d + has saved us a great deal of time by sorting
Bradley Pritchett, 863 Mass. Ave., Apt. 24, Cam- vowel. There are none. Now we notice the data and spared us from long visual
bridge, MA 02138, that (the th sound of "this") occurs almost searches and comparisons of data. Using
76 CREATIVE COMPUTING
the printer, we can also obtain neat and each machine. Simply have the computer person singular present active indicative.
legible hard copy which is vital to the read in strings of data, one representing Data "praise," "¢¢P" indicates that the
linguist. the word and one holding information person and number are indeterminable
about the word. and the verb is in the present tense.
Syntax For instance, I label my data to indicate The computer should then look at these
Finally, the computer can be used in a what part of speech each word is (as far as strings and see if they fit the description
similar fashion in syntactic analysis. this is applicable). I use an "*,, for verbs, a which you input earlier. That is, initially
Syntax is basically the science of word "!" for nouns an "@" for adjective, and a have the computer ask you what part of
order. Some languages, such as Latin, "#" for adverbs. When required, I can speech to search for. If you say "noun,"
have very free word order. Some, like analyze different parts of speech rather have it ask you for gender (if relevant) and
German or Chinese, have rigid syntax. than have the computer process all of the number. Then have the computer com-
Suppose that we wish to study the position data. pare what you are looking for with each
of the verb in clauses. We have the com- string. If there is a match, have the word
puter search for verbs in our data. In Latin printed out. The resulting programs will
we find the position apparently unpredict- be composed of simple string searches
able but with a propensity for the final The computer has and comparisions. Despite their simplic-
position. In German we find that the verb ity, they are really doing just what the
is consistently the second element except searches and linguist does, and they are doing it a good
when certain words introduce the clause, comparisons of data. deal faster. Of course, the linguist must
forcing the verb to the end. It is little tell them what to do in the first place.
trouble to have the computer generate a It is thus clear that by rapidly process-
list of sentences with the verb in the final ing and sorting data, the computer can be
position. After this, it is up to the linguist In addition, I code the data according an extremely powerful tool, one ideally
to determine which words send the verb to the relevant features of the language suited to linguistics. The reader who is a
to the final position and whether these considered. Latin nouns would be coded linguist can extend these ideas to other
words are logically related. for case, number and gender, verbs for related fields such as historical or com-
person, number, tense, voice and mood. parative linguistics. There are also, of
Programming These Analyses English nouns would only be coded for course, many uses of the computer in de-
A note here on actual programs would number and verbs for tense, person and scriptive linguistics other than those out-
be in order. Once you have defined a number. This allows me to search for cor- lined above. The author welcomes cor-
phonetic alphabet and chosen symbols to respondences of form and meaning, respondence about linguistics, compu-
indicate parts of speech and other rele- which is the key to morphology. Thus a ters, or both, and suggests that any reader
vant features, the actual programming is coding for a Latin verb would look like interested in specific programs contact
quite simple. I have not included any ex- this: Data "laudo'', "*lSPAI." This indi- me at my address (bottom of column one).
amples here, as they would be different on cates that "laudo" is a verb in the first D

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FEBRUARY 1981 77
 of the proliferation of the species is sexual in a string of symbols, not necessarily
reproduction. In case you have forgoten, numbers.
sex facilitates the mingling and passing Given that we have a problem whose
"Artificial intelligence," that ever- ' on of minor variations of a main theme- answer can be expressed in string form,
farther goal, may be a will-o-the-wisp; offspring end up with half the beads of we proceed to form a population of strings
yet its many pathways of research have each parent. representing possible answers. We may
orought new insights to the study of Now we come to the vital process of form this population randomly, with malice
psychology, language, and even, as selection; whether natural or un-natural, aforethought, or using precognition if it is
described here, genetics. selection leads to changes in some favorable available. Once we have a population of
evolution is a process of multidimen- dimension, perhaps at the expense of other strings, it is time for selection. If does not
sional search: each newborn creature dimensions which may never be explored. matter how, but we must list the population
is exploring another PQsition in genetic in order of preference. We may decide
survival-space.Now artificial intelligence this matter of ranking analytically, by
research has discovered that one of mathematical methods; or we may solve
the best methods of multidimensional it pragmatically, by weighing results on a
search is what we have always called scale or scanning a profit statement. Or
sex. There being two sexes may not be Beneath the surface we can rank the strings of our population
mf!relj an accidental strategy o/.proto- interactively, esoterically: "I like that
plizsm, but the most efficient sch,e:me charm of such diverse pattern on my display screen better than
of search and adaptation. - TN entities as any of the others!"
Now for the last step in the process.
Mother Nature, in her wisdom, comes butterflies and dolphins We pair off the higher-ranking strings to
up with remarkable solutions to the must lie generate offspring who will replace the
problem of filling all available ecological lower-ranking strings, which are consigned
niches on this planet; and perhaps else- subtle and powerful to oblivion.
where too. Beneath the surface charm of evolutionary That is it, except for a bit of seasoning,
such diverse entities as butterflies and salt and pepper in the form of a few
dolphins must therefore lie subtle and methodologies. random mutations. We just turn the string
powerful evolutionary methodologies. population over to the proclivities of a
Bypassing consideration of Who brought computer program which repeatedly exe-
all this to pass, let us simply borrow a cutes the above sequence while we have
scheme for whose efficacy there is more a beer and voyeuristically watch the answer
than sufficient empirical evidence. Selection is based on some concept of to the problem evolve.
Curled in the nuclei of each cell of all fitness, of greater merit in a given environ- To illustrate the genetic adaptive
the diverse creatures about us are strings ment. It may not make a turkey happier approach, a problem was written which
of beads, each bead a part of the answer to have twice the breast meat, but the employs binary strings. These strings define
as to how to build and maintain the breeder smiles all the way home from the the X and Y coordinates of a point on the
particular creature of which it is a part. bank. display screen. The merit of a given string
(Note: the word "strings" in the preceding So let us focus on the concept of solving is determined by the distance of its point
sentence is a clue to where I am leading a problem by stringing together solution from a target point. The odd positions
you; keep it in mind.) If you want to parameters, something easily done on a along the string contain the bits of a binary
know more about the chemistry of all computer. Solution parameters are what- number for one coordinate and the even
this, read up on chromosomes and genes ever elements we are searching for. Thus, positions contain a binary number for the
and DNA and double helices. we might form a string of the numbers other coordinate. The strings are created
Remaining biological for a while, I wish which represent the temperatures, pressures in line 910 and the target is plotted in line
to raise the topic, rare in computer and flow rates in an oil refinery, or string 980.
literature, of sex. For an essential aspect together symbols defining a musical tune. The strings are converted from binary
Arthur Radcliffe, 1521 Hatcher Crescent, Ann The point is that this method works for numbers to decimal X,Y coordinates in
Arbor, MI 48103. problems whose answers can be expressed lines 160 and 170 using a binary weighting
78 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 good performance, an innovative design
The Sinclair ZXBO is innovative and powerful. and economical price. However, select-
Now there's a magazine to help you get ing software will not be easy. That's
where SYNC comes in. SYNC evaluates
the most out of it. software packages and other peripherals
and doesn't just publish manufacturer
descriptions. We put each package
through its paces and give you an in-

Get in depth, objective report of its strengths

and weaknesses.
SYNC is a Creative Computing pub-
lication. Creative Computing is the num-

sync ber 1 magazine of software and applica-

tions with nearly 100,000 circulation.
The two most popular computer games
books in the world, Basic Computer
Games and More Basic Computer
Games (combined sales over 500,000)
SYNC magazine is different from other you how to duplicate commands avail- are published by Creative Computing.
personal computing magazines. Not just able in other Basics. And, perhaps, how Creative Computing Software rnauutac-
different because it is about a unique to do things that can't be done on other tures over 150 software packages for six
computer, the Sinclair ZX80 (and kit ver- machines. different personal computers.
sion, the MicroAce). But different be- Many computer applications require Creative Computing, founded in 1974
cause of the creative and innovative phi- that data be sorted. But did you realize by David Ahl, is a well-established firm
losophy of the editors. there are over ten fundamentally differ- committed to the future of personal com-
ent sorting algorithms? Many people puting. We expect the Sinclair ZX80 to
A Fascinating Computer settle for a simple bubble sort perhaps be a highly successful computer and
because it's described in so many pro- correspondingly, SYNC to be a respect-
The ZX80 doesn't have memory map- gramming manuals or because they've ed and successful magazine.
ped video. Thus the screen goes blank seen it in another program. However,
when a key is pressed. To some review- sort routines such as heapsort or Shell- Order SYNC Today
ers this is a disadvantage. To our editors Metzner are over 100 times as fast as a
this is a challenge. One suggested that bubble sort and may actually use less Right now we need all the help we can
games could be written to take advan- memory. Sure, 1K of memory isn't a lot get. First of all, we'd like you to subscribe
tage of the screen blanking. For exam- to work with, but it can be stretched to SYNC.Subscriptions cost $10 for one
ple, how about a game where characters much further by using innovative, clever year (6 issues), $18 for two years (12
and graphic symbols move around the coding. You'll find this type of help in issues) or, if you really want to beat infla-
screen while it is blanked? The object SYNC. tion, $24 for three years (18 issues).
would be to crack the secret code gov- Send to the address below or call our
erning the movements. Voila! A new Lots of Games and Applications toll-free number, 800-631-8112 (in NJ
game like Mastermind or' Black Box 201-540-0445) to put your subscription
uniquely for the ZX80. Applications and software are the meat on your MasterCard, Visa or American
We made some interesting discoveries of SYNC. We recognize that along with Express card. Canadian and other fore-
soon after setting up the machine. For useful, pragmatic applications, like finan- ign surface subscriptions are $15 per
instance, the CHR$ function is not limit- cial analysis and graphing, you'll want year or $27 for two years. We guarantee
ed to a value between 0 and 255, but games that are fun and challenging. In your satisfaction or we will refund the
cycles repeatedly through the code. the charter issue of SYNC you'll find se- unfulfilled portion of your subscription.
CHR$ (9) and CHR$ (265) will produce veral games. Acey Ducey is a card game Needless to say, we can't fill up all the
identical values. In other words, CHR$ in which the dealer (the computer) deals pages without your help. So send in your
operates in a MOD 256 fashion. We two cards face up. You then have an op- programs, articles, hints and tips.
found that the "=" sign can be used se- tion to bet depending upon whether you Remember, illustrations and screen
veral times on a single line, allowing the feel the next card dealt will have a value photos make a piece much more inter-
logical evaluation of variables. In the between the first two. esting. Send in your reviews of peripher-
Sinclair, LET X=Y=Z=W is a valid ex- In Hurkle, another game in the charter als and software too-but be warned: re-
pression. issue, you have to find a happy little views must be in-depth and objective.
Or consider the TL$ function which Hurkle who is hiding on a 10 X 10 grid. In We want you to respect what you read on
strips a string of its initial character. At response to your guesses, the Hurkle the pages of SYNC so be honest and
first, we wondered what practical value it sends our a clue telling you in which forthright in the material you send us. Of
had. Then someone suggested it would direction to look next. course we pay for contributions-just
be perfect for removing the dollar sign One of the most ancient forms of arith- don't expect to retire on it.
from numerical inputs. metical puzzle is called a "boomerang."
Breakthroughs? Hardly. But indicative The oldest recorded example is that set The exploration has begun. Join us.
of the hints and kinds vou'll find in every down by Nicomachus in his Arithmetica
issue of SYNC. We intend to take the around 100 A.D. You'll find a computer
Sinclair to its limits and then push be- version of this puzzle in SYNC.
yond, finding new tricks and tips, new
applications, new ways to do what Hard-Hitting, Objective Evaluations 39 East Hanover Avenue
couldn't be done before. SYNC functions Morris Plains, NJ 07950, USA
on many levels, with tutorials for the be- By selecting the ZX80 or MicroAce as
ginner and concepts that will keep the your personal computer you've shown Toll free 800-631-8112
pros coming back for more. We'll show that you are an astute buyer looking for (In NJ 201-540-0445)
 Problem Solving.continued ...
PRINT 1 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT "PROBLEM SOLVING USING GENETIC A
array created in line 910. Old points are ·DAPTATION"
deleted from the screen in line 230 and H' A •• B •• C •• D to E •• F •• G • X •• Y •• 3
new points are added in line 280. 29 DIM A(7~13): DIM B(7): DIM C(7~13): DIM D(7): DIM R(7): DIM V
(7): DIM X(7): DIM Y(7) 1 DIM Z (7)
The distances of the points from the 33 PRINT "CONTACT ART RADCLIFFE
target are calculated in line 310. These 43 PRINT "IS21 HATCHER CRESCENT
distances are placed in rank order by the 53 PRINT "ANN ARBOR. MI 48133
sequence from 400 to 490. The array R 63 PRINT "(313)-769-3039
73 PRINT "SEE REMARKS STARTING LINE 1300
contains the serial numbers of the strings 89 GOTO 900
in the order ranked. Starting at line 500, 99 REM TRANSLATE BINARY STRING TO X & Y COORDINATES:
the strings are copied from array C in to 100 PRINT "GENERATION"";H;
110 FOR D •• 0 TO 7;X(D) •• 0:Y(D) '" 01 NEXT 0
array A in rank order. Lines 520 to 540
129 FOR A •• 0 TO 71 FOR B '" 3 TO 6
introduce random mutations. The distances 130 C •• 2 • B
of the best four from the target are printed 1,40 0 •• C + I
in line 620 and these four are copied into 150 E •• B(B)

the top positions in array C in line 640. 160 X(A) = X(A) + C(A~C) • E
170 YeA) •• YeA) + C(A.O) • E
The mating process is accomplished by 18" NEXT B: NEXT A
pairing strings 1 and 2, then strings 3 and 199 REM PLOT:
4. Each pair is cut at random position and 290 FOR A '" iii TO 7
210 X •• T,HA)
the head of each spliced to the tail of the 220 Y •• zeAl
other. Line 740 defines the cutting point; 230 HCOLOR: 01 HPLOT X~YI HPLOT X + I~YI HPLOT X.Y + II HPLOT X +
the heads are copied in lines 760 and 770; I.Y + I
21.10X '" X(A)
the tails are copied in lines 800 and 810. 250 weAl •• X
At this point we have: 260 Y •• yeA)
1.) extricated the odd and even bits from 270 zeAl •• Y
the string to define the X and Y coordi- 280 HCOLOR: 31 HPLOT X~YI HPLOT X + I.Y: HPLOT x.y + I: HPLOT X +
I~Y + I
nates 290 NEXT A
2.) plotted points defined by these coordi- 299 REM CALC. 01 STANCES FROM TARGET:
nates 390 FOR A •• 3 TO 7
3.) calculated the distances of these points 310 O(A)" INT (.5 + SQR «X(A)' - 64) t 2 + (Y(A) - 64) t 2»
329 R(A) " A
. from the target 330 NEXT A
4.) ranked the strings by closeness to the 399 REM ESTABLISH RANK ORDER:
target 433 FOR A " 0 TO 6: FOR B •• A TO 7
410 C •• O(A)
5.) mutated the strings and rearranged 420 0 •• O(B)
them in rank order 430 IF C c •• 0 THEN 490
6.) established the best four at the top 440 O(A) •• D
7.) mated the top four by cutting and 450 O(B) •• C
460 E •• R(A)
slicing to create offspring replacing the 473 R(A) • R( B)
bottom four. 480 R(B) •• E
490 NEXT B: NEXT A
That is all there is to it: 499 REM MUTATE AND COPY INTO ARRAY •A' I
500 FOR A • 8 TO 7
A) establish a rating process 513 B •• R(A)
B) create an initial population of strings 528 IF INT (2. =
RNO (I» 3 THEN 553
C) record the rating of each string 533 0" INT( 1.4. ,RNO (I»
543 C(A~D) to I - C(A~O)
D) place the strings in rank order
550 FOR C • 8 TO 13
E) mate and mutate the better strings to 560'A(A.C) ~ C(B.C)
replace the poorer ones 570 NEXT CI NEXT A
F) continue the sequence C, D, E. 599 REM COpy BEST 4 INTO ARRAY •C· 1
600 PRINT" BEST 4: ";
When are you done? The process tends 61" FOR A •• 9 TO 3
toward a point of diminishing returns, 62" PRINT" ";OCA);
633 FOR B •• 0 TO 13
often after 20 generations. If you do not 64" C(A.B) " A(A.B)
like what is happening, tinker with the 65" NEXT BI NEXT A
mating and mutation processes. 663 PRINT
699 REM CUT & SPLI CE 1ST 4 TO MAKE NEW 2ND 4:
The remarks appended to the program 7"" FOR A "0 TO 2 STEP 2
should be studied as counterpoint to what 710 B •• A + I
has been written above. Experimentation 723 C •• A + 4
730 0 ••A + 5
is encouraged: for example, if the order
71.1" E" I + INT <12. RNO (I»
of the bits for one coordinate is reversed, 750 FOR F •• 0 TO E
the head of each string will contain the 76" C(C~F) •• A(A~F)
most significant bits for one coordinate 770 C(O.F) •• A(B~F)
783 NEXT F
and the tail will contain the most significant 7,93 FOR ,G •• E + I TO 13
bits of the other coordinate. Also, more 80,0 C(C.F> = A(B.n
kinky mating processes can be designed. 81" C(O.F) •• A(A.F)
Credit for creating this genetic adapta- 820 NEXT G: NEXT A
833 H," H + I
tion process belongs with John Holland 840 IF Ii •• 21 THEN H •• 3: GOTO 9""
of the Computer Science Department of 850 GOTO 10"
The University of Michigan. 0 899 REM INITIALIZE:
900 FOR A •• 0 TO 7: FOR B " 0 TO I 3
910 CCA~B)" INT (2. RNO (I»
Bibliography 92" NEXT B: NEXT A
1)J.R Holland,Adaptation in Natural and Artificial
Systems. U. Michigan Press, 1975.
930 FOR A = 0 TO 6
943 B(A) •• 2 t A

80 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 950
969
NEXT A
FOR A •• IiJ TO lliJ: PRINT I NEXT A TNELEAST
971iJ
9SIiJ
HGR
HCOLOR" 31 FOR X •• 64 TO 661 FOR Y •• 64 TO 66: HPLOT X.Y: NEXT' EXPENSIVE PROGRAMS
991iJ
YI NEXT X
GOTO lliJliJ YOUCAN BUY.
1000 REM THIS IS AN APPLICATION OF A PERFECTLY GENERAL PROBLEM Up to 77 high-quality programs
SOLVING SYSTEM WHICH I HAVE ALSO USED TO SOLVE THE TRAVELIN for TRS-80, only $10.95
G. SALESMAN PROBLEM: FIND THE SHORTEST .ROUTE THROUGH N CITIES
NewBasic.o..expands disk basic
1001 REM THIS TECHNIQUE "AS DEVELOPED UNDER PROFESSOR JOHN HOL
Now configure your Basic to do any or
LAND OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTME
all of the following:
NT BY D. J. CAVICCHIO AND R. B. HOLLSTIEN ABOUT 1970.
• Convert decimal to hex, and vice versa, provide
1002 REM THIS TECHNIQUE CAN BE APPLIED TO A!\lY PROBLEM WHOSE SO character representation for each, or the hex-dec
LUTION CAN BE EXPRESSED AS A STRING. SUCH AS BY FORMING A ST number of any character • Blinking_ cursor
RING FROM THE COEFFICIENTS OF AN EQUATION OR FROM ANY SYMBOL • Repeat key • Audible key entry (each key makes
a soundj e directory command from Basic. Disk
S DEFINING A PATTERN OR EVENT. load and disk run command file • Graphic
1003 REM THERE IS ONE OTHER ESSENTIAL CONDITION: THAT THE pOPUL functions, including drawing blocks, lines, filling-
ATION OF STRINGS CAN BE RANKED AS TO MERIT (EITHER ANALYTICA in blocks '. Lowercase driver • RS232 driver
LLY. BY EX!'ERIMENT 0 R BY JUDGEMENT). (LPRINT-LLIST) • Can function, hex-order
number will execute subroutine .• Spooter and
113134 REM THE INITIAL FAMILY OF STRINGS CAN BE BASED ON ESIMATE des pooler • Print toggle, LPRINTS your video
OR CAN BE COMPLETELY RANDOM. display. Find (locate a Baste command or strtng)
1005 REM THE PROCEDURE STARTS WITH ASSIGNING A MERIT FACTOR TO Modular Software Associate. $24.95 ($26.45 CA)

EACH STRING .• Level II Tapes

1006 REM THE NEXT STEP I S TO PLACE THE STRING S IN ORDER OF MER 'Tiny' Pascal runs on any 16K Level II system, in-
IT. cludes the programming structuring capabilities
10137 REM PAIRS OF STRINGS FROM THE TOP OF THE LST ARE THEN 'MA of full Pascal, but not data structuring.
TED' TO PROOUCE OFFSPRING WHICH REPLACE STRINGS AT THE B01TO Able to compile Z-80 machine code, programs run
M OF THE LIST. about 5X faster than Level II Basic-graphics run
eight times faster! Requires use ofT-Bug (or Tape
10'218 REM THE STRINGS ARE ANALOGOUS TO CHROMOSOMES AND THE pROC 7) and ETASM.
ESS IS ANALOGOUS TO SELECTIVE BREEDING.
10'219 REt1, THE t-lATING CAN CONVEN IENTLY BE ACCOMPLI SHED BY CUTTIN Tape 3, People's Pascal $19.95
G A oAIR AT RANDOt1 LOATION AND SPLICING THE HEADS AND TAILS
Tape I, 34 buts., edu., game progs. $10.95
TO FORM THO NET" STRINGS (WHICH EACH CONTAIN ATTRIBUTES OF BO Tape 2, 77 programs from Osborne book: Some
TH PARENTS). Common Basic Progratns $10.95
i010 REM IT IS HELPFUL TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS TO CREATE R Tape 5, 24 buis., edu., game progs . $10.95
Tape 7, 31 buts.. edu., game progs $10.95
ANDOM MUTATIONS. AS BY RANDOMLY SELECTING HALF THE pOpULA1!0 Tape 8, 40, inc. 4X tape speedup $10.95
N FOR ALTERATION OF A RANDOt1LY CHOSENELE..'1EtJT OF THE STRING.
PASPATCH
i011 REM THE POPULATION WITH IT'S NEW MEi1BERS AND MUTATIONS IS
PasPatch, Tape 6P, makes Tandy tiny
RECYCLED THROUGH THE SAME ST~pS. STARTING WITH RATING AND R
Pascal a powerful disk system!
ANKING. EACH CYCLE IS TERMED A GENERATION.
Also works with CIE Tape 6 (no longer available)
1012 REM IN THIS EXAMPLE EIGHT STRINGS OF 14 I'S AND 0'S CONST and Supersoft tiny.
ITUTE THE POPULATION. THE ODD POSITIONS IN A STRING-ARE THE Modular Software Assoc. $15.95
BINARY EXPRESSION OF THE X COORDINATE OF A POINT AND THE EV
EN POSITIONS DEFINE THE Y COORDINATE. SuperPIMS-People's Database
1013 REM A TARGET IS DEFINED AS THE POINT 64.64. THE STRINGS PIMS has been greatly speeded up and simplified,
ARE RATED ACCORDING TO THE DISTANCE OF THE POINT THEY DEFINE with machine-language sorts, key debcunce ,
optional automatic lowercase (no keying, no
FROM THIS TARGET. hardware mod) on labels or reports. Up to 20
1014 REM ARRAY C CONTAINS 8 STRINGS. ARRAY A IS USED TO BUFFE fields, limited by 240-character maximum per
R ARRAY CDURING BREEDING. ARRAY B CONTAINS THE VALUES OF T record. Easy to revise, add records, split or
merge files, sum or average any fields.
HE POSITIONS OF A BINARY NUMBER. ARRAY 0 CONTAINS THE DisTA Customized fortape, tape &disk, Zoom, TC8 Poor
NCE OF EACH PO INT FROM THE TARGET. I Man's Floppy, B17, Stringy Floppy-all on one
1'2115 REM ARRAY R CONTAINS THE SERIAL NUMBERS OF THE STRINGS IN tape! As mailing labels program, easily manages
20,000 list. CIE does! Advanced labels module to
RANK OPDER. ARRAYS X AND Y STORE THE X AND Y COORDINATES 0
come, $24.95, making system most powerful
EFINED BY EACH STRING. ARRAYS WAND Z BUFFER ARRAYS X AND Y mailer available!
program (CIE) $15.95 ($16.95 CA)
1016 REM LINES 0-90: GET ORGANIZED. book (SCELBI) $11.95 ($12.67 CA)
11317 REM LINES 900-990: INITIALIZE. Tiny Payroll
1018 REM LINES 100-180: TRANSLATE STRING TO X AND Y COORDINAT We've taken it rrom Computer Programming for
ES. the Complete Idiot, thus a whole book of
REM documentation! For all above systems.
1019 LINES 200-290: PLOT THE POINTS.
CIE $10.95 (CA $11.61)
1020 REM LINES 300-330: CALCULATED DISTANCES OF POINTS FROM TA Book, documents Tiny Payroll $5.95
RGET.
1021 REM LINES 4130-490: ESTABLISH RANK ORDER. Games for color TRS-80
i'2l22 REM LINES 500-570: MUTATE AND COPY STRINGS INTO ARRAY 'A' Modular Software Assoc. tape contains:
IN RANK 0 RDER. • PONG-SO .• ENTRAP • DEMOLISH (like
Breakout) • TRAFFIC (Grand Prix auto race)
1023 REM LINES 6013-660: COpy TOP (BEST) 4 STRING S INTO ARRAY ,
• BETA TREK space game. SHUTTLE (rocket
C' • ship game). $19.95 ($20.55 CA)
1024 REM LINES 7130-6513: CUT AND SPLICE COPIES OF THE BEST 4 TO
REPLACE THE WORST 4. Word Processing Newsletter
1025 REM THISPROGRAM WAS WRITTEN TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROCESS. S Want to really USE your computer? Then word
ECTION 200 CAN BE MERGED WITH SECTION 100 TO ELIMINATE ARRAY processing is for you. Let your computer show you
how much easier writing can be.
S W AND Z. FOR INSTANCE. Learn aboutthe new 510 cps 'non-daisy' that at
1026 REM IT IS INTERESTING TO EXPLORE POPULATION SIZES. ~IATING lOX daisy speed gives correspondence quality, at
PROCESSES AN.D MUTATION RATES. 20 GENERATIONS SEEMS TO BE A less than twice the cost. Too slow? The really fast
guys are coming. How about 30 llxl4 typeset-
MAGIC NUMBER FOR APPROACHING DIMINISHING RETURNS.
quality documents per minute? Maybe you could
1(;l27 REM THE STRING ELEMENTS COULD BE SYMBOLS CODING A MUSICAL use the same 'printer' as a copier.
PIECE OR OTHER ARTISTIC COMPOSITION WITH THE RANKING BEING How aboutan inexpensive ($169) magnetic card
BASED ON ESTHETIC MERIT. ' reader- writer that would let you input mail
addresses, letter paragraphs, even sma ll
102S REM THE STRING ELEMENTS COULD ALSO REPRESENT CONTROL SETT programs?
INGS FOR A CHEMICAL PROCESSING PLANT. Read about all this and more in Low Cost Word
1029 REM THE RANKING COULD BE PROVIDED BY MEASUREMENTS OF PLAN processtng , the only newsletter about word
processing using your personal computer. Just
T GROWTH OR BY ANIMAL ACTIVITY RECORDED WITH APPROPRIATE SEN $15 for 12 issues.
SORS.
All orders charge card, check or m.o.
1030 REM PLEASE CONTACT ART FADCLIFFE IN ANN ARBOR AND SHARE Y Calif. residents add 6 pct tax. Dealer tnq. invited
OUR EXPERIENCE: PROBLEMS AND RESULTS. WITH THIS SYSTEM. THA Overseas, aQd $1 per tape postage
NX. COMPUTER INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Box 159
San Luis Rey CA 92068
FEBRUARY 1981 81 CIRCLE 124 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 How to Solve it-
with the Computer
Donald T. Piele
. PartS
The Problem
Solving Contest
For the past four years the University of Wisconsin - the programs and displaying the sample runs.
Parkside has conducted a computer problem solving contest for 4. Time Limit: Each team will be given five problems to
junior and senior high school students. For a period of two solve in a two hour time limit. In cases where a printer must be
hours teams of up to three members each compete on inter- shared between two or more teams for the hard copy printout,
active computer systems to solve five programming problems. time can be taken after the two hour limit to make listings and
The results are judged on whether they run properly using the sample runs. This must be done with an official present. No
test data supplied in the problem, are easy to read, logical, program can be changed after the two hour limit.
imaginative, and creative. Within two hours after the contest is 5. Grading Procedure: The solutions will be judged as
over, the three best teams in each division are announced and follows.
the prizes awarded. (a) Does it run properly, using the test data provided
\ in the problem? (12 points)
-An Open Invitation (b) Is the program well designed and easy to read?
(5 points)
This year we would like to extend an invitation to schools (c) Is the program imaginative, creative? (3 points)
throughout the country and the world to participate in our No partial credit is given under criteria (a) for a program
computer problem solving contest. We will share our 1981 that does not run. '
contest problems with school districts, universities, or other 6. Multiple Sessions: It is often necessary to run more than
organizations that are interested in conducting a similar local one session during the contest to accommodate all the teams on
computer problem solving contest under the following a limited amount of hardware. In this case, those responsible for
guidelines. the contest must make sure that each session is run so that no
one sees the problems before their turn.
Guidelines
7. General: No outside help is allowed during the contest,
I. To receive a copy of the 1981 contest problems, the including books, programs, or people not on the team.
director of a local organization should contact us by April 4th However questions concerning the operation of computers,
and agree to keep the problems confidential until Saturday, terminals, or printers may be answered by those conducting the
May 2, 1981. This is the date we have set for our contest this contest. Also, time may be taken before the session begins to
year. . ' familiarize the contestants with the operation of a computer
2. On or after May 2, 1981, any organizations may use the system.
problems to conduct their own contest. The results will be
judged and the winners selected locally. Grading
3. No organization that holds a local contest is required to
We have found it helpful to have each team attach the
enter their winner in the national and worldwide contest.
following score sheet to each program they submit. This ensures
However, tobe eligible forthis competition, the local contest
correct identification of listings and speeds up the grading
must beheld on May 2, 1981 and the set of rules (listed below)
followed. ' . ' process.
4. A national and worldwide ranking will be determined by
a team of judges from the University of Wisconsin-Parkside. Team Identification
The first three' places in each division will receive prizes from We require that each team pick a team name for
Creative Computing magazine. Winners will be notified by identification purposes. The Devious Debuggers, The Apple
June I, 198't and the results Will be announced in the August Busters, Knights of Ni, and Microbits were examples used last
issue of creative Co"!pu!ing. ' year. Also, each team picks a captain.
Teams enter the contest by filling out the following
Contest Rules application form.
I. Category SR: Grades 10-12 (age < =18)
, JR: Grades 7-9 (age < = 15) Contest Problems
2. Team Size: A team consists of one to three members.
3. Computer System: Any interactive computer system The problems used in the third computer problem solving
may be usedr'however, each team may use only one input device contest (1979) appeared in the September 1979issue of Creative
(keyboard ortenh~naI). Hard ,copy must be available for listing Computing. The fourth computer problem solving contest
problems (1980) are presented here followed by a complete set
Donald T. Piele', 'Uni~efsi~Yof Wiseonsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141. of solutions and sample runs.
, ,I
82 CREATIVE COMPUTING
~olve It, continued ... SCORE :::;HEET

Pr'obl~m Number'

Team Name

-------------------------------------------------------------
----_._-------------------------------------------------------
(For 9rader's use only)

Co r-rec t ne ss 12 points)

Design and Readability 5 points)

Imagination, Creativity _ :3 points)

Total

Grader _

=================================================================
=================================================================

PROGRAMMING CONTEST ENTRY FORM

TEAM NAME . _

SCHOOL NAME _

SCHOOL ADDRESS _

ADVISOR'S NAME _

ADVISOR'S PHONE #( ) - _

DIVI:::;ION :::;R
(Senior', s r-ade s 10-12, age < = 18)

JR (Junior, 9rades 7-9 03.ge<.= 15)

TEAM MEMBERS

1. (CAPTAIN)
.
.-:
.L. •

.-:.
'-' . ----------------------------~-----------

=================================================================
APPLE" ® TRS·SO (t)

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~ 142 Carlow
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CIRCLE lB9 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Solve It, continued ...
COMPUTER STATION JUNIOR DIVISION
12 CROSSROADS PLAZA JR 1. Extended Fibonacci Sequences
GRANITE CITY, IL. 62040 The Fibonacci sequence I, I ,2,3,5,8, 13,21 ,34,55 is given by
(618) 452-1860 the rule that the first two numbers are both I, and each
following number is the sum of the previous two numbers. For
COMPUTER STATION proudly offers a high-speed binary example, the first 6 terms are
video digitizer for the Apple II called the DITHERTIZER II. 1
The peripheral board uses a video camera with external sync 1
to load the hi-res page of the Apple with any image the 2 = 1+1
camera can capture. The DITHERTIZER II is a frame grab- 3 = 1+2
ber, DMA type digitizer requiring only 'I..,th of a second to 5 = 2+3
capture a binary image. Software supplied with the board 8 = 3+5
enables building dithered images and capturing image inten-
sity contours. Intensity and contrast are user controllable via To generalize this, we define the 3- Fibonacci sequence such
the game paddles. Matrix size for dithering chang able with that the first three numbers are 1, and each following number is
one keystroke. Requires video camera, with external sync; the sum ofthe previous three numbers. For example, the first 6
recommended model, Sanyo VC1610X.
terms of the-f-Fibonacci sequence are 1,1,1,3,5,9.
DlTHERTIZER II, $300; B / W SANYO
VIDEO CAMERA, $410; PACKAGE OF You are to write a program which will print the first n terms
DlTHERTIZER II AND CAMERA. $650. of the 3-Fibonacci sequence, where n is given as an input value.
Run your program once, with n 20. =
JR 2. Dart Throwing
Assume you are throwing darts at a 5-by-5 square checker-
board. Each throw will hit randomly at any of the 25 possible
squares with equal likelihood. After throwing a certain number
of darts, you count the total number of squares you hit.
Write a program to simulate this dart game by "throwing"
n darts, where n is a given input value. After all n darts have
been thrown, tally the results and display the dart board as in
the following example:

*
* *
GRAPHICS DUMPS: COMPUTER STATION offers the
highest degree of human engineering on the market for hard
copy graphics from the hi-res pages of the Apple. The follow- * * *
ing machine language dump routines are available for
*
BASIC:
IOS440G / 445G' $44.95
IOS460G' 44.95
ANADEX9501 44.95 NUMBER OF THROWS = 8
NEC SPINWRITER 5510 44.95 NUMBER OF SQUARES HIT = 7
NEC SPINWRITER 5520 44.95
• Also availabe for use with Pascal, $44.95. Here a "*,, in a position indicates that a square has been hit (at
APPLEWRITER GRAPHICS: Hard copy of character sets least once), and a "." means the square has not been hit. Run
found in DOS Tool Kit for use with Applewriter or print program twice each for the following values ofn: 10,25,50,100.
statements in your own programs. Requires DOS 3.3, DOS
Tool Kit, one of graphic printers below:
Silentype $34.95 JR 3. Character Replacement
IOS440G/445G 34.95
VISILlST: Get hard copy of the FORMULAS used in Write a program which will allow 3 inputs:
VISICALC models. Prints grid location, contents (formulas (A) An input string
or labels). and global parameters. Handy utility for all (B) A character to be replaced
VISICALC users. $24.95 (C) A character to replace it with
PROGRAMMER'S GUIDE TO THE APPLE II: Thick The program should replace each character of the string
reference card (40 page booklet). $,4.95
given in (A) which matches the character given in (B) by the
Send or caU for free catalog.
character given in (C). Here is an example of what your output
should look like:
INPUT STRING THE FAT FOX
REPLACE F
BY B
OUTPUT STRING THE BAT BOX
REPLACEMENTS 2

Run your program with the above example.

JR 4. Crowded Phone Booth

Ten people named A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J are trying
to get into a small phone booth which can hold only two people
at a time. There are exactly 45 different ways that they can get
two of the 45 into the booth. Write a program to list them. Your
Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. VISICALC is a output should list the combinations in the form.
registered trademark of Personal Software, Inc. DITHERTIZER II is a registered
trademark of Computer Stations. Inc. AB AC AD AE AF

86 CREATIVE COMPUTING
CIRCLE 149 ON READER SERVICE CARD
JR 5. Twin Primes SR 3. Substring Replacement
Recall that a positive integer p > I is called a prime if its Write a program which will allow three inputs:
only positive factors are I and p. If both p and p+2 are prime, (A) An input string
the pair p and p+2 is called a twin prime pair. (B) A substring to be replaced
You are to write a program to print all twin prime pairs p (C) A substring to replace it with
and p+2 such that p+2~n, where n is a given input value, and to The program should then replace, from left to right, each
print the total number of prime pairs found. For example, with substring of the string given in (A) which matches the substring
n = 20, your output should look like this: given in (B) by the substring given in (C). If a replacement is
made, the string search continues beginning with the character
1WIN PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER THAN 20
following the replaced substring. Here are two examples of
3 5 what your output should look like:
5 7
11 13 Example 1:
17 19
INPUT STRING HE SHUD FU
1lIERE ARE 4 SUCH PAIRS REPLACE U

Run your program for n = 20, and for n = ioo. BY OUL

OUTPUT STRING HE SHOULD FOUL
SENIOR DIVISION REPLACEMENT'S 2

SR 1. Extended Fibonacci Numbers Example 2:

The Fibonacci sequence I, 1,2,3,5,8, 13,21,34,55 is given
INPUT STRING Fcxxx)D
by the rule that the first two numbers are both I, and each
following number is the sum of the previous two numbers. For REPLACE 00
example, the first 6 terms are BY 0
1 OUTPUT STRING FOOD
1 REPLACEMENT'S 2
2 = 1+1
3 = 1+2 Run your program with the above examples.
5 = 2+3
8 = 3+5 SR 4. Crowded Phone Booth
To generalize this, we define an m-Fibonacci sequence
(where m is an integer> I) such that the first m numbers are I, There are n people (n~26) whose names are A, B, C, ... ,
and each following number is the sum of the previous m and a phone booth with capacity m (m~n). Write a program to
numbers. For example, the first 6 terms of the 3-Fibonacci list all the possible ways m of these n people can get into the
sequence are I, I, 1,3,5,9. booth. Your output should list the combinations of names in a
You are to write a program which will print the first n terms format similar to the following example with n 5 and n = 3: =
of the m-Fibonacci sequence, where m and n are given input ABC ABD ABE ACD ACE
values with m < n. Your program should not retain more than ADE BCD BCE BDE CDE
the last m numbers displayed. Run your program 3 times, using
the following input values: THERE ARE 10 Ca.1BlNATIONS
m n
Run your program with the following values of m and n:
2 10
3 20 n m
10 20
5 3
SR 2. Spirals 7 4
10 2
Write a program which will print a spiral of numbers I to n2 20 19
in an n-by-n square display, where n is a given input value,
n~ 10. For example, for n =
4 the display should look like SR 5. Twin Near Primes
this:
A positive integer k > I is called a near prime if K is not
7 6 5 16 prime but is the product of exactly two (possibly equal) primes.
t---
If both k and k+ I are near primes, the pair k and k+ I is called a
8 1 4 15
near prime pair. You are to write a program to print all near
9 2 3 14 prime pairs k and k+ I such that k+ I~ n, where n is a given input
value, and to print the total number of near prime pairs found.
10 11 12 13 =
For example, with n 30, your output should look like this:
and for n = 5 the display should look like this: 1WIN NEAR PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER THAN 30

9 10
21 20 19 18 17 14 15
21 22
22 7 6 5 16 25 26
r--
23 8 1 4 1lIERE ARE 4 suar PAIRS
15

24 9 2 3 14
Run your program for n = 30 and n = 100.

25 10 11 12 13 Contest Solution
The contest solutions listed below are written in North Star
(The lines are for reference purposes only. You do not need to Basic and duplicate the logic used by the winning teams in the
print them.) 1980 competition. With minor punctuation changes and string
Run your program twice, once with n = 4 and once with conversions, the same programs work in Applesoft Basic. These
=
n 5. changes are noted after the listings.
FEBRUARY 1981 87
Solve It, continued ...
10 PRINT "JR 1. EXTENDED FIBONACCI SEQUENCES"
20 PRINT "----------.:------------------------,, NUMBER OF THROWS 50
30 INPUT "ENTER A VALUE FOR N:",N NUMBER OF SQUARES HIT 24
40 DIM A(N+3) READY
50 A(l)=l \ A(2)=1 \ A(3)=1
RUN
60 FOR 1=1 TO N
70 IF I < 4 THEN 90
80 A(I)=A(I-l)+A(I-2)+A(I-3) JR 2. DART THROWING
90 PRINT A(I),
HOW MANY DARTS DO YOU WANT TO TOSS? 50
100 NEXT I
110 END
READY * * *
RUN * ** * ** **
JR 1. EXTENDED FIBONACCI SEQUENCES * * * * *
* * *' *
ENTER A VALUE FOR N.20 NUMB~R OF THROWS 50
1 1 1 3 5 9 17 31 57 105 193 355 653 1201 2209 4063 NUMBER OF SQUARES HIT 20
7473 13745 25281 46499 READY
READY
RUN
10 PRINT "JR 2. DART THROWING"
20 PRINT 11 ------------- II JR 2. DART THROWING
30 REM T = # OF TOSSES
40 REM B(5,5)= THE DART BOARD HOW MANY DARTS DO YOU WANT TO TOSS? 100
50 DIM B(5,5)
60 REM FNR(X) = RANDOM INTEGER BETWEEN 1 AND X * * * * *
70 DEF FNR(X) = INT(RND(O)*X) +1 ** ** ** ** **
75 X=RND(-l) \ REM RANDOMIZE
80 INPUT "HOW MANY DARTS DO YOU WANT TO TOSS? ",T * * * * *
90 PRINT * * * * *
100 S=O
NUMBER OF THROWS 100
110 REM *** THROW DARTS ***
120 FOR 1=1 TO T NUMBER OF SQUARES HIT 25
130 B(FNR(5),FNR(5»=1 READY
140 NEXT I
150 REM *** OUTPUT RESULTS ***
160 FOR 1=1 TO 5
170 FOR J=l TO 5 10 PRINT "JR 3. CHARACTER REPLACEMENT"
180 IF B(1,J)=O THEN PRINT" 20 PRINT "---------------------------,,
190 IF B(I,J)=O THEN 220 30 DIM A$(255), D$(255)
200 PRINT "* " 40 INPUT "INPUT STRING : ",A$
210 S=S+l 50 D$=A$
220 NEXT J 60 INPUT "REPLACE : ",8S
230 PRINT 70 IF LEN(B$)=O THEN 60
80 INPUT "BY ,C$ : II
240 NEXT I
250 PRINT 90 IF LEN(C$)=O THEN 80
260 PRINT " NUMBER OF THROWS ",T 100 FOR 1=1 TO LEN(A$)
270 PRINT "NUMBER OF SQUARES HIT ",S 110 IF A$(I,I)<>B$(l,l) THEN 140
280 END 120 A$ (I,I )= C$ (1,1)
READY 130 C=C+l
RUN 140 NEXT I
150 PRINT "OUTPUT STRING : ",AS
JR 2. DART THROWING 160 PRINT "REPLACEMENTS : ",e
170 END
HOW MANY DARTS DO YOU WANT TO TOSS? 25 READY
RUN
* * * '*
JR 3. CHARACTER REPLACEMENT
* ." * *
* * * * INPUT STRING :THE FAT FOX
* * * *
* * * * REPLACE :F
BY :B
NUMBER OF THROWS 25 OUTPUT STRING :THE BAT BOX
NUMBER OF SQUARES HIT 19 REPLACEMENTS : 2
READY READY
RUN

JR 2. DART THROWING 10 PRINT "JR 4. CROWDED PHONE BOOTH"

20 PRINT "-------------------------,,
HOW MANY DARTS DO YOU WANT TO TOSS? 25 30 A$="ABCDEFGHIJ"
40 FOR 1= 1 TO 9
50 FOR J=I+l TO 10
* * 60 PRINT TAB(C*4),A$(I,I),A$(J,J),
* *
* * * * *
* 70 C=C+l
* * * 80 IF C<ll THEN 100
* * * * 90 PRINT \ c=o
100 NEXT J
NUMBER OF THROWS 25 110 NEXT I
NUMBER OF SQUARES HIT 17 120 END
READY READY
RUN
JR 2. DART THROWING
JR 4. CROWDED PHONE BOOTH
HOW MANY DARTS DO YOU WANT TO TOSS? 50
AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ BC BD
BE BF BG BH BI BJ CD CE CF CG CH
* * * * * CI C~I DE DF DG DH DI D~I EF
* * * * * EG EH
* * * * * EI EJ FG FH FI FJ GH GI GJ HI HJ
* * * * IJ
* * * * * READY

88 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 10 PRINT "JR 5. TWIN PRIMES"
20 PRINT "-----------------,,
30 INPUT "N = ",N
40 T=O
50 PRINT "TWIN PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER THAN ",N
MARK GORDON
60 PRINT
70
80
90
FOR 1=3 TO N-2 STEP 2
FOR J=3 TO SQRT(I+2) STEP 2
IF I/J =INT(I/J) THEN EXIT 140
COMPUTERS
DIVISiON OF MARK GORDON AssocIATES,INC.
100 IF (1+2)/J = INT«1+2)/J) THEN EXIT 140 P.O.Box 77. Charlestown, MA 02129
To Order forinfo.
110 NEXT J <,,239
80().)43-5206 617491·7505
120 T=T+l
130 PRINT I,TAB(10),1+2
140 NEXT I
150 PRINT
160 PRINT "THERE ARE",T," SUCH PAIRS." COMPUTERS
170 END Atart 800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 799.00
READY IRS-80 Model III-16K . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 869.00
RUN
Model·1I 64K System 3499.00
JR 5. TWIN PRIMES DISK DRIVES
N = 20 40 Track 5'14 inch drive . ........ 319.00
TWIN PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER THAN 20 80 Track 5'14 inch drive 549.00
3 5 4 Disk Drive Cable 39.00
5 7
11 13 PRINTERS
17 19 Centronics 737 799.00
Microline 80 w-Tractor .........•........... 699.00
THERE ARE 4 SUCH PAIRS.
READY Integral Data 440G ...................•........ 999.00
RUN NEC 5510 w-tractor 2679.00
TI 8 I 0 Basic. 1895.00
JR 5. TWIN PRIMES
Mise HARDWARE
N = 100 Expansion into TRS-80(Ok) ..... . 249.00
TWIN PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER THAN 100
Novation Cat modem 159.00
3 5
5 7 16K Memory Kit. 49.00
11 13 Leedex Monitor. ....................•......... 109.00
17 19 Printer Cable for above 49.00
29 31 ISO-2 Isolator. 54.00
41 43 AC LINE FILHR. . 24.00
59 61
71 73 Microsoft Z80 Softcard 339.00
THERE ARE 8 SUCH PAIRS. STORAGE MEDIA
READY
Verbatim-box 10·5 '14.......................•.... 25.00
10 PRINT "SR 1. EXTENDED FIBONACCI NUMBERS" Memorex·box 10-5'14 . ............. 22.00
20 PRINT ,,-------------------------------- Plastic Storage Box 5.00
30 INPUT "ENTER THE NUMBER OF TERMS N ",N
40 INPUT "ENTER A VALUE FOR THE 'M' = ",M OPERATING SYSTEMS
50 DIM F(M)
NEWDOS by APPARAT INC. 49.00
60 FOR 1=1 TO M
70 F(Il=l NEWDOS+ by APPARAT INC. 99.00
80 NEXT I MMS FORTH DISKETTE·PRIMER 79.95
90 FOR 1=1 TO N New DOS 80 ....................•......•... 149.00
100 S=O
110 FOR J=l TO M
120 S = S + F(J) DISKETTE TRS-80 *
130 F(J-l)=F(J)
140 NEXT .J BUSINESS SOFTWARE BY SBSG
150 F(M)=S Free enhancements and upgrades to registered owners for
160 PRINT F(O),
170 NEXT I the cost of media and mailing. 30 day free telephone sup-
180 END port. User reference on request.
READY Fully Interactive Accounting Package. General Ledger.
RUN Accounts Payable. Accounts Receivable and Payroll.
Report Generating.
SR 1. EXTENDED FIBONACCI NUMBERS
Complete Package (requires 3 or 4 drives) $475.00
ENTER THE NUMBER OF TERMS N 10 Individual Modules (requires 2 or 3 drives) $125.00
ENTER A VALUE FOR THE 'M' = 2 Inventory II: (requires 2 or 3 drives) $ 99.00
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Mailing List Name & Address II
READY
(requires 2 drives) $129.00
RUN
Intelligent Terminal System ST-80 III: $150.00
SR 1. EXTENDED FIBONACCI NUMBERS The Electric Pencil from Michael Shrayer $150.00
File Management System: $ 49.00
ENTER THE NUMBER OF TERMS N = 20
ENTER A VALUE FOR THE 'M' = 3 FINE PRINT
1 1 1 3 5 9 17 31 57 105 193 355 653 1201 2209 4063 TRS·SOis a'randy Corporation trademark. Use of above operating sys-
7473 13745 25281 46499 tems may require the use of Radio Shack TRS·DOS. Radio Shack
READY
equipment subject to the will and whim of Radio Shack.
RUN
ORDERINGINFORMATION
SR 1. EXTENDED FIBONACCI NUMBERS
We accept Visa and Mastercharge. We will ship C.O.D. certified check
or money orders only. Massachusetts residents add 5 percent sales tax.
ENTER THE NUMBER OF TERMS N = 20
ENTER A VALUE FOR THE 'M' = 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 19 37 73 145 289 577 1153 2305 4609 The Company cannot be liable lor pictorial or typographical inaccuracies.
READY .
CIRCLE 165 ON READER ~ERVICE CARD
FEBRUARY 1981 89
 Solve It, continued ...
10 ,PRINT '''SR2. SPIRALS"
20 PRINT "-------------,,
30 INPUT "WIDTH OF SQUARE :",N
40 N=INT(N)
50 DIM M(N,N) SR 3. SUBSTRING REPLACEMENT SR 3. SUBSTRING REPLACEMENT
60 Y = INT(N/2 +.5)
70 X = Y \ REM START AT X,Y INPUT STRING :HE SHUD FU INPUT STRING :FOOOOD
REPLACE :U REPLACE :00
80 C=l \ D=O
BY :OUL BY :0
90 FOR S=l TO N
OUTPUT STRING :HE SHOULD FOUL OUTPUT STRING :FOOD
100 IF INT(S/2)=S/2 THEN 120
REPLACEMENTS : 2 REPLACEMENTS : 2
110 RESTORE
READY READY
120 FOR A = 1 TO 2
130 E=D RUN
140 READ D
150 FOR T = 1 TO S
160 M(Y,X) = C
170 IF C=NA2 THEN 240 10 PRINT "SR 4. CROWDED PHONE BOOTH"
180 C=C+l 20 PRINT "-------------------------,,
190 Y=Y+D 30 DIM X(26), A$(26)
200 'X=X+E 40 X (0)=64
210 NEXT T 50 INPUT "INPUT N,M ",N,M
220 NEXT A 60 IF N<M OR N>26 OR N>INT(N) OR M<l THEN 50
230 NEXT S 65 L = INT(70/(M+2»
240 REM *** PRINT OUT *** 70 A=A+l
250 FOR I = 1 TO N 80 X(A)=X(A-l)
260 FOR J = 1 TO N 90 X(A)=X(A)+l
270 PRINT TAB(J*5),M(I,J), 100 IF A < M THEN 70
280 NEXT J 110 C=C+l
290 PRINT \ PRINT 120 FOR B=l TO M
30(1 NEXT I 130 A$(B)=CHR$(X(B»
310 DATA 1,0,-1,(1 140 NEXT B
320 END 150 PRINT A$(l,M)," ,
READY 155 IF C/L=INT(C/L) THEN PRINT
RUN 160 IF X(A)<A+N-M+64 THEN 90
170 A=A-l
SR 2. SPIRALS 180 IF A>O THEN 160
------------- 190 PRINT
WIDTH OF SQUARE :4 200 PRINT "THERE ARE",C," COMBINATIONS."
7 6 5 16 210 END
READY
8 4 15 RUN

9 2 3 14 SR 4. CROWDED PHONE BOOTH

10 11 12 13 INPUT N,M
ABC ABD ABE ACD ACE ADE BCD BCE BDE CDE
READY THERE ARE 10 COMBINATIONS.
RUN READY
RUN
SR 2. SPIRALS
------------- SR 4. CROWDED PHONE BOOTH
WIDTH OF SQUARE :5
21 20 19 18 17 INPUT N,M 7,4
ABCD ABCE ABCF ABCG ABDE ABDF ABDG ABEF ABEG ABFG ACDE
22 7 6 5 16 ACDF ACDG ACEF ACEG ACFG ADEF ADEG ADFG AEFG BCDE BCDF
BCDG BCEF BCEG BCFG BDEF BDEG BDFG BEFG CDEF CDEG CDFG
23 8 4 15 CEFG DEFG
THERE ARE 35 COMBINATIONS.
24 9 2 3 14 READY
RUN
25 10 11 12 13
SR 4. CROWDED PHONE BOOTH
10 PRINT "SR 3. SUBSTRING REPLACEMENT"
20 PRINT "---------------------------,, INPUT N,M 10,2
30 DIM A$(200),BS(100),CS(100),DS(200) AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ
40 INPUT "INPUT STRING :",AS CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ DE DF DG DH DI DJ EF EG EH EI
50 INPUT "REPLACE :'~,
BS
EJ FG FH FI FJ GH GI GJ HI HJ IJ
60 INPUT "BY :",CS
THERE ARE 45 COMBINATIONS.
70 REM R = NUMBER OF REPLACEMENTS READY
80 A=l
RUN
90 REM *** SEARCH FOR SUBSTRING POSITION ***
100 B=O SR 4. CROWDED P~ONE BOOTH
110 FOR I=A TO LEN(A$)-LEN(B$) + 1
120 IF A$(I,LEN(B$)+I-l)= B$ THEN B = I INPUT N,M 20,19
130 IF A$(I,LEN(B$)+I-l) = B$ THEN EXIT 150 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQRT ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQST
140 NEXT I
ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPRST ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOQRST ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRST
150 IF A>B'THEN 250 ABCDEFGHIJKLMOPQRST ABCDEFGHIJKLNQPQRST
160 REM *** MAKE REPLACEMENT *** ABCDEFGHIJKMNOPQRST
ABCDEFGHIJLMNOPQRST ABCDEFGHI KLMNOPQRST ABCDEFGHJKLMNO~QRST
170 D$=A$
180 R=R+1 ABCDEFGI JKLMNOPQRST ABCDEFHIJKLMNOPQRST ABCDEGHI JKLMNOPQRST
190 C=B+LEN(CS) ABCDFGHI JKLMNOPQRST ABCEFGHI JKLMNOPQRST ABDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
200 IF B + LEN(B$)<=LEN(DS) THEN 220 ACDEFGHI JKLMNOPQRST BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
210 AS=D$(l,B-l)+C$ \ GOTO 250 THERE ARE 20'COMBINATIONS.
220 A$=D$(l,B-l)+C$+D$(B+LEN(BS» READY "
230 A=C
10 PRINT "SR 5. TWIN NEAR PRIMES"
240 GO TO 90
250 PR INT :'OUTPUT STR ING :",A$ 20 PRINT "--------------'--------,,
30 DIM X(100)
260 PRINT "REPLACEMENTS :",R
40 INPUT "TWIN NEAR PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER THAN ",N
270 END 50 FOR K= 2 TO N
READY 60 FOR B= 2 TO SQRT(K)
RUN 70 IF INT(K/B)*B < K OR K=B*B*B THEN 90

90 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 80 X(K)=X(K)+l
90 NEXT B
100 IF X(K)<>l OR X(K-l)<>l THEN 130
110 PRINT K-l," ",K
120 C=C+l
130 NEXT K
140 PRINT "THERE ARE",C," SUCH PAIRS."
150 .END
READY
RUN

SR 5. TWIN NEAR PRIMES

TWIN NEAR PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER THAN 30

9 10
14 15
21 22
25 26
THERE ARE 4 SUCH PAIRS.
READY
RUN

SR 5. TWIN NEAR PRIMES

TWIN NEAR PRIME PAIRS NOT GREATER· THAN 100

9 10
14 15
21 22
25 26
33 34
34 35
38 39
57 58
85 86
86 87
93 94 ...with tiny-c two - the compiler
94 95
THERE ARE 12 SUCH PAIRS. Tiny-c two is ten times faster than tiny-c one, with many features,
READY including long (32 bit) integers, lots of new operators, and re-
directable and direct access input/output. Viable for professional
work, either systems programming or business applications.
AppJesoft Version
It comes with a UNIX'" style command interpreter called the "tiny-
A minor difference between North Star and Applesoft shell'>. Every compiled tiny-c program becomes a new shell
Basic is the way each uses punctuation after PRINT and command -.Commands can have arguments, and dash (-) options,
INPUT statements. North Star uses a comma (,) while just as real UNIX shell commands do. The < and> input/output
Applesoft uses a semi-colon (;). For example, the following are redirection operators are supported.
equivalent in the two Basics. Fifty standard library functions. and readily extended. The input/
output functions are UNIX styles, including fopen, fprintf, etc.
North Star Apples~ft Both ascii and raw (binary) input/output are supported.
Package is portable. Bringing it up on a new processor or new op-
10 INPUT "NAME ",A$ 10 INPUT "NAME ";A$
erating system should take just days. And as usual with tiny-c
20 PRINT "NAME = ",A$ 20 PRINT "NAME = ";A$ products, all the source code is included.
Tiny-c two is available now on standard 8" CP/M.
(In North Star Basic either the comma (,) or the semi-colon (;)
$250.00 - Includes Owners Manual and Disk
can be used since they are equivalent, but the comma appears in Manual Only $50.00
the listing.) (20% Discount to .tiny-c one owners)
This difference between North Star and Applesoft Basic
will be called 'punctuation' and line numbers where it occurs The original tinv-c ONE is still available on a wide varietv of
will only be listed. All other changes will be made explicit. cassettes and diskettes. This version is an interpreter, complete
with a Program Preparation System. Disk or cassette versions
Program Changes $100 (this price includes the Owners Manual, available separate-
at $50). Disks: CP/M, Apple DOS 32, H8/89 HOS, PDP-11, Flex 20,
JRl Punctuation in line 30 Northstar, COOS, Cassettes: KIM, SYM, TRS-80, Tarbell, Cuts.
JR2 Punctuation in lines 80,180,200,260,270

Use RND(l) instead of RND(O) in line 70.

Delete 75

JR3 Punctuation in lines 40,60,80,150,160.

110 IF MID$(A$,I,l) <) LEFT$(B$,l) THEN 140

t~
120 A$=LEFT$(A$,I-l)+RIGHT$(C$,l)+MID$(A$,I+l)
Call or write tiny-c associates, P.O. Box 269, Holmdel, N.J 07733
JR4 60 PRINT TAB(C*4+1);MIb$(A$,I,1);MID$(A$,J,1);
(201) 671-2296. You'll discover tiny-c is flying higher and faster.
80 IF C (10 THEN 100 New Jersey residents include 5% sales tax. Visa or Master Card accepted.
Include charge plate number with order.
JR5 Punctuation in lines 30,50,130,160
UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Inc.
Change SQRT in line 80 to SQR. tinv-c and ttny-shell are trademarks of tiny c assoc.

90 IF I1J INT(I/J) THEN 140 CIRCLE 217 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 91
Solve It, continued ...
1980 Contest Results
In the senior division, the 1980 winners were The Knights
of Ni (Dave Rosen, Eric Romesberg, and Ron Stolberg) from
Pr·ogl'am Changes Prospect High School in Prospect, IL. They turned in a perfect
performance - 100 points. Second place went to the
SR1 Punctuation in lines 30,40
Macrobytes (John Eng, Dale Smith, and Gary Steven) of
160 PRINT F(o);" "., Nathan Hale High School in Milwaukee, WI. Their total was 59
points. Third place was won by the Hawks (Stan Kantor, Mike
165 IF POS(o):>35 THEN PRINT
Bors, and Kent Baumeister) of Main South High School, Park
SR2 Punctuation in line 270 Ridge, IL with 37 points. Twenty teams entered the senior
division contest and the average score was 27.
Use: instead of , in lines 70,80
In the junior division, the Tutancompuns (David Nice and
170 IF C=INT(N'2) THEN 240 Robert Goll) from Lance Jr. High in Kenosha, WI took first
place. They scored 96 points. Second place was awarded to the
SR3 Punctuation in lines 40.50,60,250,260 Apple Busters (Steve Scott and Dave Pagenkopf) from Wausau
120 IF MIO$(A$,I,LEN(B$»=BS THEN B=I West Jr. High in Wausau, WI - total points 80. Third place
went to the Z-80 Zappers (Arthur Claus, David Levine, and
130 IF MIOS(A$.I,LEN(B$»=BS THEN 150 Jerry Monkman) from A.E. Stevenson High School in Prairie
210 AS=LEFTS(O$,B-1)+C$ : GOTO 250
View, IL who scored 77 points. A total of 12 teams entered the
junior division and the average score was 53 points.
220 A$=LEFT$(OS.B-1)+C$+MIO$(O$.B+LEN(B$»
Acknowledgement
SR4 Punctuation in lines 50,150,200
I would . like to pay special tribute to Tim Fossum,
115 A$="" Associate Professor of Allied Computer Science. who has done
130 A$=A$+CHR$(X(B» an outstanding job as director of all of our programming
contests over the past four years. He has been involved in all
SR5 Punctuation in lines 40,110.140 aspects of the contest, from thinking up problems to directing
Change SQRT in lin. 60 to SQR. the contest and judging the results and has contributed greatly
to its success.
A special thanks also goes to David Nice who wrote the
Applesoft conversions listed above. 0

A one-hour LP record of eight synthesizers may studio and cut a lacquer master. It was a
long session since the recording engineers
change your views about computer music forever insisted upon analyzing the sound from every
source and setting up the equillzation curves

Binary Beades accordingly. It took over 12 hours to produce

a one-hour lacquer master.
Finished recordings were then pressed
by David Ahl instrument playing every note. It took one on top-quality vinyl and inserted into liners
hour of computation time for each two min- and record jackets. These were then shrink
Computer music. Who needs it? It's mostly
utes of playback time. The result could hardly Wrapped in plastic for maximum protection.
boring beep, beep, beeps orwildly modern
be distinguished from the organ in the We guaranteee that every LP record is free
stuff. It's certainly nothing you'd want to
Hapsburg Cathedral. from defects or we will replace it free of
listen to more than once. That'swhat I thought charge.
about computer music and most of my friends Don Schertz had a home brewed synthe-
sizer truly mounted on a breadboard that The extensive descriptions of each of the
agreed.
allowed him to control 25 parameters of eight synthesizers and the festival would
In 19781 entered Yankee Doodle Dandy
each note. It produced spectacular sounds not all fit on the jacket so we've included an
into my Software Technology system just
in his arrangement of Red Wing. extra sheet with each record. This entire
to be different. Dick Moberg heard of it and
package is mailed in a protective corrugated
asked me to perform in the Philadelphia Singing Computer package to insure that it reaches you in
<:;omputerMusic Festival. I agreed expecting
In 1962, D:H. Van Lenten at Bell Labora- mint condition. The cost is a modest $6.00
to be the only one with something out of postpaid inthe U.S.and $7.00foreign. Send
the ordinary. i was wrong. tories produced the first talking computer.
Bell engineers taught itto recite the soliloquy order with payment or Visa, MasterCard or
Computer Accompanist from Hamlet. Then they went one step further American Express number to Creative Com-
Nine individuals and groups performed and taught it to sing Daisy both alone and puting, Morris Plains, NJ 07950.
in the. festival. There were the usual Bach accompanied by another computer. This This LP record contains one hour of eight
pieces but even they were different. Gooitzen was also performed at the festival. computer music synthesizers that you'll listen
van der Wal performed the last movement Yes,the Beatles were represented. Andrew to over and over again. Send in your order
of the 2nd Bach Suite in a unique way. He Molda played Hey Jude on his COSMAC today at no risk whatsoever.
played the flute Solowhile using the computer VIP system with a program called PIN-8
as accompaniment.
Then Dorothy Siegel did the same thing,
(Play it Now).
CP8otiv8
playing the clarinet solo part of Wanhai's
Sonata in b flat. The audience went wild.
Hal Chamberlin played Bach's Tocatta
Superb Quality Recording
All these pieces and twelve others were
recorded with broadcast quality equipment.
computinfj
and Fugue in d minor. But also with a differ- Because of audience noise, eight were re- Morris Plains, NJ 07950
ence. He used a large computer before recorded later in a studio. We then took Toll-free 800-631-8112
hand to "compute" the waveform of every these tapes to Tru-Tone, a top recording (In NJ 201-540-0445)

92 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 Now Nil takes you inside the
new TRS-80 Model IIImicrocomputer
10train you at home as the
new breed of computer specialist!
NRIteams up with Radio Shack
advanced technology to teach
you how to use, program and
service state-of-the-art
microcomputers ...
It's no longer enough to be just a
programmer or a technician. With micro-
computers moving into the fabric of our
lives (over 200,000 of the TRS-8QTM
alone have been sold), interdisciplin-
ary skills are demanded. And NRI
can prepare you with the first course
of its kind, covering the complete
world of the microcomputer.
Learn At Home
in Your Spare Time
With NRI training, the program-
mer gains practical knowledge of hard-
ware, enabling him to design Simpler, you're always backed by the NRI staff Send for Free Catalog ...
more effective programs. And, with ad- and your instructor, answering questions, No Salesman Will can
vanced programming skills, the techni- giving you guidance, and available for Get all the details on this exciting
cian can test and debug systems quickly special help if you need it. course in NRI's free, 100-page catalog. It
and easily. You Get Your Own Computer shows all equipment, lesson outlines, and
Only NRI gives you both kinds of to Learn On and Keep facts on other electronics courses such as
training with the convenience of home NRI training is hands-on training, Complete Communications with CB, TV
~tudy. No classroom pressures, no night with practical experiments and demon- and Audio, Digital Electronics, and more.
school, no gasoline wasted. You learn at strations as the very foundation of your Send today, no salesman will ever bother
convenience, at own Yet knowledge. You don't just program your you. Keep up with the latest technology
computer, you introduce and correct as you learn on the latest model of the
faults ... watch how ciroui ts interact. .. world's most popular computer. If coupon
interface with other systems ... gain a has been used, write to NRI Schools, 3939
real insight into its nature. Wisconsin Ave., Washington, D.C. 20016.
You also build
test instruments and r-- - - - - - - -- -----
the NRI Disc~very
Lab, performing
~ RI
~r~~;:U~OntinUing
Education Center
All career courses
approved under GI Bill.
o Check for details.
over 60 separate ex_ IIIr j rJ ~ 3939 Wisconsin Avenue
. . h t:"l.
penments in t e Iyn ~ NOWashmgton, D.C. 20016
SALESMAN WIU. CAll.
process. You learn •• Please check for one free catalog
how your trouble- 0 Computer Electronics Including o Digital Electronics e Electronic
Microcomputers 'lechnology • Basic ElectroniCS
shooting tools work, 0 TV/Audio/Video Systems Servicing o Small Engine Repair
and gain greater un- 0 Complete Communications Electronics o Electrical AppUance Servicing
derstanding of the with CB • FCC Licerses s Aircraft, o Automotive Mechanics
Mobile, Marine Electronics
information they 0 CB Specialists Course
o Auto Air Conditioning
o Air Conditioning, Refrigeration, &
give you. Both mi- Heating including Solar Thchnology
- crocomputer and
Training includes new TRS-80 Model III micro- Name (Please Print) Age
computer, solid state volt-ohm meter, digital
equipment come
frequency counter, and the NRI Discovery Lab as part of your Street
with hundreds oftests and experiments. training for you
City/State/Zip
(TRS·80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.) to use and keep. Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the National Home Study Council # 175-021

CIRCLE 214 ON READER SERVICE CARD'

 IUI
A Genetics Simulation in Pascal -- --
_..
.:2.
--
Genepool
J. D. Eisenberg
-- ----
It all started with Gregor Mendel,
who discovered the rules of genetics from TABLE I
his experiments breeding peas. Biology
students have, for years, bred fruit flies in
the laboratory to see these rules in action.
Now, the Genepool program allows IF YOU CARRY THESE GENES: YOUR EYE COLOR WILL BE:
you to simulate this kind of experiment in
the comfort of your own home on an BROWN (DOMINANT) BROWN (Da1INANT) BROWN (DOMINANT)
Apple II.
BROHN (DOMINANT) BLUE (RECESSIVE) BROWN (Da1INANT)
Background
You can use Genepool effectively BLUE (RECESSIVE) BLUE (RECESSIVE) BLUE (RECESSIVE)
if you have studied some of basic genetic
theory:
Humans have traits (such as eye color,
hair color, etc.) which are passed to their
offspring by the genes carried in their cells.
Eye color, as an example, is determined by You can tell the males from the
Figure I. genes which are "tagged"for brown eyes or females easily; the males have square faces
blue eyes. The combination of genes that and straight hair; the females have rounder
you received, one from each parent (as faces and flat, piled-up hair, as in Figure I.
MALE ZORKON
detailed in Table I) determines what eye Beneath each Zorkon are two rows of
color you have. boxes, as in Figure 2. The top row shows
In this example, the brown eye color the hair color genes that the Zorkon
gene is dominant over the blue eye color carries; the bottom row shows its face color
gene; if either gene is for brown eyes, you genes.
will have brown eyes. The blue eye gene is The Zorkons at the top of the screen
called recessive; yo' must have both your are the current genetic types. Beneath them
eye color genes "tagged" for blue to have are twenty-four of their possible offspring,
blue eyes. created by randomly selecting one gene
FEMALE ZORKON A combination of both dominant from each parent for each trait.
genes for a trait is called homozygous At the very start of the program, you
dominant (see Glossary). A combination may either press the question mark (?) key
Figure 2. of both recessive genes for a trait is called for a brief explanation of the theory of the
homozygous recessive. Finally, the com- program, or you may press the spacebar to
bination of one dominant and one start experimenting.
recessive gene for a trait is called When experimenting, the program
heterozygous dominant. will ask you to choose one male genetic
type, and one female genetic type.
Using the Program If your Apple has game paddles, you
The Genepool program allows you use paddle zero to move a cursor to the
FACE, genetic type you wish to choose, and push
to see the results of combining genetic
COLOR types. When you first run the program, you the button on paddle zero to make the
GENES will see pictures of mythical creatures selection.
HAIR called Zorkons. They may have either If you do not have game paddles, you
green or white hair, and orange or blue are prompted to use the backward and
COLOR
faces. The gene for orange faces is forward arrow keys to move the cursor,
GENES and press the spacebar to make your
dominant over the gene for blue faces, and
J.D. Eisenberg, 1630 Ottawa 'Ct., Apt. K, Sunny- the gene for green hair is dominant over the selection. Once you have selected the male
vale, CA 94087. gene for white hair. and female genetic types, you will see them

94 CREATIVE COMPUTING
at the top of the screen, and twenty-four of or recessive) is outwardly visible for each two proced ures are separate because, in the
their potential offspring on the screen. trait. In many other languages, including help section, it is necessary to draw the
You may, at any time, press any of Basic, it might be necessary to keep these faces independent of the gene boxes.
these keys: pieces of information in separate variables. PROCED URE AT
RETU RN to start the program over Pascal, however, allows you to put all this (COL,ROW:INTEGER);
ESC to exit from the program information in separate variables. Pascal, Moves to text row ROW, column
S to see statistics however, allows you to put all this COL on the hi-res page, in preparation for
The statistics summarize how many of information together in a single "packet," writing text via WCHAR or WSTRING.
each genetic combination (homozygous or RECORD. ZYGOTE is exactly such a
dominant, etc.) there are in the current record. This allows the program to create PROCEDURE ERSLINE
batch of twenty-four offspring. an array of twenty-four such "packets" of (ROW:INTEGER);
information (one for each of the displayed Erases the given ROW on the hi-res
Questions to Answer offspring) in THE KIDS. screen.

Try using the program to answer these ST A TS is also an arra y consisting of a PROCEDURE PSPACEBAR;
questions: RECORD of three integers that is used to Gives prompt to press the spacebar to
I. Is it possible to select genetic types keep statistics on the offspring's genetic continue, then waits for eitherspacebar or
so that you get only one kind of hair color types. the ESCAPE key.
or face color? COLOURS is an array that tells PROCEDURE GENERATION;
2. How many times do you have to which colors to display for each trait's This proced ure draws the parent
choose (given luck of the draw) to get a dominant and recessive genes. genetic types at the top of the screen, then
screenful of Zorkons with only blue faces Here are the procedures and functions generates a new set of twenty-four
and green hair? (Once you get this combi- used by the Genepool program, in order offspring. Offspring are generated by
nation, you can press RETURN to start all of their appearance: randomly choosing one gene for each trait
over again.) PROCEDURE SKIPTO from each parent. Statistics about the
3. Is there a way to assure that all the (X,Y:INTEGER); offspring are tabulated during this process.
offspring in a batch will be heterozygous Moves to the specified X, Y screen The offspring's sex is chosen at random but
dominant for hair color? coordinate; meant mostly as a convenience for two children, one of whom will be male
In short, experiment and see what you to avoid typing. and the other of whom will be female. This
can find out about genetics from this assures that you will have at least one
PROCEDURE DRA WFACE
program. Remember, this program is a female and one male genetic type.
(PERSON:ZYGOTE;A TROW,
simplified simulation, and not a real
A TCO:INTEG ER); PROCED URE STATISTICS;
genetics experiment. If you have interest in
Takes the information about the Produces a summary of the traits
finding out more about genetics, consult
PERSON and dra ws its face and hair at the possessed by the current generation of
your local library.
specified "row" and "column" of faces Zorkons.
'(ATROW,ATCOL) where each "row"
Inside the Program PROCEDURESHOWZYGOTE
holds eight faces.
Here is a brief description of the data (WHO:ZYGOTE;WHAT:
PROCEDURE DRA WGENES CHARACTERISTIC);
structures and procedures inside the
(PERSON:ZYGOTE;ATROW, Takes a zygote (WHO) and tells
program, listed as Program A.
A TCOL:INTEGER); whether it is homozygous or heterozygous,
The major data structures that make
Takes information in PERSON and dominant or recessive for hair or face color
the program work are in the TYPE
plots the boxes beneath the face. ATROW characteristic (WHAT). Used In STA-
definitions. The SEXTYPE, GENETYPE,
and ATCOLare as in DRAWFACE. TISTICS to summarize Mom & Dad's
and CHARACTERISTIC types are meant
primarily to make the program easier to PROCEDURE DRA WME traits.
read by using symbolic names rather than (PERSON:ZYGOTE;ATROW, PROCEDURE LEGEND;
numbers. To specify an offspring com- ATCOL:INTEGER);
Puts up pictures of Mom and Dad
pletely within the program, it is necessary Draws all the information about the
Zorkon, with appropriate labels. Used
to know its sex, what two genes it carries PERSON by doing DRAWFACE within the help pages.
for each trait, and which gene (dominant followed by DRA WGENES. Note: the
PROCEDURE EXPLAIN;
First of the help pages.

1.1. PROCEDURESETCOLOURS

----
I..__A A!..!. I..J..
__ iiiiiii
(DOMF ACE, RECF ACE, DO MHAIR,
RECHAIR:SCREENCOLOR);
Sets the DOMinant FACE, RECes-
sive FACE, DOMinant HAIR, and

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
RECessive hair colors. (This procedure
lets EXPLAIN show a face and no hair by
setting hair color to black, for example.)

~_AI..A .!~_.!. __ PROCEDURE EXPLAIN2;

------ -- --------
.l.II1.L.L.LJ!
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE
EXPLAIN3;
EXPLAIN4;
The remainder of the help pages.
SPLASHPAGE;

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- __ iiiiii iiiiii iiiiii iiiiii Main title page; the help pages are
called from here.
PROCEDURE INITPARENTS;
Sets up the gene patterns of the
parents.

FEBRUARY 1981 95
Genepool, continued ...
(*$S+*) (* NOW DRAW EYES/NOSE/MOUTH *)
PROGR~ GENEPOOL: DRAWCOLOR:=BLACK2:
(*$C Copyright 1980 JDEisenberg *)
SKIPTO(XBASE+3,YBASE-3): MOVETO(XBASE+3,YBASE-3)
SKIPTO(XBASE+8,YBASE-3); MOVETO(XBASE+8,YBASE-3)
USES TURTLEGRAPHICS,APPLESTUFF:
SKIPTO(XBASE+6,YBASE-7); MOVETO(XBASE+6,YBASE-9)
END;
CONST
GENEO=O: GENE1=1; PROCEDURE DRAWGENES(PERSON:ZYGOTE;ATROW,ATCOL:INTEGER):
WIDTH=3S: HEIGHT-32: (* AREA OF A FACE *)
VAR
XO=O: YO=148: (* BASE X,Y FOR FACES *)
GENE :INTEGER;
BEL=7 : (* ASCII BELL CODE *)
(* CODE FOR ESCAPE KEY *) TRAIT:CHARACTERISTIC:
ESC = 27;
XBASE,YBASE:INTEGER: (* WHERE X,Y LEFT CORNER IS NOW *)
TYPE INX:INTEGER: (* WHICH FILLER LINE TO DRAW *)
SEXTYPE= (MALE,FEMALE): BEGIN
GENETYPE=(DOMlNANT,RECESSIVE);
CHARACTERISTIC=(FACE,HAIR):
ZYGOTE= (* COLOUR IN THE GENE SQUARES *)
RECORD FOR TRAIT:=FACE TO HAIR DO BEGIN
SEX: SEXTYPE: YBASE:=YO-(ATROW*HEIGHT)+ORD(TRAIT)*S:
(* EACH TRAIT HAS TWO GENES *) XBASE:=XO+ATCOL*WIDTH: '
TRAITS:ARRAY[FACE ••HAIR,O ••I] OF GENETYPE: FOR GENE:=GENEO TO GENEI DO BEGIN
SHOWSUP:ARRAY[FACE ••HAIR] OF GENETYPE: DRAWCOLOR:=COLOURS[TRAIT,PERSON.TRAITS[TRAIT,GENE]]:
END; FOR INX:~O TO 3 DO BEGIN
SKIPTO(XBASE,YBASE+INX):
VAR MOVE (9)
DRAWCOLOR:SCREENCOLOR: END;
COLOURS: XBASE: =XBASE+14
ARRAY[FACE ••HAIR,DOMINANT ••RECESSIVE] OF SCREENCOLOR: END (* FOR GENE *)
KEY: CHAR; END (* FOR TRAIT *)
MOM,DAD:ZYGOTE: END;
THEKIDS:ARRAY[0 ••23] OF ZYGOTE:
STATS: ARRAY[FACE ••HAIR] OF RECORD PROCEDURE DRAWME(PERSON:ZYGOTE:ATROW,ATCOL:INTEGER);
NHOMDOM, (* NUMBER HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT *) BEGIN
DRAWFACE(PERSON,ATROW,ATCOL);
NHETDOM, (* NUMBER HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT *)
NHOMREC: (* NUMBER HETEROZYGOUS RECESSIVE *) DRAWGENES (PERSON,ATROW ,ATCOL)
END;
INTEGER;
END; PROCEDURE AT(COL,ROW:INTEGER);
RESTART,
NOPADDLES:BOOLEAN; BEGIN
NKIDS, (* SIZE OF THEKIDS ARRAY *) PENCOLOR(NONE) ;
NMALE, (* HOW MANY MALES *) MOVETO(COL*7,184-ROW*8)
NFEMALE, (* HOW MANY FEMALE *) END;
ROWSIZE, (* # TO DISPLAY PER ROW *)
COLOFFSET: (* IN ORDER TO CENTRE FACES *) PROCEDURE ERSLINE(ROW:INTEGER);
INTEGER; BEGIN
AT(O,ROW) ;
PROCEDURE SKIPTO(X,Y:INTEGER); WSTRING('
BEGIN END;
PENCOLOR(NONE); MOVETO(X,Y); PENCOLOR(DRAWCOLOR)
PROCEDURE PSPACEBAR;
END;
BEGIN
PROCEDURE DRAWFACE(PERSON:ZYGOTE;ATROW,ATCOL:INTEGER); AT(3,23);
VAR WSTRING('Press spacebar to continue
REPEAT
GENE :INTEGER; READ (KEYBOARD ,KEY)
TRAIT:CHARACTERISTIC; UNTIL (KEY=' ') OR (KEY=CHR(ESC»;
XBASE, YBASE:INTEGER; (* WHERE X,Y LEFT CORNER IS NOW *) ERSLINE(23)
INX, (* WHICH FILLER LINE TO DRAW *) END;
DRAWLEN:INTEGER; (* HOW LONG TO DRAW THE LINE *)
BEGIN PROCEDURE GENERATION;
(* DRAW THE FACE FIRST *) VAR
XBASE :=XO+ATCOL*WIDTH+S; INX: INTEGER;
YBASE :=YO- (ATROW*HEIGHT)+2 2; ASEX: SEXTYPE;
DRAWCOLOR:=COLOURS[FACE,PERSON.SHOWSUP[FACE]]; TRAIT:CHARACTERISTIC;
FOR INX:=O'TO S DO BEGIN
SKIPTO(XBASE,YBASE-INX):
MOVE (l3) BEGIN
END; (* DRAW THE PARENTS *)
DRAWLEN:=13; FILLSCREEN(BLACK);
FOR INX:=6 TO 9 DO BEGIN DRAWME(MOM,O,3); DRAWME(DAD,O,4);
SKIPTO (XBASE+( 13-DRAWLEN) ,YBASE-INX) ; (* GENERATE THE, KIDS *)
MOVETO(XBASE+DRAWLEN,YBASE-INX);
IF PERSON.SEX=FEMALE THEN DRAWLEN:=DRAWLEN-l
END; INX:=O;
(* SHOULDERS *) NKIDS :=23;
DRAWCOLOR:=VIOLET; NMALE:-l; NFEMALE:=I; (* GUARANTEE ONE OF EACH *)
IF PERSON.SEX=MALE THEN DRAWLEN:=24 ELSE DRAWLEN:=22; FOR TRAIT:=FACE TO HAIR DO BEGIN
XBASE:=XO+ATCOL*WIDTH; STATS [TRAIT].NHOMDOM:=O;
SKIPTO(XBASE+I0,YBASE-I0); MOVE(S); STATS[TRAIT].NHOMREC:=O;
FOR INX:=11 TO 12 DO BEGIN STATS [TRAIT].NHETDOM: =0;
SKIPTO(XBASE+(24-DRAWLEN),YBASE-INX); END;
MOVETO(XBASE+DRAWLEN,YBASE-INX); ROWSIZE :=8;
IF PERSON.SEX=FEMALE THEN DRAWLEN:=DRAWLEN+2 COLOFFSET:=O;
END; FOR INX:=O TO 23 DO BEGIN
(* NOW DRAW THE HAIR *) WITH THEKIDS[INX] DO BEGIN
DRAWCOLOR:=COLOURS[HAIR,PERSON.SHOWSUP[HAIR]]; IF INX=1 THEN SEX:=MALE
XBASE:=XO+ATCOL*WIDTH+6; YBASE:=YO-(ATROW*HEIGHT)+23; ELSE IF INX=2 THEN SEX:=FEMALE
INX:=O; ELSE IF (RANDOM MOD 2)=0 THEN BEGIN
WHILE INX < 13 DO BEGIN SEX:=MALE; NMALE:=NMALE + 1
SKIPTO(XBASE+INX,YBASE); END ELSE BEGIN
IF PERSON.SEX=FEMALE THEN MOVETO(XBASE+6,YBASE+3) SEX:=FEMALE: NFEMALE:=NFEMALE+1
ELSE MOVETO(XBASE+INX,YBASE+3); END;
INX:~INX+4
END;

96 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 CLEAN UP YOUR ACT
Professionalsdemand quality prqducts tailored
to meet their needs. Super-Textcontinues to
provide affordable word processing while
meeting the highest performance standards.
Now Muse adds two new products to our family
of business oriented software.

The Form Letter Module loins Super-Textto

perform a broad range of sophisticated word
processing jobs. Have all the features a serious
businessperson wants without the prohibitive
cost of larger systems.Arid by not being a
single purpose computer, your Apple and
Muse software can help solve many other busi-
ness problems.

Take Dote/Plot for example. After increasing

sales with Super-Textform letters, you may
need attractive graphs and charts to show
your boss just how you've increased profits ds
well as your salary which explains your $800
designer suits.After reviewing the brief specs.
below, visit your nearest computer retailer who
carries Muse and Apple products and ask for a
demonstration of our business software.

Businessware for Professionals

Using Super-Text($150) as your word processing Data Plot's easy editing features allow you to
editor, the Form Letter Module ($100) allows create and modify a wide variety of full color
you to create complex form letters which can graphic representations of numerical informa-
be customized for each person or business tion. Bar charts, including additive bars, as well
entered in the Address Book Mailing List($50). as single and multiple line charts may be plot-
On screen prompts and menus facilitate oper- ted individually or cumulatively. Pie charts are
ator entry of additional information and allow easily sliced. All figures may be output to a
piecing together of complex documents. Runs graphics printer. Runs on an Apple IIor II plus
on the Apple IIor II plus with 48k and disk drive. with 48k, Applesoft ROM and disk drive.

1t1[~_SO_8W ~R_E_TM ••

Apple II is 0 fTodemort< 01Apple 330 N. CHARLES STREET

Computer Cap.
BALTIMORE, MD 21201
•••• ,(301)659-7212

CIRCLE 225 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 97
ANNOUNCING

GET THE BEST We have added two new menu constant, and do much of what
The Data Factory is the best data Routines, UPDATE and TRANS- was available in the 3.0 edition.
base management system on the FER. Using UPDATE you can Records may have up to 88 fields
market today and the new version select which fields from your en" and each field may be as long as
is even better! Its capabilities, tire record that you want to enter 239 characters. These are the
ease in starting the system, and your data into - then save that largest limits presently available
back up support make it THE format. With TRANSFER you may on any micro data base system on
FINEST AVAILABLE AT ANY select records in a variety of ways, the market. But, the Mini Factory
PRICE. then move them to another data will NOT have a periodically up-
base. Other new features include dated version. The data that you
The Data Factory will SOLVE a 20 level sort, an easier data entry store on the Mini Factory WILL be
YOUR PROBLEMS. Thousands of review, a back-up and a repeat compatible with the big Data
people have chosen this system information entry key. Also, the Factory if you decide to upgrade
since we introduced it nationally new more powerful Replace to the larger system. Many people
last June. Major corporations routine allows you to change up may find that the Mini Factory is
have used The Data Factory to to 10,000 fields of data at one all that they need, but it is reas-
handle jobs that they did not want time. You can use the 4.0 version suring to know that if your needs
to put on their large computers, or to set up an Inventory Control expand, the Data Factory is there
that would be too time consuming System. Each day you would use to grow with you. The Mini Fac-
or costly to program. Small Replace to enter your shipments tory is at your Micro Lab Dealer
businesses have used The Data or usage. With this new Replace now.
Factory to control their accounts feature, you can add to or sub-
receivable and accounts payable. tract from your inventory au-
Their mailing lists and sales rec- tomatically. Column totals and UPDATE AVAILABLE NOW
ords Were easily maintained with subtotals with right justification There are two ways to upgrade
the system. Churches, Hospitals are now standard on the 4.0 Data your present 3.0 version of the
and Schools have kept their fi- Factory. There are many more Data Factory and receive the new
nancial, inventory, and individu- labor saving devices that this 4.0 version. The Data Factory
als records up to date. At home, system will provide for you. program disks cannot be copied.
lists of hobbies and collections, That's why we supplied 2 disks
bank statement reconciliations, We found that while adding more with every Data Factory sold. If
and appointment/renewal calen- power and features to the Data your original master program disk
dars kept our user's lives or- Factory, it became larger than developed a problem, you always
ganized! At work or at home, The some people needed as a begin- had your back up ready while you
Data Factory solves. problems. ning system. We decided that sent your original master to Micro
there should be a way to intro- Lab to be renewed. If you didn't
duce a user to the system on a have our Extended Warranty you
more limited basis. were charged $10 a disk. Our new
version of the Data Factory (4.0)
WE ADDED YOUR IDEAS THE MINI FACTORY IS HERE has been expanded so much that
THE NEXT VERSION OF THE The Mini Factory is the EASIEST we had to place the program on
DATA FACTORY IS READY. This WAY TO LEARN the Data Factory TWO PROGRAM DISKS. If you
new version, 4.0 (on 3.3.DOS), has System. The Mini Factory has the send us one of the old copies of
over 40 new or expanded features major routines of the original your program, we will send back
that were not in the 3.0 edition. program. You can still add or de- two disks (one marked UTILITY,
The features that we have chosen lete fields after your information one marked REPORT). The cost
to include are those that make has been entered, do the same 20 for this is $20. You will also re-
your work easier and expand the level search (locates records by ceive instructions detailing the
usefulness of the system. When matching up to 20 different new features with your first pro-
dealers called us with sugges- categories or entries within), and gram sent in. The same procedure
tions we listened. When users find records that are from one ($20 fee) would apply with your
wrote to us asking for new fea- date to another date. You may back up copy unless you have our
tures we considered them all. We also choose to seach for items by Extended Warranty Policy which
have been responsive to your entering only a few characters saves you money and gives you
needs and have given you a better within the record, replace infor- protection for accidental blowing
and more valuable investment. mation in your records with a of disks for a full year.
98 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 THE
DATA
FACTORYM
By William Passauer

WARRANTY REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS had the Extended Warranty, his

CONVERSION PLAN To operate the Data Factory orthe cost was only the excess mail
If yO!J now have our EXTENDED Mini Factory you must have charge for Express service plus a
WARRANTY (formerly called In- Applesoft in ROM and a 48K small handling charge. This is the
surance), mail. your master pro- machine. You need only one disk kind of service that we are pre-
gram disks to Micro Lab, one at a drive but two are recommended. pared to give to users.
time, in the mailer that was pro- A printer is helpful but optional.
vided when you received your Your Micro Lab Dealer has our
Extended Warranty. For each 3.0 products at the following prices,
FROM OUR USERS
Data Factory diskwe receive, you although some dealers supply
will get two in return. There is no other services along with the sale "Every time I use the program I
additional charge for the extra of our products so prices may find new tricks I can do, or think
disks. During the life of your Ex- vary. up new applications ... I wish to
tended Warranty, any "blown" or thank you for providing a very
damaged disks will be renewed at powerful program for the Apple II
The. Data Factory $150.00
no cost. If you have not appl ied for The Mini Factory 75.00 computer at a very reasonable
cost."
your Extended Warranty yet, you The Mini-Data upgrade 90.00
may do so now by mailing Micro
Lab a check for$30 along with the "Keep up your approach to sim-
serial # of your disks and the ple and easy-to-understand in-
name of the Micro Lab Dealer SUPPORT COUNTS structions with examples. If the
from whom you purchased the Users know they can call us when personal computer industry
Data Factory. they have questions. A short time wants to make in-roads into wide
ago, a new user called us in a spread use of the great tools, it is
panic. He had purchased his time to do away with all the tech-
FROM MINI TO Apple computer for business at nical language that only pro-
DATA FACTORY the same time that he also bought grammers understand. Your in-
The Data Factory. He had never struction book is excellent!!!"
There is only one way to upgrade
from the Mini Factory to the Data used a computer before that time.
Factory. Bring your two Mini A few weeks earlier, we had
Factory program disks and your helped him to get the system There are many reasons why you
Mini Factory Manual to your going, but now he had really done should buy one of our products.
Micro Lab Dealer. He will ex- it! Ht3blew both copies (his origi- The ease of use, the features, the
change your printed manual and nal and the back up) of his pro- updates, the service and the fact
program disks tor a new printed gram - how or why he or his that your investment in a Micro
manual and four program disks. machine did this wasn't important Lab system pays off in time sav-
The Dealer will charge you the now. He had a deadline to meet. ings every day. But you will find
difference between the current The local dealer temporarily the best reason, when you ask
retail price of the Mini Factory and loaned him another program to someone who already has a Micro
the Data Factory plus $15. As an solve his immediate need. He then Lab system. We are proud of our
example, the current retail price shipped him two programs via reputation and we will keep
of the Mini Factory is $75, and Express Mail that day. Since he working hard to maintain it.
currently the Data Factory is $150:
$150-$75+$15=$90 to convert
(plus old disks and manual).

THE SYSTEM GROWS

Micro Lab will be introducing its
first "Data Factory Compatible"
business system shortly. You will
be able to use all of the Data Fac- systems
tory features on this powerful but that work
easy to use system. Check with CIRCLE 156 ON READER SERVICE CARD
your Micro Lab dealer for more
information. 811 STONEGATE· HIGHLAND PARK, IL 60035· 312·433·7877

FEBRUARY 1981 99 CIRCLE 156 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Genepool, continued ...
FOR TRAIT := FACE TO HAIR DO BEGIN BEGIN
TRAITS [TRAIT,GENEO] :=MOM.TRAITS[TRAIT,RANDOM MOD 2];
COLOURS[FACE,DOMINANT]:=DOMFACE;
TRAITS[TRAIT,GENE1]:=DAD.TRAITS[TRAIT,RANDOM MOD 2]; COLOURS[FACE,RECESSIVE]:aRECFACE;
IF TRAITS[TRAIT,GENEO]=TRAITS[TRAIT,GENE1] THEN BEGIN
COLOURS[HAIR,DCMINANT]:=DOMHAIR;
SHOWSUP[TRAIT]:=TRAITS[TRAIT,GENEO] ;
COLOURS[HAIR,RECESSIVE]:=RECHAIR
IF SHOWSUP[TRAIT]=RECESSIVE THEN END;
STATS [TRAIT].NHCMREC:=STATS [TRAIT].NHCMREC+l BEGIN
ELSE FILLSCREEN(BLACK);
STATS [TRAIT] •NHCMDCM: =STATS [TRAIT] .NHCMDOM+l
END ELSE BEGIN (* SET UP ALL COMBINATIONS OF HAIR/FACE COLOURS *)
SHOWSUP [TRAIT] :aDOMINANT; FOR INX: -0 TO 3 DO BEGIN
STATS [TRAIT].NHETDCM:=STATS [TRAIT].NHETDCM+l
WITH EXPKIDS[INX] DO BEGIN
END
IF (INX MOD 2)=0 THEN SEX:=I!ALE ELSE SEX:=FEMALE;
END
CASE INX DIV 2 OF
END 0: SHOWSUP[FACE]:=DOMINANT;
END; (* FOR *)
(* AND DISPLAY THEM *)
I: SHOWSUP(FACE):-RECESSIVE;
END'
FOR INX:=O TO NKIDS DO CASE INX MOD 2 OF
DRAWME(THEKIDS [INX],l+(INX DIV ROWSIZE), 0: SHOWSUP[HAIR]:aDOMINANT;
(INX MOD ROWSIZE)+COLOFFSET); I: SHOWSUP[HAIR]:=RECESSIVE;
END; END;
END; (* WITH *)
PROCEDURE STATISTICS; DRAWFACE(EXPKIDS[INX],O,INX+2);
VAR KEY:CHAR; END;
PROCEDURE SHOWZYGOTE(WHO:ZYGOTE;WHAT:CHARACTERISTIC); (* MAKE ONLY FACES SHOW UP *)
SETCOLOURS (ORANGE ,BLUE,NONE,NONE) ;
BEGIN EXPKIDS[O].SEX:=FEMALE;
IF WHAT=HAIR THEN AT(I,6); WSTRING('Above you see four Zorkons,');
WRITE('HAIR: ') AT(I,8); WSTRING('Zorkons may have green or white hair');
ELSE AT(I,9); WSTRING('and _blue or orange faces,');
WRITE('FACE: '); AT(I,II); WSTRING('Orange face genes are');
IF WHO.TRAITS[WHAT,GENEO]=WHO.TRAITS[WHAT,GENEl] THEN BEGIN AT(I,12); WSTRING('dominant over blue face');
WRITE('HCMOZYGOUS'); AT(I,13); WSTRING('genes,');
IF WHO.TRAITS[WHAT,GENEO]=DCMINANT THEN DRAWFACE(EXPKIDS[O] ,2,6); DRAWFACE(EXPKIDS[3] ,2,7);
WRITE(' DCMINANT') PSPACEBAR;
(* MAKE ONLY, HAIR SHOW UP *)
ELSE SETCOLOURS(NONE,NONE,GREEN,WHITEl);
WRITE(' RECESSIVE') DRAWFACE(EXPKIDS[O] ,2,6); DRAWFACE(EXPKIDS[3],2,7);
END ELSE BEGIN (* RESTORE COLOURS TO NORMAL *)
WRITE('HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT'); SETCOLOURS(ORANGE,BLUE,GREEN,WHITEl);
END AT(l,15); WSTRING('Green hair genes are dominant');
END; AT(I,16); WSTRING('over white hair genes,');
'PSPACEBAR;
AT(l,18); WSTRING('Male Zorkons have square');
BEGIN AT(I,19); WSTRING('faces and straight hair,');
(* WRITE INVISIBLY ON TEXT PAGE *) DRAWFACE(EXPKIDS [2],4,6);
PAGE (OUTPUT) ; PSPACEBAR;
GOTOXY(l,l); WRITE('MOTHER'); AT(l,20); WSTRING('Female Zorkons have round');
GOTOXY(IO,2); SHDWZYGOTE(MOM,HAIR); AT(I,21); WSTRING('faces and flat, piled-up hair,');
GOTOXY(IO,3); SHDWZYGOTE(MOM,FACE); DRAWFACE(EXPKIDS[3] ,4,7);
GOTOXY(I,5); WRITE('FATHER'); PSPACEBAR
GOTOXY(IO,6); SHOWZYGOTE(DAD,HAIR); END;
GOTOXY(IO,7); SHOWZYGOTE(DAD,FACE);
GOTOXY(1,9); WRITE('OUT OF THESE 24 CHILDREN,'); PROCEDURE EXPLAIN2;
GOTOXY(6,10); WRITE(NMALE:2,' ARE MALE');
GOTOXY(6,11); WRITE(NFEMALE:2,' ARE FEMALE'); BEGIN
GOTOXY(I,13); WRITE('OFFSPRING"S HAIR');
GOTOXY (10,14); LEGEND;
WRITE('HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT: ',STATS[HAIR].NHCMDOM:3); AT(I,6); WSTRING('This is a typical Zorkon couple,');
AT(I,7); WSTRING('Martha and Sam.');
GOTOXY (10,15);
WRITE( 'HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT:' ,STATS [JiAIR].NHETDCM: 3) ; PSPACEBAR;
AT(12,4); WSTRING('->');
GOTOXY (10,16);
WRITE('HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE: ',STATS[RAIR] .NHCMREC:3); AT(12,5); WSTRING('->');
GOTOXY (1,18); WRITE ('OFFSPRING "s FACES'); AT(I,9); WSTRING('The boxes beneath them tell you what');
AT(I,lO); WSTRING('genes they carry.');
GOTOXY (10,19);
WRITE( 'HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT: ',STATS [FACE] .NHCMDOM: 3) ; PSPACEBAR;
GOTOXY (10,20); AT(12,5); WSTRING(' ');
WRITE('HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT:' ,STATS[FACE].NHETDCM:3); AT(I,12); WSTRING('The top row shows their hair genes,');
PSPACEBAR;
GOTOXY (10,21);
WRITE('HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE: ',STATS[FACE].NHOMREC:3); AT(12,4); WSTRING(' ');
AT(12,5); WSTRING('->');
GOTOXY(2,23); WRITE('PRESS SPACEBAR TO CONTINUE');
AT(I,13); WSTRING('The bottom row shows their face genes');
TEXTMODE; (* POOF-APPEARS LIKE MAGIC *)
REPEAT PSPACEBAR;
READ (KEYBOARD ,KEY) AT(l2,5); WSTRING(' ');
AT(l,15); WSTRING('Each Zorkon child wears two hair');
UNTIL KEY
AT(l,16); WSTRING('(and face) colour genes, one from');
GRAFMODE AT(l,l7); WSTRING('from each parent,');
END; PSPACEBAR;
PROCEDURE LEGEND; END;
BEGIN PROC EDURE EXPLAIN3;
FILLSCREEN(BLACK);
VAR
AT(8,3); WSTRING('Mom ->'); ONEKI D: ZYGOTE;
AT(25, 3); WSTRING ('<- Dad'); TRAIT:CHARACTERISTIC;
DRAWME(MOM,O,3); DRAWME(DAD,O,4)
GENE: INTEGER;
END;
BEGIN
PROCEDURE EXPLAIN; ONEKID,SEX:=MALE;
FOR TRAIT:=FACE TO HAIR DO BEGIN
VAR FOR GENE:=GENEO TO GENEI DO BEGIN
INX:INTEGER;
ONEKID.TRAITS[TRAIT,GENEj:-DOMlNANT;
EXPKIDS:ARRAY[0 ••3) OF ZYGOTE;
END;
ONEKID,SHOWSUP[TRArT]:=DOMINANT
PROCEDURE SETCOLOURS(DCMFACE,RECFACE,DOMHAIR,RECHAIR:SCREENCOLOR);
END;

100 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 A REMARKABLE MAGAZINE

cP6ativ6
computinfj
"The beat covered by Creative Computing
is one of the most important, explosive and
fast-changing. "-Alvin Toffler

David Ahl, Founder and

Publisher of Creative Computing

You might think the term "creative com- stand them. Things like text editing, social only seven offered solid learning value.
puting" is a contradiction. How can some- simulations, control of household devices, When we say unbiased reviews we mean
thing as precise and logical as electronic animation and graphics, and communica- it. More than once, our honesty has cost us
computing possibly be creative? We think tions networks. an advertiser-temporarily. But we feel
it can be. Consider the way computers are that our first obligation is to our readers and
being used to create special effects in Understandable Yet Challenging that editorial excellence and integrity are
movies-image generation, coloring and As the premier magazine for beginners, it our highest goals.
computer-driven cameras and props. Or an is our solemn responsibility to make what Karl Zinn at the University of Michigan
electronic "sketchpad" for your home we publish comprehensible to the new- feels we are meeting these goals when he
computer that adds animation, coloring comer. That does not mean easy; our writes. "Creative Computing consistently
and shading at your direction. How about a readers like to be challenged. It means provides value in articles, product reviews
computer simulation of an invasion of killer providing the reader who has no prepar- and systems comparisons ... in a magazine
bees with you trying to find a way of keep- ation with every possible means to seize that is fun to read."
ing them under control? the subject matter and make it his own.
However, we don't want the experts in Order Today
Beyond Our Dreams
our audience to be bored. So we try to To order your subscription to Creative
Computers are not creative per se. But publish articles of interest to beginners and Computing, send $20 for one year (12
the way in which they are used can be experts at the same time. Ideally, we would issues). $37 for two years (24 issues) or $53
highly creative and imaginative. Five years like every piece to have instructional or for three years (36 issues). If you prefer,
ago when Creative Computing magazine informative content-and some depth- call our toll-free number, 800-631-8112 (in
first billed itself as "The number 1 maga- even when communicated humorously or NJ 201-540-0445) to put your subscription
zine of computer applications and soft- playfully. Thus, our favorite kind of piece is on your MasterCard, Visa or American Ex-
ware," we had no idea how far that idea acessible to the beginner, theoretically press card. Canadian and other foreign
would take us. Today, these applications non-trivial, interesting on more than one surface subscriptions are $29 per year, and
are becoming so broad, so all- level, and perhaps even humorous. must be prepaid. We guarantee that you
encompassing that the computer field will David Gerrold of Star Trek fame says, will be completely satisfied or we will re-
soon include virtually everything! "Creative Computing with its unpreten- fund the entire amount of your subscrip-
In light of this generality, we take "appli- tious, down-to-earth lucidity encourages tion.
cation" to mean whatever can be done with the computer user to have fun. Creative Join over 80,000 subscribers like Ann
computers, ought to be done with comput- Computing makes it possible for me to Lewin, Director of the Capital Children's
ers or might be done with computers. That learn basic programming skills and use the Museum who says, "I am very much im-
is the meat of Creative Computing. computer better than any other source. pressed with Creative Computing. It is
Alvin Toffler, author of Future Shock and helping to demystify the computer. Its arti-
Hard-hitting Evaluations
The Third Wave says, "I read Creative Com- cles are helpful, humorous and humane.
puting not only for information about how At Creative Computing we obtain new The world needs Creative Computng."
to make the most of my own equipment but computer systems, peripherals, and soft-
to keep an eye on how the whole field is ware as soon as they are announced. We
emerging.
Creative Computing, the company as
well as the magazine, is uniquely light-
put them through their paces in our Soft-
ware Development Center and also in the
environment for which they are intended-
cP6ativ6
hearted but also seriously interested in all
aspects of computing. Ours is the maga-
home, business, laboratory, or school.
Our evaluations are unbiased and accur-
computinfj
zine of software, graphics, games and sim- ate. We compared word processing printers Attn: Cindy
ulations for beginners and relaxing profes- and found two losers among highly pro- P.O. Box 789-M
sionals. We try to present the new and im- moted makes. Conversely, we found one Morristown, NJ 07960
portant ideas of the field in a way that a 14- computer had far more than its advertised Toll-free 800-631-8112
year old or a Cobol programmer can under- capability. Of 16 educational packages, (In NJ 201-540-0445)
Genepool, continued ...
FILLSCREEN(BLACK);
DRAWME(ONEKID,0,3);
AT(l 6)· WSTRING('If both genes for hair (or face) are');
AT(l:8); WSTRING('dominant, then the child is called');
AT(l,lO); WSTRING('HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT for that trait.');
PSPACEBAR;
FOR TRAIT:-FACE TO HAIR DO BEGIN
FOR GENE:=GENEO TO GENEl DO BEGIN
ONEKID.TRAlTS[TRAlT,GENEj:=RECESSIVE;
END·
ONEKID.SHOWSUP[TRAlTj :=RECESSIVE (* SET UP FATHER SAME AS MOM, BUT MALE *)
END; DAD:=MOM;
DRAWME(ONEKID,0,4); DAD.SEX:=MALE
AT(l 12)· WSTRING('If both genes are recessive, then the'); END;
AT(1:14); WSTRING('child is called HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE.');
PSPACEBAR; PROCEDURE CHOOSETYPES;
FOR TRAIT:=FACE TO HAIR DO BEGIN VAR
LASTPOS,POSITION:INTEGER;
GOTCHA,HADERROR:BOOLEAN;
ONEKID.TRAlTS[TRAlT,GENEOj:=DOMINANT;
ONEKID.SHOWSUP[TRAlTj:-DOMINANT PROCEDURE DRAWaJRSOR;
END; VAR ROW,COL,XBASE,YBASE:INTEGER;
DRAWME(ONEKID,O,5); BEGIN
AT(1,16); WSTRING('Finally, if the child gets one domi~ant'); ROW:=(POSITION DIV ROWSIZE)+l;
AT(l,18); WSTRING('and one recessive gene for a trait, ); COL:=(POSITION MOD ROWSIZE) + COLOFFSET:
AT(1,20); WSTRING('the child is HETEROZYGOUS DOMINANT.'); XBASE:=XO+COL*WIDTH+11;
PSPACEBAR YBASE:=YO-(ROW*HEIGHT)+4;
END; SKIPTO(XBASE-3,YBASE); MOVETO(XBASE+3,YBASE);
SKIPTO(XBASE,YBASE-3); MOVETO(XBASE,YBASE+3)
PROC EDURE EXPLAI N4 ;
END;
BEGIN
LEGEND; PROCEDURE GETPOSITION;
AT(l,6); WSTRING('You may select male and female genetic'); BEGIN
AT(l,7); WSTRING('types, and a random sampling of their'); IF KEYPRESS THEN BEGIN
AT(l,8); WSTRING('offspring will be produced.'); READ (KEYBOARD,KEY );
AT(l,lO) ; IF KEY=CHR(ESC) THEN EXIT(CHOOSETYPES);
IF NOPADDLES THEN IF EOLN(KEYBOARD) THEN BEGIN
WSTRING('Use the arrow keys to select') RESTART: =TRUE;
ELSE EXIT(CHOOSETYPES)
WSTRING('Use paddle zero to select'); END;
AT(l,ll); WSTRING('the genetic types.'); IF KEY='S' THEN BEGIN
PSPACEBAR STATISTICS
END; END;
IF NOPADDLES THEN BEGIN
GOTCHA:~(KEY=' ');
IF ORD(KEY)=8 THEN POSITION:=POSITION-l
ELSE IF ORD(KEY)=21 THEN POSITION:=POSITION+l;
IF POSITION < 0 THEN POSITION:=NKIDS;
IF POSITION> NKIDS THEN POSITION:=O;
END
END;
IF NOT NOPADDLES THEN BEGIN (* UNGRAMMATICAL BUT CORRECT *)
POSITION:=PADDLE(O);

(* MAKE SURE PADDLE REALLY IS MOVING *)

IF ABS(POSITION-LASTPOS»3 THEN LASTPOS:=POSITION;

POSITION:-LASTPOS DIV (240 DIV NKIDS);

IF POSITION> NKIDS THEN POSITION:=NKIDS;
GOTCHA:-BUTTON(O)
PROCEDURE SPLASHPAGE; END
VAR INX:INTEGER; END;
BEGIN
GENERATION; BEGIN
AT(7,1)·; WSTRING('Welcome to the Gene Pool'); LASTPOS:=O; POSITION:=O;
AT(2,20); WSTRING('A simulation of a genetics experiment'); HADERROR:=FALSE;
AT(5,22); WSTRING('Copyright 1980 by JDEisenberg'); AT(3,20);
AT(l,23); WSTRING('Press spacebar to start, ? for help'); WSTRING('Press for statistics');
REPEAT AT(3, 21);
READ (KEYBOARD,KEY) WSTRING('Press RETURN to start again');
UNTIL (KEY-' ') OR (KEY='?'); AT(3,22); WSTRING('Press ESC to ·exit');
IF KEY='?' THEN BEGIN REPEAT
EXPLAIN; EXPLAIN2; EXPLAIN3; GOTCHA:=FALSE;
EXPLAIN4; GENERATION AT(3,18); WSTRING('Choose the new male genetic type');
END ELSE BEGIN AT(3, 19);
ERSLINE(1); ERSLINE(20); IF NOPADDLES THEN
ERSLINE(22); ERSLINE(23) WSTRING('<-,-> to move; spacebar to choose')
END ELSE
END; WSTRING('Press button to choose');
DRAWCOLOR:=REVERSE;
PROCEDURE INITPARENTS; REPEAT
BEGIN GETPOSITION;
(* SET UP MOTHER WITH ALL THE GENES *) DRAWaJRSOR;
WITH MOM DO BEGIN DRAWCURSOR
SEX:-FEMALE; UNTIL GOTCHA;
TRAITS[HAIR,GENEOj:=DOMINANT; IF THEKIDS[POSITIONj.SEX <> MALE THEN BEGIN
TRAlTS[HAIR,GENElj:-RECESSIVE; WRITE(CHR(BEL»; (* K'DING *)
TRAITS[FACE,GENEOj:-DOMINANT; IF NOT HADERROR THEN BEGIN
TRAITS[FACE,GENElj:-RECESSIVE; CHARTYPE(5); (* REVERSE VIDEO *)
AT(3,23); WSTRING('Males have square faces');
SHOWSUP[HAIR]:=DOMINANT; CHARTYPE (l0) ; (* NORMAL VIDEO *)
SHOWSUP[FACEj:=DOMINANT HADERROR: -TRUE
END; END;
END

102 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 THREE CLASSICS
lOR ANY APPLE n®OR n plus®
THEVOICE
If you own an Apple and have a child learning
to read, you should have this program. Your
child selects a sequence of words from the
standard vocabulary and Demo Man happily
repeats them. Your child instantly hears the
sense or nonsense of the sentence. Easily record
your own words and make your Apple say
anything you like without adding hardware.
Allows you to include speech in any Basic
program using Print commands. Caution: You
will enjoy this program as much as your kids.
(48K) $39.95.

BESTOF MUSF M
THREE MILE ISLAND (SPECIAL EDITION)
Five of our most popular games on one disk. Rewritten in quick response machine
Escape and The Maze Game alone are worth language, author Richard Orban has
the price. Perform catchy tunes with the Music enhanced the simulation which has already
Box. Side Shows' six mini-games each give you been cited as a classic by reviewers. You are
hours of fun. Includes Tank War, an exciting put in complete control of a pressurized
two player shoot out. A superb value to round nuclear reactor. New features, Auto/Demo
out your recreational software library. Original and Fast Modes, allow you to control the pace
publication combined value of $64.75 of this exciting full color game. Read all you
(32K) $39.95 want about the nuke controversy, but try this
simulation if you really want to experience
managing a nuclear facility. ( 48K) $39.95

from the leader in quality software

SOFTWARFM Call or write for information and

MUSE the name of your nearest MUSE dealer

Apple II is a trademark
Computer corp.
of Apple 330 N. CHARLES STREET
BALTIMORE, MD 21201
••• (301) 659-7212

FEBRUARY 1981 103 CIRCLE 225 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Genepool, continued ...
<:APPLGE - JACK UNTIL THEKIDS[POSITION].SEX=MALE;
DAD:=THEKIDS[POSITION];
DRAWCURSOR;
IF HADERROR THEN ERSLINE(23);
the graphics & games people HADERROR:=FALSE;
REPEAT
GOTCHA:=FALSE;
AT(3,18); WSTRING('Choose the new female genetic type.');
THE DESIGNER REPEAT
GETPOSITION;
DRAWCURSOR;
DRAWCURSOR
UNTIL GOTCHA;
IF THEKIDS[POSITION].SEX <> FEMALE THEN BEGIN
WRITE(CHR(BEL»; (* K'DING *)
HIRES $24.95 IF NOT HADERROR THEN BEGIN
CHARTYPE(5);·' (* REVERSE VIDEO *)
GRAPHICS DISK & AT(3,23); WSTRING('Females have rounded faces');
CHARTYPE (10); (* NORMAL VIDEO *)
MANUAL HADERROR:=TRUE;
END;
END
UNTIL THEKIDS[POSITION].SEX=FEMALE;
MOM:=THEKIDS[POSITION];
THE DESIGNER is a user oriented APPLESOFT DRAWCURSOR
END;
program that does the HPLOTing for you. Sometimes
referred to as the 'poor man's graphics tablet', it PROCEDURE INITIAL ISE;
VAR POSO,POSl,DELAY:INTEGER; (* FOR READING PADDLES *)
places lines and complex circular functions on the BEGIN
INITTURTLE;
APPLE HIRES screen with the use of game controls
and single key-strokes, 2 page animations, disk save (* IF BOTH PADDLES READ 255, AND BOTH BUTTONS *)
(* ARE PRESSED, THEN IT'S A SAFE BET THAT YOU *)
and recall, and simple cursor-driven executions are (* DON'T HAVE PADDLES ATTACHED *)
among the features of this crash proof program. POSO:=PADDLE(O);
FOR DELAY:-l TO 50 DO BEGIN END;
POSl:=PADDLE(l);
REQUIRES 48K APPLE/APPLESOFT ROM/DISK NOPADDLES:= «POSO=255) AND (POSl=255» AND
«BUTTON(O)) AND (BUTTON (1 »);
AVAILABLE FROM YOUR DEALER OR DIRECT FROM
APPLE - JACK, BOX 51, CHERRY VALLEY, MA 01611 (* SET UP COLOURS FOR FACE/HAIR DISPLAY *)
COLOURS[~IR,DOMINANT]:=GREEN;
Dealers Call (617) 755-7667 COLOURStHAIR,RECESSIVE]:=WHITEl;
CIRCLE 106 ON READER SERVICE CARD COLOURS[FACE,DOMINANT]:=ORANGE;
COLOURS[FACE,RECESSIVE]:=BLUE;

RESTART:=FALSE;
INITPARENTS
END;
THE MAILING LABEL AND FILING SYSTEM BEGIN
RANDCMIZE;
From Avant-Garde Creations only $24.95 ppd. REPEAT
INITIALISE;
This unique system will handle both your filing needs and your SPLASHPAGE;
mailing label needs. REPEAT
CHOOSETYPES;
It's uniqueness starts with user-determined variables (up to 10 IF (NOT RESTART) AND (KEY <> CHR(ESC» THEN
options) and continues with a special COUNT/SORT routine that GENERATION
allows the user to sort up to 9 VALUES for each of any 9 (out of 18) UNTIL RESTART OR (KEY=CHR(ESC»;
variables. It will print mailing labels, do a regular print-out or UNTIL KEY=CHR(ESC);
just display the criteria-meeting records while it counts them. It PAGE (OUTPUT);
will also range-sort for 3 particular variables. TEXTMODE
END.
It makes an alphabetized directory of names and record numbers.
You can find records by name or by numbers in seconds. If you AT LASTI
don't know the exact spelling there's a quick-find option for directory- ~~:gt~~~dsuac~~°50eo~i~6~
~~Ii~i~v~:~ahb~ut~~ttB~~~C~~e·c ~u~
reading. and MBASIC on HEATH HOOS.
DATA BASE MANAGER Mod-I $69 Mod-II $199
You can customize your labels and print up to 6 lines of your You can use it to maintain a data base & produce reports
variables on them. without any user programming. Define file parameters & report
formats on-line. Key random access, tast multi-key sari, field
It includes special quick-copy and backup programs. arith .. label. audillog. No lime-consuming overlays. 500 happy
users in a year.
An easy to use system, brimming with options and dynamics,
AIR Mod-I $69 Mod-II '$149
which ends the need for separate filing and mailing label programs. Invoices, statements. aging. sales analysis. credit check mg.
Includes 40-page program manual and disk. APPLE II PLUS, form input. order entry. As opposed to most other AIR, ours
can be used by doctors, store managers, etc.
48K, one or two disk drives. WORD PROCESSOR Mod-I $49 Mod-II $49
Center, justification, indentation, page numbering. Mod·1
_ 11IE MAILING LABEL version features upper Ilower case without hardware change!
AND MAILING LIST Mod-I $S9 Mod-II S99
FILING SYSTEM The best: Compare and be selective. Form input, 5-digit
$24.95 ppd. selection code, zip code ext.. sort any field, multiple labels.
We accept VISAIMastercharge Who else alters a report writer?
INVENTORY Mod-I $99 Mod-II $149
Fast, key random access. Reports include order info,
Write for our detailed brochure performance summary, E.O.Q., and user-specified reports.
Many have converted their inventory system to ours!
and more information:
GL AIR. AlP. & PAYROLL Mod-II SI29 each
~ Integrated accounting package.ISAM, 100+ page manual, Uses
Avant-Garde Creations 80 column screen. not 64. A S1.000 value. Dual disk required
~
P.O. Box 30161
Eugene, OR 97403
; l216, a cassette package of 10 business programs lor level II
16K systems. $S9.lncludes word processor & data base. Poker
game $19.
MICRO ARCHITECT. INC ..
Dept.cc ~ ':~~~\:\l::' 96 Dothan si. Arlington, MA 02174
CIRCLE 111 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 2220N READER SERVICE CARD
 illJ~~[lli[ill[ill~TI
PROCEDURE CHOOSETYPES;
This procedure lets you choose the
new parents from the current generation.
Of interest is the boolean variable

Ad#10S0FTWAHE
(HADERROR, which tells if an error
message has already been given or not (for
choosing male instead of female or vice-
versa).
PROCEDURE DRAWCURSOR; ,/ new items/new prices.
Draws the blinking cursor while FANTASTIC PRICE PROTECTION POLICY
choosing parents. It calculates the appro-
priate ROWand COLumn on the screen We'll match any advertised price on any item that we carry.
from the POSITION (see GETPOSITION And if you find a lower price on what you bought within
below). 30 days of buying it, just show us the ad and we'll refund
the difference.
PROCEDURE GETPOSITION; It's that simple.
Determines which of the offspring the Combine our price protection with the availability of full
cursor is pointing to, and returns its professional support and our automatic update service and
POSITION. Offspring are numbered left you have the Ultimate Software Plan.
to right, top to bottom, starting with zero It's a convenient, uncomplicated, logical way to get
at the top left. your software ..
PROCEDURE INITIALlSE; g-.../ -.../ CP/M users: specify disk systems and formats. Most formats available.

Determines whether you have paddles

attached or not (yes, you can fool this CP/M®
OSBORNE\!
:1//>-
GO
cd ~g
-./
THIS MONTH'S SPECIAL:
T.l.M. DBMS JUST $299.
Pascal/UCSD.
Pascal/MT+
Pascal/M.
· $299/$30
$224/$30
$149/$20
procedure - but why do it?); initializes General Ledger#. · $ 59/$20 Nevada Cobol · $129/$25
Acct Rec/ Acct Pay#. · $ 59/$20 Terrific for inventory, mailings. ,/ Raid. · .. $229/$25
display colors, and sets up genetic patterns Payroll w/Cost#. ...... $ 59/$20 financial. you-name-it! Menu- ,/ MAGSAM III. · .. $129/$25
of parents with a call to INITPARENTS. Buy 2 get 1 free. .... $118/$57 driven. auto-sort. 32000 records ,/ MAGSAM IV. · $259/$25
All 3 & CBASIC-2. .$199/$71 per file. any number of files. and ,/ BSTAM. · .$129/$10
FMS-80. . .. $649/$45
I Glossary
DIGITAL RESEARCH
CP/M 2.2 Northstar . .. . $149/$25
dynamite documentation'
dBASE II DBMS. · .. $629/~35
,/ CP/M 2.2 Micropolis . . $169/$25 Condor DBMS. $599/$30
,/ CP/M 2.2 Durango WordStar/Mail-Merge · $434/$65 Vulcan DBMS. $469/$30
These terms are defined as applies F-85. . .... $169/$25 DataStar. · $279/$35 T.I.M. DBMS:j:. $329/$35
CP/M 2.2 Cromemco. · $189/$25 Word-Master. .$119/$25 CBS. $369/$45
to this article; for more complete CP/M (other versions) . .. .. . Call SuperSort I . $199/$25 Whatsit? . $149/$25
suoersortu · $169/$25 ,/ Ultra-Sort II · $159/$25
definitions, I suggest that you go to ,/ PL/I-80. . ...... $459/$35
Su oersorr III . $119/$25 ,/ MicroStat. $224/$15
Mac. .$ 85/$15
your local library and read some books Sid. ... $ 65/$15 PEACHTREE®\!:j: String/80. · $ 84/$20
Z-Sid. . .. . $ 95/$15 General Ledger . $399/$40 ,/ Vedit. .s 99/$15
about genetics. Tex. . ... $ 70/$15 Acct Receivable. Postmaster .. · .. $149/$20
· $399/$40
DOMINANT: having precedence DeSpool. · . $ 50/$1'0 Acct Payable. · $399/$40 ,/ Word Search . .$179/$25
Payroll $399/$40 ,/ SpeliGuard. · $269/$25
over another; for example, brown eye MICROSOFT Spell Binder. · $349/$45
Basic-80. . .... $294/$30 Inventory. .$399/$40
Property Mgt. · $799/$40 ,/ VTS/80 · $489/$65
genes are dominant over blue eye genes. Basic Compiler. .$334/$30
C. PA. Client Write-up Magic Wand. · $299/$45
Fortran-80. · $384/$30 $799/$40
GENE: a hereditary unit that has a Mailing Address. $349/$40 Electric Pencil II . less 15%
,/ Cobol-80. · . $574/$30 CPAids. . ..... iess 12%
specific influence on a trait. Macro-80. · $144/$20 STRUCTURED SYSTEMS
Edit-80. · . $ 84/$20 GL or AR or AP#. .$747/$25 APPLE U"
HETERO-: a prefix from the MuS,imp/MuMath. · .. $224/$25 Payrolill. .$747/$25 MICROSOFT
,/ MuLisp-80. · .$174/$20 Inventory Control#. .$447/$40 Softcard (CP/M). · .$292
Greek, meaning "different." Analystj". .$197/$20 Cobol. . Call
MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS
HETEROZYGOUS: means a HDBS. · $250/$40 Letterightll. .$167/$20 PERSONAL SOFTWARE
MDBS. · .. $750/$40 NADlI. ..$ 87/$20 Vislcalc" ... "." .$122
zygote that has different genes in it. Other. . Call QSORT. .s 87/$20 CCA Data Mgr. ..$ 84
HETEROZYGOUS GRAHAM-DORIAN \! Desktop/Plan .. $ 84
S.O.F.T.W.A.R.E.
General Ledgerll. .$693/$40 ,/ Zork · . Call
MicroTax®:j:
DOMINANT:a zygote with one Federal individual · .$749/$50 Acct Receivablell. . . $693/$40 PEACHTREE®\!:j:
dominant and one recessive gene in it. Federal corporate. · $249/$25 Acct Payablej . · $693/$40 General Ledger. · . $224/$40
State individual · .. $249/$25 Job Costinqj". · $693/$40 Acct Receivable. · $224/$40
The dominant trait shows up in a TCS:j:
Payrollj . .$493/$40 Acct Payable. . ... $224/$40
Inventorvs . ... $493/$40 Payroll · $224/$40
person with this combination. ,/ General Ledger. .s 79/$25 Cash Register#. $493/$40 Inventory. · $224/$40
,/ Acct Receivable. ..... $ 79/$25 Apartment Mgt#. $493/$40
HOMO-: a prefix from the Greek, ,/ Acct Payable. .... $ 79/$25 MUSE
,/ Payroll · $ 79/$25 MICRO-AP Super-Text II. .$127
meaning "same." ,/ All 4 · .. $269/$99 Selector III-C211. $269/$20 Other disk software. . less 10%
HOMOZYGOUS: means a zygote SUPERSOFT
Selector IVlI. .$469/$35
STC (Software Tech.)
,/ S-Basic. $269/$25
Forth (8080 or Z80) · .. $129/$25 ,/ Prof. Time & Billing .$279
that has both genes the same. Diagnostic I .. . · $ 49/$20 WHITESMITHS Other. less 15%
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT: Other disk software. .Iess 10% "C" Compiler e-. · $600/$30
"OTHER GOODIES"
SOFTWARE WORKS Pascal (jncl "C")* $750/$45
a zygote with two dominant genes; the .> Data Factory .s 79
Adapt. ... $ 69/ na EIDOS SYSTEMS Whatsit?" · .$129
dominant trait shows up in a person Ratlor · . $ 86/ na Kiss. $299/$25 v' Creator, .$229
COMPUTER PATHWAYS K-Basic. $529/$50 .> LedgerPlus
with this combination. ORGANIC SOFTWARE (GL A/R & A/P). .$549
Pearl (level 1)#. · . $ 99/$25
HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE: a Pearl (level 2)#. · . $299/$25 TextWriter III $111/$20 TRS-80® MODEL U
Pearl (level 3)# · . $549/$25 ,/ DateBook. · $269/$25 CP/M 2.2 (P& T) · $159/$35
zygote with two recessive genes; the Electric Pencil II less 15%
COMPLETE BUSINESS SoHoGroup
recessive trait shows up in a person with SYSTEMS:j: ,/ MatchMaker. .s 84/$10 NORTHSTAR
V" Creator. . ... $269/$25 ,/ WorkSheet. . . $124/$20
this combination. V" Reportor · . $169/$20
,/ NorthWard. $299
"OTHER GOODIES" ,/ Mail Manager. $239
RECESSIVE: opposite of domi- ,/ Both. · $399/$45 Tiny"C". $ 89/$50 ,/ Info Manager. $369
MICROPRO ,/ Tiny "C" Compiler . . . . $229/$50 ,/ General Ledger. $749
nant; thus blue eye genes are recessive. WordStar. $324/$40 CBASIC-2 $ 89/$15 ,/ Acct Receivable. · .$449
TRAIT: a characteristic of a living Mail/Merge. · . $114/$25 Pascal/Z. .$369/$30 ,/ Acct Payable. . .. $449

being, such as hair color, etc. * =Sceciat Bonus with order :1:- Requires microsoft BASIC ~- Supplied in source code 11- - Requires C8ASIC-2 ®- Mfgs. Trademark

ZYGOTE: a cell with two genes in ORDERS ONLY-CALL TOLL FREE VISA· MASTERCHARGE
it. Most zygotes appear in living beings, 1-800-854-2003 ext. 823 • Calif. 1-800-522-1500 ext. 823
Overseas-add $10 plus additional postage· Add $2.50 postage and handling per each item. California
but they may also be found in cross-
residents add 6% sales tax > Allow 2 weeks on checks, C.O.D. ok • Prices subject to change without notice
word puzzles and Scrabble games All items subject to availability'

(usually on triple word scores, and THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP

1610 Argyle Ave. Bldg. 102 • Los Angeles. CA 90028· (213) 666-7677
shortly thereafter on the floor). 0

FEBRUARY 1981 105 CIRCLE 232 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Monster
(Combat

Lee Chapel

This monstrous program offers hours

of 'fun. Think carefully before accepting
its offer.

Monster Combat is a game in which

you go wandering through a forest trying
to win as much treasure as you can from
various monsters without getting yourself
killed in the process. It was written in Basic
for a KIM microprocessor and for display
on a high speed video board, but can easily
be converted to almost any other Basic or
video board. It requires at least 16K of
RAM to be run, which is the main reason
there are no spaces between commands on
the program listing.
forest you are in is your combat strength, around, and the type of terrain you end up
treasure total, and the various magic spells on after you move.
Play
you have. Your combat strength is used to At the inns you are allowed to regain
When you play the game you will be fight the various monsters you meet, each the strength you began with and all the
randomly placed in a forest ten by ten magic you had at the start. Don't worry
squares in size. Only one of these squares, when you find yourself displayed in the
the one you are in, is displayed, thus square below the inn when you stop there;
allowing you to see only a small part of the
forest at a time. The sector you are in is
Of course, the that is the way the program is set up. Of
course, the innkeeper takes some of your
again divided into ten by ten squares. Each innkeeper takes some of treasure for providing you with his
of these, too, is divided up to ten by ten; but
these hundred smallest squares you see.
your treasure for services. However, sometimes he has
information which he passes on to you at
Each of these little squares is shown by a providing you with no additional cost - like where the forest
single claracter. It covers an area of forest
ten by ten yards, making the fuller square
his services. edge is, or where an enchanted castle might
be found.
that is displayed a hundred by a hundred There may be up to fifteen enchanted
yards and the entire forest a thousand by a castles in the forest. These usually contain
thousand yards. T's are trees, '-'s are paths, monster having a combat strength of his items of great value to treasure hunters, as
I's are walls, 's are inns, and M's are own; these range from five (for a goblin) to you will see. (However, they tend to vanish
enchanted castles. The '0' is you. a hundred (for a basilisk). Your combat if you make the wrong move, such as
Also displayed with the portion of strength is also used in movement, the falling into a pit when you land on the
amount used depending upon how far you castle square.)
Lee Chapel, 2349 Wiggins, Springfield, IL 62704. go, how much treasure you're lugging Most of the time you will not be

106 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 griffin to keep vigilant guard. It
instinctively knows where buried
(Cast of (Characters treasure is hidden and does its best to
keep any plunderers at a distance.
The following is a description of never seems to fall apart completely. He
Chimera (70) - From Greek mythol-
each monster, giving its combat is difficult to kill, since he is already
ogy, a monster with the foreparts of a
strength and telling something about dead. A person has to chop him into
lion, the rearparts of a goat with a goat's
the tales and myths surrounding it. tiny pieces and then get away before the
head in the middle of its back, and 'with
monster can pull himself back together.
Goblin (5) - A mischievous little sprite a serpent for a tail. The original chimera
only about a yard in height. Rather Giant (40) - Appears in the mythology was slain by Bellerophon, who was
ugly, uses coarse and uncouth lan- of almost all nations, huge beings of riding on Pegasus, the winged horse.
guage, is generally evil and malicious; terrible aspect. In the Greek myths the Ironically, Pegasus was a distant
all in all, a rather unpleasant little giants are said to live in volcanic regions relative of the chimera.
fellow. Even though they're little they where they were banished after an
Dragon (80) - Found in many of the
can be very vicious, and more than one unsuccessful war against the gods.
world's mythologies, a reptilic monster
warrior has been killed underestimating Some giants are peaceful, but others;"
resembling a giant lizard and usualiy
them. like the ones in the forest, would think
represented as having wings, huge
nothing of having you or anyone else
Minotaur (10) - From Greek mythol- claws, and a fiery breath. In some places
for a snack.
ogy, a monster with the head of a bull the dragon is considered to be I a
and the body of a man. Minos, king of peaceful creature, notably in Japan and
Crete, received a bull from Poseidon, China, where it is regarded as a symbol
god of the sea, which he refused to In the Greek myths of good fortune. However, the dragons
sacrifice to the god. Poseidon inspired the giants are said to in the forest are of the other sort; they.
an unnatural love for the bull in will kill and eat you if you let them, and
Pasiphae, Minos' wife, and the mino- live in volcanic regions they take very unkindly to anyone
taur resulted from the union. Minos where they were trying to steal their treasure.
enclosed the creature in a labyrinth
constructed in the city of Knossos, and banished after an Wyvern (90) - A distant relative of the
dragon, this is a fabulous two-legged
fed it seven young men and women unsuccessful war creature, with wings and the head of a
(whom Athens had to pay as tribute to
Crete) every few years. The original against the gods. dragon ori a basilisk's body. Although
he cannot kill you with one glance like
minotaur was eventually slain by the
the basilisk, he is still a very unpleasant
Athenian hero Theseus.
Harpy (50) - From Greek mythology, creature to meet. '.
Cyclops (20) - Also from Greek disgusting women with the wings and
Basilisk (100) - The worst of all eleven
mythology, a member of a race of one- lower body of a bird, generally a bird of
monsters", his deadly glare kills anyone
eyed giants. According to Homer, the prey. They stole and befouled the food
who gazes upon his face. From Greek
cyclopses were shepherds living on an of blind Phineus as punishment from
mythology, the basilisk was called the
island in the western area. The best the gods. Phineus nearly died before
king of .serpents, being endowed with a
known of these was Polyphemus who Jason and the Argonauts arrived while
scaly crest upon his head like a crown.
had his eye poked out by the hero, sailing in search of the Golden Fleece.
This monster was supposedly produced
Odysseus. According to Hesiod, the Two of the Argonauts, Zetes and
from the egg of a cock hatched under
cycJopses were three of the children of Calais, drove the harpies away and were
toads or serpents. The weasel, the only
Uranus and Gaea. They forged the then told by one of the gods that the
animal which can withstand the basi-
thunderbolt for Zeus, king of the gods, harpies would bother Phineus no more.
lisk's glare, often fought it to the death.
and became the assistants of Hephaes- The harpies continued their disgusting
tus, god of the forge. practices elsewhere. Humans must use a mirror if they wish
to be assured of victory over a basilisk,
Zombie (30) - From legends in the Griffin (60) - From Eastern mythol- for the mirror will reflect the creature's
West Indies, a corpse which has been ogy, a creature usually represented as gaze back upon' it and kill it. This
reanimated. A rather unpleasant having the head, beak, and wings of an monster is not to be confused with the
person to meet, h!! generally smells of eagle, and the body and legs of a lion. It basilisk of South America, a harmless
rot and decay. He often has rotting builds its nest of gold, making it very lizard with the ability to run across
pieces of himself falling off his body, yet tempting to hunters and forcing the water.

vrsitmg inns and castles. You will be winning. The more strength you use the me over a 95% chance of winning. And, as
hacking your way through thick under- greater the odds are of winning, the less can be seen in the example, I did beat him.
brush or trotting along forest paths in you use the smaller your odds of winning. In the third part of the sample run I
search of treasure. And you will find it, Also affecting what you use to fight the am fighting 19 goblins. Since goblins have
usually guarded by some sort of monster. monster is your treasure total. The more a combat strength of 5, 19have a combined
Upon encountering one or more of these treasure you have the more strength you strength of 95. I used only 60 combat
creatures you are given a choice offighting must use. points that time, giving me around a 30%
them, running away, bribing them, or The first and third parts of the sample chance of winning. And, as can be seen in
casting a spell on them. run give examples offighting a monster or the example, I did get myself killed.
To fight you must hit a 'I'; then, when monsters. In the first case there are three If you do not wish to fight the monster
it asks you to, you enter however much of cyclopses. Cyclopses have a combat you can always run. However, the higher
your combat strength you wish to use strength of 20 which means that three of the strength of the monster the less likely
against the monster. If you choose to use them have a total strength of 60. I used 121 you will get away and the more likely that
strength equal to the monster's strength of my combat strength to fight them, over you will be forced to fight. Whether or not
you then have a fifty-fifty chance of twice the cyclopses' strength, which gave you do get away is based upon a random
FEBRUARY 1981 107
number and the strength of the monster. If
you do get away you are randomly placed
in an adjacent square and get to find out
what is there. Once in a while, when you
attempt to run, the monster catches you
and kills you.
If you don't care to run or fight you
can try to bribe the monster. Few people
like to do this since it means handing over
some of your hard-earned treasure.
Whether your bribe is accepted or not
depends upon how much treasure the
monster is guarding, his strength, and a
random number. The greater the value of
the treasure the monster has, the more
you'll have to pay him if you don't care to
fight. Usually if the monster doesn't care
for your bribe you have to fight him.
Sometimes, though, he just kills you
anyway.

If you don't care to run or

fightyoucant~tobribe
the monster.

Finally, if you don't care for any of the

previous choices, you may cast a spell.
There are three types of spells: sleep,
charms, and invisibility. Sleep spells tend
to be the least effective and invisibility the
most effective, with charms somewhere in
the middle. Spells, no matter what kind
they are, don't always work too well,
sometimes not working at all, thus causing
you to have to fight the monster.
In addition to the various monsters,
there are other things you will occasionally
run into; some are good and some bad, as
you will see when you run the program.
Everything is determined randomly and
thus you can go back to a spot you were
previously at and find something different listing of the number of monsters you've of the time the scores run between a
there. killed; bribed and run from, plus the thousand and two thousand, with many
You have thirty days to hunt for amount of treasure you have won so far. If lower and a few higher. If you get above
treasure in the forest. Each little square you decide not to return to the forest or two thousand you're doing well.
you move through takes a tenth of a day to your thirty days are up, you are offered
cross, meaning it takes an entire day to several choices: you may go to a new forest
Possible Changes
cross the entire displayed square. To move with the same strength and magic (the
you enter the direction you wish to go (N treasure total going back to zero); you may A few of the major changes for use on
meaning North, which is upwards, S go to a new forest with new strength and other systems would be the random
meaning South, E meaning East, which is magic; or you can stop playing the game. If number generators which occur through-
to the right, and W meaning West). Then you should wish to use the strength and out the program and lines in which
you enter the distance, each little square magic left over from the game you just PRINTCHR$(3);CHR$(8) occurs, this
being one. For example, in the first part of .played, you can obtain a listing of these at being the command for clearing the screen
the sample run I enter S (south) for the the very end of the game and then write and homing the cursor on my system. Also,
direction and then 3 for the distance. This them down or store them however you if you don't have graphics you will want to
places me on top of the arrow, which is an wish. Then, the next time you play the leave out lines 1400 to 1487 and take out
inn, and thus I am shown in the square game, you just answer the initial question the GOSUBI400 from line 1210. If you do
below the inn when the next map of the asking if you wish to use an old combat have graphics you'll have to change the
area is drawn. In moving from the inn I strength and magic with a 'Y' and then POKE statements in lines 1400and 1487 to
again go south, this time a distance of 7, enter the various things you are asked for. suit your machine. The starting address for
which causes me to end up in the next large This, game was very popular at my the display on my system is BCOO(48128),
square. dorm at the University of Wisconsin in so you will probably have to subtract
When you leave the forest, intention- Madison. The record treasure total so far, 48128 from all the POKEs and add
ally or accidentally, you can obtain a as of this writing, is 7562, set by me, Most whatever your start address is. 0

108 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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sponsored National Computer Club I
variable names, user definition functions, membership is available to learn from o Please send me the SPECIAL FACTORY I
rnulti-staternent lines, editing, scrolling, other owners the fantastic things you can PACKAGE PRICE DEAL FOR $399.00. :
file management and more! 8080A do with this computer. I
MACHINE LANGUAGE AND EDITOR Add $15.00 lor shipping and insurance. I
PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE. PRICE COMPARISON illinoiS residents add 6% tax. I
I
Since the computer can talk, play music ENCLOSE CASHIER'S CHECK, MONEY I
Competitive 16K RAM Personal Computer I
and perform in color IT IS A PHENOMINAAL order or personal check. Allow 14 days for
Suggested List prices are; Radio Shack I
TEACHER. You can now use the TV to delivery. 21 days for personal check I
$849, T.1. $950, Atari $1,125, Apple orders. 10 days for phone orders. I
EDUCATE not frustrate your family. You I
$1,195, Ohio Scientific $850. Radio
will eliminate TV boredom with programs We ship C.O.D. We honor Visa and Master
Shack's TRS-80 has only 4K RAM, no I
that challenge, stimulate and entertain you. Card orders.
color or sound, sells for $499.
Create your own programs or select from
Name _
over 30 programs offered. IT IS A BRIL-
LIANT MUSIC TEACHER. You can practice WHY SUCH A LOW PRICE
on the piano keyboard overlay, select key Selling on a factory direct to customer basis, Address _
and tempo, write a tune and record. It has we save you the profit normally made by
a great color art program, you can improve computer stores and distributors. You also City _
your memory, math, spelling, vocabulary save the cost of a computer monitor as this
and sharpen your strategy skills. IT IS A computer is FCC approved and designed State ZI p _
GREAT TUTOR FOR YOUR KIDS. to hook up to any TV antenna terminal. We
USE AS A BUSINESS TOOL are willing to take a small margin at the o Visa 0 MasterCharge 0 C.O.D.
factory to develop volume that allows lowest Card no. _
Although the interact MODEL "R" is not
cost operation. Exp. _
designed for business, the Level II basic
and the 16K byte system give you room to ---------------------------,
write your own programs for individual
business needs. We also offer these business
programs:
PROTECTO
CALCULATOR, CHECK BOOK BALANCER,
STOCK PORTFOLIO, MORTGAGE & LOAN EN TE R P RIZ ES (FACTORY DIRECT RELIABILITY)
AND MESSAGE CENTER. BOX 502, FRANKLIN PARK, ILLINOIS 60131 - Phone 312/382-5244 to order
lOm980

CIRCLE 179 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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 CALL TOLL FREE
~HEPROGRAM STORE 800424·2738

o TRS-80 Level II ~ BASKET

L L-
unless otherwise,
noted _ ~
,."
, BALL
~ PROJECTOMEGA from Acorn
have to be fast to keep up with the action
P By Bob Nicholas -- Adventure International
as you try to outscore
minutes of one-on-one
your opponent in five
basketball. Compete
I In probably the most accurate simulation ever against a, friend or your computer.

c
produced for a rnicrocomputer , you are res-
ponsible for the production, finance, health Steal the ball, duck around your opponent
and well-being of Project Omega, the Ear t h+s and slant toward the basket for a lay up!" The

DECATHLON fi r st deep space colony.

Painstakingly researched. Project Omega will

graphics are based on a 3-dimensional depic-
tion of a basketball court,
sounds add to the reali sm.
and ball dribbling

By Timothy Smith from Microsoft provide much enjoyment and satisfaction as Protected Tape . . .$14.95
The graphics capabilities you were promised you overcome the frustrations and obstacles Protected Disk .• , $20,95
when you, bought your computer are finally of taming an uncharted environment. T"he
utilized in this marvelous series of programs. tape version is for one player; the disk ver- S LOOS LOOS LOOS LOOS LOOS L005 LOOS LOOS
Just like the real Decathlon, you compete in sion" supports one or more, plus a special tour-
10 demanding games that encompass different
forms of running, [umplnq and throwing.
nament option.
~ ~L~L~L~L~L~L~
LOOS L'OOS OOS
LOO L005 'LOO
LDOS LOO LOOS LOO
S L S'L L
~

16K Tape,.,$14,95 32K Disk".$24,95 L S LOO LD OS L S L S L

Play alone or with as many as eight competi- S L S LOOS LOOS LOOS LOOS LOOS LOOS OOS
tors, the gold medal will always go to the skiil- ~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~
ful -- never the luckiest -- because your
score depends entirely on skillful manipul- JUST ANOTHER PRETTY DOS?
ation of the keyboard,

One of our more expensive game collections --

ATTACK If new LDOS were just another disk operating
system (DOS), we would not recommend it to
and worth every penny! You MUST see this you. However, two differences make this sys-
system in action. Otherwise, you simply won't
believe the combination of truly outstanding
FORCE! tem unique and important:
and user benefits.
customer support

graphics, fast-paced action, nail-biting in-

tensity, and even a touch of comedy you'H ex- When you buy any DOS, you need service for
perience with OIYf1.1picDecathlon! programming assistance, updates and tips on
By B. Hogue s J. Konyu from Big Five how best to use its features. This is part of
16K Tape .. ,$24,95 32K Disk ... $24.95 Unlike the usual space "shoot-ern-ups, II your what you buy with LDOS. First, you will be
ship is not tied to the bottom of the screen. supported by a toll-free phone line listed on
In Attack Force, you use the arrow keys to your registration card. Second, you will be

COSMIC FIGHTER control both speed and direction as you man-

euver allover the screen in search of' the
promptly notified of all updates and may send
your original diskette to a service center for
updating. You pay only the cost of return mail
alien Ramships and Flagships. A realtime,
By B, Hogue £ J. Konyu from Big Five machine language game with amazing graphics -- you can do it every week if you like.
Terrific sound, graphics and unique chal- and sound. Third, a regular newsletter will inform you of
lenges mark this' new space game a winner! any updates and provide tips on using some of
WhHe fighting off the alien convoys, each You have to be quick to avoid the enemy LDOSI~ many special features.
more skillful than the last, you must keep ships that warp down on you, and the Flag-
track of your rocket fuel or risk explosion as s hip s' lasers can fire in all directions -- even With LDOS you get a well documented, thor-
you maneuver toward your space station. Can diagonally! And don't look away for an oughly tested, and POWerful DOS. The pub-
you dock immediately, or is the station over- instant, because one of the alien spacecraft lisher is committed to a professionally written
run by aliens? Find out by ordering Cosmic might be transformed into a mirror-image of and detailed user s' manual. Besides con-
Fighter today. your own! tracting with some of the best microcomputer
systems houses for technical and customer
16K Tape .. , $14. 95 16K support, a highly regarded technical writing
32K Disk version",$17,95 firm is doing the manual.

The power of LDOS is its ease of operation,

GAMMON its independence of hardware configuration,

CHALLENGER z and its device independence.

selected backups, chain together
You can make
a series of

By Ray Daly s Tom Throop from Acorn

o programs and operations,
different
LDOS"has
and operate several
types of drives from the computer.
all the features of VTOS 4.0, fully
The backgammon player featured
Computf nq is now back in a faster,
in Personal
even
R implemented and working.
dreds of features
There are hun-
which we do not have room
better version!
Gammon Challenger
The game logic of the new
has been compiled to
K to mention, but the best features are its ease
of use for the new disk owner combined with
machine language for extra speed; and there its sheer power potential for the expert. We
are more special features than ever. By Infocom from will gladly send you more information on LDOS
In Zor-k , the Great Underground Empire, un- if you just call our toll free number.
Choose one of three levels of play, but don't earthly creatures guard 20 treasures . Bring
get too ambitious -- Gammon Challenger will all the treasures back to the trophy case and LDOS with Manual. , ,$139
put your skill to the test at all levels. For ser- you can leave alive! You must pick your way
ious players, the "doubling cube" option can through intricate mazes, collecting objects
r---- INTRODUCTORY FREE BONUS! ----I
be used for added excitement. There are that may help or hinder you in your quest.' : (A $32.50 Value) :
other computer backgammon games, but none But keep your wits about you, because in
quite like Gammon Challenger. Zor k , they take no prisoners! :Purchase LDOS before March 31, 1981 and we:
Iwill include a box of 10 diskettes -- FREE! I
~
I JI
Protected Tape .. ,$14,95 TRS-80 or Apple II, 32K Disk ... $39,95

Visit Our New Store: W. Bell Plaza - 6600 Security Blvd· Baltimore, MD

I c-= III TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800 424.2738

For information
Call (202) 337-4691

MAl L ORDERS: Send check or M.O, for total purchase

price, plus $1.00 postage & handling, D,C. residents, add
THE PROGRAM STORE
5% tax, Chargecard customers: include all embossed '
4200 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Dept. R8 Box 9609
information on card. Washington, D.C. 20016

CIRCLE 175 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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10(14 PRIIH"DO 'lOU WISH TO SEE THE t-.lO. OF r'lDt·6TER:=' '.,.'OUnLLEe)., f':R;"! Ff':OI'1,"
1005 PRltH "AHD BRI BED?" ;: GE1)<$: PRHHi<:$: I Fi<:$=" 1-1" THEt'IPF:Hn: GOl(l1(1::O,'~l
10137 PRltH "r'lot4STER" TA8( 11:> "t'I(I. SLAHI"TRBC::'2) "1'1C't'6TER"1 RE:(4:''.) "t·10. SLAHI"
1010 FORI=1 ros. PF.:H·!TI·'l$(I) ;TAB ( 14) ;t..j( I) ;"[1'18,(32) ;1'1:$.(1+C',);
1013 PRINTTA8(46);N(I+5)
1015 HEXT:PRINTTA8(32);M$(11);TA8(46);1-I(11)
1020 PRItH: PRItH"8F:IE:ED-~'E:F:;TA8(32) "RAt·1 FR(.II'l"Z
10313 PRltHTAB(0)"TREASURE TOTAL-"(I
1035 IF(J.1< >(1THEt-!GCISU816513
104(1 PRlt-lt"cm~GRATULI=t-r I m'IS";: I FOI < >OAr'~DOI>Oll-IE;··If"F.:IHI" Rt'.J'y'l,iR'y''':PRltH
1043 PRlt4T:)';$=""
1045 IFI>1<30THEt'lPRIHT"DO 'y'OU lHSH TO RETU~:t'l TCJ -rHE FOf.':E5T?";: Cii::.-r>;$
1047 I FDI < 30THEt'IPR I t··ITi<;$
10~,0 5==51: IJ::::I ..Jl: R=F.:l: C=D: IF;~:$< }"'y'" THEt-·116tUd
10~i5 PRItHCHR$(3) ;CHR$(:3): GOT045
1100 D1=D1+K/10: IF[)I<::',0THH·I'523
1110 PRItH"VOUR TH'lE IS UP. 30 DA•.•. 'S HRI)E PAS:="EC'"
1115 FORI = 1TOI0(10: t·,IEi<:T:GOT0'310
121210FORI=l T(l2~,00: t'~E;,n: PRun CHF:$C» ;CHF::$:(:,::>:T=(1
120:; PRItH"'lOlI l'lADE 11 TO THE Et'ICHAtHEE) CASTLE"
12(15 I=ItHCRt4D( 1)*21 )*1(11<1:,T=II~T(Rt'I[:'( 1 )*9): fie·a., vi )'~AC<I., \'1 )-1 (1'X1!)
~ 1210 GOSUB1400: PRII-IT"'y'(lU FOUt-.l[l" I "TF::EA:='UF:Eponn5 THEF.:E": 0=0+1
1215 IFJ< >70Rt'11=7THEt-l1225
122(1 PRItH"VOlI ALSO FOUt·lD A I'lIRROF:: l,IHICH l,JILL KiLL ArY,.' ,
1223 PRIHTN$( 11) «s vou I'IEET": I'H=7'
izzs
"""'-_' J=ltH(Rt-.l[l( 1)*2(1): IF,T=2THEr--!C=2'l<C
123~1 IF J=2THEHPR I tn" vou ALSO FOUI··![) AH EtK:HAHTEl> :::'".I0i':D I.• .IHI CH DOLiSLES
l....
'"';
C'..1 I F J=2THEI~PR I I-IT" '.,.'OURSTREHCiTH"
4_ •••...

1240 FORI=l TO(:5-1: IFC( 1)( »<:1THEiH245

1241 FORJ=ITOCS-1:C(J)=C(J+l):O(J)=D(J+l):NEXl
12.:.1·5 HEil:r: (:5=(:5-1 : I FC5=:-OTHEt··!PF~ I t;·!T VOU FOUt··![) TH:=' LA:=:r CJ~' THE (:f-ISl LE:::.
II II

1250 RETURt-I
130(1 1FCS=0THEt-!RETURt-.l
13(11 I=lt·H(Rt-.lD( 1 )*(:5+ 1)
131212 PF.:ltH"THE n~r~f';EEPEF: TOLD (.IF A LEGEHD OF R Cf6TLE. ";
1303 I Fe( I )=i<lAt·1DD( I )= 'v' 1THEt··!PRIt{] "I)EF:\' CLC'::';E E:'.,.''':f-:E::TU;;':H
13(014 J=XI-C(I):I=V1-D(I)
rses IFA8S( I )=ABS('J)~rHEHPRlrrr"DIRECTL'/ ro THE l!,;; ~ CjCJl Oi~.~~1?
1306 PF:ltH "SO~lEl,IHE:F:E 1:0 THE ".
13(:f? IFI«1THEt-.lPRlt-lT"SDUTH" ;
1310 I F I >0THEI4PF.:I tH" t~OF:TH" ;
o 1315 IFJ>0THEt'·IF'Rlt-IT"l,.IEST" ;
JJ
m 1320 IFJ<0THEt4PRIIH"EAST" ;
»
--I 1325 PRltH: RETURt-I
<:
m
1400 A=)(:: B=-V: FORV:::~'''T010: FOF~i<=-20T032
141121POKE4312:3+}<+V*64 .•128: NE::<T: t·~E;~:T
o
0
1415 FCtR;~:=20T032: POf<E4B832+;< .. 164: t~E;<T
1420 FORi<:=20T032STEP3: POKE48E,40+i<:, 144: t-.lEi';l
~-
~ 1425 FORV=6 TO 10: PClKE48161 +'.•.• *64 ~ 184: t·~E;~:T
\l 143121FOR;<=23T024: PO~:E4C:576+;~: .•136: P(II<E.:.l:':::~:=:2+;(:.. 1~~6: t'-lE;<:T
C
:::! 1435 POKE487'35, 191:POI<E<18~'·'34.,191:pm<E4::::4~"4, 136
Z 1440 POKE48476, 1:34: POI<E4347'3., 168: POf<E484;:'5, 168
o 1445 POKE4853:3, 1613: pm<E'1:3730 .•1EA :'POI<E4c:~"31 , 164
1450 POKE48.::::5:3 .•1.91: POKE43:=:::i9 .. 191: POKE4:'::::3::.(' .•18:3
 The most complex computer circuit can be
explained with just nine cents
J._*-- *-- i' kEYOLUT,lOMAR Y
PROGRAMS
'1*

J · CONTINENTAL
FROM

"4
*'
Common I« ~
• SOFTWARE
T~~~u~~~~~~P;~~TED }}I
~
"'- ~ WELL DOCUMENTED

Cents i' ~ WRITTEN BY

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USER ORIENTED
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The object of LA. Land Monopoly is to
become the richest player in the game in
Guess A Number and Create A Pattern.
*
terms of total assets-cash, property, and
The "penny switch." It sounds strange.

1
~uildings-and to drive all your opponents
But it's not. Pretty soon he had 30 circuits (or games) ~ Into bankruptcy. Hi-Res Graphics!
Joe Weisbecker, the designer of the RCA that explained everything about computers
1802 microcomputer, was trying to explain from a basic adder to complex error correc- HYPERS,PA,CE WARS
to some children just how a computer works.
He wasn't having much success.

Computers Aren't Magic

tion. The most complex circuit uses just
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These circuits, each one with a full size
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J .•••. deadly
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The Terraunion
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Klepton
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1
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Joe's hobby is magic. He thought, "maybe Games. With this book children or adults force. Hi-Res Graphics!
I can use some kind of illusion to show how can easily understand the workings of even :I·D SPACE DAnLE
a computer works." But hedidn't really want the most complex computer circuits. A high resolution three dimensional
to use an illusion. He didn't want the chil-
dren to think of a computer as magic. Games Magazine said, "whether or not il space game where the player searches for
an alien ship using the on-board scanners.
1*'
So he hit upon the idea of a simple flip- you have any experience with computer
technology, you'll be both amazed and de- THE MAILROOM
flop switch (the most common circuit in a

1
lighted with the simplicity of the format and $29.95
computer) represented by the head or tail
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*
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Dr. Dobbs Journal agreed, saying, "Com- *
I«
it changes from head to tailor tail to head. labels 1, 2, or 3 across. Sorts names in

Simple. puter Coin Games is a simple approach to a

f*'
But then Joe went on and put two of complicated concept. The book is liberally l-;~;o~~ME MOHEY MIHDER
these simple flip flops together to make a sprinkled with clever illustrations and dia-
grams, and provides a relatively painless '-
circuit that adds two numbers together. And
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~ * Transactions $3".95
for month by each type of
another that subtracts numbers. Kids loved expense; check, credit card & cash.
cuits function." * Transactions for month by check,

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* Budget for year * Comparison of

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Games With Pennies We're convinced that you'll understand .•••. total expenses for month and year to date

Before long, Joe devised circuits to play

more complicated games like Tic Tac Toe,

tSTopl
the inner workings of a computer after playing
these 30 games. If you don't, send the book
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plus your postage to send it back.
To order your copy of Computer Coin "'-
«I if
il We
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1*'

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challenge the competition With the first
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toll free to 800-631-8112 (in NJ, 201-540-
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With its wonderful illustrations by Sunstone
• f* *
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Complete
Automatic
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Complete
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Maintains Complete Year's

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error-checking
ideal gift. The Association for Educational
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FEBRUARY 1981 115 CIRCLE 158 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 14~55 POKE4BS32., 136: POf<E4B533., 1'10: POf::E4::::':,4:::::., 136
14613 POKE48544Jl~10:POKE48534~18~1:POKE485~5J184 2005 DATAA Sl,.IORD I.dHICH t'lIGHT BE EHCHAHTED (25 POUlTS), 10., :25 o
o
1465 POKE4B72E" lE.4: POKE487;'9(t., 1::7 2010 DATAC'>'CLOPS.,50 SILUEF.: COH6 (5(1 POUfT::::), 2(1., ':;0., ZOI'IBIE
1470 POKE.:.lS7'33 .. 184: F'Ot<E~1:=:{·29 .. 16(~ ~F'O!<E4:=::36::i .. 18:3 2015 DATA100 GOLD PIE'cES (1(10 POrtHS)., 30., H.10.1 , GIAtD 3
14~;'5 POf<E4c:5'3:3 .•1 ~:'6:POKE.:.l:::::::i37., 12S ~POKE(~:3::i3'3 .. 12:;::
14:?-(1 POKE485~1 (1 .• 184·: PO!<E48';;::::A., 16(:1: F'CI!<Ei~:::::-;:"35.,132
14:35 POKE'187'38 .•136: POI<E48'?'39 .. 12'~: POi<E"·!:=:6~::'1':1 .• 136
14:=:7 :':=A: '/=8: FOF~K~1TO 1,:.0>3: t··jEi<l : RETURt·j
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
DATAAN Et'lERALD BRACELET
DAlAA TREASUF.:E CHEST (200
0: '::;13 PO n.rr s) .' ,'t1, 50., HHF~P'''''
PO nrrs: .''::;';1.,2013., GF~I FF H~
DATAA PEARL NECKLACE (50 PO I t·n S ) .' 60., 50., CHI l"iERA
DATAA JElJELED SI.JCIRO 0: 3(1 POI t~lS::O.' {'O., 30., [)F~fKiClt'l
DATAA JAR OF RUB I ES (~;'5 POI tHS) .' ::'0., ';:-'5.,1.,J' .•.•
I,.IERt·1
-
C"
I»

n
o
::J
1~i[1~3I=INTO:RHD(i)*11+1)
15131 'Ctt··IIGOT0151(L 152~3 .. 1515 .. 15:~;0.. 1~i40.·1::i!:;1;;'1
151 &2:1 PF.:ItH "'/OU STEPPED !tHO
.. 1~6C1.. 15{··~3_.1r.s81;:L 1~5'~~O
A r H1E I..JAF.:PAt··ID LC6T 7 DA'.,.'S:"
.. 1::i'~~i 2045
2(1~;0
[lATAA 80::< OF ,1El,IELS (100
[lATAA GOLD GOBLET (50 POHlTS),
PO I NT:::::>.' '30., 10':'1.,E:A5 I L I SK
10[1,50
=:
::J
c
1513 Dl=Dl +7: RETURt·j
1515 I=INT(RHD(I)*10+1):J=D1:Dl~Dl-I:IFD1<.11HEND1=.1:I=J-D1
1517 PR un" '/OU :;::rEPPED UHO A T II"iE . t,If1I':P At··ID CiAI ,··jEe)" 1 "LoA'·,.'::::" : F~El UF:t·j
90~)0 Et~D
a
-TTTTTTTTT
152f1 IFC>=DTHEHRETUF~t·j
T-T-TTTTTT Cor'lBAT STF~Et·jGTH- 1914
1523 PF.:UH"'.,.'OU l'lET At·j ELF I.,IHCIGRUE '.,.'OU A l'i:'iCiIC l>F<:H·IK THAI GA;')E"
TTT-0TTTTT TF~EASURE TOTAL- e
1:i2~5 PF.:I t·n" ·/OUF.: COI'18AT ::::-fPEt··jGTH E'ACf<": C~D: ~:ETUf':t··j
TTTTTTTTIT NAGle:
15~;~3 1FU+R+S=U 1+R 1+Sl THEHF~ETURH
TTTTTTTT-T SLEEP SF'ELLS- 2
l~,~'::;~JPR I tH" ·.,.'OUF.:At~ I tHO A 1,.1 I ZAF~[:' ldHO CiA;.)E ·.,.'OU A FOi Io;··j THf1T"
T-In'TTIT! CHAF~r'lS- 1
15~55 PRIt·n"RE::::TOF.:ED ALL ·.,.'OUR l'lRCjIC": 1.)=1,)1:F:~r.~1' S=51: REI UFN
-TTTTTTTTT I t'llJ I Sl BILl rv- 1
15413 [FG'l<21HEt·jI'ETUF:t·j
154::'~ PF~IHT"'/OU FELL TTTTTTTTTT
!tHO S(klE I)UICK5:::!t··j[). '.,.'CIIJLll",:-r HALF OF '/l.iUR" 1.5
TTTTTTTTT- DA'iS It-j FOR.EST-
1545 PRItH"TREASUF~E": o=nn(O/2): RE-: URN
TTT-TTT-TT
1550 PF.:HiT "'/OU F:At·j nrr 0 SOl'lE -rHICK tlt·j[)ERBF~U5H AHD U-::,EL) UP HALF"
15!:i3 PF:ItH" •.•. 'OUR STREt·jCiI H" : C= H·IT( (:.,.'2:) : PETURH
CLOPSS ARE GUAF.:DU1G W13 GOLD PIECES
3 C'.•.• .: W0 POHHS)
1561.3 1= HfT( Rt··ID( 1 :>*5[1+ 1 ) : F'F~H·IT" '/OU FOUt·lV' I "CO n·I:=:, L' .•.• HjCi Ot·j -rHi:::" ; 00 '.,.'OU l,IISH TO (l)FlCiHT, .:2) RUt·j, (3)BF:IBE.,OR (4)CAST A ::::PELL?
1563 PF.:un" CiPOUt·jD At·jD PICKED THEr'1 UF''': 0=0+ I : f'~E-iUF-:t·j lHOI.,1 l'lAt-l'''; CCli'lBAT pourrs DO '.,.'OU l•.!ISH TO USE? 121
1~i70 IFi'11< >7THEt·lRETUF~t··1
'.,.'OUBEAT THE C'iCLOPSS
157'3 PR I HT" VOl! TR I P~'ED C)UE~: SCWIE POCJ1::; FH·~[:t LCJ:::;T \TIU~ i'l I f~~:GF-~ j'j i ;=t1: f.::t::·lUF~
~j
~I ;
'·...
ou t··IOI.,1HAUE 1130 TF~EASUF.:E PO nrrs
1.,.lHICH DIRECTIOt·l (PF.:ESS 1 'FOR THE r'lAF')? S
15:?-(1 PRIt-n"A HER/HT TOLD '/OLI THAT THERE AF:i::"C:::,"CA:::,TLE5 LEf-l", PE-,-UF~t·~ 1.,.lHATDISTAt·jCE? 3
15'3(1 1H)+S+R=0THEt·jPETURt·j
15'31 PF~I t·n" '/OU l,lAHDEF~ED nrro At-: A~~EA !".!~EF:E 1'11'1(,1 C [)C'E"",·j·· 'r !.,,i:A':f::" -TTTTTTTTT
15'~::'~PPlt'~TIl'y'OU LO~:E ALL ~/OUP PF~E~~;Er··:-ri'iflClICll ~U:-O~ :;:;'·-0:: R;7""Ci:: r-.:~FTUFj··!
T-T-TTTTTT Cor'1E:AT STF.:Et·lGTH- 1':;92
Ol 15'3::i 1FCS=I~1THEHREn.lRt·j
TTT--TTTTT TF.:EASUF.:E TOTAL- 100
1~6~6 F'fdtiT"'/OU ,'lET A HUt·fIEF.: i,.,IHCITOLD •.•. 'CIlJ (.IF -IHE LEGEt··jl' (If- Fi"
TTTTTTTTIT l'lAGle:
1597 pF.:lt·rr CASTLE
II ";: I :::It-fl (f.;:f-.!D( 1 ):t:C:=;) + 1 ~ C1C.lSU81 ~'::;:;:'f::.:t-:~ElU~~r'~ 2
TTTTTTTT-T SLEEP SPELLS-
1600 FOR I = 1T02000: t··jE;:·n.-:PF~I t·n
T-In'TTIT! CHARt'lS-
1605 F'Rlt-rr"DO '-lOU l~II:::;H TO Gf..l TO A t--!E::hiFClF.:ESl i.dll"H 1Hi:. SMh~ :':::jt-::t:.r-hJTr-r:; I t·jl.)I 5 I 81L I 1'/-
-TTTOTTTTT
161 (1 PF~IHT II fir-.lD t'1RC:r IC'~·· I';: GET:;·::::i',: PF:I tTf ;-:;$: It<:~::;.= t: •.•• "'1· HE-j'~16:::::1
TTTTTTTTTT
1E.15 PF.:It"TIIDO \'ClU ldI:::.H TO GCt 10 H t··IEt.,I FC:tF:E:5T t.JI-rH t'~E:l~i :::;'H~~t:Jil=l'l H ,':'if-.1L)ii; TTTTTTTTT- DR··•S
.• IH FOF~E::::T- 1.8
isi 7 PF~un'" t'lAGIC?";: GET::-::$: PRHrr::<:*:: 1F>:::$:="'·.·"'THEi·.,;;':Ut·.!
TTT-TTT-TT
lE-1:::: PF~ I ur DO \.lOU
II PLAH ON US I ~··!G -I' HI:'=':; SRi'lE ::;Tr..:~Er'·!C:i""I··H RHD ~'1AC:i1 C ffj;:i 1 H"
161'3 pF.:Hn"5CIi·'IE OTHER TH'lE?";: GET>:::i'·:PF.:It-·jT>::t:: IF;·:::j;~c"'·,"'TH;::t··jCiC'::::U!:::l
;,"0,:'1 '.,.'OU STOPPED AT At·j lHt,l AH[) F.:EGAH-IED '·•OUR
.• STF.:Et·jGTH
1621 PRun:F'RHH"ot··ICE AGAHL '/ClUF~ Tf.'~EASURE lOTAL I.o.1A5"0
,·•.•OU PAID 5 TF:EASURE POItHS TO 5TH-.' THEF~E
1622 IFQ)-Ql THEt~(;H';Q •.•.
·ou HOt,,! HAI..JE '35 TPEASUF:E F'OIr'~15
1623' IFCH<)-0THENPRINT"THE LARGEST TREASURE -TOTAL '/(.IU GOl kll-FH lHI5"; lo.lHICH D1F.:ECTIOH (PF.:ESS 1 FOF.: THE. I'JRF'),~' S
1624 PRItH" 5TREt·1GTH AND t'lAGIC l<IAS"Q1: PRHn: PRHn "8VE 1-1(.11.<1":. Et·j[) l•.IHAT DISTAt·1CE? 7
1625. BR=0: Z='0: 01=0: FORI=1TOll : NO )=0: t·jEi·n: If'QI <GHHEt·jOl=Q
1627 Q=0: GOT020 -TTTTT-T-T
16313 INPUT"COt'lBAT 5TREt~GTH";C T----TTT-- COI'lE:AT STkEt·jCiTH- 1':;36
1635 IFC<50(10RC)2(100THEtH63e -T-T-TTT-- TF:EASU;'::E TCiTAL- '~5
1640 It~PUT"SLEEP SPELLS" ;S: It~PUT"CHARr'15" ;R: HlPUT" HjIJISIBILlT'/" ;1,) -T-TO-I-TT t'lAGIC:
1645 It~PUT" PRE'JlOUS LARGEST TREASUF~E HnAL";O 1 : GC.t1020 -T--TT--T- SLEEP SF'ELLS- 2
o 1650 IFCH<OTHENPRINT"'lOU wClt·j r'lORE TREA::::URE THIS llfo1E THAt·j B~FCI~~E" T----TTTT- CHRF~I'lS- 1
:D
m 1653 IFOl>OTHEt-IPRINT"VOU DWtYT OE:TAHl AS l'lliCH TF<:EA5UF~E·THIS T1I'lE" ----TT-T-T I t'F) ISI E:1LI 1'/- 1
1660 RETURt~ --TTT---TT
~ 1665 PRItH"'/OUR r'lAGIC TOTAL IS r"ATHER LARGE. DO '-.'OU I.II::::H CCIf··jUE::RTIT TO"
<:
m 1670 PRltH"C0J'o18AT ponns?";: CiEn:::~: IF::·:::>:="t·j"THEHF~ETUf':t··1
-TH--TTT-
T----TTTT-
[·A'·•.•
S It~ FOF~EST- ..:..---'
'-, to"

167'"5 51"'51-5: Rl=Rl-3:·IJ1=1,)1-2: IFS1<"'OTHEt-61=1

o
o 16::::0 IFR1<=0THEt··IR1=1
19 GOBLIt-6 ARE CiURF.:DHjG A .JEI.• JELED Sl,.I0F.:[l (30 F'OItHS)
s::
-u
1685 IFIJ1<=0THEt'jIJl=1
16'313 5=SI: R=Rl: U=I,Jl: C=C+l(1(,1: lJ=D+1I:313: PRUjT'''/OUR CCWIE:AT STF~Et'lCiTH lS";
DO '.•.•
OU l,IISH TO ,,( DFIGHT., (2)F.:Ut·j, (3)E:RIE:E., OF~ (4)CAST' A :=::PELL?
c 1 t·1At·~V C:Oi'IE:AT" POIHTS
lHD! .•. DO •.•.·OU ldISH ro USE',? 60
16'35 PRINT" PEF~t'lAt··IEtHLV HlCREASED 8'/ 10.3": RETUf':t~
:::! 17013 PRHH"CO/'18AT STREHGTH-"D: PRIHT"S4EEP SF'ELLS-"::::l: PF:nn"CHAFd'15-"RI
THE GOE:LIr'~S KILLED '-/CIU. '/OU LOSE EUER1','"fHlr,Kj
z DO '.•.•
OU l,IISH TO TR'/ AGAIt-j?,·j
17135 PRltH" It~IJISI8ILIT'''''-''IJ1: PF~lt-lT: RETUF~t·j .
o 20('0 DATAGOBLIH.,10 ::::ILUER SPOOt'15 0: 1(1 pourrs)., ;:'.,10., t'lIHOTRUR so LOt·1G. 8ETTEF: LUCi< HE>::T T I i'IE
 1------.....
A New Type of Game
~--------------------~ Welcome to an astonishing new experience! ADVENTURE is one of
the most challenging and innovative games available for your personal
computer. This is not the average computer game in which you shoot at,
chase, or get chased by something, master the game within an hour, and
then lose interest. In fact, it may take you more than an hour to score at
all, and will probably take days or weeks of playing to get a good score.
(There is a provision for saving a game in progress).
The original computer version of Adventure was written by Willie
Crowther and Don Woods in Fortran on a PDP-10 at MIT. In this version
the player starts near a small weilhouse. Upon entering the house, he
finds food, water, a set of keys and a lamp. Armed with only these Items,
he must set out to explore the countryside in search of treasure and other
objects of play. He must also confront dwarfs, snakes, trolls, bears,
dragons, birds, and other creatures during his quest. The game accepts
one-or two-word commands such as GET LAMP" SOUTH" or KILL
DWARF. Of course, if you don't have the proper tool to carry out an
action, or if you do something foolish, you may find yourself in big
trouble.
.ln playing the game you wander thru various 'rooms' (locations),
manipulating the objects there to try to find 'treasures'. You may have to
defeat an exotic wild animal to get one treasure, or figure out how to get
another treasure out of a quicksand bog. You communicate thru two-word
commands such as 'go west', 'climb tree', 'throw axe', 'look around'.

MISSION IMPOSSIBLE ADVENTURE (by Scott Adams) - Good

Morning, Your mission Is to ... and so It starts. Will you be able to
complete your mission in time? Or is the world's first automated
duenture
For Apple, lRS-BO, Sorcerer, PEl, CP/M
nuciear reactor doomed? This one's weli named, Its !'lard, there Is ORIGINAL ADVENTURE (by Crowther, Woods, Manning and
no magic but plenty of suspense. Good luck ..... Roichel) - Somewhere nearby is a collosai cave where others have
found fortunes in treasures and gold, but some who have entered
THE COUNT (by Scott Adams) -You wake up in a large brass bed in have never been seen again. You start at a small brick building
a castle somewhere in Transylvania. Who are you, what are you which is the wellhouse for a large spring. You must try to find your
doing here, and WHY did the postman deliver a bottle of blood? way into the underground caverns where you'll meet a giant clam,
You'll iove this Adventure, in fact, you might say it's LOVE AT nasty.ttttle dwarves, and much more. This Adventure Is BI~Llngual
FIRST BITE ..... -you may play in either English or French-a language learning
tooi beyond comparison. Runs in 3~K CP/M system (48K required
ADVENTURELAND (by Scott' Adams) - You wander through an en- for SAVE GAME feature). Even includes SAM76 language in which
chanted world trying to recover the 13 iost treasures. You'll en- to run the game. The troll says "Good Luck."
counter WILD ANIMALS, MAGICAL BEINGS, and many other
perils and puzzles. Can you rescue the BLUE OX from the qulck- PIRATE ADVENTURE (by Scott Adams) - "Yo Ho Ho and a bottle of
sand? Or find your way out of the maze of pits? Happy Adven- rum ... " You'll meet up with the pirate and his daffy bird along with
turing..... many strange Sights as you attempt to go from your London flat to
'_ C t C I t h h d Treasure Island ..,:an you recover LONG JOHN SILVER's lost trea-
VOODOO CAStLE (b y Sco tt Ad ams ) oun r s 0 as a a sures? Happy sailing matey
fiendish curse put on him by his enemies. There he lies, with ,you' .....
his only hope. Will you be able to rescue him or is he forever
doomed? Beware the Voodoo Man.....
S6~satl·0~al SO'
.~.~
ft' WBpo U

TRS-80 Level" (16K) Machine language Apple " (32K) Machine language Sorcerer (16K) Machine language
cassettes for only $14.95 each cassettes for only $14.95 each cassettes for only $14.95 each
CS-3007 Adventureland CS-4011 Adventureland CS-5003 Adventureland
CS-3008 Pirate Adventure CS-4012 Pirate Adventure . CS-5004 Pirate Adventure
CS-3009 Mission Impossible CS-4013 Mission Impossible CS-5005 Mission Impossible
CS-3010 Voodoo Castle CS-4014 Voodoo Castle CS-5006 Voodoo Castle
CS-3011 The Count CS-4005 Haunted House (In Basic, only CS-5007 The Count
$11.95)
TRS-80 Disk (32K) Menu-driven machine CP/M 8" Disk (48K) for only $24.95 each
Apple" Disk (48K) Menu-driven machine CS-9003 Adventureland and Pirate Ad-
language disks for only $39.95 each
language disks for only $39.95 each venture (requires MBasic)
CS-3516 Adventureland, Pirate Adventure
CS-4513 Adventureland, Pirate Adventure CS-9004 Original Adventure, bi-lingual
and Mission Impossible
and Mission Impossible with SAM76 language system.
CS-3517 Voodoo Castle, The Count and
CS-4514 Voodoo Castle, The Count and
Ghost Town
Ghost Town Order directly from Creative Computing
Atari CS-4504 Haunted House and 4 Outdoor Software Dept. AFGG, P.O. Box 789-M,
CS-7003 Haunted House (16K Basic Games (only $24.95) Morristown, NJ 07960. Send payment plus
cassette, only $11,95) Pet (24K) Basic cassette $1 shipping and handling. For faster service
CS-7502 Haunted House and 4 Outdoor call In your bank card order to (800) 631-8112.
CS-1009 Adventureland and Pirate Ad- In NJ call (201)540-0445.
Games (32K disk, $24.95) venture, only $19.95
CIRCLE 300 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 117

 day
Celebration
Vida Harper

The next time someone in your family lee REM * * * *

or a friend has a birthday, why not have 110 REM ** ** BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION
BY VIDA A. HARPER
* *
1213REM * *
your TRS-80 join in the celebration? The 130 REM *** * JUNE 1989
WRITTEN FOR TRS-89
* *
following program combines graphics and 1413REM
* * *
* **
LEVEL II 16K
music to produce a unique display which 1513REM
* *
will delight old and young.
1613REM
1713CLS * *
The graphics include a cake decorated 1813CLEAR Ieee
with best wishes, blinking candles, the 1913DEFSTR Q,R,S
21313INPUT"DO YOU HAVE YOUR SPEAKER CONNECTED (Y/N) -- ";QA
person's age, and the name of the one who 2113 IF QA ="'1'''THEN24e
is celebrating. For an added extra, the 2213 PRINT"IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A SPEAKER THEN PLACE AN AM RADIO"
computer plays the age-old favorites "Happy 239 PRINT"NEAR THE KEYBOARD SO YOU CAN HEAR THE MUSIC";
:FORX=l T02gee: NEXTX
Birthday" and "How Old Are You?" 249 CLS:PRINTil384," B I R THO A ~' C E L E BRA T I 0 Nil
:FOR X=lT05e9:NEXT
259 PR INT:PR INT
269 INPUT"PLEASE GIVE THE FIRST NAME OF THE BIRTHDAY KID";Q7
The three positions used 2713 INPUT"GIVE THE AGE OF THE ONE WHO IS CELEBRATING";Q8
289 L=LEN(Q8):IFL=lTHENB=VAL(Q8)
depend on whether 299 IFL=2:C=VAL(LEFT$(Q8,1»:D=VAL(RIGHT$(Q8,1»
300 IFL=3:E=VAL(LEFT$(Q8, 1»:F=VAL(MID$(Q8,2, l»:G=VAL(RIG HT$(Q8,1»
the birthday kid is 319 CLS
329 IFL>3THENPRINT&)64," 'I' 0 U B E KIDDING ! ! ~
one digit, two digits, :FOR X=lT05ge:NEXT:GOT0279
MUS T II

339 CLS
or three digits old. 349 PRINT&)448,"H A P P 'I'": PRINT&)759,-a I R T H":PRINT&)889,"DA 'I'": PRINT&)859,Q7
359 ' THE NUMBERS ARE BLOCKS (6 ACROSS AND 3 DOlo.IN) OF GRAPHIC
CHARACTERS
369 Ql=STRING$(5,24)+CHR$(26) 'BACKSPACE 6 AND DOWN FEED
The numbers on the cake are constructed 379 'Q2 IS TOP THIRD OF 9,2,8,&9
by using the 64 possible TRS-80 graphics 389 Q2=CHR$(184)+CHR$(135)+CHR$(131)+CHR$(139)+CHR$(189)
characters plus the standard ASCII Control 399 'Q3 IS BOTTOM THIRD OF 0,6,& 8
499 Q3=CHR$(139)+CHR$(189)+CHR$(176)+CHR$(184)+CHR$(135)
Codes. Each one is a block of graphics 419 'Q4 IS BOTTOM THIRD OF 3 AND 6
which are three characters high and six 429 Q4=CHR$(172)+STRING$(2,CHR$(176»+CHR$(184)+CHR$(135)
characters wide. By drawing the numbers 439 'Q5 IS TWO BLANK SPACES, Q6 IS 2 OF CHR 149, AND Q9 ERASES
TO END OF LINE
on a graphics worksheet, one can easily 4413 Q5=STRING$(2,CHR$(128»:Q6=STRING$(2,CHR$(1413»:Q9=CHR$(33)
see similarities in the ten digits. In line 370 4513 'BUILDING THE NUMBERS ON THE CAKE BY USING GRAPHICS
of the program you will notice that the top 4613R(e)=Q2+Ql+CHR$(191)+STRING$(3,CHR$(128»+CHR$(191)+Ql+Q3
479 R(1)=CHR$(128)+CHR$(184)+CHR$(191)+Q5+Ql+Q5+CHR$(191)+Q5+Ql+CHR$(169)
third of the 0, 2, 8, and 9 are identical. +CHR$(176)+CHR$(191)+CHR$(176)+CHR$(144)
Since each digit is a block of 18 graphics, 489 R(2)= Q2+Ql+CHR$(128)+CHR$(176)+CHR$(156)+CHR$(135)+CHR$(129)+Ql
it will be an advantage if you recognize +CHR$(199)+CHR$(179)+STRING$(3,CHR$(176»
similiarities and then define these strings, 499 R(3)=CHR$(149)+ STRING$(2,CHR$(131»+CHR$(139)+CHR$(189)+Ql+CHR$(128)
+Q6+CHR$(166)+CHR$(145)+Ql+Q4
thus resulting in short cuts. Lines 350 to 599 R(4)=CHR$(169)+CHR$(158)+CHR$(131)+CHR$(191)+CHR$(128)+Ql+CHR$(143)
550 are the concatenating of the strings +Q6+CHR$(191)+CHR$(149)+Ql+Q5+CHR$(128)+CHR$(191)
which result in producing these ten digits. 519 R(5)=CHR$(199)+STRING$(3,CHR$(131»+CHR$(129)+Ql+CHR$(139)+Q6
+CHR$(172)+CHR$(144)+Ql+Q4
(Notice that the numerals are named R (0) 529 R(6)= CHR$(128)+CHR$(169)+CHR$(158)+CHR$(131)+CHR$(128)+Ql+CHR$(184)
through R (9) for ease in calling these +CHR$(143)+Q6+CHR$(176)+Ql+Q3
from memory for display purposes.) In 530 R(7)= CHR$(142)+STRIN6$(2,CHR$(131»+CHR$(163)+CHR$(159)+Ql+Q5
+CHR$(184)+CHR$(136)+CHR$(128)+Ql+CHR$(169)+CHR$(168)+CHR$(129)
649 R(8)=Q2+Ql+CHR$(162)+CHR$(163)+CHR$(149)+CHR$(166)+CHR$(146)+Ql+Q3
Vida Harper, 1807 S. Shore Dr., Holland, MI 49423. 669 R(9)=Q2+Ql+CHR$(131)+Q6+CHR$(188)+CHR$(135)+Ql+CHR$(128)+CHR$(176)
+CHR$(158)+CHR$(129)
118 CREATIVE COMPUTING
 ENTREPRENEURS
NEEDED
The shortage of knowledgeable dealers/distributors
MORE THAN EVER IN THE MICRO-
COMPUTER INDUSTRY.
is the # 1 problem of microcomputer
manufacturers. Over 300 new systems houses will go into business this year, but the number
falls short of the 1200 needed. It is estimated that the nationwide shortage of consultants will be
over 3000 by 1981. The HOW TO manuals by Essex Publishing are your best guide to start
participating in the continued microcomputer boom.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE

6th edition, March 1980
Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this
fact·filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of
starting and operating a small systems company. It is abundant
with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agreements
and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be
used immediately by the reader.
Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing the
small systems house are presented.
From the contents:
• New Generation of Systems Houses. The SBC Marketplace
• Marketing Strategies. Vertical Markets & lAPs. Competitive
Position/Plans of Major Vendors. Market Segment Selection &
Evaluation. Selection of Equipment & Manufacturer. Make or
Buy Decision • Becoming a Distributor. Getting Your
Advertising Dollar's Worth • Your Salesmen: Where to Find
Them. Product Pricing. The Selling Cycle. Handling the 12
Most Frequent Objections Raised by Prospects. Financing for
the Customer. Leasing. Questions You Will Have to Answer
Before the Prospect Buys. Producing the System • Installation,
Acceptance, Collection • Documentation • Solutions to the
Service Problem. Protecting Your Product. Should You Start Now? • How to Write a Good
Business Plan. Raising Capital

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER

CONSULTANT
by Leslie Nelson, 2nd revised edition, Jan 1981
Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor
in the microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computer
vendors and commercial/industrial users. The rewards of the
consultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and
doubled or tripled income. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL
COMPUTER CONSULTANT provides comprehensive back-
ground information and step-by-step directions for those
interested to explore this lucrative field:
• Established consulting markets. How to get started • Itemized
start-up costs. Are you qualified? • Beginning on a part-time
basis • The Marketing Kit • Should you advertise? • Five
marketing tips. Getting free publicity. How much to charge
• When do you need a contract? • Sample proposals. Which
$28. No. 16 jobs should be declined. Future markets. The way to real big
money. Avoiding the legal pitfalls. How consultants' associations can help you. The National
Register of Computer Consultants. How others did it: real-life sample cases. and much more.

FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING 3rd edition, June 1980

"·REE-LA.~l'E Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is a
business where. you can get started quickly, with little capital
SOFfWARE investment. you can do it full time or part time. the potential
profits are almost limitless. Since the demand for computer
MARKETING software of all kinds is growing at an explosive rate, the
conditions for the small entrepreneur are outstanding.
This manual will show you how to sell your own computer programs
H.J.KORm~~
using these proven techniques: • direct to industries. through
consulting firms. through manufacturers of computer hardware
• in book form. mail order. through computer stores. It will
show you how to profitably sell and license all types of software
ranging from sophisticated analytical programs selling for thou-
K t: R x P r H I. 1 t' .\ T 1" xs sands of dollars, down to simple accounting routines and games
for personal computers.
The book will guide you step by step through the process of
No. 32
marketing, advertising, negotiating a contract, installing software,
training users and providing maintenance and support. It also contains sample software contracts
that have been used in actual software transactions. Also included are tips on how to negotiate
with a corporation, ways of avoiding personal liability, techniques for obtaining free computer
ti nts en how to run a free-lance software business while holding a full-time b.

r--------------------------------------------------------,
ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. III!I!I! • Dept 6
285 Bloomfield Avenue. Caldwell, N.J. 07006 L=.J
Order .books by number. Send check, money order (U.S.$), VISA or Master Charge #. Publisher pays 4th
class shipping. For UPS shipping (USA only)add $1.00 per book. For Air Mail shipping add $2.50 per book
In North America, $5.00 in Europa and South America, $8.00 elsewhere. N.J. residents add 5% sales tax.
a No. 10 No. 16 a No. 32 a
0 Check enclosed 0 Credit card 0 4th class 0 UPS 0 Air

Name _

Address _

City State Zip

L Card # Exp. ~__~

For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940 between 9 and 5 Eastern time.

CIRCLE 146 ON READER SERVICE CARD

 Birthday, continued ... lines 570, 580 and 590 the numerals are
placed on the cake with PRINT@ state-
560 'POSITIONING THE NUMBERS ON THE CAKE. ACCORDING TO WHETHER ments. The three positions used depends
THE PERSON IS ONE DIGIT. TWO DIGITS. OR THREE DIGITS (???) OLD on whether the birthday kid is one digit,
570 IFL=lTHENPRINT~605.R(B) two digits, or three digits (m) old. The
580 IFL=2THENPRINT~01.R(C):PRINT~609.R(D)
590 IFL=3THENPRINT~599.R(E):PRINT~605.R(F):PRINT~611.R(G) blinking of the candles is done by using
600 'DECORATING THE CAKE WITH BEST WISHES graphic blocks 128 and 132, and timer
610 N=0:F$="BEST":G=LEN(F$):FORZ=lTOG:G$=MID$(F$.Z.1):PRINT(l590+N.G$; loops combined with subroutines.
:N=N+67:NEXT Now an explanation about the music in
620 N=0:H$="W IS HE S ":I=LEN(H$):FORX=1TOI/4: I$=MID$(H$.4*X-3.4)
:PRINT~805-N.I$;:N=N+59:NEXT the last part of the program: The original
630 'BUILDING THE SIDES AND BOTTOM OF THE CAKE tone generator program used here was
·640 X=7:Y=43:FORJ=0T012 STEP4:SET(X+J.Y+J/4):NEXT published in the Nov. 1978 issue of TRS-
650 X=8:Y=43:FORJ=0T012 STEP4:SEL(X+J.Y+J~4):NEXT
660 FOR X=24TOf0~:sE·r<x.47):NEXT 80 Users Group Newsletter of Fayetteville
670 X=106:Y=46:FOR J=0T012STEP4:SET(X+J.Y-J/4):NEXT NC. Dean McCulloch, the author, uses a
680 X=107:Y=46:FORJ=0T012STEP4:SET(X+J.Y-J/4):NEXT machine program to produce a single fre-
690 FORY=29T047:SET(24.Y):NEXT:FORY=30T034:SET(23.Y):NEXT
700 FORY=29T047:SET(103.Y):NEXT:FORY=30T034:SET(104.Y):NEXT quency of short duration. (Mr. McCulloch
710 'TOP OF THE CAKE USING AN ALTERED CIRCLE FORMULA has given full consent of the use of his tone
720 FOR X=-10TOleSTEP.3 generator program, which is incorporated
73'11Y=SQR( 110-X*X) :SET<4*X+64. Y+32):NEXT
740 FOR X=-10T010 STEP. 3 into my program.) His original music pro-
75'11Y=-SQR(110-X*X):SET (4*X+64.Y+32):NEXT gram of "0 Come All Ye Faithful" uses
760 • WHAT'S A CAKE WITHOUT CANDLES the cassette recorder as the note generator.
770 FORX=38T039: FORY= 18T027:SET< X.Y) :NEXT: NEXT
780 FORX=50T051:FORY=15T025:SET(X.Y):NEXT:NEXT You first remove the cassette tape and
790 FORX=62T063:FORY=12T024:SET(X.Y):NEXT:NEXT push down the play and record buttons
800 FOR X=74T075:FORY=15T025:SET(X.Y):NEXT:NEXT simultaneously, then connect a speaker
810 FOR X=86T087:FORY=18T028:SET(X.Y):NEXT:NEXT
820 • THE GRAPHICS NECESSARY TO BLINK THE CANDLES into the ear plug.
1= ON AND 2=OFF
830 S(1)=CHR$(132):S(2)=CHR$(128)
8413 PRINT~339.S(1);:PRINT~281.S(1);:PRINT~223.S(1);:PRINT~293.S(1);
:PRINT(l363.S(1);:FORX=lT0500:NEXT
Lines were added
850 FOR J=l T06:GOSUB 1330:·NEXT J
860 'ORIGINAL MUSIC PROGRAM (MACHINE 4K-RAM) WRITTEN BY
so that the
DEAN MCCULLOCH AND PUBLISHED IN TRS-80 USERS GROUP
NEWSLETTER--NOY. 1978 --FOLLOWING PROGRAM IS FOR 16K
additional graphics,
87'11FORI=32624T032662 '870-950 LOADS MACHINE PROGRAM & SETS UP USR including blowing
880 READ A
890 POKE I.A out the candles,
900 NEXT I
910 DATA 205.127.10.14.255.6.1.205.136.127.6.2.205.136.127 would be executed
92'11DATA 43.62.0.180.181,194.117.127,201,237.65,237.91,159,127
930 DATA 27.62.0.178,179,194.142.127.201 between the playing
940 POKE 16526,112
950 POKE 16527,127 .of the two songs.
960 PRINT~0."LET'S JOIN THE TRS-80 AND SING HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO ";Q7
970 PRINT~64."IF YOU ARE ALL READY TO SING PLEASE HIT ANY KEY--"
9813 J$=INKEY$:IF J$=""THEN9813ELSE12113 The Birthday Celebration program listed
9913 FOR J= 1 TO 0 'FQ IS FREQUENCY--TM IS THE TIME DESIRED here uses this tone generator program of
10130READ FQ,TM:CY=INT(FQ*.6*TM):IF FQ=0ANDTM=0 THEN 13213
1010 IF FQ)513013THEN FQ=50130 'CHECK FOR FREQUENCY OUT OF RANGE Mr. McCulloch with a few minor changes.
1020 IF FQ(50 THEN FQ=50 The machine language program was ex-
1030 D~=0:DE~=29480/FQ 'FIND AND STORE HALF WAVE TIME DURATION panded to a 16K location, and to speed up
1040 IF DE~)512 THEN D~=2:DE~=DE~-512
1050 IF DE~)256 THEN D~=D~+1:DE~=DE~-256 the tempo a .6 factor of TM (time) was
1060 POKE 32671.DE~:POKE 32672.D~ inserted in line 1000. Of course the pairs
1070 X=USR(CY) 'CALL MACHINE PROGRAM of data in lines 1240 to 1310 had to be
1080 NEXT J
1090 PRINT~0,"MAKE A WISH ";Q7;" AND BLOW OUT YOUR CANDLES!!! ";:PRINTQ9; changed to coincide with the notes and
1100 PRINT~64.Q9 timing of "Happy Birthday" and "How Old
11113FOR J= 1 TO 3:GOSUB 1330:NEXTJ Are You?" The following notes and iden-
1120 PRINT~64."OH COME ON YOU CAN BLOW HARDER THAN THAT!!!";:PRINTQ9 tified frequencies are suggested for use:
1130 FORJ=lT02:GOSUB1330:NEXTJ
1140 PRINT~339.S(2);:PRINT~281.S(2);:PRINT~223.S(2);:PRINT~293.S(2); B (215) Middle C (233) . D (264)
:PRINT~363.S(2); D# (286) E (297) F (319) F# (330)
1150 PRINT~128. "CONGRATULATIONS YOU WILL GET YOUR WISH!!!"; G (352) A (396) B (440)
1160 FORJ=lT01000:NEXTJ High C (465) D (528) and E (600).
1170 PRINT~0. "HOW ABOUT A FINAL CHORUS OF --- HOW OLD ARE YOU---";:PRINTQ9; Improvements are left to the musically
1180 PRINT~64. "HIT ANY KEY WHEN THE GANG IS READY TO SING!!!" minded readers. Lines 960-980 and 1090-
1190 PRINT~l92. "HAYE A GREAT BIRTHDAY--"; Q7;
1200 J$=INKEY$:IFJ$=""THEN1200ELSE1220 1200 were added to the original music
1210 AD=39:D=25:RESTORE:GOTO 1230 program, so that the additional graphics,
1220 AD=89:D=23:RESTORE including blowing out the candles, would
1230 FORW=lTOAD:READA:NEXTW:GOT0990
1240 DATA 264 ••5.264 ••5.297 ••5.264 ••5.352 ••5.330.1 be executed between the playing of the
1250 DATA 264 ••5.264 ••5.297 ••5.264 ••5.396,.5.352.1 two songs.
1260 DATA 264 ••5.264 ••5.528 ••5.440 ••5.352 ••5.330 ••5.297.1 Here's hoping that your TRS-80 will be
1270 -m!:ITA
465 ••5.465 ••5,440 ••5,352,.5.396 ••5.352,2
1280 DATA 264 ••5.297 ••5.264 ••5.352 ••5.330.1 invited to attend many birthday celebra-
1290 DATA 264 ••5.297 ••5.264 ••5.396 ••5.352.1 tions.
1300 DATA 264 ••5.528 ••5.440,.5.352 ••5.3313••5.297.1 Personal Note: The inspiration behind
1310 DATA 465 ••6,440,.6.352 ••6.396 ••6.352.2.0.0 this program was the desire to have some-
1320 FOR J=l TO 1000 NEXTJ:RESTORE:GOTO 280 thing special to help celebrate my father's
1330 PRINTID339,S(2); PRINTID223.S(2);:PRINT~363.S(2);:FORX=lT08:NEXT
1340 PRINT~339.S(1); PRINT~223.S(1);:PRINT~363.S(1);:FORX=lT0600:NEXT 90th birthday last fall. Since he claims that
1350 PRINT~281.S(2); PRINT~293.S(2);:FORX=1T08 he will live to be 100, the program has the
1360 PRINT~281.S(1); PRINT~293.S(1);:FORX=lT0600:NEXT:RETURN capabilities of positioning three digit num-
bers on the cake. 0
120 CREATIVE COMPUTIj'IG
 SCRIBEWRITER IX
© 1980 DAVE FRIEDMAN FREE Catalog
New 4-way relief from problems with
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DAVE FRIEDMAN
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Tokyo, JAPAN 105-91
@ 1979 International Minicomputer Accessories Corporation

CIRCLE 148 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CIRCLE 160 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CIRCLE 140 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 121

 Inputting Without Input
David Persuitte

comma if you enclose the whole name with want to enter a carriage return into a
quotation marks. The quotation marks string, you sure can't do it with an INPUT
won't come out in the printed out name, so statement. A carriage return terminates the
It sometimes seems that Basic fights you decide that is the way to go even if it is response and does not go into the string.
itself - or rather the person using it. A a bit of a bother. Obviously, while the INPUT state-
case in point is an apparent conflict While you are working on another ment is a handy means of entering
between the INPUT statement and string program, however, you find yourself in a information into a string, it does have its
functions. Theoretically, a string should be situation in which you actually want to limitations. There is a way around this
able to hold any of the standard characters, enter quotation marks into a string by limitation, though. Rather than using the
but someone using an INPUT statement to using an INPUT statement. How do you INPUT statement, you can have your
enter those characters into a string is likely do that? You now find that using a colon program enter the characters into the
to come out with something a bit different has a result similar to that of a comma. string directly from the keyboard. The
than he intended. And what about the carriage return? If you accompanying program is a model show-
For example, suppose you whip a
little program to sort out names. You try LIST
running the program and the query comes
up as you intended - say: 10 REM KEYBOARD INPUT, B~ DAVID PERSUITTE
20 REM
ENTER NAME? 30 CLEAR 600
40 FOR I-I TO 9
You casually enter the first name: 50 READX1,X2
60 POKE X1,X2
Smith, John H. 70 NEXT I . .
80 DATA 1,205,2,9,3,224,4,50,5,0,6,0,7,201,260,1,261,0
Your trusty computer responds with: 90 A$"'U
100 PRINT CHR$(12)
?EXTRA IGNORED 110 PRINT CHR$(17);·ENTER INFORMATION:·
120 PRINT
"What the heck does that mean?" you 130 FOR C-O TO 254
ask yourself. 140 V-USR(O):IF PEEK(O)-O THEN140
You eventually find out when the time 150 Z-PEEK(O):IF Z(32 THEN210
comes to print out the name. Whereas you 160 A$-A$+CHR$(Z):PRINT CHR$(Z);:NEXT C
170 GOT0250
had entered Smith, John H., the computer 180 LET C-C+1:IF C-253 THEN250
comes back with simply: 190 LET A$-A$+CHR$(10):PRINT CHR$(10)/
200 GOT0160
Smith 210 IF Z-13 THEN180
220 IF Z-4 THEN250
You go back to your Basic manual 230 IF Z-8 THEN360
and find that an INPUT statement looks 240 GOT0140
for a series of variables when it comes 250 PRINT:PRINT CHR$(17)/CHR$(12)/·INFORMATION IN STRING,·
260 FOR 1-1 TO 1000:NEXT I
across a comma in the response. If the 270 PRINT ·00 YOU WANT. INFORMATION DISPLA~ED?·
program was not set up to accept variables 280 V-USR(O):IF PEEK(O)-O THEN280
in the response field of the INPUT 290 PRINT:PRINT
statement, the Basic interpreter will 300 IF CHR$(PEEK(O»··Y· OR CHR$(PEEK(O» •••·y· THEN PRINT A$
310 PRINT:
respond with ?EXTRA IGNORED. But 320 PRINT:PRINT ·00 YOU WANT TO ENTER NEW INFORMATION?·
- you say to yourself - you don't want a 330 V-USR(O):IF PEEK(O)"'O THEN330
series of variables. All you want is a name 340 IF CHR$(PEEK(O»"'"Y· OR CHR$(PEEK(O»."y· THEN 90
350 GOT0380
with a comma separating its parts. You 360 PRINT CHR$(8);:IF C-O THEN140
look further and find that you can use a 370 C-C-l:A$-LEFT$(A$,C).GOT0140
380 END
David Persuitte, 1707 Independence Ct., Severn, MD READ~
21144.

122 CREATIVE COMPUTING

ing how to do this. It is designed to run on
an Exidy Sorcerer, but with a few modifi-
cations it should run on most other
personal computers. It should also be used
in a larger user program which requires the
Computer Store
capability of entering a full character set

of the Month
into a string. An additional value of this
program is that it demonstrates how to
request a response without the user's
having to terminate it with a carriage
return.
To use direct keyboard entry, it is
necessary to enter a machine language
routine in a user-available part of RAM. In
the program listing, line numbers forty
through eighty accomplish this by entering
the appropriate Z-80 codes in the Sorcerer
user RAM. The machine-language routine
monitors the keyboard for an input. When
it finds an input, it enters the character
code into RAM location zero where the
Basic routine can pick it up with a PEEK
and concatenate it into the string. This
machine-language part of the program
must be tailored to the individual type of
computer.
As the Basic program is set up here, it
allows 255 characters to be entered into a
string - in this case, the A$. It is possible
to enter carriage returns into the string, but
of necessity a line feed is automatically
MICROLITHICS
There are now numerous computer stores opening up all over the country
added to prevent overprinting. The conse- due to an expanding market in computer technology. We at Creative Computing
quence of this is that a carriage return takes would like to honor some of the stores which were the earlier pioneers in the
up' two characters in the string. Line field. We commend their foresight and their service and dedication to the
numbers 180 and 190 take care of the industry.
required code entries. Charles and Patricia Gibson started out as proprietors of Bits, Bytes, and
Since the program bypasses some of Micros in December of 1976. By July of 1977, the store was expanded and
the Basic functions, errors that are made incorporated as Microlithics, Inc. In July of 1980, they moved to their third
and present location with 3800 square feet in order to service their customers
during data entry cannot be corrected by better.
the shift rub. Instead, this program checks Microlithics is a complete service center. The store stocks large amounts
for control H, which, if entered, backs up of software, books, and computer magazines, and offers components, boards,
the prompt just as the shift rub would. Line main frames, and complete systems for home, business, industry, and education.
numbers 360 and 370 perform this The store supports Apple, Atari, Texas Instruments, Data General, Vector
operation. Also, since carriage returns Graphics, and Zenith. Microlithics also offers courses in Basic, advanced
can be entered into the string, they cannot Basic, Cobol, and specialized training.
be used to terminate the entry. A control D Microlithics sells Creative Computing magazine, Press Books, and Soft-
is used instead. When the control D is ware. It is located in the Meridian Business Park at 304 North Meridian
pressed, the program goes to line number Ave., Suite 15, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. If you are ever in Oklahoma City,
stop by and visit them. Their hours are Monday~ Thursday 9:00-5:30,
250, which tells you that the information
Friday 9:00-7:00, and Saturdays 9:00-5:00.
has been entered into the string. This also
occurs if the string becomes filled up while
you are entering your information.
After the string has been filled up, the
program asks you if you want the
information displayed. Again, instead of
using an INPUT statement such as might
have been used, the direct keyboard
method is used (line number 280). All you
have to do is type in "Y" or "y"(without the
quotes) for "yes" and the program will
display the information; a carriage return
is not necessary. If you decide not to have
the information displayed, simply type in
"N" or "n" for "no" and the program will
ask if you want to enter new information
(line numbers 320 to 340). If you answer
with a "Y", the program will start over
again.
Again, this program is just a model for
demonstration purposes. You can modify
CP8otiv8 computiofj
it to fit your own user program, perhaps by the #1 magazine of computer applications and software
enlarging the string to a string array. 0

FEBRUARY 19~1 123

 ,
I

ii'
Lower-Case Display for Apple Writer

John E. Stith

Writing consumes almost all of the would have to be completely re-entered. has three significant drawbacks for my
time I spend on my Apple II computer. Therefore, I decided that, as is, no one application. First, it has a cumbersome
Therefore, I was happy to see the arrival of the three packages suited my needs. I method of shifting in and out of upper
of several new text processor software picked the one that came closest and case via control characters. Second, it
packages for the Apple II. Unfortunately, decided to buy and modify Apple Writer uses embedded control characters for
no single package perfectly met my needs, (after first calling Apple Computer and formatting, so it's difficult to exchange text
so I decided to purchase one that came being assured that no plans existed for with other ASCII computers. Third, it has
close and to modify it. marketing a lower-case display version.) no ability to print page headers auto-
I examined three prominent text matically, a must for writing.
processors: Apple Writer, EasyWriter, With the continued decrease in cost of
and Super-Text. All three packages are computer capability, and the increasing
versatile, comprehensive programs which cost of labor, I think it is more appropriate
run much faster than any Basic-language to tailor hardware/ software systems to
text editor and formatter I have tried, but
It is more appropriate sound human-engineering concepts, rather
each has its own disadvantages for my to tailor than force the human to adapt to painful
application, writing. All three packages machine restrictions. It's obviously pos-
fully support upper and lower-case print-
hardware/software sible to make do with constraints such as
out, but they all have their own restrictions systems to sound inverse video to represent upper-case
on lower-case display on the Apple II characters, or reading binary rather than
Monitor. The following paragraphs out-
human-engineering decimal numbers, but I don't like to do it
line the drawbacks I found in each pack- concepts, rather than when it's unnecessary and time-wasting.
age. These mayor may not be drawbacks
to other users.
force the human to
The Modifications
Apple Writer has a convenient file adapt to painful
format and easy-to-use upper flower-case The balance of this article shows the
shifting, but has the drawback of not dis- machine restrictions. modifications I made to Apple Writer to
playing lower-case letters on the screen get around the problem of no on-screen,
during editing. (It, like EasyWriter, uses lower-case display. These modifications all
inverse letters for capitals and normal depend on having the Dan Paymar lower-
upper-case characters to represent lower- That alone is enough to prohibit me from case adapter installed on the Apple II. The
case characters.) converting to it; but, additionally, it adapter has been described extensively in
EasyWriter is a flexible package but doesn't support lower-case screen display print, but, briefly, it is a small accessory
has two drawbacks for me. First, it uses unless you spend more on extra hardware that plugs into the Apple II in place of the
its own file structure, incompatible with than the purchase price of EasyWriter. normal character generator ROM. The
Apple DOS 3.2, so any text I already have Super- Text has a convenient file Apple II operates normally, in both text
that I would like to use with EasyWriter format and has upper flower-case, on- and graphic modes, with the exception that
screen display, using the Dan Paymar lower-case characters are also included in
John Stith, P.O. Box 7463, Colorado Springs, lower-case adapter, which costs $50 and is the character set. The only limitation is
CO 80933. well worth the price. Super-Text, however, that the new lower-case characters cannot

124 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• •
Sourcebook
: COMPILERS :
•• ACCEL2: Compiler for TRS-80 Disk BASIC. Compiles •
selected subset to ZBOmachine code in all four variable types, •
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• line all other statements and tunctons. Technique rmmrmses •
• code expansion without impairing huge speedups for true double •
• optimisation. Six diagnostic messages, Local/Global opnons •

of Ideas •
•
•
increase compatibility with subiect programs. Output save to
Disk, tapes. Professionals note: No royalties on the derived
code. It's like havinga100 mhzclock ..
• ACCEL: Compiler for TRS-80 Level II BASIC. Same huge
..$88.95.

• speedups as ACCEL2 but in INTEGERvariable type only. Run-

• time component Just 256 bytes, Ideal for graphics. games In
. : 16K. Developed in Britain by Southern Software. .
• TSAVE: Writes compiler output to SYSTEM tape
44.95
•
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:

Many mathematics ideas can be better illustrated ,: SOFTWARE CPUTM

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:
with a computer than with a text book. • Supar STEP: Animated Z80 Programming Models, Disas- •
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• instruction times in microseconds. Reference Space, much •
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many of these issues are now sold out or in : TBUG required. No. BL-O . . .. $19.95 :
very short supply. • SuperTLEGS: Relocates TBUG, Super STEP.. .$9.95 •
So we took the most popular 134 articles
: EMU 02: Animated 6502 Programming Models, Disassembles :
and applications and reprinted them in a to 6502 mnemonics. Single-step/TRACE modes, 6502 coun-
giant 224-page book called Computers in • terparts to#B, #J, #R, #F and #G commands, fast Cross-inter- •
: preter,keyboard scan port with p-instructions DB,EB control, :
Mathematics: A Sourcebook of Ideas. • paging in virtual address space, more. Big booklet & SYNERTEK •
• card, a 6502 Software CPU. . •
• 16K Level II TRS-BO,TBUG required. No. BL-1 $24. 95 •
Ready-to-use-material
This book contains pragmatic, ready to
: COLOR COMPUTER :
• COCOBUG: 6809 Debugging monitor forTRS-80 Color Com- •
use, classroom tested ideas on everything
from simply binary counting to advanced
techniques like multiple regression analysis
and differential equations.
.«
•
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programs in real time. Includes 6809 Reference card, runs In •

MASTERCARDNISA
m%.
:

In!"" ;;~;~l~~;;;
The book includes many activities that
don't require a computer. And if you're
considering expanding your computer

.
I.·
·
facilities, you'll find .a section on how to 5:·
select a computer complete with an invalu- San Francisco, CA 94101

'able microcomputer comparison chart. ~

Another section presents over 250 • ~
TRS-80, TBUG tm Radio Shack/Tandy Corp. •
• Software CPU tm Allen Gelder Software. •
problems, puzzles, and programming ideas,
more than are found in most "problem collec- •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
CIRCLE 108 ON READER SERVICE CARD
tion" books.
Consider Baseball cards. If there are 50 Computers in Mathematics: A Sourcebook
cards in a set, how many packs of bubble of Ideas is edited by David Ahl, one of the
•••
gum must be purchased to obtain a complete pioneers in computer education and the
set of players? Many students will guess founder of Creative Computing.
over 1 million packs yeton average it's only The book is not cheap. It costs $15.95.
329. However if you were to order just half of the
The formula to solve this problem is not back issues from which articles were drawn, CaD ton FREE (800) 235-4137
easy. The computer simulation is. Yet you they would cost you over $30.
as a teacher probably don't have time to PACIFIC EXCHANGES ~
devise programs to illustrate concepts like Satisfaction Guaralnteed
this. If you are teaching mathematics in any
Between grades 1 and 12 there are 142
mathematical concepts in which the com-
puter can play an important role. Things
grade between 1 and 12, we're convinced
you'll find this book of tremendous value. If,
after receiving it and using it for 30 days
MEMOREX
like arithmetic practice, X-Y coordinates,
proving geometic theorems, probability,
you do not agree, you may return it for a full DISKETTES
refund plus your return postage. CaD ton FREE (800) 235-4137
compounding and computation of pi by To order, send your check for $15.95
inscribed polygons. plus $1.00 postage and handling to Creative PACIFIC EXCHANGES
Computing Press, Morris Plains, NJ 07950.
Endorsed by NCTM Visa, MasterCard, and American Express ~
The National Council of Teachers of
Mathematics has strongly endorsed the use
of computers in the classroom. Unfortunately
orders may be called in toll-free to 800-
631-8112 (in NJ 201-540-0445). School
purchase orders should add an additional
3111
most textbooks have not yet responded to
this endorsement and do not include pro-
$1.00 billing fee for a total of $17.95.
Don't put it off. Order th is val uable source-
DISKETTES
grams or computer teaching techniques. book today. CaD ton FREE (800) 235-4137
You probably don't have the time to develop PACIFIC EXCHANGES
all these ideas either. What to do?
For the past six years, Creative Computing GP8otiv8
magazine has been running two or three
articles per issue written by math teachers.
These are classroom proven, tested ideas
complete with flowcharts, programs and
GOmputind ~~BASF
sample runs. Morris Plains, NJ 07950 DISKETTES
Teachers have been ordering back issues Toll-free 800-631-8112 CaD ton FREE (800) 235-4137
with those applications for years. However, (In NJ 201-540-0445)
••.PACIFIC EXCHANGES ",.j

CIRCLE 204 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 125

Lower Case, continued ...

New Character Input and Conversion Routines for TEDITOR Program

Patches to Apple Writer TEDITOR Program
18AO- 48 PHA ***CONVERT***
18Al- A5 OC LOA $OC CONVERT CASE?
IBA3- DO 02 BNE $1BA7 YES, BRANCH 0813- 20 EO 1B JSR $lBEO CALL BELL
IBA5- 6B PLA
lBA6- 60 RTS DONE 14FA- 4C AO 18 JMF $lBAO JUMP TO CONVERT
IBA7- 68 PLA
IBAB- C9 CO CMP #$CO UPPER CASE? 1501- 4C CO 10 JMF $18CO JUMF TO INPUT
IBAA- 30 12 BHZ $18BE NO, BRANCH
IBAC- C9 EO CMF #$EO 1530- EA NOP ELIMINATE INVERSE CURSOR
18AE- 10 04 BPL $18B4 NO, BRANCH 1531- EA NOP
18BO- 09 20 ORA #$20 CONVERT TO LOWER 1532- EA NOP
IBB2- DO OA BNE $18BE ALWAYS BRANCH 1533- EA NOP
IBB4- C9 EO CMF #$EO LOWER CASE? 1534- FO DF BEQ $1515 BRANCH ALWAYS
18B6- 30 06 BMI $18BE NO, BRANCH
18BB- C9 FF CMF #$FF 1549- 20 01 15 JSR $1501 GET CORRECT VALUE TO PRINT
1SBA- 10 02 BPL $1BBE NO, BRANCH 154C- 20 FO FD JSR $FDFO PUT IT ON SCREEN
18BC- 29 DF AND #$DF CONVERT TO UPPER 154F- A9 CO LOA #$CO RESET FOR LOWER CASE
18BE- 60 RTS DONE 1551- 85 OB STA SOB
18BF 00 BRK SPACE FILLER 1553- EA NOP
IBCe- C9 83 CMF #$B3 CTRL-C? ***INPUT***
18C2- DO 03 BNE $lBC7 NO, BRANCH Figure 2. Patches to Apple Writer TEDITOR Program.
IBC4- 09 EO ORA #$EO YES, MAKE LOWER CASE
18C6- 60 RTS DONE
18C7- 48 PHA
IBC8- AS OB LOA $OB HAVE TO CONVERT?
18CA- DO 08 BNE $1804 YES, BRANCH
18CC- 6B PLA
18CD- BLANK? New Character Input Routine for PRINTER Program
C9 AO CMP #$AO
18CF- DO 02 BNE $18D3 NO, BRANCH
18Dl- A9 20 LDA #$20 DON'T CARE CHARACTER
18D3- 60 RTS DONE INPUT
IBD4- 6B PLA 18EO- 48 PHA
18D5- C9 CO CMP #SCO UPPER CASE? 18El- AS 10 LOA $10 CONVERT TO LOWER CASE?
IBD7- 30 06 BHZ $18DF NO, BRANCH IBE3- DO 02 BNE $18E7 YES, BRANCH
IBD9- C9 EO CMP #$EO 18E5- 68 PLA
IBDB- 10 02 BPL $18DF NO, BRANCH 18E6- 60 RTS DONE
IBDD- 09 20 ORA #$20 CONVERT TO LOWER 18E7- 68 PLA
18DF- 60 RTS DONE 18E8- C9 CO CMP #$CO UPPER CASE?
18EO- 4B PHA ***BELL*·· 18EA- 30 06 BHZ $18F2 NO, BRANCH
IBE1- A5 70 LDA $70 POP DESIRED? 18EC- C9 EO CMF $ilEO
18E3- FO 05 BEQ $lBEA NO, BRANCH 18EE- 10 02 BPL $18F2 NO, BRANCH
18ES- AO OA LDY #$OA LOAD DURATION 18FO- 09 20 ORA #$20 CONVERT TO LOWER CASE
18E7- 20 E4 FB JSR $FBE4 BELL2 IN MONITOR 18F2- 60 RTS DONE
18EA- 68 PLA
18EB- 60 RTS DONE Figure 3. New Character Input Routine for PRINTER Program.

Figure I. New Character Input and Conversion Routines for TEDITOR Program.

be flashed or shown in inverse video. BELL is optional, but if you omit it, you correct time and so that it handles case
Since Apple Computer does not pro- must also omit the patches for it in Figure 2. conversion correctly. The value at OF56
vide the source code for Apple Writer, I Figure 2, Patches to Apple Writer corrects a check for an exclamation point
have no absolute guarantee that the TEDITOR Program, shows the changes in the text (used for text formatting) to the
portion of memory that contains my that must be made to TEDITOR so that it correct ASCII value. The code at 1095
patches will never be destroyed, but in calls the subroutines shown in Figure 1 at jumps to the new CONVERT subroutine
thorough testing and in writing this article, the correct times. The change at 0813 calls shown in Figure 3. The code at IOC8 elim-
I had no problems at all. BELL upon character input. It is optional. inates the inverse cursor when typing in the
Figure I, New Character Input and The change at 14FA calls the CONVERT header. The code at 12D8 eliminates most
Conversion Routines for TEDITOR Pro- subroutine rather than execute the original of the printer character output conversion
gram, shows the additional code I wrote Apple Writer version. The change at 150 I routine since, with these modifications, the
for the text editor program. It resides at does the same for INPUT. The code at text buffer is now in ASCII (with the most
18AO through 18EB. (All addresses in this 1530 eliminates the inverse video feature. significant bit in each byte set on.) The
article are in hex.) CONVERT, located at The change at 1549 causes the correct case data at 1569 corrects the values to check
18AO, is the routine used during the case- to be displayed on the screen. against for lower-case letters used in text
change mode, changing upper case to Figure 3, New Character Input formatting parameters. The patches at
lower case and vice versa. All other char- Routine for PRINTER Program, shows 15DF, 15E3, 15E7, and 15FC correct
acters are left untouched. INPUT, at the additional code that I wrote for the text parameters in the routine that converts
18CO, is the routine that handles case shift formatter program. It resides at 18EO characters that follow text formatting
during text entry. It traps for control-C, through 18F2. It converts to the correct commands into binary numbers.
since that character is used as an end-of- case when the page header is being entered.
text indicator and would accidentally As in the regular editor, an ESCAPE How to Make the Changes
truncate text if entered into the text buffer. entered causes the next input character to Figure 5, Modification Checklist,
INPUT also converts a pseudo-character, be upper case. In the editor, the case- shows a step-by-step procedure that will
an upper-case blank, for use as a don't-care change feature lets you change the case of allow you to take the disk supplied with
character in string searches and replace- as many characters as you want. Apple Writer and generate a lower-case
ments. The third routine, BELL, at 18EO, Figure 4, Patches to Apple Writer display version on your own disk. The
simply sounds a pop each time a character PRINTER Program, shows the changes character representations will be different
is entered in the text-input mode, if enabled that must be made to PRINTER so that it from the original Apple Writer, but if you
by the control-P function of Apple Writer. calls the subroutine in Figure 3 at the have a lot of text to convert, you can write

126 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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CPoutiV6
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To order use handy order form in the back of the magazine. GifWd Children tIczwsklttvr
Gifted and Talented Publications, Inc.
CIRCLE 300 ON READER SERVICE CARD 1255 Portland Place
P.O. Box 2581
Boulder, CO 80322
FEBRUARY 1981 127 CIRCLE 151 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Lower Case, continued ...
a short program to do it. Once you are
finished, you can use the lower-case
version using the same rules as published Patches to Apple writer PRINTER Program
in the Apple Writer manual.
The following buffer format is pro-
OF56- Al DATA ASCII EXCLAMATION POINT
vided for those individuals who would like
to use Apple Writer with text already 1095- 4C EO 18 JMP $18EO CALL INPUT
created. The program uses binary (B) files
lOC8- EA NOP ELIMINATE INVERSE CURSOR
to save text on disk. The text buffer starts 10C9- EA NOP
at 1900 and can go up to 959F. The first 10CA- EA NOP
byte of data must be a hex 83 and the last 10CB- EA NOP
must be a hex 60. All characters inbetween, 10CC- FO DF BEQ $10AD BRANCH ALWAYS
in the lower-case version, are normal 12D8- 4C FB 12 JMP $12FB SKIP CONVERSION
ASCII characters, with the most signif-
icant bit set on. (The unmodified Apple 1569- EC DATA ASCII 1 (LOWER CASE L)
156A- ED m
Writer uses the same format except that 156B- F2 r
most of the characters are not in ASCII l56C- ED m
representation.) Once the text is in the 1560- F4 t
buffer, do a BSA VE TEXT. YOUR FILE 156E- ED m
l56F- E2 b
NAME, A$ I900, L$YOUR LENGTH. 1570- ED m
1571- F3 s
1572- FO P
1573- EC 1
1574- EA j
1575- E3 c
The text editor program 1576- EA
1577- F2 r
in Apple Writer is 1578- EA j
1579- E6 f
easy to use and 157A- EA j
l57B- EE n
very powerful, 157C- FO P

but perhaps future 15DF- AD BLANK

versions of the text 15E3- BO 0
formatter will 15E7- BA "9" + 1
incorporate more 15FC- BO 0
advanced features.
Figure 4. Patches to Apple Writer PRINTER Program.

Then you can load the file under control

of Apple Writer. You may see some
garbage characters at the end of the buffer
Modification Checklist
because there's no hex 60 end-of-text
byte, but you can quickly delete them.
If you have a lot of text files, you can 1. Follow the steps outlined in the Apple Writer manual to make a
use the Disk Zap program from Apple copy of the Apple Writer disk. DO NOT modify the original Apple Writer
disk. Also, do not LOCK the TEDITOR and PRINTER files on the working
PugetSound Program Library Exchange copy, yet. For all following steps that say to type in text, follow
(A.P.P.L.E.). It enables you to modify each line with a carriage return.
your disk directory to tell Apple DOS that
your text file is a binary file and then 2. Reboot the system from the working disk copy. (Apple Writer is
intended to run under DOS 3.2.)
BLOAD FILE NAME, A$1900.
As with almost any program, there are 3. In response to the editor menu, type.
extra features that would make nice im- Q
provements. The text editor program in 4. Type.
Apple Writer is easy to use and very BLOAD TEDITOR
powerful, but perhaps future versions of
the text formatter will incorporate more 5. After the .program is loaded, reset the system, placing control in
the Apple monitor. (If you have an Apple II Plus, use Apple's
advanced features such as including head- recommended method of getting into the Apple monitor.)
ers in text files, pauses while printing,
skipping headers on the first page, and 6. Using the monitor, install the patches shown in figures 1 and 2 by
typing the following input lines.
printing only a specified range of page 18AO. 48 A5 DC DO 02 68 60 68 C9 CO
numbers. The Technical Systems Con- l8AA. 30 12 C9 EO 10 04 09 20 DO OA
sultants' Text Processing System for the 18B4. C9 EO 30 06 C9 FF 10 02 29 DF 60 00
Motorola 6800 is an ideal example. But 18CO. C9 83 DO 03 09 EO 60 48 A5 OB
l8CA. DO 08 68 C9 AD DO 02 A9 20 60
Apple Writer is a great improvement over l8D4. 68 C9 CO 30 06 C9 EO 10 02 09 20 60
the first generation of Apple text editors l8EO. 48 AS 70 FO OS AO OA 20 E4 FB 68 60
and processors. I hope the addition of At this point, you should double-check your entries by typing l8AOL and
lower-case display capability will make it successive L's to disassemble the code and compare it to figure 1.
even more useful. 0 Figure 5. Modification Checklist.

128 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 Figure 5 - Continued The 6502 Resource Magazine
Next, type the following lines. ATARleCOMMODORE PETeAPPLE eOSI
OB13. 20 EO IB
(-::::::...~sr ._.. -
KIDS FOR
14FA. 4C AD IB COMPUTERS ~!'
Word Pro
1501, 4C CO IB Convert.,.
1530. EA EA EA EA FO
1549. 20 01 15 2Q FO FD A9 CO B5 OB EA
To check these inputs, type the following lines and compare the code to
figure 2.
0813L
14FAL
.150lL
1530L
l549L
Once you are satisfied that all of the changes were entered properly,
move on to the next step. If you made errors that are too hard to
correct, you can start over at step number 2.

7. To go back to BASIC, type.

3DOG

8. To save the new version to disk, type.

BSAVE TEDITOR,A$B03,L$10FB
(This will save a few more bytes than actually necessary.)

9. To protect your efforts, type:

LOCK TEDITOR

10. Type.
BLOAD PRINTER

11. After PRINTER is loaded, reset the system to get into the monitor.

12. Using the monitor to install the patches shown in figures 3 and 4,
type the following input lines.
IBEO. 4B AS 10 DO 02 68 60 68 C9 CO
18EA. 30 06 C9 EO 10 02 09 20 GO ~
..•.•.
l8EOL We'regoingmonthlyinJanuary, providing
even more up-to-date,
useful
informotion
(This last entry will allow you to double-check against the code in forownersand usersof 6502 based computers.
figure 3. Reenter it if necessa~.) us:12 Issues, $16.00 Canada: 12 issues, $18.00 U.S. funds
Surface Mall, All other countries: $20.00 U.S, Funds
COMPUTE P.O. Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
Dealer Inquiries Invited • 919 275·9809

Now type the following lines. (Most of them are parameter changes. CIRCLE 130 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Enter them carefully since you won't be able to double-check by
disassembling them.)
OF56. Al
1095. 4C EO IB The Phone Link Acoustic Modem
lOC8. EA EA EA EA FO
1208: 4C FB 12 Sleek .... Quiet .... Reliable
1569. EC ED F2 ED F4 ED E2 ED F3 FO
1573. EC EA E3 EA F2 EA E6 EA EE FO
15DF: AD
15E3. BO
15!'? BA
l5FC: BO
NOW, use the monitor to inspect this last set of input values to make
sure that you entered them correctly. If you find an incorrect value,
you are running the risk that you typed in an incorrect address during
the changes and therefore wiped out some random section of memory,
possibly in Apple Writer itself, or 005. Once you are satisfied that
the changes were entered correctly, proceed to step number 13. If you
make errors, you can reboot the system, type Q, and start over at step
10.

13. To get back to BASIC, type.

3DOG

14. To save the modified text processor, type:

BSAVE PRINTER,A$B03,L$10FB
(This saVes a few more bytes than actually necessary.)

15. To protect your efforts, type:

LOCK PRINTER

16. Your working copy is now complete. To try it out, reboot the
system using the working copy. If your Dan Paymar lower-case adapter
is installed, you should see lower-case letters as you enter text in
the text-insert mode.

17. Once you are satisfied that your new version is working, you can
copy it to a backup disk, using the same procedure as in the Apple
Writer manual.. Just remember that the L field on the BSAVE commands U.S. ROBOTICS INC.
for the TEOITOR and PRINTER programs is now $10FB rAther than $1040
since both programs are now a bit longer. The control-P function in 203 N.WABASH
Apple Writer will now turn on a short pop that sounds each time a SUITE 1718
character is input in the text mode' (unless you omitted the applicable CHICAGO. ILL 60601
changes. )
[312) 346-5650

FEBRUARY 1981 129

CIRCLE 182 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 An Introduction to Computer Control
Ronald K Pearson

Computer control of real-world Other necessary components are the the switch when it is closed. For household
gadgets is a fascinating subject, combining computer itself, of course, a CRT or other appliance control, the switch must be
hardware and software in about equal device for communicating with the user, capable of handling 120 volts AC at
proportions. For this reason, most and a collection of interface hardware to currents from less than an amp for night
practitioners of automatic control around make the computer controlled switches lights and reading lamps to 10 amps or
the home are those who enjoy building compatible with the computer's 110 ports more for toasters and coffee pots. Solid
their own hardware, writing their own or expansion bus. state relays are an ideal choice for this type
software and debugging both. A few There are nearly as many devices that of control application because they are
manufacturers, however, do seem to have can serve as computer-controlled on/off generally cheap and designed to be easy to
sensed the commercial possibilities in- switches as there are devices to be turned interface to digital logic. However, the
herent in this idea and it is not unreason- on or off. The most common examples are most common of these devices have fairly
able to expect more to follow suit as it electromagnetic relays, solid state relays, limited current capacities (typically an
catches on. (See, for example, Paul Dare's bipolar transistors, FET's, CMOS analog amp). Higher-current versions can be
description of the Introl/Xvl O system in switches, SCR's and TRIAC's. The three found if you are persistent. Alternatively,
the November 1979 issue of Creative main considerations in selecting one of SCR's and TRIAC's are readily available
Computing.) Still more basic than the these devices for any particular application with current ratings of 20 amps or more,
are the nature of the power to be switches although they are not as easy to interface.
(i.e., AC or DC), the maximum value of Finally, a somewhat inelegant but effective
The simplest type of the voltage that will appear across the means of handling high current loads is to
switch when it is open and the maximum use a low-current solid-state relay to turn
controller is the on/off value of the current that will flow through on or off an AC electromagnetic -relay
switch.
,question of building or buying, however,
are those of exactly what to build or buy APPLIANCES
and what you get for the trouble. The best
way to approach these questions is to SWITCH
consider a few typical examples. #1

A Simple Controller
The simplest type of controller is the
on/off switch. Lamps, coffee pots, home- INTERFACE
CO~lPUTER HARDWARE I---+-~ #2
made automatic donut makers and an
unending variety of other gadgets can be
automated by providing your computer
with the ability to connect and disconnect
them from their power sources. To do this,
some sort of computerized onloff switch #3

must be available for each appliance, as

shown in the block diagram of Figure I.

Ronald K. Pearson. 123 Elm St., Apt. 811, Quincy, Figure I.

MA 02169. On. off Control System.

130 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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FEBRUARY 1981 131
Control, continued ...

whose contacts are rated to carry the

required current.
INTERFACE D/A POWER
The task of interfacing any computer COMPUTER HARDWARE CONVERTER A~lPLIFIER
controlled switch to its computer varies
widely in expense and complexity with the
details of both the computer's 1/0 CONTROLLED
hardware and the chosen switch. In the DEVICE
simplest case, the interface hardware will
consist of a few TTL ("transistor-transistor
logic") integrated circuits between an Figure 2. Proportional Control System.
available peripheral 110 port and a power amplifier (to boost the DI A's
your real-time clock is compatible with
relatively compatible device like a solid- output current to the level required by the
Basic (or any other high-level language like
state relay. In more complex cases, it may device under control.) The digital interface
Pascal or C), then all of the control
be necessary to add your own 110 ports to problem is not too much different from
software needed for your system can
the expansion bus, interface different logic that for on/ off controllers, but the power
families and provide electrical isolation probably be written in Basic (or Pascal or
C) as well. If this is not the case, or if your amplifier is another matter. Because even
between this logic and the device to be small DC motors and light bulbs draw a lot
controlled. Note that even if both the interface hardware uses interrupts or other
features not available in higher-level more power than most integrated circuits
switch and the 110 port to which it is to be can deliver, the power amplifiers required
connected claim "TTL compatibility," languages, then assembly-language soft-
ware will be req uired. If you like assembly- must be built from discrete components
they may not be directly compatible with
language programming, this is no prob- like power transistors. Unless you are
each other, since the specification: on the
lem, but if you don't, it is important to bear interested in the art of power amplifier
1/0 port may mean "this hardware just
the possibility in mind while you are design for its own sake, this may be more
barely provides enough current to drive than you want to tackle and you might
low-power TTL" while the specification on designing .yo ur system and keep the
interfaces simple. consider scouring the surplus markets for a
the switch means "this device can just cheap audio amplifier whose output
barely be driven by high-speed TTL." voltage and current are suitable.
Proportional Controllers A useful trick for proportional
As an example of a more complex control of some AC operated devices like
A. great deal of flexi- type of control, consider the water faucet. lights and motors, called "AC phase
control," is the basis for many commer-
Unlike the light switch that was either "on"
bility is possible in the or "off," here intermediate settings like cially available light dimmers and variable
software, however, espe- "two-thirds on" are useful, providing two- speed motorized appliances. The basic idea
thirds of the flow of water that results when here is to use an SCR or TRIAC to turn the
cially if your system the faucet is fully open. This is called light or motor on for only part of each AC
includes a real-time proportional control because the state of cycle. The resulting light intensity or motor
speed is then proportional to the fraction
the thing being controlled (i.e., the flow
clock. rate of the water) is proportional to the of each cycle that power is applied to the
control signal applied (i.e., how far the device. Detailed construction plans fori a
Strictly speaking, both are "TTL com- faucet has been turned). Proportional computerized control system of this type
patible" even though these current levels control systems thus provide the advan- are given by John H. Gibson in the
differ by two orders of magnitude (0.18 tage of allowing continuous variation of January 1980 issue of Byte.
ma vs. 20 ma), In any case, if you plan the quantity being controlled, but gen- In either AC or DC proportional
to do your own interfacing, obtain a copy erally at the cost of more complex control, the basic function of the software
of the interface handbook or technical hardware and software. is to translate the user's instructions into
reference manual for your machine before Consider, for example, the block the command word that must be written to
starting. The TRS-80 Microcomputer diagram of a proportional controller for the DI A's 110 port in order to generate the
Technical Reference Handbook, for DC operated devices shown in Figure 2. correct control signal. For example, the
example, includes a detailed description of Here, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC user input in a light-intensity controller
the TRS-80 expansion bus along with or DI A) generates an analog control signal might be a three digit number between 0
schematics and software for a simple for the attached device from the digital and 100, representing the percentage of
electro magnetic-rela y-based coffee pot output signals of the computer's 1/0 maximum intensity desired. The software
controller. hardware. Typically, the DI A might have must translate this into the 'hex value
Not shown in Figure I is the software an output voltage range of 0-15 volts, required to generate the correct control
that determines when each device is turned generating + 15 volts when the digital signal. This value will depend on the
on and off. In many ways, this is the most inputs were all "high" (correspondirig to a characteristics of both the control hard-
important part of the system, since there is binary 11111111 written to the appropriate ware (i.e., DI A, power amplifier, interface
very little flexibility in the hardware - 110 port), 0 volts when the digital inputs logic, etc.) and the device being controlled,
either it works or it doesn't. A great deal of were all "low" (corresponding to a binary and will probably require some experi-
flexibility is possible in the software, 00000000 written to the appropriate 1/0 menting to determine. Note that the
however, especially if your system includes port) and intermediate voltages for other relation between the user input and the
a real-time clock. Then automatic wake-up combinations of "low" and "high" inputs. control signal is simplest if the D I A, power
services (i.e., lights on at 6:30 AM, (Two excellent references on the DI A and amplifier and the device being controlled
coffeepot and donut maker on at 7:00), its cousin the AI D are Walter G. Jung's all behave linearly - i.e., if doubling the
random sequencing of house lights, TV IC Converter Cookbook and the Datel- input doubles the output. In this case, the
and radio when the house is empty (to keep Intersil Data Acquisition and Conversion software would just have to multiply the
it that way until you get back), and Handbook.) Also included in the system is user's input value by the appropriate
soothing music for an hour at bedtime - a digital interface between the computer's constant, convert it to binary and write it
all can be provided by your computer. If 110 hardware, the DI A, and an analog to the 110 port connected to the control

132 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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Prepare Income Taxes TRS·SO (Level II)

- Yours, Too! STOP PLAYING GAMES ~~~~~s

On Your Microcomputer • Calculate odds on HORSERACESwith ANY COMPU-

TER using BASIC.
• SCIENTIFICALLYDERIVEDSYSTEMreally works, TV
Station WLKY of Louisville. Kentucky used this sytem

40 INCOME TAX to predict the odds of the 1980 Kentucky Derby. See
the Wall Street Journal (June 6, 1980) article on
Horse-Handicapping. This system was written and

PROGRAMS used by computer experts and is now being made available to home computer owners. This
method is based on storing data from a large number of races on a high speed. large scale
computer. 23 factors taken from the "Daily Racing Form" were then analyzed by the
computer to see how they influenced race results. From these 23 factors, ten were found to
Most "tax preparers" charge $35 to $50 per hour - and up! be the most vital in determining winners. NUMERICALPROBABILITIESof each of these 10
Interesting seasonal spare-time work. Your computer figures factors were then computed and this forms the basis of this REVOLUTIONARYNEW
PROGRAM.
taxes easily, and with printer, types them too. Our 130·page • SIMPLE TO USE: Obtain "Daily Racing Form" the day before the races and answer the 10
book guides you in programming income tax forms. questions about each horse. Run the program and your computer will print outthe odds for
all horses in each race. COMPUTERPOWERgives you the advantage!
Do your own taxes, Do them for others, too. Here are more than • YOU GET: 1) TRS-80 (Level II) or Apple Cassette
40 income tax, easy to follow programs, with variables. 2) Listing of BASICprogram for use with any computer.
3) Instructions on how to get the neededdata from the "Daily Racing Form".
One chapter discusses depreciation of microcomputers used 4) Tips on using the odds generated by the program.
for profit. Another gives programming tips for newcomers. S) Sample form to simplify entering data for each race.
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CIRCLE 152 ON READER SERVICE CARD •• CIRCLE 213 ON READER SERVICE CARD
FEBRUARY 1981 133
Control, continued ...
INTERFACE AID SIGNAL
HARDWARE CONDITIONING
hardware. If the control hardware is not ELECTRONI CS
linear, more complex calculations will be
required.

Feedback Controllers
One of the most powerful automatic-
V SENSOR

control concepts is that of feedback. Here,

measurements are made of the quantity
being controlled and "fed back" to the
controller so that corrective action may be
taken if the desired results are not being OPEN
accomplished. Controllers of this type are LOOP
CONTROLLER
called "closed-loop" systems and have the CONTROLLED
tremendous advantage of being self- DEVICE
regulating, unlike the "open-loop" systems
described in the previous two sections. The Figure 3.
principal disadvantages of this type of Feedback Control System.
controller are their increased complexity
relative to open-loop systems and their measure the quantity under control, some value of the quantity under control from
tendency to exhibit bizarre behavior if analog-signal-conditioning electronics, an the appropriate 110 port, compute the
designed incorrectly. The complexity analog-to-digital converter and more of difference between this measured value
problem is apparent in Figure 3, which the ever-present digital-interface hardware and the desired value specified by the user
shows that a closed-loop controller to connect the AI D to the computer's 1/0 and compute from this the control signal
includes, among other things, a complete ports. Sensors are available to measure necessary to reduce the magnitude of this
open-loop controller. Read on for more almost any quantity you can think of, but error to zero. The most common way to
about the bizarre behavior. some are easier to find and use than others. compute this control signal is to make it
The most common example of a Temperature sensors, for example, exist in equal to some nominal value, minus a
feedback control system is the thermo- a wide variety of inexpensive types, positive constant times the error signal.
statically-controlled home heating system. ranging from thermocouples that require Thus, if the measured quantity is too low
reference junctions and generate very low or too high, the control signal will be
level output signals to more convenient increased (or decreased) in proportion to
One of the most powerful devices like the National Semiconductor the difference. The larger this feedback
constant is, the faster the system will
automatic-control con- LX5600. The latter is also suitable for
humidity and wind velocity measurements correct for errors when they do occur. But
cepts is that of feedback. (see National's Linear Applications if this value is too large, instability may
Handbook 2 for details). The electrodes result, causing the system to oscillate
required for pH measurements, on the wildly. For a more detailed discussion of
This is a closed-loop version of the ani off other hand, are expensive, hard to find, this problem, along with some fancier
controllers described earlier, in which the and even harder to use. In the simplest ideas about feedback control systems, see
furnace is turned on when the measured cases, the signal-conditioning electronics Robert J. Bibberos Microprocessors in
temperature is too low, and turned off consists of an amplifier to match the Instruments and Control. (This book is
again when it exceeds the desired value. As output voltage and current levels of the somewhat more advanced than those
a second example, consider the advantages sensor to the input requirements of the referenced before, but this is unavoidable
of adding feedback to the DC motor-speed AI D converter. In more complex systems, because feedback is really a fairly compli-
controller described in the last section. additional gadgetry might include special cated phenomenon.)
Without feedback, if the mechanical load circuits like logarithmic amplifiers to
on the motor is increased (i.e., it is used to compensate for sensor nonlinearities,
pull an elephant out of quicksand), the Where to Go from Here
filters to remove high-frequency noise or
motor will run slower than normal for any analog multiplexors to allow a single AI D The list of automatic-control ideas
value of the control signal. If the measured to serve multiple sensors.' For a more presented so far is by no means exhaustive.
speed is too low, the controller automati- complete introduction to the problems of If, however, you are building your first
cally increases the control signal until the analog electronics and how to solve them, such system, the possibilities presented
measured speed is correct. Note that if this there is probably no better reference than here should be enough to start your
control system is designed incorrectly and How to Build and Use Electronic Devices creative juices flowing. If you have never
the motor's control signal is decreased Without Frustration. Panic. Mountains of built anything before, you might consider
when the measured speed is too low, the Money or an Engineering Degree. by starting with a fairly well-defined project
motor will run even slower, causing the Stuart A. Hoening and F. Leland Payne. like John Gibson's light dimmer and work
controller to decrease the control signal This is a very readable book (the cartoons up from there. If you prefer to buy your
even further. Thus, if additional demands are good, too) that starts with the hardware, keep your eyes open as you
were made on the motor, instead of assumption that you don't know anything peruse the back. pages of the computer
maintaining a constant speed, the con- about analog electronics but takes you to magazines. While the present selection is
troller will keep turning the speed down the point of being able to design simple somewhat limited, you never know what
until the motor grinds to a halt. Clearly, a data-acquisition electronics without any you might find. Be sure, though, before
badly designed closed-loop controller is trouble. you sell the family estate to buy the
worse than no controller at all. Because of the possibility of wild, ultimate in control systems, that it will
Returning to Figure 3, in addition to unstable behavior in closed-loop systems, work with your system just as it is and
an open-loop controller, a closed-loop the software is of critical importance. In a doesn't require more disk drives, interface
controller includes a data acquisition correctly designed system, the software boxes or system software than you can
subsystem consisting of a sensor to should periodically read the measured afford to add. D

134 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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FEBRUARY 1981 135
The (irtlndmtl~ter
factor

fiobe:rt (i:ro~~bach
After nearly a year of exhausting effort, Kraft finally came
up with a machine he was certain could beat anyone in the
world.
"Anyone?" questioned Kushner, the h~wk-faced vi~e-president
of marketing, when Kraft made his presentation at the
CompuGames annual new-products conference.
"Anyone," repeated Kraft flatly, reluctantly throwing his
natural engineer's caution to the winds, knowing he'd come
too far to back down now. He looked around the large, U-
shaped table at the assemblage of high-powered executives; investment." He extended a tapered, rich-man's index finger.
vice-presidents of accounting and financial planning, of quality "Compu-Games has never been a 'me-too' company," he declared
control and production, sales and personnel. And at the crotch sonorously.
of the U, Venator himself, the hard driving, millionaire president Kushner nodded approval. All eyes turned to Kraft, whose
and chairman of the board, a man of legendary ruthlessness. face had visibly reddened with the effort of retaining control.
Vena tor's ice-grey eyes regarded Kraft with birdlike Of course, he had known it would come to this. The progression
remoteness. was as inevitable as an endgame with only kings and pawns.
"MATE-9," he offered shakily, "can also defeat Grand-
masters."
Again, the surprised buzz. A Grandmaster represented a
different order of mind from those in the lower categories. Not
MATE-7 could defeat Kraft ninety just a little better or deeper or more trained, but unique,
percent of the time. And profound, standing to the others as Einstein would to a high
school physics teacher. No machine yet invented could
MA TE-9, just slightly larger than consistently beat a Grandmaster.
a shoebox, could beat anybody. Kushner, again: "How do you know?"
"We have pitted MATE-9 against more than five hundred
Grandmaster opponents," said Kraft. "Matches from chess
history, of course, with the machine taking the side of one of
the players, and the opponent's moves being fed in. Out of all
"But how can you be sure?" persisted Kushner. the games, MATE-9lost only one."
Kraft glanced quickly at the president, saw the laser orbs Venator nodded slowly. "Well," he said, a thin smile flickering
narrow slightly. "We were able to arrange thirty-five separate over his lips. "That's something, isn't it?" He looked at Kraft
games with International Masters," he said dryly. He paused to carefully. "Tell me, Croft, where do we go from here?"
heighten the effect. "MATE-9 won them all." "Kraft," said Kraft. He had not come unprepared. "I suggest,"
A murmur of delighted surprise rippled through the room. It he said, "a tournament. Man versus machine. Grandmaster
was choked off suddenly, however, when a gravelly voice against MA TE-9, winner take all. The prize would be a million
declared, "Not good enough." dollars. I have taken the liberty of contacting several hotels in
Venator stood up. "The Toys Unlimited chess computer has Las Vegas; each of them offered to put up at least half the
also defeated Masters, so what we've got is a 'me-too' item. amount if we went for the remainder."
Unless we can sell it for half the price-and we can't-that's an "The publicity alone would easily justify the purse, in terms
awfully slim rationale for a ten million qollar production of units sold," commented Kushner.
Robert Grossbach, c/o Candida Donadio and Associates, Inc., 111 West "Provided we win," said Vena tor ominously. He shot Kraft a
57th St., New York NY 10019. job-threatening look. .

136 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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Grandmaster, continued ...
"And who would you select as MATE-9's opponent?" asked organizers attributed it to the impossibility of meeting the
Bauer, the head of finance. "Korchnoi?" demands and conditions, later observers claim it was more the
"Too flighty ," said Kraft. "And besides, he's already endorsed shock of their suddenness and precise nature. Pure and simple
the Toys Unlimited machine." He paused. "Actually, since fear, said one chess columnist. The organizers were unprepared;
Fischer's retired, and Karpov's been defeated, there's only one they had to pull back, study the implications. The facts, certainly,
man who would give our product instant total credibility. The are indisputable. At 4 p.m., exactly on time, Schiff strolled into
one man, I might add, whose game caused MA TE-9's sole the specially prepared Exhibition Hall at the Las Vegas Hilton.
defeat to date." Seeming scarcely to notice the small audience, he mounted
It was Venator who spoke first, the name pressuring through the stage, strode to his 600 dollar, Danish-made swivel chair,
his tightened lips and filling the room like an expanding gas. and briskly made the opening move he is famous for, P-K4. In
Schiff the background, the TV cameramen, change removed from
The problems with existing chess playing machines resulted their pockets, padded silently on stockinged feet. Kraft, sitting
from the incredible number of possibilities involved in looking with Kushner and Venator in the first row of the audience,
ahead even a few moves. A reasonable, though still limited, watched intently as MATE-9 replied: P-QB4. It was to be a
search in an average game would require examination of over classic battle, Schiff on the attack, the machine playing the
a hundred billion billion positions, an impossibility, even for sharp Sicilian Defense. On the fifth move the computer played
the largest computers. And so the programmers were forced to P-QR3, the so-called "Najdorf's line," a pet Schiff sequence.
impose constraints: "backward pruning," "quiescence," "plausible- On the eighth move, Schiff offered a "poisoned pawn" sacrifice;
move generators." And the humans beat them. "Horizon effects" MATE-9 took it. The ninth through the twentieth moves saw
were observed: A computer that could look ahead six moves Schiff on a furious offensive, the machine appearing barely
was easily trapped by a human whose mating plan suddenly able to fend off his assault. But then, gradually, the attack
surfaced after seven. The programmers grew more clever. But seemed to peeter out, and MA TE-9 was left with material and
still, the Grandmasters appeared untouchable. positional advantages. At the thirty-first move, it played N-K6,
Kraft had begun with a study of the men, rather than the and Schiff's face drained of blood. Experts in the rear of the
game. He'd immersed himself in Grandmaster biographies. hall began to whisper excitedly. No question, the wunderkind
Paul Morphy, greatest player of his time, who died a paranoid was in deep trouble. Although both players had moved briskly,
recluse. William Steinitz, who held the world title for 27 years,
and claimed to be in electrical communication with God. The
womanizer and philanderer, Capablanca. The sadistic Alekhine.
And, of course, the brilliant new champion, the unpredictable It was Venator who spoke first,
boy terror, Schiff. Ego, Kraft realized. Each man simultaneously
owner and-owned. Master and servant to a set of conditioned the name pressuring through
responses and perceptions, possessed of monomaniacal drive, his tightened lips and filling the room
concentration, determination, detachment, and will. Kraft set
out to make a machine he could punish.
like an expanding gas.
That, to him, seemed the key. Learning. Reward and penalty.
Make the right moves, win the game, and experience gratification.
Act stupidly, blunder, and know retribution. Starve. Feel pain.
Kraft's computers began to learn how to play chess. MA TE-l and neither was in time difficulty, Schiff now immersed himself
was used just to test the basic microprocessor functions. MATE- in thought. An hour passed, as all eyes in the room watched
2 couldn't handle castling or captures en passant. MATE-3 expectantly. All eyes but one, that is. .
incorporated the first feedback systems: The circuits that It was Venator who noticed it first. The panel of photocells
produced good moves were stepped up in voltage. MATE-7 that constituted MATE-9's visual sensor suddenly began to
could defeat Kraft ninety percent of the time. And MA TE-9, move. From an angle that pointed directly down at the chessboard
just slightly larger than a shoebox, could beat anybody. the servomechanism slowly repositioned itself until it was
They were worried about Schiff. His extensive demands and facing ... Kraft. Schiff looked up in surprise.
complaints in previous matches were matters of record; similar "What the ... What's it doing?" whispered Venator loudly.
behavior here could wreck the entire MA TE-9 promotion. "I don't know," said a shaken Kraft. "I don't know."
Kushner headed the committee that was to insure everything Slowly, the blue-green printout began to fill the area of
ran smoothly. The strategy was simple: Anticipate anything MA TE-9's display screen. Gasps came from the audience at
Schiff could possibly ask, and give it to him before he did so. each new, neatly lettered line.
Schiff himself dealt through a lawyer-intermediary and supplied I want ...better lighting.
a short list of desirable playing conditions. The monetary prize I want...no live TV coverage.
and match site were accepted without protest. Unbidden, the I want a chessboard with smaller squares.
Kushner committee nevertheless offered a new Mercedes to I want the audience seated farther away.
be placed at Schiff's disposal, a tennis court and swimming I want Schiff not to stare at me before moves.
pool for his exclusive use, exclusion of children from the I want a higher voltage power supply.
audience, and soundproofing of the live TV cameras to any I want an IBM 3033 to use as a second during adjournments.
reasonable level of inaudibility. A visual sensor attached to I want...Schiff to stop trying to hypnotize me.
MATE-9 would detect Schiff's moves so that he need not I want...a 30-game limit on the match.
waste time punching them in. The machine's responses would And unless I get what I want ...without compromise ...I will
be made graphically on a special 25-inch display screen. not play.
"I'm still worried," said Kraft, the night before the scheduled The screen went dead. Schiff, grinning, rose from his chair.
first game. "What if he suddenly balks at the live TV? What if Venator turned angrily to Kraft, who could only shrug. Of
he just decides not to show?" course, Kraft understood, his career at Compu-Games was
Kushner shrugged. "What can you do?" he said. "It's out of over. His only compensation, an admittedly meager one, was
our hands. That's why Schiff is Schiff." the single piece of knowledge the entire affair had yielded: A
Even now, months afterward, it is difficult to say exactly Grandmaster-regardless of construction-was still a Grand-
why the match was halted and never resumed. Although the master. 0
138 CREATIVE COMPUTING
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GAMBEIT 'BD
THE WORLD'S :fF 1 MICROCOMPUTER CHESS PROGRAM
Question: wHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GAMBEIT '80
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CHESS PROGRAM AT THE OFFICIAL WORLD MICROCOMPUTER CHESS CHAMPIONSHIP
LONDON, ENGLAND / SEPTEMBER, 1980 .

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AVAILABLE FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE UNITED STATES

GAMBIET 80'S FACILITIES INCLUDE:

4t 6 levels of play from speed chess to tournament level

• Graphic board display
• Chess clock
4t Game record in standard notation on screen or
optionally on a printer
• Board set up for solution of chess problems
• "Take-back" facility
• Continual display of moves being evaluated by the
program
4t Mate anticipation
Designed & programmed for the Tandy TRS80
Level II, 16K RAM SEND MAIL ORDERS TO:
$39.95
TO ORDER CALL_TOLL-FREE: 1-800-626-6268
(KENTUCKY RESIDENTS CALL COLLECT 402-491-9827) MICROTREND
VISA OR MASTERCHARGE ACCEPTED 1900 PLANTSIDE DR., LOUISVILLE, KY 40299
CIRCLE 233 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 Compleat
Co uter
Cata~
life expectancy, rated at between 50 and
TERMINALS & 1/0 100-million characters, it can be dis-
carded. A new one. costs less than $30
and can be installed with one hand.
THE DADA TERMINAL The MX-80 prints a full character set,
in up to twelve print modes, of which
The FLUXUS 5000 is the latest in DADA
more than half utilize multi-strike and/or
processing! This fast, powerful unit
multi-pass techniques to generate corre-
permits an output of exceptionally high
spondence-quality printing. It prints bidirec-
performance DADA:
Words, sentences, phrases, facts, tionally at 80 CPS, with a logical seeking
numbers & symbols that represent the function. Print densities of 40, 66, 80 or
logical concepts of beauty, form, 132 printing columns in an 8" field are
reason, order & harmony possible, and the adjustable mini-tractor
are manipulated and "processed" with accomodates paper widths from 4" to 10".
miniaturized high technology electronic Pet and other computers using standard $650.
gadgetry into pure, unfiltered, unrefined interfaces. Epson America, Inc., 23844 Hawthorne
DADA! The unit provides numerous pro- Blvd., Torrance, CA 90505 (213) 378-2220.
grammable ASCII controls including CIRCLE 248 ON READER SERVICE CARD
This desired result is achieved through
a secret process for re-arranging raw automatic carriage return, automatic line
logical data into deliberate madness feed, reset, right justification, form feed,
and discordant chaos & negation graphic control and multi-line feed. It COMPUTERS
by utilizing the most advanced research uses standard thermographic paper in
into the Laws of Randomness and Chance, roll or fan-fold pack; roll width is 4.33"
the Uncertainty Principle, plus some pure with 2.45" diameter. Printer/plotter size SELF-CONTAINED COMPUTER·
unscientific foolishness! is 1O-1J2"wide x 71J2"deep x 4" height.
DADA processors are suitable for all $390.
sorts of things in the Modern World Alphacom, Inc., 3031 Tisch Way, San
ranging from absurdist ideas and Jose, CA 95128. (408) 249-2152.
theories of reality to non-sensical CIRCLE 247 ON READER SERVICE CARD

notions of PRINTER FEATURES

Doom & Gloom! DISPOSABLE PRINTHEAD
The FLUXUS 5000 is highly recom-
mended for all political, military, business The Epson MX-80 features a dis-
& religious leaders, and all others posable print head. Once the MX-80's
who have a need for high quality and Micro-Nine Print Head has reached its
exorbitant quantities of DADA at
their fingertips! Zeda Computers International Ltd. has
introduced its 520 series, a line of portable
microcomputers with each self-contained
HIGH-SPEED MATRIX system featuring a central processing unit,
PRINTER/PLOTTER CRT display, floppy disk drive and detach-
Alphacom has introduced Sprinter 40, able keyboard.
a high speed matrix printer/plotter, Included in the series are the 522, 525
which provides program control up to and 529 with 12-inch, 5-inch and 9-inch
240 full 40-character lines per minute screens respectively. The software select-
utilizing a graphic 280 x n dot matrix. able screen format can be either 16 lines
Sprinter 40 can be connected with by 56 characters or 25 line by 81 char-
TRS-80, Apple II, Atari 800, Commodore acters.

140 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 All 520 models use a 4 Mhz, Z-80A
microprocessor with implementation of a TAX·MANAGER™
full vectored interrupt structure. Each unit
contains 48K bytes of dynamic random-
A Unique Tax Management System
access memory (RAM) and 2K bytes of for Apple II, II Plus, and III
Video RAM as well as a double density STANDARD FEATURES COMPARE OTHER SYSTEMS
mini-Floppy disk controller and built-in, Tax-Manager is an integrated tax manage- Why buy a system that only does math
200 byte, double density drive. ment system for individuals that helps you calculations and computes your tax? Why
Three ports providing interfacing capa- reduce your tax liability. It is three buy a system that does not help you
interactive modules that work together to reduce your tax liability?
bilities include a Centronics printer port, give you a complete tax management system.
an RS-232C serial port, and a bar code We offer a unique system that meets your
reader port for an HP HEDS-3000 Digital Tax-Manager allows you to easily enter needs now and will continue to meet them
your tax data for Form 1040 and related in the future. When tax regulations change,
Wand.
schedules (A, B, C, D, E, G, & TC). Your so will Tax-Manager. You will be yrovided
The CP/M-compatible ZEDOS operat- tax liability is accurately calculated using with yearly updates for a nomina cost.
ing system includes all CP/M and CDOS the correct tax table or rate schedule.
system calls as well as additional ZEDOS We backup Tax-Manager with a staff of
system calls. Prices range from $3995 to Looking for more tax deductions? Using professionals, including CPA's, computer
a data base of over 800 items, Tax- Manager specialists and tax consultants, who use
4495. helps you find those hidden deductions. their expertise. to help you reduce your
Zeda Computers International Ltd., 1662 Simply enter a questionable item andTax- taxes. Most importantly, we provide
West 820 North Provo, Utah 84601, (801) Manager quickly tells you if it is deductible. documentation to educate you in how to
377-9948. Or you can review the entire list by category. best obtain the system's maximum potential.
CIRCLE 249 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Confused about which tax forms and For more information write:
schedules you should be using?' Let TASO~
BUSINESS COMPUTER Tax-Manager help you. By answering a P.O. Box 18861
SPEAKS ENGLISH series of simple questions, Tax-Manager Atlanta, Ga. 30326
determines which forms and schedules are
appropriate for your situation.

Requires 32k, Applesoft ROM, Dos 3.2 or To order call toll free (7 am. - 11 p.m.
3.3. Printer not required. (ES1) 1-800-241-7131, Ext. 620.
Introductory Special $75. (tax deductible) In Ga 800-282-2686, Ext. 620.
Mastercharge and Visa accepted.
No charge for postage or handling.

CIRCLE 246 ON READER SERVICE CARD

,~ Super Invasion
~ and SpaC!kC~~! Requires 48K Apple II or Apple II Plus
Super Invasion
This original invasion game features superb
high resolution graphics, nail biting tension
David, the latest addition to Logical and hilarious antics by the moon creatures.
Machine Corporation's family of user- Fifty-five aliens whiz across the screen,
programmed computers, functions as a quickening their descent, challenging you
stand alone computer or as an intelligent to come out from behind your blockades
and pick them off with your lasers. A self-
terminal in a system of up to twenty running "attract mode" makes it easy to
users. learn and demonstrate the game. Game
David operates in practically any paddles are required.
spoken language, including French, Ger-
man, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, as Space War
well as English. The user or a pro-
grammer can create customized business Take command in Space War. Select from
programs, which can be modified to five game modes, including reverse gravity,
accommodate the changing needs of the and the battle begins. Challenge your op-
ponent with missle fire, force him to collide
business. with the sun or to explode upon re-entry
David features 1.25 megabytes of from hyperspace. Be wary ... He may circle
floppy disk storage, 64K memory, and a out of sight and re-appear on the opposite
choice of a 730 printer ($8,500), 703 side of the galaxy. (This is the classic MIT
printer ($11,225), or no printer at all game redisgned especially for the Apple.)
($7,750).
Logical Machine Corp., 1294 Hammer- cP8atlv8 complItlnfj
wood Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086. (408)
To order use handy order form in the back of the magazine.
744-1290.
CIRCLE 250 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CIRCLE 300 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 141

 SERIAL AND PARALLEL APPLE
PERIPHERALS INTERFACE MISCELLANEOUS
VIDEODISC-APPLE INTERFACE
The Coloney VAI-l is a Videodisc-Apple
Interface. The circuit board fits inside
the microcomputer housing and allows
complete computer control of the Disco-
Vision industrial videodisc player. In
addition, the package provides circuitry JOYSTICK
to switch computer or disc generated video ADAPTER
on a single TV monitor.

SSM Microcomputer Products has

introduced the enhanced AIO serial and
parallel Apple interface.
The AIO interface provides expanded
flexibility and capability to interface the
computer with a broad range of
peripherals including printers, plotters, Star Fleet Fabrications has introduced
terminals, modems and other computers. a joystick adapter/extension for
The package includes a user's manual, The RS-232 serial interface has three computer games which use Atari-type
one controller card, a junction box for handshaking lines (RTD, CTS, DED), joysticks. The adapter/extension fits
video connections, a complete set of control and eight standard baud rates from 110 to directly over the existing joystick control
subroutines in Assembler and Pascal 9600. handle, and has its own fire control
(listings and diskette), all of the cables The enhanced AIO serial and parallel button built into the Viper-like grip.
needed for video and control connections, Apple interface is available assembled A simple modification adapts the grip
and a videodisc-based demonstration and tested for $225 or in kit form for to the joystick control, and does not in-
program. $525. $175. terfere with normal joystick operation
Coloney Productions, 1248 Blountstown SSM Microcomputer Products at 2190 when removed. $19.95
Hgwy., Tallahasse, FI 32304. (904) 575- Paragon Dr., San Jose, CA 95131. (408) Star Fleet Fabrications, P.O. Box 508,
0691. 946-7400. Rochdale, MA 01542.
CIRCLE 251 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 252 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 253 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Outdoor Games
Cassette CS-4010 $14.95 4 Programs ReQuires 16K Apple II or Apple II Plus

\\'ben you buy your

TRS-SOTM equipment!
LJ~ our toll free number to
check our prlce belore you buy
Forest Fire. Use chemical retardants and Treasure Island I. Your map shows buried a TRS-80™ •.. anywhere!
backfires to control raging forest fires. treasure but unfortunately you don't know
where you are. Try to find the treasure
while moving about and observing your
surroundings. You have a 3-day supply of
• food and water. You may find useful objects
(compass, weapons, a horse) but watch out
for hazards (robot guards, pirates, caves,
crocodiles, mountain lions and more).

Treasure IsIand II. Same game except you

_--_._--_ ..•.__ .•.

have to use a metal detector to find the

.•.
treasure. It t'~,
:11 ~189

SALES COMPANY
1412 WEST FAIRFIELD DR.
Outdoor Games is available with Haunted
Fishing Trip. Try to catch flounder and House on disk for $19.95. To order use P.O. BOX 8098 PENSACOLA FL 32606
salmon while avoiding logs, sharks, bad handy order form in the back of the 904/438·6607
weather and running out of fuel. magazine. nationwide 1·8(10·874·1551

CI.RCLE 300 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CIRCLE 203 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 "~i Software for, the Atarit "~i SORCERER SOFTWARE
A.__ SPELLBOUND __ A._ •••• NEW PROGRAMS NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE SORCERER ••••
An extremely versatile, user ori- SPEI..l.BO<IND $15.00
ented program for any grade (master program with most SORCERERINVADERS
level Can be used with existing frequently misspelled words) By far the best SpaceInvader game you will have ever seen on any mlcrc-coneuter, regardless
data base, user created data, or BASIC 24K of make or type! You will never get your Sorcerer back from your kids with this running!
additional data cassettes, SORCERERINVADERSis proving to be most popular and is similar to the arcade game but
S8 DATA TAPE "1 .... $5.00
It features: (short vowels/long vowels) without the coin slot! Simply a must! $19.95
• Learning level- holds a word S8 DATA TAPE "2 ... $5.00 BASIC TUTORIAL PACKAGE
on the screen for you to study. (short vowels/long vowels A set of 9 tutorial programsthat teach Sorcerer Basic to the novice. This package has taught
• Test level-flashes the word on /blends) children of computer enthusiasts, parents of computer enthusiasts, wives of computer
the screen for you to spell. S8 DATA TAPE "3 ... $5.00 enthusiasts, husbands of computer enthusiasts, friends of computer enthusiasts, visitors to
• Comes with a data base of the Grades 24 (blends/hard s computer enthusiasts and even computer enthusiasts themselves! learn by doing, with these
most frequently misspelled / soft c) lightly written, entertaining and humourous tutorials. Suitable for anyone who can read,
words, 88 DATA TAPE "4 .... $5.00 regardlessof age or prior computer knowledge. Let your Sorcererteach you! $24.95
MACHINE CODETUTORIAL PACKAGE
• Create your own data base.
Store the words on casllttte
future use.
fori Grades 2·4 (dipthongs/
homonyms)
58 DATA TAPE "5 ... $5.00
a
A set of tutorial programsfashioned after the BASIC TUTORIALPACKAGE.This packageis
designedto show the BASIC programmerwhat to do with his Sorcerer after typing BYE.learn
• Change tile words in the data (silent letters/endings/ Z·BO machine code programming and how to really use your Sorcerer with these easv- to-
base with one of the additional, compound words) . understand, lightly written, learn by doing tutorials. If you can program in BASIC and want to
cassettes that are available. /' S8 DATA TAPE "6 ... $5.00 use machine code subroutines effectively, this package is for you! Covers such topics as:
Grades 3·5 (more dipthongs/ Monitor Commands,most z·ao instructions, Hex·Binary·Decimalconversions, RAM and ROM,

Iowa phonetic sequence. Tape

# 1 begins with short vowel, three
letter words and progresses to
long vowel four letter words. The
I double consonants)
S8 DATA TAPE "7 .... $5.00
Grades 4-6 (compound words
/ endings)
Source and object Codes, Assembly Language, Hand Coding, Video and Keyboard Routines,
Input and Output Vector Manipulation, Memory Maps, Video and Screen RAM, Graphics and
OMA, Cursor Control, Monitor and BASIC work areas, Special purpose '60' addressesof the
monitor and BASIC ROM PAC, Storage and linking of BASIC programs, parallel and Serial
Interfacing, Cassette Routines, Sound Generation,No·Stop KeyboardInput. disenablingCTRl C
words on each cassette continue S8 DATA TAPE "8 .... $5.00
and ESC... and much more. In fact, everything you ever wanted to know about your Sorcerer,
this sequence. All words in this Grades 4·6 (words not covered
but didn't know where to look! What morecould you ask for? $24.95
series are grouped phonetically in previous units)
and by grade level whenever pos· \ All Data Tapes Require
sible. All DATA cassettes contain The Spellbound Master Program
300 words. \ . SYSTEM SOFTWARE
1 Kent Street, Bieton, 6157 Australia
·<ll.H.E.S.l.S. WHERETOGET IT
P.O. BoX 147MI 48135 Writeto SYSTEMSOFTWARE. 1 KentSt., BleTON,6157. Australia.Wewill
Garden CIty, accept money orders. cash. personal or bank cheques; in fact anything that
represents money! All programs come on cassette and will run on any size
or call COD Sorcerer. Add $2.00 for packaging and airmail postage.
(313) 595·4722 for ...
[)ealer inquiries welcome.
.AUlr;is e tr!ldemarkof"ulr~ Inc

CIRCLE 241 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 195 ON READER SERVICE CARD

The • COMPUBRIDGE® 0
PACKER: Automatically edits all or part of your Basic
Mean Little Kit C,
Contract Bridge Series
For Apple II •
program to ease editing, run faster, or save memory. Has 5'
sections: UNPACK-unpacks multiple statement lines Into. (No special hardware needed)
single statements maintaining program logic, inserts spaces
and renumbers lines for easier editing. SHORT -shortens Elementary 32K Cassette $19.95
your program by editing out all REM statements, unneces- Complete 32K Cassette $29.95
sary words and spaces. PACK-executes UNPACK & SHORT
then packs lines into multiple statement lines; maintains Complete 48K Diskette $39.95
program logic. RENUM-renumbers program lines including Each course includes a series 01 pro-
all branches. You specify Increment. MOVE-moves any line
or block of lines to any new location in the program and grammed lessons plus the unique
renumbers lines. Written In machine language. Supplied on QUIZMAKER which deals random
~: 1~~;~~~~orI16~r 32~s~ ~~SiC $29.95 hands, then checks your answers and
quizzes you or supplies the correct
FAST SORT ROUTINES: for use with Radio Shack's answer. The complete course ln-
Accounts Receivable, Inventory Control I, & Disk Mailing list cludes popular conventions such as
Systems for Model I Level II. Sorts In SECONDS! You'll be New compact 24·piece kit of electronic tools
amazed at the time they can save. Supplied on data diskette for engineers, scientists, technicians, Stayman and Jacoby.
with complete instructions. students, executives. Includes 7 sizes
FAST SORT for Accounts Recelvable $19.95 NEW-DEFENDER'S PLAY
FAST SORT for Inventory Control 1. $19.95 screwdrivers, adjustable wrench, 2 pair
pliers, wire stripper, knife, alignment tool, 32K Cassette $29.95
FAST SORT for Disk Mailing List (specify data diskette or
tape for one drive system) $14.95 stainless rule, hex- key set, scissors, 2 flex- 48K Diskette $39.95
ALL THREE ROUTINES $44.95 ible files, burnisher, miniature soldering Instruction in opening leads against
iron, solder aid, coil of solder and desolder- notrump and suit contracts. QUIZ·
SYSTEM TAPE DUPliCATOR: Copy your system format
ing braid. Highest quality padded zipper
MAKER deals limitless random hands
~a::~~~~"t~~!~;'~u.tI.n~ $14.95 case, 6 x 9 X 13/4" inside. Satisfaction
guaranteed. Send check, company purchase and pcmts out the correct lead,
CASSETTE LABEL MAKER: A mini word processor to print order or charge Visa or Mastercharge. We Available Irom your Apple Dealer or
cassette labels on a line printer. Includes manual and 50
peel-and-stl.~k labels on tractor feed paper. pay the shipping charges. CompuBrldge DivisIon, Barclay
For TRs-so'''Levelli & prlnter $15.95 JTK·6 Tool Kit $82.00 BrIdge, Port Chester, N.Y. 10573.
4116 RAM CHIPS- Tested II Guaranteed for 1 year to the
Please send _
original purchaser 16K for $49.95 Free Catalog!
MANY MORE Items available. Call or write for catalog. VISA Page after page of hard- for _ 32K _ 48K
& MASTERCHARGE accepted. Dealer inquiries Invited. to-find precision tools. Check enclosed or charge to
Kansas residents add 3% sales tax. Also contains complete
Foreign orders In US currency only. line of tool kits and tool VISA MC Card No. _
On line catalog on Wichita FORUM-SO: 361-682-2tI3
Or call our 24 hour phone: 361-683-4811 or write: cases. Send for your free
COTTAGE SOFTWARE copy today! Name
614 N. HARDING Address
WICHITA, KS 57208

'M a trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Corp.

TRS-SOIs JENSEN TooLs INC.
1230 S. PRIEST DR. TEmpE, AZ. 85281 N.Y. Residents add Sales Tax
CIRCLE 161 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CIRCLE 199 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 117 ON READER SERVICE CARD
FEBRUARY 1981 143
 SENSIBLE MAIL ORDER PRICES
AT 22l>% OFF LIST ON ALL ITEMS
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

COMP ARE TOTAL SYSTEM PRICES APPLICATIONS

LAST •• As a reader of mail order ads you know how confusing most price lists can be. The star
attraction is the computer itself at an admittedly low price. But when you look at all the
accessories and peripherals you need, you find that the prices on these items are not so low. SOFTWARE
We offer one, standard, across the board discount on all items. Take whatever you need,
computers, peripherals, accessories, software add up the suggested list price. Take our 22"12%
discount and that is our price for your total system. We challenge anyone to match this
offer. Send for details bv- circling the number or call to place your order right now. We
guarantee satisfaction.
• PAYMENT MUST BE MADE BY CHECK, MONEY
PERSONAL
Qersonalized ORDER, VISA, OR MASTER CHARGE

cornpu t er • MARYLAND

• SHIPPING VIA UPS ADO 2%

RESIDENCE,ADD 5% SALES TAX

.:Z
Microhome for the Atari 800 includes
eight programs for home management:
""" ••••.; ••"'' ' . 'M. consultants Family Budgeting, Checkbook Balancing,
9834 Liberty Road Frederick, Maryland 21701 (3011 428·0066
Energy Saving, Shopping Comparison,
CIRCLE 216 ON READER SERVICE CARD Appointment Calendar, Car Fuel Con-
sumption, Measurement Conversion and
Perpetual Calendar. The programs
require 24K memory, a single disk drive
and printer. $79.95. Compumax, Inc.,
presents P.O. Box 1139, Palo Alto, CA 94301 (415)
321-2881.
J:eg-al s.»: 198 English Lessons to TRS-80* CIRCLE 254 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Computer .c:/ BWJine!J!J .c; Level II Users

The Property Analysis System is a pro-
Attornf!V al .J!aw with 10 VI'J. lechnical /'ackgl'QfmJ in

Co~p"I" Sg'/.~'. S...,ing San s.:»: Bay

ENGLISH USAGE EXERCISES gram which provides investment analysis
--4 re a. 3n ilia f .o",,,ltalion wi/~ou/.~a,v e, Ou/·.flog ce • Volume 1-96 Sessions and future financial projections for all
appoinlnum/j al'I'anged. • Volume II-102 Sessions types of income properties. Information
.,taw"n ce rIn,lon (415) 579·1259. • Teacher's Manual for Volume I provided includes cash flow before and
CIRCLE 174 ON READER SERVICE CARD -148 pgs. after taxes, operating income, and tax.
• Teacher's Manual for Volume II consequences from both operation and
-195 pgs. sale of the property. The program runs on
most popular microcomputers with 48K
DEMONSTRATION DISKS & TAPES AVAILABLE
of RAM, one disk drive and an 80-column
printer. $250. A-T Enterprises, 221 N.
WRITE FOR A BROCHURE: Lois,La Habra, CA 90631. (213) 947-2762.
MEMOREX 3RSOFTWARE
3IlS ao. Box CIRCLE 255 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DISKETTES Jamaica. New York Il431

'TRS-SO is a registered trademark of Tandy
The Real Estate Analyzer enables users
to compute true net cash flows and annu-
S Corp.
alized after-sale return-on-investment for
CARTRIDGES CIRCLE 229 ON READER SERVICE CARD
any property. All information is itemized
in tabular form on the video screen or line
for your computer or word processor printer year-by-year for the ten years after
purchase. The program is available on
disk or cassette for the 48K Apple with
BUY THE BEST FOR LESS. IN'I'RODUCIII6 Applesoft. $49. Howard Software Ser-
Lowest prices. WE WlU. HIEWLETT-PACKARD'S HP-41C. vices, 7722 Hosford Ave., Los Angeles,
NOT BE UNDERSOLDII Buy ACALCULATOR. ASYSIEM. CA 90045.
any quantity 1 • 1000. Visa, AWHOLE NEW srANDARD. CIRCLE 256 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Mastercharge accepted. Call
free (800) 235-4137 for prices The:new HP-41Cfrom Modules-prepro-
Designed for the "active trader," the
Hewleu-Peckardis a grammed. plug-in modules
and Information. All orders powerful programmable
calculator that features:
that give solutions to a
wide range or problems
Stock Market Monitor System for TRS-80
sent postage paid. an LCIJdispla.v with
alphanumeric capability:
The HP·41C lets vou
reassign any standard
Model I and Model III tracks user-
b3rcgistersofdata
storage or up to 400 lines
Iunence. any programs
you've written. or pro- selected issues in a technical manner that
of program memory- grams provided in the
clipandabicloJI9registtrS
or up \0 2.000 program
Application Modules-to
any keyboard location
reflects the issue's performance against
hnesrup toelevels ot sub-
routines: Hl ccndi-
you want. Andorcourst
Hewlett-Packard backs the overall market. It will also perform
uonals and 56inLernai theHP-41Cwithtotalsoft-
nags: specific loop
control: indirect address-
ware supportincluding
an Owner's Manual and
comparisons of the issue against itself,
ing: local and global
branching; Continuous
thousands or programs
in the HP·4IC Applica-
allowing the user to spot "unusual" activ-
Memorv: RPN JOSle.
And whrn you need them: Memory
tiuns Pacs. Solutions Books. and the
HPUsers· Library_ 'ity. Cassette, $89; disk, $99. Galactic Soft-
Modules-plug-in modules for Experience this remarkable insrru-
storingprogramsanddata;ao·'extra
smart" Card Reader: a Printer that
mem The new HP-4IC from Hewlett-
Packard. A calculator. A svsrem. A
ware, 11520 N. Port Washington Rd.,

-
prints upper and lower case alpha
PlusslltciaIChar-
whole new standard .
Mequon, WI 53092. (414) 241-8030.
• , "'te.rsanddoc:shigh CIRCLE257 ON READER SERVICE CARD
resolution plot-
ung: the Wand to ~
Input programs in
••
~~a~:I!':a~lv Standard and Poor's Corporation intro-
"...................... 1980); AppU,atiOfl
duces a four-disk package, Stockpak,
IJi'. which is said to allow TRS-80 users to
White Plains Mall. 200 Hamilton
While Plains, N_V. 10601
Ave_ duplicate the professional investment
(914)WHY-OATA_ strategies used by the financial com-
munity. The program permits the user to
CIRCLE 169 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 126 ON READER SERVICE CARD

144 CREATIVE COMPUTING

evaluate and manage a stock portfolio of disk drive and an 80-column printer. control, insert, and delete editing keys. E
up to 100 securities with as many as 30 $79.95. Rainbow Computing, Inc., 9719 Z Edit is available on both North Star 51,4"
transactions on each issue; analyze 900 Reseda Blvd., Northridge, CA 91324. disks and 8" 3740 format CP/M disks.
New York and American exchange and (213) 349:5560. $125. Financial Software, 54 Grove St.,
over-the-counter common stocks and CIRCLE 263 ON READER SERVICE CARD Haddonfield, NJ 08033. (609) 795-5607.
generate reports to guide investment CIRCLE 266 ON READER SERVICE CARD
WORD PROCESSING
decisions. $49.95. Available at Radio Computer Solutions announces publi-
Shack outlets. T IMaker combines a report generator cation of its Word Processor software for
with word processing to provide analysis the Apple II. The program includes true
The Stock Manager is a collection of and presentation of numerical data and upper and lower case and full mailmerge
programs and subroutines designed to text copy used in financial modeling and facilities. $295. Computer Solutions, 6
provide information on a portfolio of up report preparation. It requires a 48K Maize PI., Mansfield, Q 4122, Australia.
to 500 stocks. The program calculates av- CP/M system and CBasic 2. $275. Life-
erage cost per share, total cost, total divid- boat Associates, 1651 Third Ave., New WordSearch is an automated spelling
ends received and long or short term gain York NY 10028. (212) 860-0300. dictionary designed for use with CP/M-
or loss for income tax purposes. Provision CIRCLE 2640N READER SERVICE CARD
compatible word processing systems. It is
is also made for reinvested dividends and E Z Edit is an editor designed for use distributed on 8" single-density disks.
additional purchases of the same stock. with a Z-80 CP/M microprocessor system $195. Key Bits, Inc., P.O. Box 592293,
Written in North Star Basic, the system using the Heath H-19 terminal. It takes Miami, FL 33159.
requires 32K RAM and a one or two drive advantage of all H-19 special cursor- CIRCLE 267 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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The SIRIUS 80+1 -a single sided, 40 track 80+4 is seen by the TRS-80' as two Single
of the company's Information Master and Drive. Offering 5 more tracks than the Radio sided disk drives. Thus, In terms of capacl~,
Shack model, it cost $120 less. Formatted one 80+4 is equivalent to 4% standard Radio
Data Base Management System by allow- data storage is 102K/204K Bytes Single/ Shack drives - at a savings of over 73% (not
to mention diskettes'!'). (With a double den-
ing the user to reorganize an existing data ~f~I~~~8".'\ty $379.95 sity converter the available memory is huge!)
The 80+4 (a 96 tpi drive) includes TRAKS-
file without re-entering the data. The The SIRIUS 80+2 is a dual sided, 80~track (40
per side) Disk Drive. It appears to the TRS-80' PATCH on diskette and may require the SS
menu-driven program runs on the Apple as TWO 40 track drives yet COST lESS THAN
HALF THE PRICE! Even greater savings result
Standard cable. Formatted storage is 408K/
~1~~~1~s}4ngle/Double Density$649.95
II with 48K and at least one disk drive. since data is recorded on both sides of the
media i~stead of only a single side. This unit.
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data storage is 204KJ408K Bytes Single/Double
programs featured in Some Common The SIRIUS SYSTEMS 80+ Series of Floppy Density.
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programs are available on disk for 'the ~~~~oTn~~;~~:egOan~~~n~e~1:~~ro~~:~~t
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standard Radio Shack Disk Drive, the 80+3 ACCESSORIES
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7528 Oak Ridge Highway & Handling. Payment in U.S. currency. Tennessee residents add 6% Sales
team, the system will run on an Apple II Knoxville, Tennessee 37921 Tax. VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE
with 32K of RAM, Applesoft in ROM, one
CIRCLE 236 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 145

 We're the EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
MAGNOLIA people For TRS-SO, PET, Apple UTILITIES AND MISCELLANEOUS
& Color Computer
you've been Macro-Seed is a cursor-oriented screen
ELEMENTARY MATH
looking for ... SCIENCE BIOLOGY editing tool for the Apple. Commands are
Add the CP/M® disk operating
GEOGRAPHY HISTORY executed through Control characters, and
system to your Zenith/Heath '89 ACCOUNTING
AII-in-One Computer, Easily in-
ECONOMICS the program is completely transparent to
FOREIGN LANG. BUSINESS ED. the user. $39.95. Computer Station, 12
stalled hardware and software FARM RECORDS
GRAMMAR Crossroads Plaza, Granite City, IL 62040.
proven by reliable service for more
COIN INVENTORY (618) 452-1860.
than a year. Supports 8-inch,
double-sided 5-inch, and hard disk CIRCLE 268 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Write for FREE Catalogue:
drives. N*BUS, a North Star Basic ,Utility Set,
Dnly$195. MICRO LEARNINGWARE, Box 2134, features a co-resident. source program
Ask your local dealer. or N Mankato, MN 56001 (507) 625-2205 editor with advanced editing facilities that
MAGNOLIAn VISA & MASTER CARD ACCEPTED
can reduce programming time and error.
Also included is BPak, a program pack
MICROSYSTEMS We pay 15% royalty for Educational Pro- utility; BPRT, a program formatted list
2812 THORNDYKE AVE. WEST
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98199 grams listed with us. and cross-reference utility; and RE, a file
rename utility. $69. SZ Software Systems,
(206) 285-7266 TRS-SO is a registerd trademark of
CP/M~ is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. TANDY CORP. PET is a trademark of 1269 Rubio Vista Rd., Altadena, CA
Commodore Bus. Machines Apple is a 91101.
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For Apple'!:!...TRS-80~Super Braln'" Cat.OOl Disc Catalog Package for
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and others using 4116 North Star computers establishes a direc-
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RAM RIOT! file which automatically reads individual
disk directories into the master directory
Moste~ •••••.
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where his software resides. $20. Snow
16k- Micro Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 1704, Silver
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$39. 95
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as low as CIRCLE 2700N READER SERVICE CARD

Disk Master is a disk cataloging pro-

Guaranteed 200ns/SSoc RAM gram for the PET /CBM with a 2040.disk,
which can catalog up to 140 disks, by
1-5 sets ............... 49.95 each forming a large master directory on a
6-10 .................... 44.95 each single disk. Five major functions include:
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Berliner Computer Center file, list disk ID's and names. Cassette,
102 Jericho Tpke., $10; disk $12. Baker Enterprises, 15
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Windsor Dr., Atco, NJ 08004. (609) 767-
©Creative Computing 3085.
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C.O.Do's N.Y.S. residents add applicable sales
tax. Check or money orders only. Pascal Express Utility Package, a pack-
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age of utilities and other software for the
. Apple II, is designed to help users with
SAVE MORE THAN 20X I
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INTERTUBE II I 725 HARD DISK 26 Mb 3995 junction with the Microconnection, a
SUPERBRAIN
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BOX OF DISKETTES

ORDER
29

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CIRCLE 105 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 123 ON READER SERVICE CARD

146 CREATIVE COMPUTING

PRICE BREAKTHROUGH

High-Resolution
Color Graphics for
Apple II or Apple II Plus

We have used the VersaWriter to draw a

picture of itself. Text may be added in any size
or direction.

The VersaWriter graphics tablet or portion of a picture, and store it as VersaWriter demonstration pro-
lets you create multicolor graphics a shape table. Then the table can be grams. For more advanced use of
and drawings with your Apple com- recalled from memory and placed on high-res graphics, there is a skeleton
puter. It compares in quality to any part of the screen. You can program which contains the guts of
graphic bit pads and digitizers cost- change the size of the image, rotate the VersaWriter. The VersaWrlter is a
ing three times more money. it, add to it, etc. By incorporating a sturdy peripheral device which plugs
VersaWriter is a digitizer and soft- series of images into a single shape into the game paddles I/O port-the
ware package which presents a new table, commonly used symbols can VersaWrlter does not use up a card
approach to hi-res graphics. It con- be easily inserted into a variety of slot In the Apple computer. Also, the
sists of a mylar plotting board with a different programs. VersaWriter soft- Versawriter is not subject to the
clear plastic overlay. Attached to ware includes an Electronic Drawing grounding problems and strong mag-
this board is the drawing arm, which program which is a shape table of netic field problems of other, more
has a magnifying lens with a cros- common schematic symbols-this expensive, hi-res graphic devices.
shairs at its end. You simply place program will give you a good idea of
any graph, picture or drawing (up to what the shape table can do, as well Versa Writer requires an Apple If with
8112" X 11") under the plastic overlay as let you easily produce electronic Applesoft in ROM (or an Apple If
and "trace" it with the drawing arm. or logic diagrams. PIus), Disk, and a least 321( of
As you trace the drawing appears on Other programs included in the memory.
the video screen. software are: the Textwriter, with Versa Writer comes complete with
The superior software of the which text can be added to graphics
8%" x 11" drawing surface, plastic
VeraWriter enables you to do much (UPPER & lower case, choice of overlay and two disks of software.
more than just trace. Immediate color, text size, direction of text, Price $252.00 postpaid in continental
commands include: color choice, starting point of text). Area/Dis-
USA. Versa Writer has a gO-day
brush size (the width of the drawing tance-this procrern allows you to
warranty on parts and labor.
line), fill figure with color, draw a calculate distances (or perimeters) by
straight line between two points, use establishing a measuring unit (of Credit card customers include card
a different scale for drawing (.25 to your choice) and tracing the shape or number and expiration date of your
4), edit, erase, smothing factor map route with the drawing arm. Visa, Mastercard or American Ex-
(rounds off the rough edges as you Areas of figures are calculated in the press card. No C.O.D.'s. Bankcard
draw), store picture on disk, and same way-this includes irregular and customers may order toll-free to:
more. open figures. A very simple calibra-
One exceptional feature of the tion program is also on this software
800-631-8112
(In NJ call 201-540-0445)
VersaWriter is the Shape Table disk.
function. You can take any picture, A second software disk contains Dealer Inquiries Invited.

P",ip'hl"QIS PluS
119 Maple.Ave.,Morristown, NJ 07960 CIRCLE 239 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 A Potty Problem
or the cut-ups in our audience we have a neat stumper from Merlin's court artist,
Ector Pendragon. It seems that Ector was sketching an old jug one day when he
noticed something about its symmetry in profile that reminded him of an old
puzzle. He quickly got out a pair of scissors and cut the silhouette of the jug out of
his drawing. He then cut the jug into three pieces using two straight cuts. He was
then able to rearrange these three pieces to form a square. How did he do it? (This
1!====a!~~==:!J puzzle is from that grand old book "Merlin's Puzzler #3").

Santa's Puzzle

he following puzzle almost caused

Santa to be late last Christmas.
Some young programmer included
it at the end of the list of computer
games he was asking for. The puzzle
asks the question: "How is it that Halloween, October 31, equals Christmas,
December 25, and, Thanksgiving, November 27, also equals Christmas, December
25". How indeed! Our thanks go out to George Zimmerman of Yellow Springs, Ohio.
You've earned a copy of "Merlin's Puzzler 2" from "Santa" Merlin.

A Martian Puzzle
e are informed that Willard Starfinder, the chief
.astronomer at Mount Merlin Observatory, has
again sighted those mysterious lines on the
planet Mars that were once thought to be man-
made canals. Willard thinks that Giovanni
Schiaparelli and Percival Lowell were right and
that the lines are really canals dug by some
ancient Martian civilization. Merlin says that he
will keep an open mind on the subject, while I

Ector Pendragon thinks that Willard has spider

webs in his telescope. Regardless of who is right,
one positive thing has come out of all the fuss
and argument, a new puzzle.
Willard has identified 20 points of intersection on the planet for
numerous "canals" he claims to have seen. When Merlin saw Willard's
map he decided to have a try at turning it into a puzzle. In a little while
he presented us with the map shown here. He had placed a letter at each
point of intersection. "If you start at intersection point 'T', at the south
pole, you can plot a course over the surface of Mars that will take you
through each point of intersection once, and only once, and that will
also spell out a complete sentence in English. Remember though, you
can only pass through each intersection once!" After working on the
puzzle for an hour Willard declared "There is no possible way", and
stormed out of the room. He was wrong of course and Merlin showed us
how easy it was to solve. Let us see how long your journey around Mars
will take. (Adapted from a grand old puzzle by Sam Loyd, the best
American puzzle maker of all time).

The Wolf, The Goat and The Cabbages

boatman has to ferry across a stream, a wolf, a goat and a basket of cabbages. His boat is so small
that only one of the three, besides himself, can be contained in it. How is he to manage so that the
wolf shall have no opportunity of killing the goat, or the goat of eating up the cabbages? (From
Merlin's Puzzler 3).

148 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 The Old Dictionary Quiz
ince old dictionary quizzes have proved so popular Merlin has decided to test
you again with some entries from an old copy of a Funk and Wagnalls
dictionary circa 1915.The following 14words contain the seven words pictured
down the left side of this page.
The words are: (A) Diligence; (B) Generatrix; (C) Pediment; (D) Lardoon;
(E) Moulage; (F) Periwig; (G) Coupe; (H) Colophon; (I) Obelisk; (J) Balista;
(K) Halberd; (L) Quoins; (M) Pylon; (N) Oriel.

.h" wordcontainin
'§~i~~:§~:~i§qu,ti'" correct?
An Ancient Problem
erlin's cousin, Wisteria, came back from an auction
the other day with a beautiful Victorian flower stand
fashioned in bronze. When asked how much she had
spent for it Wisteria replied that she had gotten it for
IS percent less than list price. More she would not say.
Several days later an antique dealer, who was
cataloging some armor for Merlin, remarked to
Wisteria that he liked the stand very much and that he
would give her 20 percent above the list price for it.
Wisteria, who is not the type to hold sentiment above
profit, handed him the stand and pocketed a check
that allowed her to make a profit of $122.50 over the
price that she had originally paid for it. Our puzzle is
to figure out just what was the original list price
anyway?

·Aone-Liner
@ ur next problem is a "continuous Line"
puzzle: You must duplicate the design
shown here by drawing one continuous
line without lifting your pencil from the
paper, without folding the paper in any
way, and, without crossing one line over
another.

The Three Peanuts

T
his is propounded in the shape of a conjuring trick, usually after
two or three bona fide tricks have been performed. You place
three peanuts on the table, and cover each with a borrowed hat.
You make a great point of having nothing concealed in your
hands, and profess your willingness to allow the audience, if they
please, to mark the three articles, so that there can he no
question of substitution. .
You then take up each hat in succession, pick up the peanut
beneath it, and gravely eat it, replacing the hat mouth downward
on the table. Anyone is at liberty to see that there is nothing left
under either hat. You then undertake to bring the three peanuts
under whichever of the three hats the company may select; and
the choice being made, you at once do so. How is it to be done?
(From "Merlin's Puzzler 2").

Answers on page 194

I hope that you enjoyed Merlin's puzzles. The old boy tries his best to
come up with an interesting variety for you each issue. Remember, if
you have a favorite puzzle you would like to share with the readers of
Creative Computing, send it along. If Merlin uses it he will send you a
copy of one of his books. For those of you that would like to buy copies
of "Merlin's Puzzler" seriesjust write to Creative Computing, they carry
the complete line.
Until next month, good puzzling to .one and al:!
Your editor, ~~~
n.

Charles Barry Townsend

FEBRUARY 1981 149

 ~ome ~(!ieRtiJi(!
)300)3005 hy
the @\R(!ieRt5
I. "The Sun is one foot wide," at least
that's what Heraclitus of Ephesus (535-475 Peter Payack
B.C.) had written in an epigrarnatic
fragment.

2. Anaxagoras (500-420 B.C.) taught

that the Sun was a, "red hot stone," while
the Moon was made of "Earth Stuff."

3. Earthquakes were thought by

Thales of Miletus (636-546 B.c., one ofthe
world's first, if not the first scientist) to
occur when the Earth was rocking on the
water in which it floated!

4. Thunder, Anaximander (611-547

B.C.) suggested, was caused by the wind,
while lightning was produced when clouds
split in two.

5. Incidently, Anaximander (who it

seems did a lot of thinking, erroneous
though it might be) also thought the Earth
was shaped like a flat topped cylinder.

6. Epicurus (341-270 B.C.), who

always argued for moderation and com-
mon sense, held that the Sun and the Moon
were about the same size, exactly as they
appear to be!

7. Theophrastus (372-287 B.C.) re-

lated specific tastes, smells, and colors to
o~:"
s-"{': " -:
atomic configurations. For instance, he
thought that an "acid taste" is composed of
angular atoms!

8. Aristotle (382-322 s.c.; believed - , ..

that the material substance of the planets
was fundamentally different for the 4
elements found on Earth (earth, air, fire,
water), and was of an altogether higher
substance, and hence the term
quintessence.

9. Theodore of Mospeustia (350-428

A.D.) held that the stars are moved by
Angels appointed by God to the task!

10. Cosmas, an early Christian phil-

osopher, posited the Earth as being
rectangularly shaped, like the Arc of the
Covenant. He came to this conclusion,
because according to the Bible, God
instructed Moses on Mt. Sinai to build thai
"Cosmic Egg"
Tabernacle as a copy of the world! 0

150 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 In which we sell a 386 page, $11.95 book for just 2~.

Liquidation
Giveawa~ .
Byt~ magazine. You've seen it. It's the fat However, we just moved to new quarters.
technical one. In the move we found, lurking away in the
Back when Byte was first publishing back of our old garage, four skids of The
independently, Creative Computing and Byte Best of Byte. After some fitting words, the
cooperated in many areas. We ran joint boss said "for 2¢, I'd give them away." So
promotions, directed articles to each other that's what we're doing.
and the like.
In 1976; Creative published The Best of Our RidicUlous Offer
Creative Computing, Volume 1. I proposed The original price of The Best of Byte
to Virginia Londoner, publisher of Byte, that was $11.95. If you order $11.95 worth of
we also publish articles from Byte in book any of our other books or records, we'll
form. She agreed, and so we published The throw in The Best of Byte for 2¢.
Best of Byte, Volume 1. It's a huge book of Thus you could order The Best 6f Creative
386 pageswith articles on hardware, software, Computing, Vol. 3 ($8.95) and Computer
technical tutorials, how-to materials and even Coin Games ($3.95). Thetoal price is $12.90.
some philosophy. For $12.92 you also get The Best of Byte.
Although some of the technical material Shipping and handling on all book orders is
in The Best .of Byte is out of date today, it $2.00.
nevertheless provides a good historical Here are the books you can use to come
framework for the personal computing field. up with an $11.95 or greater total:
Not at all out of date are most of the software
articles and tutorials. Similar books of other Limited Supply
publishers are selling for $20 and up, so at
$11.95, this one is quite a bargain. Best of Creative Computing, Vol. 1 $8.95 We expect a heavy response to this offer,
Best of Creative Computing, Vol. 2 8.95 so order today to be sure of getting The
Big Hearted Best of Creative Computing, Vol. 3 8.95 Best of Byte for just 2 cents.
Basic Computer Games 7.50 Send us.your order for books of $11.95
About the same time we were preparing
More Basic Games (Microsoft) 7.95 or greater plus 2¢ for The Best of Byte and
The Best of Byte for publication, Nat
More Basic Games (TRS-80) 7.95 $2.00 postage handling. Send payment or
Wadsworth of Scelbi approached Byte about
Computer Coin Games 3.95 Visa, MasterCard or American Express
doing a similar book. Virginia wanted to be
Be A Computer Literate 3.95 number and expiration date to the address
nice to everyone, so she gave permission.
Thus was born the Scelbi-Byte Primer. Computers in Mathematics 15.95 below or call our toll-free number.
Problems for Computer Sol ution Don't delay; order today.
Unfortunately, about half of the content
of the two books was identical. Thus Byte (Student) 4.95
was faced with a dilemma of which book to (Teacher) . 9.95
endorse and sell through their magazine.
Inexplicably, they chose the Scelbi book.
Computers in Society Bibliography 17.95
Katie and the Computer
Computers For Kids (TRS-80)
6.95
3.95
CPOOtiV8
Thus we were left with twelve skids Of The
Best of Byte. Computers For Kids (Apple)
Tales of the Marvelous Machine
3.95
8.95
GomputinJj
Hidden Away Colossal Computer Cartoon Book 4.95 P.O. Box 789-M
Computer Rage Game 8.95 Morristown, NJ 07960
In the next three years we sold a lot of Computer Music Record 6.00
these books. In fact, after we ran a special Toll-free 800-631-8112
Computer Myths Explained Prints 3.00 (In NJ 201-540-0445)
in 1979, we thought we had sold out.
 The comments and ootruons of
the author are given for education-
al purposes only and are not
meant to be legal advice. Specific
legal questions should be referred
to your personal attorney.

Harold L. Novick

Exactly at the stroke of 10 o'clock on The Supreme Court with its technology using it and previously measured temper-
Tuesday morning, October 14, 1980, a ignorant justices were about to hear atures in a novel mathematical formula
United States marshal introduced the nine arguments on a most technologically to calculate the new alarm temperature.
black-robed men and addressed the assem- complex subject. The Court was unusually The claims that verbally described the
bled gathering as follows: active as it repeatedly interrupted Mr. invention did not mention a computer or
"The Honorable, the Chief Justice and Wallace to ask questions so that they a computer program; only written descrip-
the Associate Justices of the Supreme could not only understand the present tion mentioned using a programmed com-
Court of the United States. Oyez! Oyez! invention, but also gain an appeciation of puter to make calculations. Interestingly
Oyez! All persons having business before the ramifications of their decision and enough, three justices (Burger, Stewart
the Honorable, the Supreme Court of the the words they chose to express it. Perhaps and Rehnquist) said that this was a
United States draw near and give their the system is unfair to expect that nine patentable process.
attention for the Court is now sitting. liberal arts experts can decide the fate of In trying to understand the "computer
God save the United States and this the most important technological innova- program" in the Bradley case that was
Honorable Court." tion in modern times. However, it is the being argued, Mr. Justice Rehnquist ob-
Approximately one hour later the first only thing that can be done at this time. served that this case involved machine
case was finished and Chief Justice Warren The alternative of having Congress pass claims, not method claims as in the Flook
Burger left the court room (presumably legislation is not feasible in today's case. Mr. Wallace, trying to hammer in
because he is excusing himself from "busnopolitical atmosphere" (a made-up one more coffin nail, replied that even
considering or deciding the next case). phrase to describe the amorphous process the court below recognized that any good
Then Mr. Justice William Brennan called of business influencing the passage of pork patent attorney could define a computer
Case No. 79-855,Diamond, Commissioner barrel legislation). program as a method or as a machine.
of Patents v. Bradley, the first of the two The system we are left with incorporates Mr. Wallace observed that what we have
so-called computer programming cases to a statute passed in 1952, a later techno- here is the doctrine of transitory novelty,
be heard. The Bradley case actually logical development, and a judicial system similar to replacing the typing element on
concerns whether firmware that regulates to interpret that law in view of prior judicial an IBM selectric and then trying to patent
the internal operation of a computer is decisions and to decide whether the the changed typewriter as a new method
patentable subject matter. The Patent and subsequent invention is patentable under or a new machine.
Trademark Office said no; the Court of a statute that never considered the ques- Mr Justice Brennan, looking through
Customs and Patent Appeals (a reviewing tion. the claim (see the appendix) asked whether
court of decisions made by the Patent The law is simplicity personified. It reads the claim was only on the firmware. Mr.
and Trademark Office) said yes; and the as follows: "Whoever invents or discovers Wallace, swinging his hammer, said no,
government asked the Supreme Court to any new and useful process, machine, the claim was on the whole machine, the
decide. manufacture, or composition of matter, "machine as fired up by the firmware".
Mr Justice Brennan recognized Jerry or any new and useful improvement Mr. Justice Rehnquist was confused.
Wallace, an assistant solicitor for the United thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, He asked if an electronic typewriter was
States and the man who had argued other subject to the conditions and requirements not patentable subject matter because of
cases involving the patentability of so- of this title." prior existence of a mechanical typewriter.
called computer programs. Mr. Wallace The prior decisions, going back to the Mr. Wallace, continuing his fine job of
approached the lectern situated below 1880'shave said that laws of nature, mental obfuscating, said that it was a different
and centered in front of the huge arcuate processes, mathematical formulae, and machine and hence patentable subject
table that protected the eight remaining abstract intellectual concepts are not matter. However, he continued, the situa-
black-robed decision makers. Dressed in patentable. In the recent Flook case, six tion in this case involves the same
his "morning coat", a gray full length tuxedo justices (Brennan, White, ¥arshall, machine.
coat with tails and his monotone deep Blackmun, Powell, and Stevens) said that Mr. Justice Stevens (who wrote the Flook
voice in a slow, methodical and precise a method for determining the s~t point of decision) also read the claim and wanted
manner, Mr. Wallace began what appeared a temperature alarm in an exothermic to know the meaning of the words "data
to be a funeral service. chemical process was unpatentable subject structure" as in a data structure for storing
Harold L. Novick, Patent Attorney, Larson, Taylor matter. The method chiefly comprised coded signals for communicating between
& Hinds, Arlington, VA 22202. measuring the present temperature and groups of processes and operating system.

152 CREATIVE COMPUTING

Justice Stevens did concede that the claim
described a machine; Mr. Wallace did
not. Responding, he said that there is no
held the nails as Mr. Wallace hammered
them home. The coffin was sealed. Only
if the Supreme Court can become Houdini,
don't risk
magnetiC damage to
known accepted meaning of "data struc- or can figure out what a computer program
ture," but that it meant the computer. He is, is there a chance. EDP storage media
also said that the claimed invention was
"basically for a process of transforming Appendix Many computer users have learned "the hard way" that
data, but was written in machine language." The following is Claim 1 of the Bradley accidental exposure to magnetic fields can erase or
alter data and programs stored on disks and tapes.
Mr. Wallace, not being a patent attorney patent application: Such irretrievable loss can occur during media transit
or a computer trained person mayor may In a multiprogramming computer system or storage if unprotected disks or tapes are exposed to
not have intended the double entendre. having a main memory, a central processing the magnetic fields produced by motors, transformers,
Another nail. unit (CPU) coupled to said main memory, generators, electronic equipment, or even intense tran-
Attempting to further tie the fate of said (CP) controlling the state of a plurality sient fields induced by electrical storms.
firmware to software, Mr. Wallace argued Data-Safe Products provide reliable, economical
of groups of processes being in running, protection against stray magnetic field damage by
that there was no legal significance between ready, wait or suspended state, said com- shielding disks and tapes with the same high-permea-
them. "All that there is here is that the puter system also having scratchpad bility alloy used to shield cathode ray tubes and other
microprogram fits into the control unit as registers being accessible to an operating magnetic-sensitive components. DISK-SAFE Floppy
opposed to the main computer memory". system for controlling said multiprogram- Disk Protectors, punched for 3-ring binder, sandwich
However, there is no fun unless the ming computer system, a data structure two 8" disks, or smaller mini-disks, between sheets of
magnetic shielding alloy encased in the strong vinyl
confusion is compounded. Mr. Wallace, for storing coded signals for communicating pockets. (Binder sent free with 10 Protectors).
who was also able to read the claim in the between said processes and said operating
Bradley case, noticed that the claim did system, and said scratchpad registers, said
not contain a mathematical formula and
that the opponents had made a big issue
data structure comprising:
(a) first means in said data structure
DISK*SAFE
FLOPPY DISK PROTECTORS
of that fact. Not to be deterred, he boldly and communicating with said operating
espoused that all digital computers perform system for storing coded signals indicative
mathematical computations. They do of an address for a selected one of said
nothing else. Ergo, all computer programs processes;
must be mathematical algorithms. (b) second means in said first means for
Unfortunately, just as he was talking storing coded signals indicating priority
about the Milwaukee telephone book, in of said selected one of said processes in
the middle of a word to be more mathe- relation to others of said processes for
matically precise, the gavel came down. obtaining control of said CPU when
However, instead of saying "sold", Mr. ready;
Justice Brennan merely said "lunch (c) third means in said data structure
break". and communicating with said operating
After lunch, Mr. Wallace continued and system, for storing coded signals indicative
responded to Mr. Justice Steven's question of an address for a selected one of said
about the location of the "mathematical plurality of groups of processes, and
algorithm" in the claim by pointing out (d) fourth means coupled to said data
that the only thing new in the claim was structure and said scratchpad registers,
the computer program. He compared the for generating signals causing the changing
present application to a recently published of information in said data structure and
patent by the same company in which the said scratch pad registers. 0
only difference was a flow chart of the
firmware. Subtract the patent disclosure
from the Bradley application and all that's
left (besides the anathema of this process
of claim mutilation) is firmware.
He had no more to say at this time, so
Mr. Wallace sat down, and Mr. Nicholas
Prasinos of Honeywell Information Systems
got up to speak for the inventor. Surpris-
ingly, Mr. Prasinos completely agreed with
Mr. Wallace and the government's position
TAPE·SAIFE
METAL CASSETTE SHIELDS
regarding the non-patentability of com-
puter programs. In fact, Honeywell TAPE-SAFE Cassette Shields are constructed of mag-
netic alloy, with heliarc-welded seams and an easy-
had filed briefs before the Supreme Court open hinged top.Each attractively-finished TAPE-SAFE
in other cases arguing that computer holds one cassette in its original plastic box. A
programs were not patentable subject shelved metal FILE DECK(not shown) stores up to six
matter. Mr. Prasinos only disagreed with TAPE-SAFEs for easy access. (One free with each six
Mr. Wallace on one minor point. The TAPE-SAFEs). VISA and MasterCard telephone orders
accepted. Prices below include shipping.
claim in this case was for hardware, not
software; for a machine, not for a process DISK-SAFE Floppy Disk Protectors: 1-5, $8.95 ea;
of solving an algorithm. 6-9, $7.95 ea; 10 or more w/binder, $6.95 ea;
Mr. Prasinos should have stayed at lunch. TAPE-SAFE Cassette Shields: 1-5, $14.95 each;
By adding to the confusion, by not re- 6 or more with free FILE DECK, $12.95 each.
sponding to the question of Mr. Justice TAPE-SAFE FILE DECK:$10.95each.
Blackmun, by not appreciating the obfusca-
tion of the justices, Mr. Prasinos nearly Data-Safe Products, Inc.
1926 Margaret sr, Phila., PA 19124· 215/535-3004
Dealer Inquiries Invited
FEBRUARY 1981 153 CIRCLE 141 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 I\rsollal
Elec.trollic
Trallsactiolls
Gregory Yob
I am happy to hear from you. and encourage
your correspondence. I will try to acknowledge all
correspondence. and a SASE makes things easier
for both of us. Please send your letters to
"Personal Electronic Transactions" c/o PO Box
354. Palo Alto. CA 94301,

My PET Now Has Some Character ethical) is to buy some hardware which is. However, now something else is there,
permits several ROM sockets to share the and the result is chaos (and a reset re-
About a year ago, when the Pro- same address, though not all at once. quired).)
grammer's Toolk'it was still hot off the Skyles Electric Works offers several varia- Since the Dial-A-Rom can be plugged
silicon dies, a problem was evident - some tions, called Socket-Two-Me and ROM- into any ROM socket, there's a. nice sur-
PET owners, such as those with the It-To-Me, which expand a 4K ROM prise: This includes the PET's character
Computhink disks, could not use the Tool- socket into two 2K ROM sockets, and generation ROM. Kobetek will provide
kit. Their $BOOO socket was already permit switching between the two sockets. you with two "Alternate character"
occupied with their disk system ROM. One Micro Technology Unlimited (Box 4596 ROMs, one for mathematics and the other
solution, provided you were an ex- Manchester NH 03108) provides five for foreign languages (those which use
perienced PET hacker, was to make a re- ROM sockets on their PET Visible Mem- our familiar alphabet plus some funny
locating program which moved the Toolkit ory board, with each socket individually letters. I expect to see Katakana and
into the top of your RAM and then copy addressable and selectable. Arabic ROMS eventually. The Katakana
the result on tape. (That is, a RAM version Kobetek Systems (RR #1, Wolfville, ROMs are distributed in Japan.)
of the ROM.) However, this approach has Nova Scotia, Canada B~P IX~) also Both RoMs are activiated by POKE-
some severe disadvantages, including: provides a "Dial-A-Rom" ($88.00 + $5.00 ing the PET to the alternate character set
I) Relocation isn't as easy as you think airmail) to give you a choice between by POKE 59468,14. If you do this, your
it is. For example, in some cases a sub- ROMs. Two models are available, one PET is now in the "Business Character
routine is called by the RTS instruction! with a manual rotary switch and the other Set", with the keyboard now similar to a
Simple minded relocation jobs will not operated by POKEs. Six sockets are pro- typewriter's. Pressing "A" gives you "a"
discover these obscure tricks, and the result vided for six ROMs. on, the screen, and Shift-A gives you" A".
will not work correctly. (There is one such Though the instructions are a little (N ote: This is true of most PETs. If your
mangled version of the Toolkit marketed rough at the edges, using the Dial-A- PET has the full-sized keyboard, this will
in Europe.) Rom is simple enough. Remove the ROM probably be the case. Some PETs, (the
2) Though a program which only re- from its socket and put the ROM on the early ones produced until June 1978) will
locates another program is probably legal, Dial-A-Rom's socket. Then plug the be "backwards", with Shift-A required for
as the user of said program needs the Dial-A-Rom into the ROM socket in the the "a" on the screen. One cure for this is
original ROM to start with, it is far too PET. A cable with a 24-pin DIP con- to get the Foreign Language ROM from
tempting to distribute copies of the re- nector comes with the Dial-A-Rom. The Kobetek, which is done "typewriter"
located program - which is (or should be) unit comes in a gray and white case, so style.)
both illegal and unethical. there's no danger of a paperclip destroy- The Foreign Language ROM uses
3) Then a new ROM program comes ing everything. the less often used punctuation keys (such
out - and you have to do it all again. The Dial-A-Rom may be used for as $ or &), the shifted punctuation keys,
(NOTE: For those curious re the ROMs such as the Toolkit, Word pro, the shifted number keys and the punctua-
Toolkit. Yes, a relocating program exists. Extramon, Visicalc or Sort. You can tion keys found on the lower row (like @)
This program is owned by Nestar / PAICS switch between ROMs with the PET's to give you the French, Spanish, German,
and they, will market it when they feel power on - however, many of the ROMs Polish and Czech special characters. This
conditions are right. If you try making hold operating software which may get includes umlauts, accents, diacritical
such a program, be aware that Nestar will confused if you actually do this. (Example: marks, inverted question marks, and the
take legal action. Though the case may The Toolkit changes the Basic Charget various little hooks, wedges and curls
ultimately not be provable, keep in mind routine in the base page. In normal opera- needed in these languages.
that a trial is the least part of such actions. tion, the PET will use the software in the If you are interested in teaching
It costs money to handle all of the legal Toolkit each time a Basic statement is foreign languages or in the European
moves, and many cases are settled when executed or a line entered from the key- market, this ROM will be a great help to
the party with the least resources runs out.) board. If you switch ROMs, the PET will you. The price is $69.00. (Both ROMs are
A far superior solution (and more still transfer to where it thinks the Toolkit the same price. Their USA distributor is

154 CREATIVE COMPUTING

.JOYSTICK & EXPANDA-PORT
FOR YOUR APPLE II®COMPUTER

EVERY APPLE II®OWNER SHOULD HAVE ONE!

The PROGRAMMA JOYSTICK is an input peripheral that

attaches to the APPLE II Computer's game I/O Port. The
JOYSTICK is a must for the serious game player, and it
offers a degree of linearity not currently available with other
joysticks. The ease of manueverability and the availability
of the "functional" switches make the PROGRAMMA
JOYSTICK a much needed enhancement to any APPLE II
Computer System owner. The PROGRAMMA JOYSTICK
comes completely assembled and tested.

JOYSTICK $49.95
The PROGRAMMA EXPANDA·PORT is a multi-port
pander for the game I/O port of any APPLE II Computer
System. In addition to allowinq expansion for up to six
devices, the EXPANDA-PORT contains a built-in speaker
ex·

11 no
dD. '<m lJ3
that replaces the function of the Apple II's speaker. The
switch on the EXPANDA-PORT allow for the selection of
the specific device desired and for the switching of that de-
vice. No unplugging of any device connected to the
EXPANDA-PORT is required. The PROGRAMMA EX-
PANDA PORT comes completely assembled and tested.
C (II C
The PROGRAMMA JOYSTICK and EXPANDA-PORTare
n et et
available on a limited basis through your local computer et CD CD
dealer. Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Com-
puters, Inc. -, (II 3 .,
EXPANDA-PORT $59.95
(213) 954-0240 CIRCLE 231 ON READER SERVICE CARD
PRDGRAMMA
INTERNATIDNAL,INC. 2908 N. Naomi St. Burbank, CA 91504
155
 PET, continued ...
West River Electronics, Box 650, Stony Thinking about Basic 4.0 -
Brook, NY 11790. Contact West River Get a Disk-O-Pro Instead!
if you are ordering the ROMs only.) I haven't said much about disks, Com-
The Math ROM gives you many of modore or otherwise, in this column for
the characters needed in mathematical one reasonable reason: I didn't have disks.
notation. This includes the symbols for Well, that has changed, and like any other
roots, integrals, greater than or equals, less PET Disk owner, I have paid my dues with
than or equals, not equals, summation, the extremely cumbersome methods re-
theta, epsilon, plus-minus. For super- quired to speed with my Disks.
scripts and subscripts, the numbers 0-9 and To alleviate this awkwardness, Com-
the common variables x,n,t,c are available. modore now offers the Basic 4 ROMs, for
The four "corners of a box" characters are either the 40-column or 80 column PETs.
available for making brackets of any size. Basic 4 provides 15 Disk commands like
The integral comes in two parts to permit DSA VE, DLOAD, etc, the use of the
any size integral signs and the surface Shift RUN/STOP key to execute the
integral symbol. The superscript zero can sequence LOAD "*",8 (return) RUN
be used for degrees. Also included are (return) and sundry other conveniences.
tiny parentheses and the arithmetical If you get the Basic 4, there's a major
operators for sub/superscript use and the Gotcha! - The Programmer's Toolkit will
infinity symbol. no longer work, for Basic 4 eats up the
To give an idea of how to use these, a $BOOOROM socket. There's a much better
demonstration cassette is available which solution now available from Skyles Elec-
shows 15 example formulae typical of tric Works, 23l-E South Whisman Road,
mathematics. Mountain View, CA 94041, the Disk-O-
There is one Gotcha! if you are Pro.
planning to use Basic 4.0 and the Pro- Disk-O-Pro is a 4K ROM placed in
grammer's Toolkit. Basic 4.0 uses the the $9000 socket, and costs $75.00 for most
$BOOOarea for many essential operations PET users. Skyles is experienced with all of
of Basic, and if you try to mount the the PET variations and memory expan-
$BOOO ROM of Basic 4.0 in the Dial-A- sions (such as Expandamem) and some
Rom, your PET will depart to computer's 16 variations on mounting Disk-O-Pro
heaven when you try to switch to the Tool- are available. As Disk-O-Pro works hand-
\...kit. in-hand with the Programmer's Toolkit,

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CIRCLE 109 ON READER SERVICE CARD

156 CREATIVE COMPUTING
you can also order the Toolkit at the same PILOT With this in mind, it's no surprise that
time for some cost savings. If you walk into a school using per- many computer programs end up as rigid,
Figure I lists the commands available sonal computers, take a look at where the incomprehensible, and unfriendly. You
in Disk-O-Pro. As well as the 15 com- computers appear. You will find them in can't call Space Invaders a friendly game!
mands in Basic 4.0, Disk-O-Pro includes the math and science departments mostly, The computer programs I have seen tend
three more disk commands to MERGE with some stragglers in the business admin- to be: I) Shoot, Hunt or Chase games,
(disk version of Toolkit's APPEND), istration and typing departments. You will 2) Puzzles (Which includes all of pro-
SEND (any command in the PRINT# not, in most cases, find the noble PET gramming) or 3) Practical stuff (all bus-
format you are used to) and INITIALIZE. around the English or Art classes. iness applications, data keeping, etc.).
Disk-O-Pro also includes a repeat key You might attribute this to the These categories are not attractive to
function, the "Softkey" which lets you traditional disdain that liberal arts people those in the liberal arts, with the single
define a keystroke to be any string up to 80 seem to hold towards technological things exception of the Practical Stuff called
characters, and the Scroller which lists the in general, and if you do, you will not dis- Word Processing, which helps the writer in
Basic program up or down' if the Cursor cover that it isn't the technology that the this daily battle with the Dumb Type-
Up or Down keys hit the screen's edge. non-technical people are against, it is the writer. What we need are programs which
One of the nicest things about Disk- insensitivity of scientific and technologic use words, not numbers and symbols, or
O-Pro is that the Programmer's Toolkit systems towards people, both in groups images instead of flow-charts.
commands are still available. If you have and as individuals. Before personal com- One place, then, to begin, is with a
the Toolkit, starting Disk-O-Pro will also puters, most machinery was incredibly word-oriented language. To date, the only
start the Toolkit. stupid. If no one was there to run the conversationally oriented language I know
Disk-O-Pro also includes a PRINT machine, the machine could (and did) do of is PILOT. Several versions of PILOT
USING, which is useful if you have terrible things. Most machines that we are available for the PET, and the list of
columns of figures to line up. PRINT know have no senses. They also know marketers is in Figure 2. If you want to get
USING is not as well done as the other nothing of how people like to be ap- the computer into the English department,
Disk-O-Pro commands, and will do proached. may I suggest starting with PILOT.
strange things if the number would In addition, many technically inclined PILOT can, in a limited way, maintain
normally be printed III Scientific form persons are not extremely proficient at "conversations" with students which pro-
(ie, 3.12 E-12). \ the delicate art of personal relations. vide considerable freedom when it comes
If you already have Basic 4, Skyles Though it is not often discussed, my im- to the student's input. You need never
offers a "Command-O" which provides the pression is that the technical "game" is a again see ?REDO FROM START or
Toolkit and non-disk functions in Disk- relatively safe place for some who are ?ILLEGAL QUANTITY messing up your
O-Pro. frightened of many human relationships. PET's screen or your student's self-esteem.
Make no mistake, I feel that Disk-O- We are all familiar with the computer nut
Pro is as useful to the Commodore Disk who is hard to follow when discussing
owner as the Toolkit is with any PET computers, and if the topic changes, col- PILOT Introduction
owner. lapses into an awkward silence. PILOT consists of these statements:
T: Type a line on the screen.
Value-Added Commands Figure 1: Disk-OvPro A: Get someone's answer.
SYS 9*4096 - Start Disk-O-Pro Commands Summary M:Match the last answer with some
KILL - Stop Disk-O-Pro key words.
BEEP (duration).(tone) - CB2 Sound Y: If the last Match worked, type this line.
SCROLL - Key Repeat & Editing (Yes)
OUT - Stop SCROLL
SET "key string" (ON "key value") N: If the last Match didn't work, type
PRINT USING (N logical fileN ) "image string". this line. (No)
variables list J: Jump somewhere. (like GOTO)
1111#11
- numbers
- decimal point U: Subroutine. (like GOSUB)
• - comma E: Return from subroutine.
PROGRAMMER'S TOOLKIT - All Toolkit commands legal. AUTO R: Remark.
changed to NUMBER.
Here is a sample PILOT program to show
Disk Commands how all this works:
INITIALIZE (D drivel) (ON U deviceN)
SEND "command string" (ON U deviceN)
HEADER "disk name".(O driveN)(I disk id)(ON U deviceN) T HELLO, I AM YOUR FRIENDLY COMPUTER.
CATALOG (0 driveN) (ON U device#) T BY THE WAY, WHO ARE YOU?
DIRECTORY (0 driveN) (ON U deviceN) A NAME$
BACKUP 0 drivel TO 0 drivel (ON U devicell) T ALL RIGHT THERE, NAME$, I HAVE A QUESTION
COpy (0 driveN) "filename" TO (0 driveN) "newfilename" (ON U deviceN) T FOR YOU. DO YOU LIKE COMPUTERS?
A
or: 0 drivel TO 0 driveN (ON U deviceN)
COLLEcr-(O driveN) (ON U devlce#) M YES,YEAH,SURE,OK,SUPER,WOW

OSAVE "filename" (.0 driveN) (;R) (ON U devicell) Y:I 'M HAPPY TO HEAR THAT. YOU ALREADY
OLOAO "filename" (.0 drive#) (ON U deviceN) Y:KNOW WHY - I'M A COMPUTER.
EXECUTE "filename" (0 drive#) (ON U deviceN)
RENAME "filename" (0 drive#)·TO "newfilename" (ON U device#) JY:*STEP2
SCRATCH "filename" (0 drivel) (ON U device#) M:NO,NEVER,YEECH,YUCK
MERGE (# 1i.nenumber .) "filename" (0 driveN) (ON U device#) Y:SIGH, PERHAPS YOU SHOULD TURN ME OFF.
CONCAT (0 drivel) "filename" TO (0 drivel) "recipient Y:I DID ENJOY TALKING WITH YOU, NAME$.
filename" (ON U device#) EY:
N:I 'M NOT SURE I UNDERSTAND THAT, BUT
OOPEN 1/logical fileR. "filename" (.L record size) (.0 driveN) N:LET'S SEE IF YOUR OPINION WILL BECOME
(ON U devicell) (,W) (.R) N:CLEARER AS WE GO ON.
DCLOSE 1/logical filell (ON U device#)
APPEND # logical fileN (.0 driveN) (ON U devicell)
*
RECORD logical filell. record # (, byte #) •...•.
*STEP2 T:WELL NOW, WHEN DID YOU FIRST MEET A
T:COMPUTER?

FEBRUARY 1981 157

PET, continued ... a PILOT would take about 12K - at least
8K of memory.
This is almost readable. Here are
three sample "dialogs" using this little
program. Peninsula PILOT

Dialog I A major hazard with PILOT is the

editor - that is, how to get the program
HELLO, I AM YOUR FRIENDLY COMPUTER. into the machine. Most editors are harder
BY THE WAY, WHO ARE YOU? to learn than PILOT! This version avoids
MARY WILLIAMS (underline indicates user's input)
ALL RIGHT THERE, MARY WILLIAMS, I HAVE A QUESTION the matter - by storing the PILOT lesson
fOR YOU. DO YOU LIKE COMPUTERS? within the program. Lines 10 to 200 are
NOT PART ICUARLY simply empty lines beginning with a
SIGH, PERHAPS YOU SHOULD TURN ME OFF.
I DID ENJOY TALKING WITH YOU, MARY WILLIAMS. quotation mark. You use the PET's
normal Basic editor to fill in these
Dialog 2
"blanks" with some PILOT lesson lines.
HELLO, I AM YOUR FRIENDLY COMPUTER The program is run by a lot of PEEKs and
BY THE WAY, WHO ARE YOU? POKEs (that is, the Basic program which
HERKIMER MC GURK does the PILOT language is doing all of
ALL RIGHT THERE, HERKIMER MC GURK, I HAVE A QUESTION
FOR YOU. DO YOU LIKE COMPUTERS? this. You don't see this stuff.) which look
I SU RELY DO! . at the program and performs the lesson.
I'M HAPPY TO HEAR THAT. YOU ALREADY To save or load, you merely SA VE or
KNOW WHY I'M A COMPUTER.
WE~L NOW,-WHEN DID YOU FIRST MEET A LOAD the whole thing - PILOT
Dialog 3 language and lesson together. The PET
COMPUTER?
HELLO, I AM YOUR FR IENOL Y COMPUTER thinks this is a Basic program.
BY THE WAY, WHO ARE YOU? Peninsula PILOT sets the PET into
HJ HHARRY the alternate "business" character set, so
ALL RIGHT THERE, HJ HHARRY, I HAVE A QUESTION
FOR YOU. DO YOU LIKE COMPUTERS? both upper and lower case letters show on
'u UH MAAYBE the screen. Some limitations, especially
I'M NOT SURE I UNDERSTAND THAT, BUT in variable names and the total program
LET's SEE IF YOUR OPINION WILL BECOME size exist.
CLEARER AS WE GO ON.
WELL NOW,·WHEN DID YOU FIRST MEET A
COMPUTER? Practical Applications PILOT
The J: will jump to the indicated line Rather than store the lesson as Basic
Now for a closer look. In Dialog I,
labeled with an * followed by a label statements, this PILOT uses a string array,
PILOT printed two lines and then waited
name. PILOT does not need line numbers, and will hold about 500 lines, which is
for Mary to type her name. This was
though many versions of PILOT use line usually more than your PET's memory will
stored in the string named (in PILOn
numbers to help you edit the programs. hold (unless you have the 32K machine).
NAME$. In the next line, where NAME$
Dialog 3 illustrates the N:, which only The PILOT used here is almost the "bare-
appears in the program, Mary's name was
works when the last Match was not suc- bones" minimum, and a simple editor is
printed instead. After the question about
cessful. provided to enter and modify your pro-
liking computers, PILOT again waited for
grams. One major problem is that the
a reply.
The PET PILOTs INPUT statement isn't "RETURN-
The first M: line holds several
proofed", that is, pressing RETURN will
"positive" responses, none of which The four versions of PILOT available
end the program when in an INPUT state-
matched Mary's reply. The three Y: lines for the PET would lead you to believe that
ment.
(two Y: and one JY:) were skipped, for at least one of these would be suitable for
PILOT lessons are saved & read as
these only execute if the Match was serious educational use, After reviewing
tape data files.
successful, and here it wasn't. The second each of them, my conclusion is that this is
M: found a match between NO and Mary's not the case. Each version of PILOT does
Dr. Daley's PILOT
NOT, so the next two Y: were printed, work, and I didn't try to maliciously make
and the EY: stopped the program. the programs crash. However, each ver- This is not a true PILOT, but a varia-
We can in a similar way trace through sion has serious limitations, and you can tion known as "tiny" PILOT. "Tiny"
the other two dialogs - this is for you to take your pick as to which ones to put up PILOT is not compatible with PILOT, and
do. Anything at all is acceptable to the with. My ranking is: you will have to make some modifications
A:, including just the carriage-return. If I, Peninsula PILOT to work your programs. If you are select-
the reply is redisplayed later, in this case as 2. Practical Applications PILOT ing a PILOT for serious use, I do not
the user's name, the exact reply appears, 3. Dr. Daley's PILOT recommend "tiny" PILOT. (Actually,
mistakes or whatever fully intact. PILOT 4. PET PILOT "tiny" PILOT was an attempt to improve
makes no pretense to be a person, just to One nice thing about PILOT is that PILOT which didn't work out too well. I
accept your entries without much fuss and you don't have to use it for major pro- admit to being rather prejudiced about the
to "converse" in a limited way.; jects. You can throw out the day's work if stylistic details of PILOT, for reasons too
The Match can carry several similar you need to. Peninsula PILOT is probably lengthy to describe here.)
items to look for. Any single success the best to begin with. Both Practical Applications and Dr.
results in a successful Match, and sub- Keep in mind that each of these Daley's PILOTs make some concessions
sequent Y's will be executed, Various PILOTs were developed for the 8K PET to the Basic INPUT statement. True
options on matching are available, with without disks. This left about 4K for the PILOT uses the colon and the comma
the simple substring match being used actual pILOT interpreter written in Basic, (ie, M: ITEM, ITEMS, ITEMS AGAIN)
here. For example, the match item OUT and 4K is a small amount of space to do a which are anathema to the INPUT state-
will match BOUT, CLOUT, OUT- computer language in. Though a fully ment unless within quote marks. Rather
RAGEOUS, but will not match HEAD or developed PILOT would be free of many than force the user to continually type
SOU TH. of the limitations in these versions, such quote marks, the semicolon (;) and period

158 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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FEBRUARY 1981 159
PET, continued ... Keep in mind that this column is not a
(.) are substituted for colon (:) and comma 1) Peninsula PILOT
sufficient description of PILOT. Contact
(,). The only alternative is to write a GET Peninsula School Software the PILOT Exchange (in Figure 2) for
routine, which takes about 200-400 bytes. Computer Project further information on the definition of
Even then, there's the problem of making Peninsula School PILOT.
Peninsula Way
easily readable data tapes. (To be crassly commercial: I have
Menlo Park, CA 94025
A serious limitation of this PILOT is known PILOT for over 10 years, and have
that the Match (M:) does not work the way Price: $1~1.95 implemented it in several ways. I won't do
it should. M:THING will find THINGEY a super PILOT for love, but I would
2) Practical Applications PILOT
but not A THING. The comparison starts for money.)
at the first letter, and does not permit the PET Practical Pilot
keyword's being further along in the Practical Applications
PO Box 4139
Plug, Plug, Plug
student's reply. Bad!
Foster City, CA 94404
The two best PET oriented publica-
Price: $14.95 tions are:
PET PILOT
This PILOT is closest to the PILOT 3) Dr. Daley's PILOT Compute!
"standard" (yes there is such a thing), with Dr. Daley PO Box 5406
enough limitations to limit use to very 425 Grove Ave. Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
patient people. The system is to read a tape Berrien Springs, MI 49103 $16.00 per year (USA)
with the lesson on it (prepared via a Price: $14.95 Printout
separate editor program) and to store
PO Box 48
about 60 lines in the PET at one time. 4) PET P ILOT
Newbury, Berkshire
Though unlimitedly long programs are
David Gomberg England RG 16!$BD
possible, any jumps must be short in the Seven Gateview Court $35.00 per year (USA)
backwards direction. A long forward jump San Francisco, CA 94116
causes the tape to be read, and as new lines Compute! covers the other 6502
Price: $17.95
come in, old ones go away. machines, but its major emphasis is on the
Entry of a program uses one tape Further information on PILOT is PET. Printout is strictly on the PET. The
drive, however to change a program in- avai lable from: English view of PET is very different from
volves reading a tape and subsequent ours, and worth looking at. A lot is stuff is
copying onto the other tape drive - thus The PILOT Exchange happening over there.
Earl Keyser
you need two tape units for this PILOT. 22 Clover Lane
There are several picky limitations on Mason City, Iowa 50401
Machine Language Goodie #7
variables and their display in T: which
Figure 2: PILOTs for the PET Figure 3 shows a program which you
are hard to learn. These limitations only
can enter into your PET for a winter'S
serve to make the programming somewhat
fantasy. The machine language routine
simpler. Have Someone Else Do It
was taken from Printout, October 80,
Your alternative, of course, is to write Page 34, and will work for both ROMs
Do It Yourself
your own PILOT. One approach, for ("old" and "new"). If you merely SYS 826
Some miscellaneous comments: First, example, is a "PILOT to Basic translator", after line 30, the screen will be reversed,
where are all the PILOT lessons, or even a Basic program which reads the PILOT white to black and vice versa. The remain-
better, curricula and lesson plans? The sad lesson and creates an equivalent Basic ing program, which I won't explain, does
fact is that there aren't any. Some example program. This can be done with the PET's horrible things to the screen reversal
lessons exist, but you will have to "roll disk. A translator is not desirable for routine. Line 50, by the way, is really:
your own" in PILOT. This is not as bad as developing lessons as a lot of time is taken 50 PRINT "elr";
you may imagine, for "canned" PILOT les- in translating. The final lesson will run Caution: This program does flash a
sons would require modification anyway. much more quickly than PILOTs which bit, and if flashing things bother you,
Second, yes, the four PILOTs can be interpret lessons in string arrays. don't hesitate to press the Stop key. 0
modified to work on the PET disk.
Figure 3: Machine Language Goodie #7
Peninsula PILOT needs no modifications
(other than four the "old" vs "new" REVERSE FLAKER
ROMs, and these changes come with the
10 AD-826
instructions). Practical Applications 20 READ BY:IFBY --1 THEN 50
and Dr. Daley's PILOT are fairly easily 30 POKE AD,BY:AD-AD+1:GOT020
modified. Add a filename request, change 40 REM NOW FOR SOME FUN!
50 PRINT"';
the OPEN statements, and be sure to
60 ·SC-32768:SX-826:SK-1000:S1-1:SJ-81
replace: 70 FORJ-1T0222:SYS SX:SYS SX:POKESC+SK$RND(Sl),SJ:NEXT
PRINT# x, something 75 CLR:AA-256
with 80 AB-826:AC-827:AD-829:AE-831:AF-840:AG-835:BA-832:BB-838:R-4:S-128
85 CD-32768:CE*1000:SP-42
PRINT# x, something;CHR$(l3);
90 FORJ-lT05+l0$( S-l27):POKEAC,RNDCl )$AA:POKE AD, RND( 1 )$AA: SYS AB
These PILOTS avoid the INPUT "choke" 95 POKE CD+CE$RND(l),SP
characters quote, comma, and colon. PET 100 POKE BA.S:POKEBB,S:NExr·
PILOT is another story. It took me about 110 S-S+1:IFS-132THEN80
130 ·GOTO 90
two hours to make this one work on the 1000 DATA 1£0,0,162,0,189,0,128
disk, and when it does, the requirement 1010 DATA 24,105,128,157,0,128,232
of GET# makes the execution very slow. 1020 DATA 224,0,208,242,238,64,3
The editor could be changed to fix this, but 1030 DATA 238,70,3,173,64,3,201
1040 DATA 132,208,229,169,128,141,64
my intension was only to review these 1050 DATA 3,141,70,3,96,-·1
programs.

160 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 magazine " • Get More
From Your Microcomputer
Keep Informed With MICRO

MICRO, the 6502 Journal - First Issue Published November 1977 pET
MICRO is the technical reference journal which reports monthly on the development and
practical and theoretical application of new 6502 microcomputer technology. Feature articles
discuss languages, techniques, and application programs for the major 6502-based micro-
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BEST OF MICRO Series - First Volume Published December 1978 A TAIl/
The BEST OF MICRO Series consists of collections of the best technical articles which have
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Examine an issue of MICRO FREE! (We select the issue.) Send your name and
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(617) 256-5515
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 T~S-&O
Sfril1~s
Stephen B. Gray

In this 27th column, we'll check out 18 one into the audio jack on the Orchestra- Music may be all you need. But if you
programs: five that comprise a four-voice 80 board, the other into the AUX, TAPE want polyphony, more than one voice,
music-synthesizer system; six that make or TUNER input of an amplifier or receiver, there are at this writing only two TRS-80
up a graphics cassette; six that are part of hook up a speaker or two, and you're in programs on the market. The other one
an educational package; and a short one for a musical treat. will be described in this column shortly, so
you'll probably never figure out unless Now, let's be honest. This is electronic stay tuned.
you RUN it. music, with fairly simple waveforms, and Run the Orchestra-80 program into your
if you're a Julliard or Eastman graduate, it TRS-80, and the first thing you get is the
Orchestra-80 may not please your ears. But if you just initialization program, for configuring the
want to make computer music, and like software. A menu asks if you want to
There I was, with the converter plugged the idea of writing four-part harmony with duplicate the program for a back-up copy,
into the TRS-80 and also connected to a an absolute minimum of fuss, this is the if you want four voices or the higher-
hi-fi amplifier, and the machine-language way to go. resolution three-voice synthesizer, if you
software wouldn't load. I kept on trying, If you're wondering why you pay $79.95 want to listen to a sample scale played by
with SYSTEM and then ORCHST, and and get such a small piece of hardware, the four different tone-colors available, if
nothing happened. consider that the software took several you want to modify the waveforms to create
After checking everything several times, years to develop. Also, the manual is your own tone-colors, and if you want to
I finally looked closer at the name of the extensive and excellent, rare qualities in save all this information on tape "and avoid
program. It was ORCH8T, not ORCHST, this business. the lengthy dialog in the future."
and once I used the right name, the program Orchestra-80 is a software-driven music- Then you can enter GET LONE to hear
loaded without a hitch, and I had the synthesis system consisting of five machine- the first sample of music, which is the
pleasure of listening to several remarkable language parts: digital synthesizer that Lone Ranger's theme (the William Tell
four-part demonstration pieces that are produces up to four simultaneous voices Overture) and the first of four sample pieces
on the tape along with the five-program in a six-octave range; a music-language on the tape.
system. compiler that allows you to enter your If you want to start writing music, just
Orchestra-80, which you can get from favorite written music (Bach's or your own) enter EDIT, and you're ready to transcribe.
Software Affair (473 Sapena Court Suite in any key or time signature; a full screen First you enter a line or two, each prefaced
1, Santa Clara, CA 95051), is $79.95 plus editor for entering and modifying music with a slash (I) to show they're comment
$2 for postage and handling. It's a music programs; a file manager for storing and lines, indicating the name and author of
synthesis system for a 16K Level II TRS- retrieving named files on tape or disk; and the piece:
80, with both tape and disk versions on the an initialization routine for setting up the ICAPRICCIO
cassette, along with a utility program to parameters before you start. IJ.S.BACH
transfer music files between tape and disk. The 39-page instruction manual is one Then, if you're about to write a bar or
For your $79.95 you get a small PC of the best I've ever seen (even though bars that will be repeated, you enter a
board, 1Vz by 2 inches in size, which plugs several words are misspelled),with complete section number so the computer will know
into the left rear of your keyboard, or into details on how to use Orchestra-80, including where to start the repeat, and perhaps you
the expansion interface. It's a digital-to- 11 pages that show you exactly how to add some more information about the piece,
analog converter that changes the binary convert written music into keyboard char- preceded by a slash:
computer outputointo an audio signal, and acters for your TRS-80. It's so detailed P501 ARIA DI POSTIGLIONE
takes its power from the TRS-80. that you can use it within an hour or two After that, you write a line to indicate
Even if you connect the board to an even if you can't read a note of music. the key, such as
inexpensive amplifierlspeaker such as the The manual makes the seven-page Radio K2&
$11.95 Radio Shack 277-1008, you'll hear Shack manual for Micro Music look pretty which means in the key of two flats. For
music you may not believe at first, if all sad; the latter has only five simple sample three sharps, write K3#. The next line
you've heard is single-voice music such as bars to show how to write music. But then defines the time signature and tempo:
provided by Radio Shack's Micro Music. again, it's $9.95, has no hardware, and NQ=CO
Get a three-foot (or longer) audio cable plays only one voice. If all you want is an which means that each quarter-note gets a
with a RCA phono plug at each end, plug idea of what computer music is like, Micro beat, and CO is one of 96 hexadecimal

162 CREATIVE COMPUTING

Basic In A Nutshell
Name: Step-By-Step two more re allowed,and
Vendor: Program Design, Inc., 11 then the correct- answer is dis-
Idar Court, Greenwich CT 06830 played. Each lesson ends with a
Price: $49.95 test that is administered and
Purpose: Teaches how to program scored by the computer. The.results
('] TR5-80using BASIC are then entered into the sfudent's
;"Documentatlon:0utstanding progresscharti More comprehen-
Loading: OK - Level 6, not critical sive examinations are given at the
Implementation: Thisis a case of end of lesson 5 and at the end of
a BASICprogram that teaches BA- the course. .,
SIC programming, It storts out with Suitability: Thisis the kind of edu-
the assumption that the student cational programming that per-'
, 'OCllyknows how to turn the TRS-80 sonal computing needs more of,
on. Three cassette tapes are The student (my teenage son)
mounted in the cover of a loose- learned much more quickly than I
leaf notebook that also contains could have taught him, and at his
supplementary lntorrnotlon frames. own pace. However, this course ' \
The course is divided into ten two- isn't just for youngsters but for orw-:
part lessons. From a simple PRINT one who wants to be able to pro-
"HI" through arrays and graphics to gram effectively using the BASIC
complex programs, all of the [eve I language, In a household where
II commands ond statements are there isn't anyone to do the teach:,
exercised. ing, this course would be espe-
The instruction method consistsof cially useful. I'd like to see a similar
,""explanCltion; example, mot ond "courseJor ass~,r:nbly-Iangu()ge
testing. Commands and state; programming.
ments are presented and ex- Other software available from
plained, examples are shown both the' same vendor: IQ Builders (four
on the screen and in the notebook, different kinds), Memory Builder
and then the student is presented and Story Builder.
with some problems to solve using
the BA$IC elements under discus- Reprinted with permission:
sion. f an incorrect answer isgiven, 80 Microcomputing, February 1980
'k
k\

Step by Step also available for Apple II and Pet Apple II version also available on disks for $59.95.
Available at Computerland and other fine computer dealers. Or, use the coupon below.

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CIRCLE 218 ON READER SERVICE CARD
TRS-80, continued ...
designations for tempo, ranging from 40 articulation, use a double quote ("). displayed, and if they hit the right key, the
to FE. Each of the 96 corresponds to a After an eighth-note E, the first voice face appears on the screen. The characters,
combination of the numeric keys 1-7. You has another quarter-note rest, followed by which are letters and numbers; can be
can experiment with different tempos, while an articulated quarter-note G, and an eighth- displayed three ways: made up of dots, or
a tune is being played by the program, by note G. as small or large solid alphanumerics. .
pressing the numeric keys to slow down or V2 and V3 are similar, with V2using 7# Third is Doodler, which draws lines on
speed up the tempo, until you find just the for the C-sharp and V3 using 6& for the B- the screen in response to your simply
right one. flat. V4 uses a whole-note middle C, an indicating where you want the line to start,
If you want to transpose the piece up or articulated quarter-note E, and a regular and in which direction to go. The lines can
down, just enter an arrow and the number quarter-note E. If the time-values for two go left, right, up, down, or at a specified
of semitones involved: or more notes are the same, only one angle. The display tells you how far each
>2 indicator need be used, as with Q2'2. line can extend, in numbers of graphics
will transpose the piece up a whole tone. For dotted notes, just use dots, as in 1.0 blocks, and gives the X-Y coordinates of
This is handy if you're transcribing music for a dotted. eight-note C, or Q ..3 for a your present location. Very helpful.
arranged for different instruments in double-dotted quarter-note F. Triplet time- Fourth is Craps, which Les says is a
different clefs. You can define each voice values are indicated by a colon (:), which "standard Las-Vegas-rules game which is
as belonging to a different clef. can be combined with the dots (H: ..). only a few lines long. But its purpose is to
The next line defines the tone-color To repeat a group of notes, put them in demonstrate the graphics dice-rolling
registers to be used by the different voices. parentheses followed by a number indicating . subroutine that is fairly sophisticated. This
The fourchoices.are trumpet, oboe, clarinet how many times they're to be repeated, as utility subroutine has high line numbers so
and organ, labeled A through D. To assign in (I6;SD6")3, where the semicolon means it can easily be inserted into almost any
the four sounds to the four voices (which a long staccato (a comma means a short game and called by GOSUB." The dice
can in some cases be thought of as soprano, staccato). are shaken, tossed against a backboard,
alto, tenor and bass), simply write Anytime you want to hear what you've and come to rest with the faces showing,
written so far, press BREAK, then enter plus a number above each die indicating
V1YA V2VB V3YC V4YD
SCORE (which compiles the music) and the number of spots, to speed up the game.
and you're ready to start with the notes Fifth is Graphs, which draws bar-graphs
PLAY. To get back to writing, enter EDIT
themselves.
again. for months of the year "but can easily be
First you write the measure number, changed to display days, weeks, quarters,
During or after writing, you can use the
such as Ml for the first measure. Then a * years or many other formats," as the first
editor to insert or delete characters or
to indicate you're in the treble clef, or a @
lines, or perform a global character-string display says. It displays up to 24 months of
for the bass clef.
search. Using the four arrows facilitates data on a vertical bar-graph, Les says, and
You enter the time-value for the first cursor movement. "Data can be any range and mix of positive
note, using W, H, Q, I, S, T or X, depending or negative numbers including non-integers.
A page on How It Works says the
on whether it's a whole, half, quarter, eighth, The scale can be chosen by the operator
synthesizer uses a sampling technique, and
sixteenth, thity-second or sixty-fourth note. or done automatically by the computer."
explains it briefly. The program generates
That's followed by a letter or number The Graphs program uses menus. You
seven error messages .and "whenever
indicating the note itself. Middle C is zero, specify whether one or two years are to be .
possible, the file pointer is positioned at or
the sixteen notes above it are + 1 through displayed, which month the graph will end
near where the error was encountered."
+ G, and the sixteen below it are -1 through There's more, of course, but for that with and the title (if any) of the graph.
-F. Using * or @ eliminates the need for After you enter the data for each month,
you'll have to check out Orchestra-80
the plus or minus signs most of the time. the program displays the range of your
yourself. You're in for a very pleasant
For a rest, use $. After a while, you
surprise. Now you too can make the same data and asks if you want to specify the
remember which keys mean which notes.
kind of polyphonic music heard at the limits of the graph scale and the graph
Vi need not be entered to define the
Creative Computing booth at computer increments, or have the computer auto-
first voice, but V2, V3 and V4 must be. conferences. matically scale the graph. Then your graph
Simply enter each in the measure when
is drawn on the screen. The whole process
they're to be used, followed by the time-
can be done in a very short time, since as
value symbols and the notes. Graphics Special much as possible is automated.
As an example, here's one of the 16
A variation of Graphs is demonstrated
written musical samples in the manual: Les Logan, who wrote the Computer with the sixth program, BOWLAVG, "which
Doodler (May 1979, p 130) and Happy keeps a person's league bowling statistics
~
fi "1
i
! ! ?#i i ~ Face (Nov. 1979, p 180) programs, has
created a new tape, Graphics Special, with
six 16K Level II programs, including the
on a data tape that can be updated weekly.
Alternately, it will display every game
bowled during the league and history of
*1$Q9 '19$QB '18 two just mentioned, for $20 (from TCS, weekly average changes." Extensive use is
V2I$Q7 '17$Q7* '17 Box 10281, Norfolk, VA 23513). made of INKEY$ keying in multi-digit
V3I$Q4 '14$Q6& '16 The first of the six is Lincoln, which numbers without using ENTER. The
V4HBQ2'2 simply draws a face of Honest Abe, created program asks for the bowler's name, league's
Vi is understood for the first voice, >I< with 960graphics characters by the Doodler name, date bowled, and scores for three
means treble clef, 1$ means eighth-note program "and with coordinates converted games.
rest, Q9' is a quarter note that is nine notes to POKE graphics for faster display." The After you enter all the data, the program
up from middle C, which is E (a numbered "portrait" closely resembles a photographic displays a graph of the scores, and gives
scale in the manual makes this easy; you halftone. figures for how many games, how many
don't have to coun t notes on yourfingers); Second is Happy Face, which puts a pins, average, handicap, high game, and
the single quote means the note is articu- winking-eye happy face on the screen in a high series, plus the bowler's name, team
lated, meaning a small rest is inserted after "program for young children to sharpen name and last date played.
the note to separate it from the note their recognition skills." They look for a As Les says, "It is intriguing to watch
following, which is also an E. For a longer key on the keyboard to match the character this program even if you're not a bowler."

164 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 Ecology Simulations-2, CS-3202 (16K)
Economic and
Ecology Simulations 1. Pollute
POLLUTE focuses on one
an apartment
entire city.
building or an

The Ecology Simulations part of the water pollution

series are a unique educational
/I problem; the accumulation of
1II!A1IIlfT DTlCTI\!l(SS: MIS B 10 S
18% 48': 68% l1li< 1l1li<

"- *
tool. They are based on certain waste materials in
"simulation models" developed I«lSPtlllS %%
waterways and their effect on 1111100 iOII
by the Huntington Two dissolved oxygen levels in the
Computer Project at the State water. You can· use the
II1I£SflJ 85%
SIO< f<li1olSIIC'

***
University of New York at Stony computer to investigate the
1\

Brook under the direction of Dr. effects of different variables IIJSWITO 45%
Ludwig Braun. The programs mtIiIl. 1111100 iOII
such as the body of water, ~~ "\
and accompanying document- temperature, and the rate of 18%
1IDIlfl11£*
ation are written for self- dumping waste material. IIII'.S . 1I!Y~1
teaching or classroom use and Various types of primary and P11£SSfII1 lEY TOCOITIJIf
include background material, Corrigan at Creative Com- secondary waste treatment, as
sample exercises and study puting. The Ecology Simula- well as the impact of scientific
guides. Graphic displays wet» tions packages are a remarkable 3. Malaria
and economic decisions can be
specially developed by Jo Ann educational application of examined. With MALARIA, you are a
Comito at SUNY and Ann micro-computers.
Health Official trying to control
a malaria epidemic while taking
2. Rats into account financial con-
Ecology Simulations-1 ,CS-3201 (16K) In RATS, you play the role of a
siderations in setting up a
methods is introduced. In program. The budgeted use of
Health Department official
1. Pop addition, STERL demonstrates devising an effective, practical
field hospitals, drugs for the ill,
the effectiveness of an three types of pesticides, and
plant to control rats. The plan
The POP series of models preventative medication, must
integrated approach over either may combine the use of
examines three different be properly combined for an
alternative by itself. sanitation and slow kill and
methods of population effective control program.
quick kill poisons to eliminate a
projection, including exponen-
rat population. It is also possible
tial, S-shaped or logistical, and
logistical with low density 3. Tag to change the initial population 4. Diet
size, growth rate, and whether
effects. At the same time the TAG simulates the tagging 01 ET is designed to explore
the simulation will take place in
programs introduce the concept and recovery method that is the effect of four basic
of successive refinement of a used by scientists to estimate substances, protein, lipids,
model, since each POP model animal populations. You calories and carbohydrates, on
adds more details than the attempt to estimate the bass your diet. You enter a list of the
.previous one. population in a warm-water, types and amounts of food eaten
bass-bluegill farm pond. in a typicql day, as well as your
2. Sterl Tagged fish are released in the age, weight, sex, health and a
pond and samples are recovered physical activity factor. DIET is
STERL allows you to at timed intervals. By presenting particularly valuable in
investigate the effectiveness of a detailed simulation of real indicating how a diet can be
two different methods of pest sampling by "tagging and changed to raise or lower body
control-the use of pesticides recovery," TAG helps you to weights and provide proper
and the release of sterile males understand this process. nutrition.
into the fly population. The
concept of a more environ-
mentally sound' approach 4. Buffalo Social and Economic Simulations
versus traditional chemical
BUFFALO simulates tr e
yearly cycle of buffalo CS-3204 (16K)
population growth and decline, for the market for a particular
and allows you to investigate the
1. Limits product: in this case, bicycles,
effects of different herd LIMITS is a micro-com- Each player makes market-
management policies, Simula- puter version of the well known ing decisions quarterly includ-
tions such as BUFFALO allow "Limits to Growth" project ing the production level, the
you to explore "What if" done at MIT. It contains a advertising budget, and the
questions and experiment with model of the world that is built unit price of the product for
approaches that might be of five subsystems (popula- his/her company,
disastrous-in real life. tion,' pollution, food supply,
industrial output, and resource
usage) linked together by six 3. USPop
Ordering Information variables: birth rate, death USPOP allows the user to
rate, pollution generation, re- study many aspects of the
The series is designed for the 16K TRS-80 Level II and is
source usage rate, industrial United States' human demo-
attractively packaged in a vinyl binder with a complete study guide,
output growth rate, and food graphy (population change)
Ecology Simulations-I: disk CS-3501, cassette 3201. Ecology
production rate. including population growth,
Simulations-II: disk CS-3502, cassette' CS-3204. Social and
Economic Simulations: disk CS-3508, cassette CS-3204. At a age and sex distribution.
modest $24.95 each, the series is an affordable necessity. USPOP makes population pro-
2. Market jections and investigates the
To order, send payment plus $1,00 shipping and handling to
Creative Computing Software, Dept. ACGG, P.O. Box 789-M, Market allows two or more consequences of many differ-
Morristown, NJ 07960, For Faster Service, call In your order toll-free people to play the roles of ent demographic changes.
to our order hotline 800-631-8112. In NJ call 201-540-0445. companies who are competing

CIRCLE 300 ON READER SERVICE CARD

TRS-80, continued ...
slow keyboarder. (The illustration above, and how it can keep track of time without
Introduction to Microcomputers taken from the manual, is an approximation getting bored, by displaying a digital clock
of the program display.) until the student gets bored enough to end
That's the title of a six-program package The other first-section program, Meet the program.
"designed to help students acquire the TRS-80 (written only once on the tape, The second program, The Computer
keyboard skills, knowledge of computer like all the others), displays a robot-looking 500, is "a game to reinforce computer words
terminology and computer components face and a waving hand, and asks you to and definitions," a race for two players.
necessary for survival in a society increas- type your name (then prints "Johnny is a The player who answers questions correctly
ingly influenced by computers." nice name"), your age ("I wish I could be on computer words and definitions will
That's a tall order for a three-cassette 10"), your favorite sport ("Oh, you like have his "car" moved along the track ahead
package with a teacher's guide in a three- baseball. My favorite sport is Keyball"), of the player who doesn't know the
ring binder, designed for "grades K-8," and whether you know what Keyball is or answers.
and for a 4K Level II TRS-80. The price is not ("Well, I'll have to teach you"). Then Classroom activities include having the
$54.95, from Mentor Software, Box 791, comes "I have to go now." The program students "list features they think the
Anuka, MN 55303. requires 3,003 bytes to do all that, and computer is better at than they are." The
Mentor also has other TRS-80 packages, runs in a minimum of 45 seconds. Helper for this section is a crossword puzzle
for "guided drill, practice and instruction" Among the teaching hints for these two using computer words.
in math and spelling, each around the $50- programs are (1) using the third Helper to The appendixes are a glossary, a list of
$55 mark. point out all the keyboard features, (2) references and films, and tips on using the
The Introduction to Microcomputers asking the students to "write a description cassette tapes.
"unit" is divided into four sections: Intro- or design a game which speculates on what There you have it: an education package
duction to the TRS-80, How Computers they think the computer's favorite game that may seem a little skimpy for $54.95,
Affect Our Lives, Parts of a Computer would be like" (it randomly selects Keyball, but which does improve after a slow start.
System, and Capabilities of a Computer. Space Ball, Rocket Number, and a couple Well, most children do have a short attention
Each section is divided into four parts of others), and (3) handing out the fourth span. Then again, perhaps the teacher, as
overview, program description, teaching Helper "for students to take home or work"; with so many educational packages, is
hints, and Helpers, which are worksheets it is a letter puzzle that conceals ten expected to flesh it out.
and transparency masters to be duplicated computer words such as BREAK, TAPE I've described this package in more detail
for class use. and SHIFT. than usual, because there aren't many such
The teacher's guide says that "although Section Two involves one program, packages around. If you know of a similar
this material is not divided into a day-by- Keyball, a game for keyboard familiariza- one that you consider better, please let me
day lesson plan, the unit should take about tion, requiring the user to press the key for know about it.
one week of class time if worked on every the character shown on the screen within
day." a certain time to score. Short Program #155
The first section, Introduction to the As for classroom activities, students are
TRS-80, uses two programs. The first, Intro, asked to find computer uses around them. From Cedar Grove, NJ, James M. Curran
"is designed to be used by the teacher in One of the Helpers is a sheet with space of sent this program which he believes to be
front of the class." Three Helpers are listing "all the words you can make from the "definitive can-you-figure-out-what-this-
provided: a small nine-item list on how to the word 'microcomputer'." program-does-without-using-a -compu ter?
load and run the cassette tapes, "to be Section Three includes one program, program. All I will say about it is that it
taped to the face of the TV below the Compu-Tration, similar to the game of performs a nominally useful task, although
on/off switch"; a full-page version of the concentration, but involving pairs of com- obviously there are easier ways of doing it,
list, to be duplicated and handed out to puter words, such as DISK and PROGRAM, and there are no errors in it, insomuch as it
the class; and a drawing of the TRS-80 instead of playing cards. The program runs exactly the way it's supposed to."
keyboard, to make transparencies from selects different words for each play of the That C in line 1000 is what some printers
"when introducing students to the compu- game. print instead of the up-arrow; that portion
ter." Classroom activities include "discussing of the line should be (SQR(4) 12).
The Intro program first displays· an the parts of the computer and how they Jim signs his letter "17-year-old pro-
anthropomorphic face that spins its eyes relate to the TRS-80." The Helpers include grammer, mild-mannered lunatic, and soon-
when a student correctly locates the a block diagram of a computer. to-be-president of the as-yet-unfounded
Section Four uses two programs, The Hyperbolic System Inc."
first, How Great I Am, spells out "the Two hints: some of. the program is
HI, MY NAME IS capabilities of a computer system," such superfluous; and by the time you figure

0.0
--..I'
rns-ao
TO TALK TO ME,
PUSH ANY
LETTER ON THE
as being fast, not getting bored, never
making mistakes, and then shows how fast
it can add numbers entered by the user,
out how it works, you'll know much more
about TRS-80 error codes than you do
now. 0

D
KEYBOARD. ON ERROR GOTO 1000
10 OEFINT X,T,S
13 Z=1*2*3*~*5*6*7*8*9*0:V=SIN(123~5.6789):Y=PEEK(V)
1~ FOR 0=0 TO 938:B=0
16 S=B/2:GOTO 2~
21 ON T GOTO 2~,1010,72,35,~3,99,67
2~ T=B-S*2+~:GOTO 72
35 X=Y+ :GOTO 100
ENTER key, the number-key row, asterisk, .3 X=V/Z:GOTQ 100
72 'B=S+(Z*~)-Z:GOTO ~2:GOTO 21
L, M, 'Yo, and so on, for half a dozen 76 X=Z-Y:GOTO 100
characters. And then the program displays, 99 X=V+Y:GOTO 100
"That's all for this lesson." The program 100 F$=CHR$(X)+F$:PRINT F$+CHR$(23+1~-8);:
106 IF B=Z/2 PRINT CHR$(Z*V+l0);:F$=CHR$(Z):NEXT ELSE 16
takes up 3,104 bytes memory and about a 1000 X=ERL+ERR/3+(SQR(~)(2)-(8/2)
minute to run, maybe two minutes for a 1010 RESUME NEXT

166 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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15) 472-2582 CIRCLE 234 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CIRCLE 132 ON READER SERVICE cARD

 explanations of most of the problems
involved in conversion, giving attention to
View from the Outpost possible moment. I have seen articles graphics, music, tricky functions, style,
changed even after getting the proofs from and even speed. There is even a page with
This month I can't even see out the the printer. genuine English language explanations of
windows of the outpost. The whole station In the listing of the error trapping routine the most frequent Atari error codes!
is filled with mail! Back in November I in November, submitted by Larry Seftor, The Secret Guide to Basic is an excellent
reported on an article that was scheduled one line of the listing was transposed. The series, and I especially endorse this volume.
to appear in Byte in August. The author "* 256+ PEEK (186)" should be at the end Russ sells them for the ridiculously low
had described it to me and Byte was kind of line 1010, not the end of 1000. price of $3.70 each, and even pays the
enough to give me an advance look. postage. Order from Russ Walter, 92 St.
Unfortunately, Byte rescheduled the article, Dandy Display Botolph St., Boston, MA 02116.
and the post office and telephone company Walter Knoch, of Boca Raton, Florida,
made a killing. I have been receiving several sent in this interesting graphics program.
letters and phone calls a day asking where It demonstrates an effective use of color Peeping Thomasina
to find the Byte article, which describes changes. Since so many of you have expressed an
inordinate curiosity about the inner working
10 GRAPHICS 23:DEG:SETCOLOR 2,4,10:DIM C(3) of the Atari, I will devote more attention
20 R=20:COLOR l:C=l to it. First, here are three programs to help
30 XO=79:YO=47 you discover what's going on in there. All
40 FOR K=O TO 3:C(K)=K+l*2:NEXT K display memory, the first one in decimal,
50 FOR K=l TO 3
60 X=XO+R*COS(360):Y=YO:PLOT X,Y the second in hexadecimal, the last in ASCII
70 FOR 1=0 TO 5*360 STEP 75 characters. I deliberately kept them short,
80 X=XO+R*COS(I) : Y=YO+R*SIN(I) so you can type them into other programs
90 DRAWTO X,Y
100 NEXT I:R=R+12:C=C+l:COLOR C to look at the display lists and other
110 NEXT K mysteries.
120 FOR 1=0 TO 2: SETCOLOR I,C(I) ,10 :NEXT I
130 FOR J=l TO 100 : NEXT J If you are using these programs within
140 FOR 1=1 TO 3: C(I-l)=C(I) :NEXT I your other programs, you will want to use
150 C(2)=RND(1)*16 : GOTO 120 different line numbers, eliminate remarks
and most print statements, abbreviate
statements, and use multiple statements
per line. If you are just looking at memory,
how to modify the display list for fancy The Secret is Out!
you may want to add features, combine all
graphics. At a seminar in New York City At the Boston Computer Show, dressed
three into one program, and expand such
in November, Chris Morgan told me the in a black cape and wizard's cap, Russ
conveniences as the pause feature in lines
article had been rescheduled for January, Walter was selling copies of his series of
5,12,13, and 140fthe Hex Dump routine.
but there is no guarantee that it is in that books, The Secret Guide to Basic. As I If you want to experimem by writing
. issue. paused to greet him, he thrust a fluorescent
directly into memory locations to see what
While we try to make our columns timely pink book into my hands and proclaimed,
happens, use a routine such as this one.
(Happy Valentines Dayl), it takes over "Its about time for me to give you something
two months to prepare an article for else!" 1 REM * MEMORY MODIFICATION *
publication, put a magazine together, have The title of the book was Hassles in 2 INPUT S
it printed, and deliver it through the mail. Basic, volume 2 of the series. The subject 3 PRINT S,: INPUT C
That means that by the time you read this is converting programs from one Basic to 4 POKE S,C : S=S+l : GOTO 3
issue, I will be working on the May column. another, and the Atari is one of the principal
Not that you have the tools for peeking
Although columns are usually regular, there systems covered, along with th~'IRS-80,
and poking around in memory, what can
are many things that may cause an article Apple, and PET. He also occasionally
you find there? Last month's column
to be postponed to a later issue or even mentions a bunch of obscure computers I
discussed i.ow to use these locations:
dropped altogether. Usually an editor will never heard of, with weird names like PDP-
try to create the best possible mixture of 11 and IBM. 240 This sets the page number for the
articles in a given issue right up to the last The book has brief, easy to understand top of memory.

168 CREATIVE COMPUTING

(;' •.'------~ SUPERBRAIN

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Trivia Unlimited
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HEWLETT-PACKARD
It is 6:00 and you have until
I-lP-85A
midnight to find the secret
passageway out of a haunted
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locked doors, good luck
charms, friendly ghosts, evil
spirits, and skeletons. The
sound effects (creaking doors
Cassette CS- 7003 Requires 32K and stairs) add to the eeriness.
The house layout changes in
$11.95
every game.
F.O.B. shipping point. All prices change and all
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Order using handy postcard bound
CIRCLE 300 ON READER SERVICE CARD in back of magazine.
CIRCLE 157 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Atari, continued ... player 2 with player 3, enabling a choice
of 'three colors when they overlap.
1 REM * DECIMAL DUMP *
2 PRINT"START";:INPUT S 53276 This is the vertical delay register.
3 PRINT S,PEEK(S):S=S+l:GOTO 3 By writing to this register, you can move
objects down the screen by one TV line in
(You have to press BREAK to stop the decimal or the ASCII dump.)
the two line direct memory access mode.
1 REM * HEX MEMORY DUMP * Bits 0 to 3 control missiles 0 to 3 and bits 4
2 GR.O:DIM H$(16) to 7 control players 0 to 3. For example,
3 H$="0123456789ABCDEF" writing a 1 to bit 3 with a POKE 53276,8
4 PRINT"STARTING ADDRESS (DECIMAL) ";:INPUT S
5 PRINT"HOLD SPACE BAR TO STOP" will cause missile 3 to drop one line.
6 PRINT S;" "; 53277This is the graphics control register
7 FOR M=S TO S+7 discussed last month.
8 H=PEEK(M):L=INT(H/16):R=H-L*16
9 L=L+l:R=R+l:PRINT H$(L,L);H$(R,R);" "; 53278 This write address resets all the
10 NEXT M:PRINT collision registers after you have read them
11 S=S+8 to determine collisions so that you can
12 IF PEEK(764»254 THEN 6 continue on the next cycle. The collision
13 PRINT" (1 - CONTINUE 2 - STOP)";:INPUTH
14 IFH=lTHEN6 registers are explained below.
53279 Writing a zero to this address
1 REM * ASCII DUMP * resets the console switches. See the read
2 INPUT S
3 PRINT SIn "; table below for an explanation of the
4 FOR M=S T07 IF switches.
5 A=PEEK(M)
6 IF A>26 AND A(30 THEN 11
7 IF A>124 AND A(128 THEN 11 PEEK Effects:
B IF A>154 AND A(160 THEN 11
9 IF A>252 THEN 11
53248 to 53263 are addresses that you
10 PRINT CHR$(A);" ";:GOTO 12 can read to determine collisions between
11 PRINT". "; players, missiles, and playfields. In each
12 NEXT M : PRINT : PRINT : S=S+lO GOTO 3 case, the first object given is the one being
read. The second object is the type of
object being checked. Bit 0 to 3 indicate
559 This sets the playfield size. 53266 to 53274 These are the color the number of the colliding object. For
704-712 These are the "shadow" regis- registers discussed last month. example, if Missile 0 collides with playfield
ters for the player missile color registers at 53275This is the priority control register. 2, Bit 2 of location 53248 will contain a l ,
53266 to 53276. You can write directly to Bits 0 through 3 select the priority of the and PEEK(53248) is equal to 4. Only the
the ANTIC chip or to the shadow register. different players, so that the player with four least significant bits of each address
54279 This is the player/missile base the highest priority will appear to be in are used, with the high bits always zero. In
address register which holds the page front of the player with the lower priority. addition, on player to player registers, player
number of the beginning of the player Setting a bit to true (1) establishes priority. o to player 0 will always read zero, as will
missile graphics area. If more than one bit is true, the playfield each of the others when compared to itself.
In addition to these locations, Appendix will be black when those players overlap.
I of the Basic Reference manual lists a few Here is the table of priorities forthe-different
Primary Objects
more. Whenever you have a two byte bits. The highest priority is at the top of
Address Object tested (0-3)
address register, multiply the contents of the list.
the second address by 256 and add the 53248 Missile 0 Playfields
53249 Missile 1 etc.
contents of the first address. Thus, to.find Bit 0 = I Bit 1 = I 53252 Player 0 Playfields
the highest memory location used by Basic, 53253 Player 1 etc.
Player 0 Player 0 Missile 0
use this line: Player 1 Player I 53256 Players
53257 Missile 1 etc.
Player 2 Playfield 0
PRINT PEEK(14) + 256 * PEEK(15) Player 3 Playfield 1 53260 Player 0 Players
53261 Player 1 etc.
Playfield 0 Playfield 2 Player
Now for the special effects! Here are Playfield 1 Pf 3 & PI 5 53263 3 Players
descriptions of the effects of the CTIA Playfield 2 Player 2 '-
chip and its memory locations. Since the pf 3 & PI 5 Player 3 The other objects can be interpolated
chips behave differently depending whether Background Background from those given.
you are writing (POKE) to the address 53264 to 53267 are the controller trigger
given or reading (PEEK) it, I will explain Bit 2 = 1 Bit 3 = 1 latches. When the trigger is pressed, bit 0
first what happ~ns when you write, then of the appropriate latch goes to O. All the
Playfield 0 Playfield 0
when you read tpe memory locatio'!. Playfield 1 Playf ield 1 other bits are forced to 0 at all times. Bit 2
Playfield 2 Player 0 of the graphics control register at 53277
Pf 3 & PI 5 Player I controls these, as described last month. If
CTIA Chip (53248 to 53279) POKE Player 0 Player 2
effects: Player 1 Player 3 it is 1, the inputs are latched when they go
Player 2 PIayfield 2 to zero. If bit 2 of the graphics control
53248 to 53255 These are the horizontal Player 3 Pf 3 & PI 5 register is set to 0, these latches are reset
position registers explained last month. Background Background
to 1, (Note: the term "latched" means that
53256to 53269These are the size registers a computer memory location is locked in
discussed last month. Bit 4 enables the fifth player by causing one state, and held until it is changed
53260 (Player 0) to 53264 (Player 3) and all missiles to assume the color of playfield deliberately. )
53265 (All missiles) These addresses write 3. That is why playfield 3 and player 5 are
directly into the player graphics registers combined in the chart above. 53264 Trigger 0
53265 Trigger 1
without going through direct memory Bit 5 enables a logical OR function for 53266 Trigger 2
addressing. the colors of player 0 with player 1 and 53267 Trigger 3

170 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 for the Atari, and save others the $130
53268 to 53278 do not have separate cost of the trainer. The course itself sells
functions as read addresses. See the write for $29.95, and I consider it the best way I
descriptions above. have yet seen to learn assembly language. T.M.
53279 is the console switch register. Bits For you aliens (owners of non-Atari
3 to 7 are forced to 0, and are not used. computers) reading this column, Heath
Bits 0 to 2 correspond to the console also has a course in 8080 and 8085 assembly
switches as follows: language for $49.95. I have built a number
of Heathkits, and taken several of their
Bit 0 Game start courses, and I feel they have always given
Bit 1 Game Select me my money's worth. The only complaint
Bit 2 Option Select
I have had is that every kit including
integrated circuits has had bad ones, but
These bits are normally ones, but become Heath is good about replacing defective PROGRAMS
zero while the switch is held down. Thus parts.
PEEK(53279) is usually 7, but becomes 3
when the option select button is pressed.
If you haven't mastered Basic, you may
not like me dwelling on assembly language.
Micro-
In future columns I hope to experiment
with the ANTIC and POKEY chips. The
I feel that this course is good preparation
for learning Basic. Six months after com-
Computer
PIA chip was explained in the October
1979 column in the section on Input and
pleting the Heathkit course, I bought a
TRS-80 and learned Basic in one week
:Educational
Output with the light sensor. The program
in Figure 2 of that column demonstrates
using David Lien's Learning Level I. It was Programs
very easy to learn because the Heath course
the PIA. gave a good understanding of the internal Interpretive Education, providing
workings of the computer. leadership in educational programs
Assembly Language Aid for basic living skills, introduces a
My first computer language was 6800 Let Someone Else Pay for Your breakthrough series of new Micro
assembly language, which I learned with Computer! Computer Educatlonal (MCE)
Heathkit's ET 3400 Microprocessor Trainer Right now the Atari computers give programs.
and ET 3401Microprocessor self instruction owners the easiest route to publishing The MCE programs are unique in
program. This course teaches both hardware success. It is obviously coming on strong that they offer automatic branching
and software concepts, and the hardware as the best of the current personal compu- to individual reading levels, vari-
section requires a good background in ters, and it is being supported strongly by ability in vocabulary levels and are
electronics, so I have hesitated to recom- several magazines and software publishers. educationally sound.
mend it to the average person in the past. However, there are not as many owners as
Heath has now taken the software portion there are for the antiquated TRS-80s and The new programs are cooperatively
of that course and packaged it separately, Apples, so good articles and programs are designed by a combined team of
and also provided a less expensive trainer. easy to sell. educators and micro computer
The course has part number EC 6800, and Do your part to support the Atari. The specialists. Each program is
currently designed for application
the trainer is part number ET 6800. more articles and software that is available,
on Apple II· andTRS-80··.
Once you have a good understanding of the more people will buy the Atari. That
assembly language, it is easy to switch in turn will make more and better programs Please call collect today for more
from one chip to another, and the 6800 is available for all Atari owners. Don't forget information on how MCE programs
fairly close to the 6502, so do not let the Creative Computing and Sensational Soft- can aid your teaching efforts with
different chip stop you. Perhaps one of ware when you are seeking a publisher. special needs audiences.
you readers could write a 6800 emulator o

•A trademark of Apple Computer, Inc

••A trademark of Tandy Corporation

For free information and catalog,

write or call collect: (616) 345·8681

INTERPRETIVE
EDUCATION
Dept 16G
From "Never Eat Anything Bigger Than Your Head & Other Drawl"gs." Copyright B. Kllban 1976. Workman Publishing 2306 Winters Dr. Kalamazoo. MI 49002
Co., New York. Reprinted by arrangement with the publisher.
CIRCLE 208 ON READER SERVICE CARD
FEBRUARY 1981 171
 I\flple-cart
Chuck Carpenter

Correspondence Is always welcome and a

responae will be made to those accompanied
by a SASE.. Send your letters to: Chuck
Carpenter, 2228 Montclair PI., Carrollton, TX
75006.

Programming languages for the Apple a remark. Listing 1 is a simple program

II come in all sizes. There are at least written to illustrate the commands and
three versions of Basic available: Integer, symbols of Mini Pilot. Here are some of REGUEST? RUN
Applesoft, and now Microsoft Basic-80with the features of Mini Pilot.
the new Softcard. With the language card RUN OF APPLE BLOSSOMS
you can have Pascal and Fortran. languages -Commands T:, A:, M:, J:, Y or N, E:, C:,
like Forth, XPLO (experimental program- andR: HI •.•MY NAME IS APPLE II
WHAT IS YOUR NAME?
ming language zero) and Tiny Pascal are -Subroutine labels and strings
around too. Another language called Pilot -Disk SAVE, LOAD and REPLACE ?CHUCK
is available from Apple and other sources. =Named programs
DO YOU WANT TO TRY A VOWEL (V)
This language comes in a variety of sizes. -Sott entry to interpreter after exit with OR A CONSONANT (C)
Some are extended versions with lots of \BYE TYPE A 'V' OR A 'c'
power. Others are less powerful. All versions -Paddle (0) control of list speed
-Syntax error message ?V
of Pilot have common features; they use NAME A VOWEL CHUCK !
simple syntax and complicated command -Suspend listing with space bar
structures. The syntax of Pilot is elementary, =Continue listing with any key ?C
non-mathematical, and lends itself readily =Line length limit warning bell
THAT IS NOT A VOWEL CHUCK
to Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) NAME A VOWEL CHUCK !
programs. Included in this column is a Program Directives
version of Pilot that I call Mini Pilot. The These features provide you with functions ?A
language is easy to learn and is useful for to develop and use your Mini Pilot programs.
teaching beginners the basics of program- The directives are prompted with RE- THAT IS CORRECT CHUCK !!!
ming. QUEST? followed by one of several options.
The options are: DO YOU WANT TO TRY IT AGAIN ?
MINI PILOT TYPE Y FOR YES OR N FOR NO.
Mini Pilot was written in 1978 by N. -NEW -Start of a new program, asks for a
Dealy who has placed it in the public program name ?Y
domain. I obtained a copy and made a -LIST - Lists the named program currently
couple of modifications to it. The Mini in memory DO YOU WANT TO TRY A VOWEL (V)
Pilot interpreter was coded to conform to -ED IT - Allows changing a specified line OR A CONSONANT (C)
a version of Pilot described on pages 56 to number TYPE A 'V' OR A 'C'
60 in the Sept/Oct '77 issue of People's -RUN-Runs the named program ?C
Computers magazine (now Recreational . -DSA VE-Saves the named program to
Computing). Charles Shapiro, a Junior in disk NAME A CONSONANT CHUCK !

High School at the time, wrote his ver- -DLOAD- Loads the named program from ?R
.sion of the interpreter in HP3000 Basic. It disk
uses only six commands, a label des- -REPLACE-Replaces previous named THAT IS CORRECT CHUCK !!!
ignator and a designation for strings. The .program on disk with current program in
version to be described here is written in memory
DO YOU WANT TO TRY IT AGAIN?
Applesoft Basic and uses a similar- -BYE- Exits Pilot back to Basic TYPE Y FOR YES OR N FOR NO.
Apple enhanced-format. I have added Because the interpreter includes disk com-
disk capability and a command to clear mands, named programs are needed. A ?N
the screen. Here's how Mini Pilot works. NEW input to REQUEST asks for a pro-
THANKS FOR PLAYING CHUCK •
gram name. Inputs LIST and RUN use the HOPE WE CAN DO IT AGAIN SOON.
Program Features named program. EDIT lets you change
Single letter commands are used to write any line in your program. The previous ByE ••••
programs. Other symbols used in programs line is displayed on the screen too so you END OF RUN
are the asterisk (*) for labels and the dollar can see where you are. The disk command
sign ($) for strings. An option in this version DSA VE, saves on the disk, as a text file, REGUEST?
of Pilot uses the exclamation (!) to designate the current named program. REPLACE Sample Run of Apple Blossoms-Pilot Program.

172 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 THE SAGA CONTINUES ••.
IV TAWALA'S LAST REDOUBT
The cruel Emperor Tawala has been forced from
his throne on the world of Galactica and has fled Apple Galaxian - In brilliantly colored array, the
for his life to the planet of Farside, where he and Galaxians swoop down from all sides in
a small bank of adherents prepare to make their dazzlingly swift attacks to do battle upon the
last stand. Extreme solar conditions have lone defender. This faithful rendition of that most
isolated Farside from the rest of the galaxy, and popular of all bar games may drive you around
so it remains to Benthi, leader of the local insur- the bend, but think of all the quarters you'll be
rectionists, to press the final assault on Tawala saving! Apple II Integer or Plus, 48K disk, $24.95.
and his minions.
TAWALA'S LAST REDOUBT puts you in the
How to order: Ask your dealer or send check or
position of rebel leader. You must intercept and
money order for the exact retail price to:
decipher Tawala's secret messages to his sup-
porters, form alliances with local chiefs, detect ~'d
Tawala's spies in your midst, separate hard intel- W

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TRS-80 Cassette, 16K, Level II, $19.95 Visa and Mastercard accepted.
©Creative Computing TRS-80 Disk, 32K, $24.95
APPLE Disk, 48K with APPLESOFT, $29.95 We've got morel Send for our free catalog I

CIRCLE 129 ON READ R SERVICE CARD

,~ Super Invasion
~ SCORE=00f00
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HI-SCORE-e0000 Requires 48K Apple II or Apple II Plus
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Super Invasion
•• •• ••••••• I NVl1tl(P

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--_ •
--.~,--.
.•..• _ 3
running "attract mode" makes it easy to
learn and demonstrate the game. Game
APPLt"tSOFTWARE

TYPING

MATH
TEACHER

SEOUENCES
(APPLESOFT~

(teaches

(Gives
touch

hints
16K)

typing)

-euuos 10)

paddles are required. UNICOPY (Copies entire diskette using one drive)

ALL THREE PROGRAMS

8
Space War ,.;
~: PET SOFTWAAE

Take command in Space War. Select from :~\ TRS

1ll
80 SOFTWARE (Level II-16K)

five game modes, including reverse gravity,

and the battle begins. Challenge your op-
~~i~~~
ponent with missle fire, force him to collide
with the sun or to explode upon re-entry
from hyperspace. Be wary ... He may circle
out of sight and re-appear on the opposite
side of the galaxy. (This is the classic MIT
game redisgned especially for the Apple.)

GP6ativ6 Gomputinf1
To order use handy order form in the back of the magazine.
--------- CIRCLE 300 ON READER SERVICE CARD --------- •••••

FEBRUARY 1981 173

'Apple, continued ... what the program does. Since the program
Program Commands
exchanges the program on disk with the Some of the single-letter commands were is quite simple, I have not included any
current program in memory. You DSA VE mentioned briefly under features. As detailed description. Note the use of an
the program when it's NEW. After the first indicated, the commands are single letters apostrophe character at the end of a match
time, you REPLACE to resave a program. followed by a colon. Here is a description line. This delimiter is needed to show the
REQUEST of BYE exits the Apple II Mini of each Instruction, conditioner, and program where the end of the match items
Pilot interpreter and returns you to Apple- variable used by Mini Pilot. are. Figure 1 is a short demo of a program-
soft Basic. If you don't do anything else to ming sequence. This example uses many
the interpreter program at this point, you
Instructions of the program directives. There were many
eT: Type whatever is included on this line
can return to pilot via the soft entry point Pilot programs printed in people $ compu-
by typing-and executing-GOT01230. eA: Ask a question and/or wait for input. pers magazine prior to mid 1979. If you
Other features listed earlier included: A
String input is allowed with the A: command can find a library of this magazine, you
eM: Match for characters/keywords from
syntax error message if you didn't start the can see many examples of how Pilot is
line right; listing speed control with game
an input command used. Listing 2 is the Mini Pilot inter-
paddle # 1; listing suspension with the space
eJ: Jump to a labeled line as a result of a preter.
bar and continuation by pressing any key;
Match test
and a line limit warning bell to keep you
eC: Clear the screen The Interpreter
from exceeding the 39 character line length
eR: Remark or comment line Organization of the interpreter is straight-
limit. Conditioners forward. Each section is highlighted by
REGUEST? LIST
eY Condition instruction with a positive function. You can follow the program
match sequence starting with the operating system
APPLE BLOSSOMS eN Condition instruction with a negative (Pilot O.S.). As you make selections from
match the REQUEST command line, a branch is
o R:VOWELS AND CONSONANTS Variables taken to a corresponding section of the
1 C: e$= String included with the A: command. program. The actual coding and logic of
2 T:HI •..MY NAME IS APPLE II Requires a leading and trailing space
3 T: WHAT IS YOUR NAME? each section is more obscure. Since I didn't
4 T:
e*= Label or subroutine write it, I'm not going to try and explain it.
5 A: .NAME e!= Alternate for remark-R:-or com- Analysis of the code detail is left to the
8 *BEGIN ment reader. (Commonly called a cop out.)
7 T: I The program in Listing 1 uses each of the
8 T:DO YOU WANT TO TRY A VOWEL (V) Some changes are easily made though.
9 T:OR A CONSONANT (C) commands listed and the sample run shows For instance turning on a printer. Include
10 T:TYPE A 'V' OR A 'C' REGUEST? ~ code lines like the disk commands in lines
11 T: PROGRAM NAME?LOOP
12 A: 1340 to 1360. Then add a subroutine at a
13 M:V, I
O?~ convenient spot in the program. Another
14 IN:*CONSONANT l?T:THIS PROGRAM LOOPS example is the way I added the C: command
15 *VOWEL 2?J:BEGUI
18 T:NAME A VOWEL .NAME for clearing the screen; lines 2030 to 2070.
17 T: 3?~ e Got e ••
o-Ok
The disk and screen-clear changes did not
4?~
18 A: affect any of the critical interpreter code.
19 T: REGUEST? EDIT The interpreter is not too complicated.
20 M:A,E, I ,OrU, I
STARTING AT LINE? ~ Make several copies of the program before
21 TN:THAT IS NOT A VOWEL .NAME 1 T:THIS PROGRAM LOOPS
22 IN:*VOWEL 2 J:BEGIN you start experimenting. Have fun changing
23 JY :'*CORRECT it and learning something about the con-
_ Y'olt'••
oT
24 *CONSONANT 2?J:*BEGIN A:lT&II,I:5/<
25 T: struction of a programming language.
3?~
28 T:NAME A CONSONANT .NAME For those who would like to try Mini
27 T: REGUEST? !:J.§L Pilot, I have a deal. If you will send me a
28 A: good quality diskette and $2.50 for my
29 T: LOOP
30 M:B.C,D,F,G,H,J,' time and return postage, I'll make a copy
31 MN:K,L,M,N,p,a,R,' of the program and return it to you. Be
32 MN:S,T,V.W,X,Y.Z,'
o *BEGIN sure to adequately package the diskette. I
33 TN:THAT IS NOT A CONSONANT .NAME ! 1 T:THIS PROGRAM LOOPS
34 IN:*CONSONANT use Floppy Armor from Square One. You
2 J:*BEGIN
35 T: 3 E: can use two pieces of fiber board from a
38 *CORRECT box too. Cut two pieces about one-half
37 T: REGUEST? DSAVe;
38 ! SOME POSITIVE FEEDBACK inch larger than the diskette and jacket.
39 T:THAT IS CORRECT .NAME !!! REGUEST? R.b.Q8.n Then tape the edges and put it in an
4q T: PROGRAM NAME?LOQP envelope. If I don't get the money I'll keep
41 !
the diskette until you send it. If you don't,
42 T: REGUEST? REPLACE
43 T:DO YOU WANT TO TRY IT AGAIN? like typing in a long listing, I'll be as helpful
44 T:TYPE Y FOR YES OR N FOR NO. REGUEST? E.!:lli. as I can.
45 T:
48 A: RUN OF LOOP
47 T: SUPER - TEXT II
48 M:Y, I promised a review of the Super-Text
49 JY:*BEGIN THIS PROGRAM LOOPS word processor from Muse so here it is.
50 T:THANKS FOR PLAYING .NAME • THIS PROGRAM LOOPS
51 T:HOPE WE CAN DO IT AGAIN SOON. Since I started using the word processor, a
THIS PROGRAM LOOPS
52 T: THIS PROGRAM LOOPS new enhanced version has been released.
53 T:BYE •..• CO"'MoL, C!. I have also had the chance to see a couple
54 END: REGUEST? ill of others recently. My choice is still for
REQUEST? Super-Text for the kind of word-processing
, Listing 1. Example Pilot Program.
Figure 1. Example Programming Sequence and I do now. Super-Text is easy to learn, easy
1 Use of Programming Directives, to use, and easy to remember. The new

174 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 Income Property
Analysis System
Investors, SyndiCators, Brokers
EDITED BY
DAVID E. SMITH
Professional program for analyzing, pricing, and structuring deals
on apartments, retail strips, and office buildings. Extensively use-
tested in brokerage firm.
AT LAST!
A magazine devoted to Applications as Features .....
well as Technique tor the Apple COlmDutar. I. Up to 10 separate rental rates.
2. Any information can be entered as yearly,
monthly, weekly, cost per unit, cost per square
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3. Multiple financing options. Any number of
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4. Reports - income statement, cash-on-cash
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5. Saves complete data including over 50 items
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20 properties per disc.
6. Equity analysis for buyers or sellers ... many
more features!
NOW ENTERING OUR SECOND YEAR. SUBSCRIBE TODA Y! Requires TRS-80* - 32K - 1 disc $225
o YES I want to learn how to get the most out of my Apple. Send me a one year subscription.
(Canada & Mexico - $24.00.
(6 issues).

NAME:
I enclose $12.00. All other foreign countries - $36.00).

_
Advanced Business Mlcrosystems
5801 Marvin D. Love Freeway #103
ADDRESS: _
Dallas, Texas 75237 • Phone (214) 339-2108
C'TY STATE __ ---"-'P PHONE _

·registered trademark - Tandy Corporation

Send check or money order to: Apple Shoppe, P.O. Box 701, Placentia, CA 92670 or call (714) 996-0441

CIRCLE 155 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 107 ON READER SERVICE CARD

• Program automatically
TECHNICAL creates files, assigns
SERVICES output device and number
of online floppy drives,
in response to input
APPLEUSERS! Here's a special4·item oller from Beagle Bros.! prompts
* FIRST.OURAPPLECOMMANDCHART!A heavy-duty 11x17 listing of EVERY • 11 chained interactive
Applesoft, Integer and DOS Command AND its function. Indispensable to any basic programs driven
Apple user. Experiment with commands you never knew existed! • Inquire and inquire next
by master menu (in a-n sequence)
* PLUSour 36·pg APPLETIP BOOKof tricks, listings and articles on Customiz-
ing your Apple; Printing "unprintable" characters; Fixing garbaged program by part number.
lines; Converting languages; Entering machine code ... B Bros. Catalog too!
• Stores 18
---- TWO GAMESTOOl In Applesoft and Integer Basic! ----
character • Total print-outs
*GAME #1: Our real- time changeable maze game, "WOWZO"! Players seek alpha-numberic or by vendor
targets inside a moving Apple maze and try to block and trap the enemy' part # and code (with)
Animated clock, scoreboard and commands! (reg. $16.00, Winter Catalog) IS character character
*GAME #2: Coordinate and control 4 skyscraper ELEVATORS at rush hour! description masking) --
The number of passengers you deliver determines your score I You'll need a along with
computer to solve this one! (reg. $12.00, Winter Catalog)
sorted or
11 related unsorted
Wowzo & Elevators are 2 more machine language-enhanced winners from
Beagle Bros.! Designed exclusively for THE BEST micro there is! variables print.
~. • _l!mrnrscOuPoE2E~'!1D~ •••
• RUSH"Wowzo," "Elevators," the Apple Command Chart & Tip Book! ~
• 0 DISK $16,00 (BOTH Applesolt AND Integer) All Shipped First Class
I 0 CASSETIE $16,00 (SPECIFY Applesoft OR Integer) within 24 hours! I • Print-out of items below minimum stock levels -
PLEASE ADD $1.00 for First Class Shipping and Handling. • On Sale deduction from stock - Add on order receipt
I NAMES- Ami. Enclosed=~,.......,. _
• Much, much more.
I.ADDRS=- (Cal. residents, add 6% tax)
_ •
Only,201·739-4499
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I CITYS- . ZIP-. $79.95 for diskette and manual
I VISA/MASTERCARD. Include ACCOUNT NO., EXP.DATE & SIGNATURE. I $9.95 manual only (credited towards purchase)
Visa/MasterCharge welcome
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35 BROAD STREET, KEYPORT, NJ 07735 • 800-526-2819
•
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Mail to: 4315 Sierra Vista / San Diego, CA 92103 __
I
I CIRCLE 125 ON READER SERVICE CARD
CIRCLE 114 ON READ-ER SERVICE CARD
Apple, continued ...
Super-Text II is even easier to use. Many Human Factors you. I had to make changes in myoid
changes have been made to improve the Operating the new Super-Text II is much version to do this. If Muse would just come
human factors of the program. One change, easier the old version. You no longer have out with an 80 column version to work
the preview mode, was a waste of time as to be a programmer to set up the printer with my new Videx Videoterm board and
far as I am concerned. I can find no practical slot and change the program if you want make it work with DOS 3.3, things would
use for this mode. You have to do too to use lower case (assuming you have an be great. One more point. Some have found
many things to see line lengths greater adapter). These things can be done right it awkward to use the various Super-Text
than forty columns. Once you use the word from the master menu. Some help might modes. You have to exit one mode to use
processor for any length of time, you get be needed if you want to use the printing another. I have gotten used to this feature
quite good at judging how your output is replacement table. This feature lets you and now find it quite natural. Like anything
going to look. It's less involved than trying include special control functions needed else, it's easy once you understand it.
to use the new preview mode. by your printer. For instance, my printer
has two pitches, enhanced characters and Operating Features
What It Can't Do two character sets. With the replacement Earlier, five modes of operation were
In the comparable cost catagory, there table, I have included control characters mentioned. Actually, there are only three.
are only a couple of things. There is no to do these things in my manuscripts and The 'add mode and the print mode are
header, trailer or footnote capability. And, letters. You need to exit the program and used in combination. The print mode is
you can't move lines of text and paragraphs do some things in machine language to the most powerful of the operating modes.
around easily. Another 'can't do' might set-up a replacement table. The manual is In this mode you use the format codes to
include hyphenation. If you don't use right pretty clear but will be confusing to the make the printed output be whatever you
margin justification, you get very ragged, beginner. Apparently most people wanted need it to be. Within the physical restric-
ragged right. I haven't seen this capability the print mode more often than the math tions of your system of course. The entry
in other word processors either. mode. The new software loads the print of text into the word processor is free-
module first and initializes the printer for form. You do not have to be concerned
Documentation Some of the lines of the interpreter contain a bell (control G). Here is a listing of the specific lines.
Super-Text II comes packaged in a book- All these lines contain a bell between the quotes. Note that line 1450 is a control D. A null string is
represented by all other quote pairs.
size three-ring binder. The binder includes
1290 "-BYE" 2490 1111
two diskettes of premium quality and the 2570 "COMMAND ERROR"
1570 "END OF RUN"
manual. The manual is rewritten and re- 2480 1111

arranged from the original version. Most LIST Listing 2.

of the changes make the instructions easier 300 L
:1.000 REM *********~******************
to follow. One change makes it harder to J.O 1 0 REM * MINI - PILOT INTERPRETER *
use. The old manual had summary sheets H20 REM ****************************
of all the control codes at the end. Now, 10~~O :
these summary sheets are at the end of 10'10 REM CODING BY:N. DEALEY 1978
1050 REM DISC MODS BY:
each related section. You have to thumb 1.060 REM CHUCK CARPENTER 1979
through the manual to find what used to 1070 :
be all in one place. My personal preference lOBO SPEED= iz s
1. 0 'I 0TEXT : I..IOME : VTAF.:: 6: For, I ... 1 TO ,Ie;: ""IUNT "*";:
is for a users guide. Visicalc and others NEXT
have used this approach. Once you have 1100 VTAE: tI: HTAB 1:[
reasonably mastered the operation of the 11 1 0 Pf<lNT "MINI ... F'ILOT II"
1120 HTAE: 1'1: PfONI' "REV. 3.00": PF<lNT : HTAB 13: FL.ASH
software, usually you only need a quick : PF<lNT "MODS-E:Y'-CRC": Nor'MAl..
reference to bring something back to mind. 1.1::10 Pf<lNT: FOF( I - 1 TO ,,~;: PF,INT "*";: NEXT
It's much easier than thumbing through 1:1.'I 0 F:'RINT
the manual. 1.210 FOR W - 0 TO 5000: NEXT W: HOME
1220 G08UE: 2060
The manual is divided into eleven sec- 12~lO :
tions. The introduction provides you with 1240 REM *** PILOT O.S. ***
enough information to get you up and 1250 REM ******************
1260 :
running. In subsequent sections you find 1270 Pf<lNT
out how to initialize data disks, learn the :I.za 0 INPUT" f<:E(lLJEST'? "; I~lr.
five modes of operation, develop your l. :'.90 IF 1:,$ ... "BYE" THEN POI<E 216, 0: SPEED'" 25~): VTAB PEEI<
printer interface requirements, and use (:37): HTAE: :1.:3.: F'F<INT ""'BYE": END
:1.300 IF [,$ .. "RUN" THEN GOSUE: 1.470
the trade marked AUTOLINK function. 1310 IF f,~; _. "EDIT" THEN COSUE: 71:30: GOSUE: 23f:! 0
Also included are a copy program and 1320 IF f,$ _. "l.IST" THEN GOSUE: 2200
section on loading non Super-Text files. B30 IF f,~; ... "NEW" THEN GOSUE: 23'10
1:34 0 IF LEFTl, (I,~;, 7) "I\EPL.ACE" THE:N GOSUI:: 2600
This last section is only useful for loading rssu IF L.EFT$ <I'd;, ~'» "D~;AVE" THEN GDf.lLJI:: U,e;()
you own binary print driver or files from :I.3t. 0 IF LEI::·Tlr. (F'll;,~) "DL,DAD" THEN GOSUI:::>.7 60
an older compatible word processor. The 1370 GOTD :lZ'IO
UOO :
manual claims to be prepared with Super-
1390 REM *** ERROR ROUTINE ***
Text. I think the old one was but this one 1400 I\EM *********************
appears to be type-set. None-the-less, the 141.0 :
manual is well done and easy to follow. I 1420 SPEED: 255
1430 IF PEEK CZ22) - 255 OR PEEK (222) - 5 GOTD 1.740
like the new bookshelf size. Also many of :1
. .lfifO PF~INT: PF~INT I. SYSTEM EI:~r~()~{ :U:II; PEEI< (~?2~?); Ill..: II; PEEI<
the new manuals designed to contain the (ZIti) + PEEK (Z19) 256: *
F'I\INT : GOTO 12'10
diskettes have a new feature. The pocket 1'150 LET D~; _. ""
1'160 :
is formed so the diskettes can't be damaged
1'170 REM **x RUN ***
by the binder rings. Things are looking-up 1'100 REM ***********
for the software buyer. 1490 :

176 CREATIVE COMPUTING

DISCOUNT PRICES
APPLE II COMPUTERS
16K APPLE II $949.00
32K APPLE II 994.00
48K APPLE II
DISK
W I CONTROLLER
1039.00

539.00
CURE TO
DISK ONLY
APPLESOFT
INTEGER CARD
CARD
450.00
159.00
159.00
SOFTWARE
PASCAL 425.00
SILENTYPE PRINTER 525.00
PROBLEMS
RAM MEMORY
FOR TRS-80, APPLE
16KSET4116's 45.00

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE
NORTH STAR COMPUTERS Medical, Dental & Legal Systems,
HRZ-1 D-32K-ASM $2125.00
Accounting & Financial, Educational,
HRZ-2D-32K-ASM
HRZ-1 Q-32K-ASM
2475.00
2375.00
Word Processing, Office Management
HRZ-2Q-32K-ASM 2990.00
Check your Local Dealer or Contact:
VERBATIM DISKETTES
BOXOF10
BOXOF10
5'14"
8"
29.50
39.50
Chad •., mann' Allocial •.,
7594 San Remo Trail
Yucca Valley, Ca. 92284
(714) 365-9718

Apple II TRS-80 T199/4

CIRCLE 127 ON READER SERVICE CARD

APPLE II@OISKSOFTWARE IS YOUR COMPUTER PROTECTED?

If your computer does not have the built-in capability to resist brief
Professional Time and Billing high voltage spikes common in most homes. you could be
unnecessarily risking damage.
2 disk drive program, written In assembly language and applesoft II
completely menu-driven. Maintain all billing of clients and personnel. In a 125 Volt application no harm is done if the spike voltage stays
Generates Statements. Numerous reports based on all types of criteria.
below 600 volts. Spikes above this level may cause many solid
Easy data entry for rates, clients, and matters. Has search, sort, charge
(on-screen editing), view and balance forward. If you are a job state devices to fail.
contractor, attorney, accountant, general consultant, or anyone that
Common causes of voltage spikes are lightning storms and
needs to charge or account for time, this program is must. complete
turnkey operation. Numerous reports are produced to aid in the time appliances switching ON and OFF within the building.
analysis process. Holds 120 employees & up to 300 client with a max of
1600 transactions per period. All this and much more. COMPUTER KING
WITHOUT YSP·l00
' •• TECIIO' u•••" ANNOUNCES
Requires 48K and Applesoft II on ROM (or Apple II Plus).
Accommodates serial/ parallel 132 column printer. Error protection 1200 ~ _ VOLTAGE SPIKE PROTECTOR
- (VSP-100)
devices provided .. Program diskette and instruction manual-$325.00 PEA"
MAILING LIST PROGRAM-Print labels sorted or searched by 6 fields. VOLTS M.•.RG•••.l

On-screenedttlnq. Line up routine. $40.00 ••• Absorbs damaging voltage

Inventory Program-$140 .:.: transients like a sponge!
~o~--~~~~~~~
Payroll Package-$240 (Specify state) nM' 1",0" SlCI -- SATISFACTION GUARANTEED
Apartment Manager-$325
IFO-DATA BASE MANAGER-$100 ORDER NOW! Voltage Spike Protector $27.00
Accounts Payable Cash Dispersments-$180 Postage & Handling 1.50
FROM: TN Res. Add 6%
Send check/money order to: Name _
COMPUTER KING
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY for 6709 B KINGSTON PIKE Address _

COMPUTERS (STC) KNOXVILLE. TN 37919 City SIt-----Zip_

.N

P.O. Box 428

Belmont MA 02178 ( COMPUTER
or available from your local dealer
, KING®
CIRCLE 210 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 133 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FEBRUARY 1981 177

Apple, continued ... 1 su 0 FOR I • 0 TO NVI FOR 11 - 0 TO 1111(11,1) e NEXT 1111+

I NEXT
about the 40 column limitation of the screen. 1s 10 Cl "' 0
Words longer than the remaining length 1520 PFO:NT PRINT "RUN OF ";CPI: PFn:NT : PF~:rNT
of the line are moved to a new line . Words 1::i30 FOR A 0 TO MX::rF LEN (PI(O,A» - 2 AND RIGHTI
(PI(O,A),l) < > MI GOTO 1560
are not broken at the end of a line. I have 1~i10 FOR C2 - 1 TO 6: IF LEFTI (PI(O,A),l) - SI(C2) THEN
heard this called the 'mind-dump stream ON C2 GOSUB 1590,1660,1820,1910,2020,2090
of consiousness' concept. The idea being 1 ss 0 NEXT C2
that you can just type what you're thinking. 1:560 NEXT A
1~)70 PFn:NT : PRINT : PF~INT "END OF F<UN": RETUf~N
The format can be easily added later. I do 1580
a combination of things. Somethimes I 1~:;90 F~EM )tOtO" ASf( )I()I()I(
just type away so I don't lose my train of 1600 I~EM )I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I(
1610
thought. Other times I put the paragraph 1620 FOR Z • 1 TO LEN (PI(l,A»
and format markers hi as I go. Additionally, 1630 IF MIDI (PIO,A),Z,ll "' "I" THEN :U(O,Cl.)" MIDI
the math mode is not used independently. (PI(l,A),Z): HTAB 1: INPUT II(l,C1):ZI = :r1(l,Cl):C
1 " Cl + 1: RETURN
You have to load the math module in :1.610 NEXT Z: HTAB 1: INPUT ZI: RETURN
place of the print module to use it. 1.6~iO
1660 REM )I()I()I( TYPE )I()I()I(
The Cursor Mode 1670 REM )I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I(
1.680
All of the other Super-Text modes are 1690 HTAB 1
entered from the cursor mode. While in :L700 FOR Z = 1 TO LEN (PI(I,A»
the cursor mode, there are forty-two key :l710 IF MIDI (Pl(l,A),Z,:Ll ""I" GOlD 17:30
1720 NEXT ZI GOSUB {800: RETURN
combinations to load and save files, move 1730 FOR Z1. - Z TO LEN (PI(l,A» + 1
the cursor, move text, delete text, find and :L710 IF MIDI (PI 0, A) ,ZI,1) '" " "em MID!; (PI 0, A) ,Z1
replace text, query the system, do block ,1) '" "" GOTO 1760
17::;0 NEXT Zll GOSUB 1800: RETURN
operations, use the split screen, do three :1.760VI = MIDI (PI(l,A),Z,Zl - ZI
special functions, enter other modes, and :l770 FOR H = Cl i TO 0
exit Super-Text to Basic. Don't be alarmed :L7BO IF VI = II(O,H) THEN PRINT MIDI (Plll,A),l,Z
by the number of key combinations. Some );:U(ldn; MIDI (Pl(l,A),Z1, LEN (Pt,(l,A» Zl'"
): I~ETURN
are used infrequently and others are the t790 NEXT HI GOTO 1720
same in other modes. You willfind yourself 1000 PRINT PI(I,A): RETURN
using only a few combinations all the time 181.0
:1.1320REM )I()I()I( MATCH )I()I()I(
and others only once in a while. :1.8,)0REM )I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I(
11310
The Add and Print Modes :l8~iOMI '" "N" :Ej. "' 1.
In the add mode, there are fourteen key 1.860 FOR E • 1 TO LEN (PI(l,A»
1870 IF MIDI (PI(l,A),E,l) Dl1 GOTO 1890
combinations to use upper and lower case, lSBO GIHO 1'11.0
start a new line or a paragraph, ditto and 1890 IF MIDI (P$(l,A),U.,E Ell '"ZI THEN MI "' "Y": RETUI~N
fill space, tabbing and justification, and
1900 [1 E + 1
exit the add mode. You return to the cursor 1910 IF MIDI (F'!r.<:l,A),E,2) '" " "em MUH (P!;(l,A),E,:L
mode by pressing the key marked ESC ) = "" THEN RETUF<N
twice. Print mode is the mode that makes 1920 NEXT EI RETURN
Super-Text powerful. Format and printer 1930
1910 REM )I()I()I( JUMP )I()I()I(
control are established in the add mode 1950 REM )I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I(
using seventeen key combinations. With l'no
these combinations, you can format and 1970 FOR D • 0 TO MX
tab, number and text, turn the printer off 1980 IF PI(O,D) < GOTO 2000
1990 IF MIDI (PI(1,A),1,10) MIDI (PI(I,D),1,10) THEN
and on under program control, and use A = D: I~ETUFm
the user definable replacement table. 2000 NEXT [)
There are also sixteen default conditions 2010 PF(INT: Pf~INT "JUMP TO UNFOUND LABEL. FF(OM LINE ~,,,;
A: POP : 1'~ETLJf~N
you can set from the main menu during 2020
initial boot. These options can be your 2030 REM )I()I()I( CLEAR SCREEN )I()I()I(

most used requirements during printing. 2010 REM )I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I(

20~:;O
The format line can then be used to make 2060 PRINT I HOME
local changes in the text during develop- 2070 F(ETUI~N
ment. 2080
2090 REM ~)I()I( END )I()I()I(
2100
Change Mode 2110 A - MX: RETURN
21.~?O
In the change mode, you have thirteen
2130 REM )I()I()I( EDIT )I()I()I(
key combinations for cursor movement 2110 REM )I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I()I(
(same as cursor mode and non-destructive), 21~jO
text movement, deleting text and changing ~~160 INF'UT "STAFn:rNG AT L.INE? ";C
2t70 IF C THEN PfHNl C ._.1; TAB ( Z IiPI( 0,C .-.1);DO
text. The change mode is useful for editing I;PI(l,C 1): PRINT c; TAB( Z);PI(O,C);DOI;PI(l,C)
text that is incorrect. Use the add mode to
start new text or add more text into existing 2180 F~EnmN
text. 21'10
2200 REM )I()I()I( L.IST )I()I()I(
2210 REM ************
Math Mode ~?Z20
This mode is used to perform calcula- 22~,0 IF CPI '" "" THEN RETURN
2210 PRINT I INVERSE : HlAB 8: PRINT CPI: NORMAL. F'f~INT
tions on numbers in a file or to act as a

178 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 NEW MUSIC SOFTWARE
Strategy Games MINI-KEYS
TRS-80 LEVEL II (16K)

play 7 octaves like any keybd.

Cassette CS-4003 $11.95 4 Programs Requires 16K Apple II or Apple II pius instrument. 100's of speeds. $12.95

ReKord - hear prerecorded data play.

Stars & Stripes Forever, Hallelujah! $16.95

MYTEE MUSIC - assemble over 3000 tones

in a music score. E-Z to use. E-Z to edit.
Whole notes thru 1/64, dotted & triplet.
100's of speed signatures. Instruction
booklet makes program fun to use!
u MYTEE
MYTEE
MUSIC-l
MUSIC'2
good
better
$14.95
$29.95

MYTEE MUSIC-1 good $14.95

MYTEE MUSIC-2 better $29.95
MYTEE MUSIC-3 best $44.95
Blockade. Build a wall to trap your opponent, UFO. Use lasers, warheads or guns to des- (add $5.00 for disc)
but don't hit anything. troy an enemy spacecraft.
MYTEE MUSIC
P.O. Box 2432
Evansville, IN 47714

1111 CIRCLE

TAXMAN
227 ON READER SERVICE CARD

AHDROID HIM COMPUTER

16 AHDROID HIM'S TURH 26

Comprehensive computerized tax sys-
tem for 0.5.1. Developed and imple-
mented since 1972. System proven by
Skunk. A 2-player strategy game played Genius. A fast-moving trivia quiz with scores
with dice, skill and luck. of questions. many thousands of tax returns having
been processed. Over 25 federal sche-
dules, some state schedules. System
compares to any system on the market

Cassette CS-4004 $11.95

Brain Games 7 programs Requires 16K Apple II or Apple II Plus
and is better than most. System is 75 to
80 percent less expensive per return
than other systems. Returns can be
computed while client waits, or over-
night. Excellent for C.P.A.s, lawyers, tax
services, bookkeeping services or
anyone who does tax returns.
Call TAXMAN at
(801) 485-2122 or (801) 487-9292
Or write Taxman,
1566 South Main, SlC, Utah 84115
CIRCLE 205 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ATARI 800
Dodgem. Be the firstto move all your pieces
across
Nuclear Reaction. A game of ski II, fast SOFTWARE!
» ,~-I)ll1t"~lUHHL bRHf'HICS"':'t..K~: I U\..6/',iII on ~T':'RI BHSIC

game.~the board in this intriguing~ strategy decisions and quick reversals of position. USIng I1Ul.HCOUJR HI-f(ES
,1,anUClI' \ >jt( '.0 4t4K'.ONLY
GrM>n'CSII
:J:i::~.~
12 Pf"G9f'aIII'i aI"Id
+:1'1.50 Pl!,n. U,-;K:$~e
~£. pa9t"

belOW

>:>:> AT~1 01$1( IHOEHTORY &~let1 : <!=I~ la~t-' II 1611. I1ln. «o.
:>:>HO'-":~ Wlt.r. 00$.2$ (11lC.uaed). \Jer!i.on Of) DISKETTE OHLY«
:>:> I)IPr"" PowerfUl I t •••• Onl':l- .1~.95 +"5.80 for dlSklit-te. -c

R T Y :»>

>::»
HUM':>US
;;.;;.:> •••

Huni'US
:>:>;;. (Tk4Ivs
AOU€NTURE
el'", popUlar 9ame-

AOVEtHURE
&K /lOre
- Gr~PnICS
16K ve,·,.,on

2 - EXP~O
t.lo>an eecve!
il. 'iouno act-,on
.••• $14.&5

UERSIOHI.
) •. 241<. .17.95
I
9ao1oe !' «
+.f'.8t> pg.h «cc

PI~r.
+S.~
ccc
PII,h c-cc

F G H
» OOrlN f"":: TREN(;H-fast. 9r.ap""cs ll.'iO\Jnd 9a.1'teS. 2 versIon':.
inclUded. uses 1 Jo':!st.;Ck: •• 8K to 24K •• SI6.95 +$.95 Pll<h ccc

»:> SlIt3MIlRlNE MIHEFIELO - Nav,.g.at.or. For 1 or .2 p'...,e,·'5o«<

>:> R.qu,res 1 or 2 JOI,Ist..cks •••• Sk •..•.• 9.95 +$.95 pt.h ccc

THNI('5 - !3rapnlC'io 9~ •••••••

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U B N
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» ~q""res only 81( ,neoroor'J •..••.. only - .9.95 + •• 9:) pg.h «

»:::':-0 I1Eo--eHRttI 006FI6HT RHO FLIGHT SltiULATOR!!: Uses HI-

RES In 4 COlor'i _ 1 JoY"it.ICkt! •• 16K•••\6.95 +S.SS p&n«

• ~~ TURH >:» PROGR~H S~PLER .1- FOUR Gr.-pn;c'!. il. 9am02 pr09!"a.lIS! ,«<
» SuPrlse PiKk.ge for Sk and 16k •.• onl.., "9.95 +".9~ Pl!.h«
BHLLUU~ POP 3. j)¥1..0t4 RHCER - Vou cont.ro
:>;;. I lone P ._, ~ c-cc
> U'!.~,. 161';. grapt.iC6 " 1 JOIoISt.,ck •• J~'" .14.95 +.t.95 M,n <

Parrot. A Simon-type game with letters and Midpoints and Lines. Two colorful graphics » HORO GAMES
:>:> Requlre~
-!3ueS~lt. g. JU~II>,e
16K t;e,lIOr" •••• BOlo •.• for
t.0get.kerl
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1 or 2 Player'i<
+ s,
95 Pg.h c

tones. Dueling digits is a version with num- demonstrations. Tones lets you make music
bers. I and sound effects. »>
»Hllo'"
tiARiJI.II:lRE' I:
:,oft.warel'
OIRECT
.••..
SO\JNlI
HI'
OUTPuT
for .)•••
~t.-
CABLE I o:jt. laSlo!
:ft7.S5 +:fI.~:5 p~n«
I,
<cc

>:> ALL SOFTHARE SUf>PLIED

HOTE: HITH A HANuHL II. LISllNba «
Strktegy and Brain Games are also available on one 32K Apple disk (CS-4502) for t'r()9r'_~ on OIS": for 1'5.90 .xt.ra Pt=.:R OROER. Ex\:EPT
»> C.' tforn,a reS,dent.s Please
l'Slo riolO
inc tUde bY, sa •• s tax. -c-cc

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Apple, continued ... 2250 praNT
2260 FOR A a 0 TO MX: IF PEEK ( - 16381) :> 127 THEN POKE
direct fifteen digit calculator. To use this - 16368,01 WAIT - 16381,128,0: POKE - 16368,0
mode you have to load it in place of the 2270 IF P$(O,A) '" "" AND PS(l,A) na "" GOTD 2320
print module. This can be done from the 2280 SPEED- 255 PDL (0): IF A ( a 9 THEN HTAB 2
menu by using a control L from the cursor 2~~90 IF r:'$( 0 ,A) ( :> "" THEN PFUNT AI: HTAE: 5: PFUNT I'"
$(O,A)IDOS;PS(l,A): GOTO 2310
mode. If your text requires computation 2300 PRINT AI-I HTAE: 1: PRINT PS(l,A)
of tabulated data then you will find this 2310 NEXT A
module useful. My work does not require 2320 SPEED= 255: RETURN
2330
calculations so I have not used the math 2310 REM *** NEW ***
mode. 2350 REM ***********
2360
Autolink 2370 C ,~ 0: INPUT "pr(()Gr~AM CP$: FOR A '" 0 TO MX: For~
NAME!''';
Al '" 0 TO UP!HA1,A) '" "": NEXT: NEXT
Here's another one I haven't used yet. 2380 PRINT: FOR A = C TO MX: IF A ( 9 THEN HTAE: Z
An example would be if my column used 2390 PFUNT All HTAE: 3: PRINT "!''';
more space than available memory (There 2'100 AS '" " ": FOR I = 2 TO LL.
2110 GET All: IF ASC (All) _ 8 AND I :> 2 THEN PRINT CHRS
is a little over 20K bytes available in RAM
(8);:1 - I - 1: GOTO 2110
memory. This equates to about fifteen 2120 IF ASC (All) 8 AND I' a 2 THEN PRINT: GOTO
doubled spaced pages at ten characters 2390
per inch.) The Autolink feature would be 2130 IF ASC (All) 3 THEN PRINT: RETURN
2110 IF ABC (A1S) 21 THEN POKE 36, PEEK (36) + 1: GOTO
used to link the next section to the first. 2'180
This way you can make your text as many 2450 IF ASC (AU) is GOTO 2:'500
pages as a disk can hold. An example of a 2160 IF ASC (A 1 $) "::- - 97 AND ASC (All) ( 122 THEN
All = CHR$ ( ABC (AU) ---~~2)
phone list linked from list to list is included 2170 PfaNT AUI :AI LEFTI (AI.I - 1) + All + MIOS (A
on the disk. I've tried it so I know it works. 1,1 + 1,:36)
2180 IF I '"LL - 5 OR I - L_L..-. 1 THEN PRINT 1111+
,
Conclusion 2'190 NEXT I: Pf~INT ""
zsno PRINT :AS = RIGHTS (AS, LEN (AS) - 1)
For my applications, I have found Super- 2510 IF AS - "DONE" THEN RETUI~N
Text more than adequate. I have not found 2520 IF AS '" "EDIT" THEN GOSUE: 21:30:A C -- 11 GOTD 2~)
a need for the more exotic and complicated 80
2530 IF LEFTS (A$,1) ,~ "*" OF~ LEFT!r,(AI, 1) '" "I" THEN
features. The ease of use is a definite plus P$(O,A) '" "":PIO,A) '"AS: Gcrro 25BO
for this word processor. And the software ;!.5.lfO FOR E:- 1 TO LEN (AI)
is practically goof proof too. You can easily Z~5:~;0 IF MIDI (A$,B,l) = DOl THEN PI(O,A) LEFTI (AS,
recover from a RESET. And going in and B - 1)IPI(l,A) = MIDI (AS,e + I, LEN (AS) B + 2)
: GOTO Z~jOO
out of the program to make changes to the 2~:;60- NEXT ~;:
replacement table has always worked for 2~S70 PFUNT "COMMAND EF~ROf~": A .,A ---1
me-no crashes. Muse has now adopted 2~.:;BO NEXT A: f~ETUf~N
2~)90
the policy of sending two diskettes with 2600 REM *** REPLACE ***
the system. This is a definite improvement 2610 REM ***************
over their previous policy. Should you ;!.620
2630 F'f~INT[)S;"UNI...OCF(";CPI: PRINT 01;; "DELETE" ICPI
damage a disk, you can keep going while 26'10
you obtain a replacement. The replacement ;!.b50 REM *** DISK SAVE ***
cost is with proof of purchase during the 2bbO REM *****************
first year. You are on your own after that. Z670
26BO FOR A - MX TO 0 STEP - 1: IF P$(O,A) "" AND p!~(
Since I have calculated that a disk isn't I,A) "" THEN NEXT
likely to wear out for over eight years, this Z690 PRINT OSI"DPEN"ICP$
policy doesn't make sense. If you damage 2700 PfGNT DI I"wrUTE"; CPI
27l.0 FOR I = 0 TO ~: PRINT P$(O.I): PRINT CHRI (31)11"'1
the disks after the first year, presumably (l.DI ums (~H): NEXT
you have to spend the full price all over 2720 PfOHl' D~>;"CL.OSE";CPI
again. Muse's replacement policy is as good 2730 F'f~INT01; "L.OCf("; CP$
:>'7'10RETURN
as I've seen. However, support of software 27~;O
for more than a year at some nominal cost 2760 REM *** OISK L.OAD ***
would be helpful. You can find Super- 2770 REM *****************
Text II at your computer for $150. 27BO
2790 INPUT "PFWGfMM NAME!'''IU:'!.
2BOO PRINT D$ I"OPEN"; CP1;
PROGRAMMING HELP 2010 PRINT IH;"READ";CPI
Several people have written to me asking 2BZO FOR I a 0 TO MXI INPUT P$(O,I),PI(l,I): NEXT I
2830 PRINT DI;"CLOSE"ICPI
for help on different programs included in 2B10 RETURN
the Apple Cart. I want to provide all the 28:::;0
help I can but ...Trying to analyze a program 2B60 REM *** INITIALIZE ***
2070 REM ******************
without seeing it is tough. It's got to be a 2fJ80
lot like trying to diagnose a patient who's 2B91l ()NERRGOT() :1.:390
at home. If you are going to write, also 2900 00$ ::::":II:D1$ ::::
IItll

include a diskette with a copy of the program 2910 MX • 99:LI... • 36:NV a 19

2920 DIM PI(1,99),II(l,19),SS(7)
on it. This way I can see what's happening 2930 LET DI. CHR$ (4): REM (CTRL.) D
as it happens. Also, most of the problems 2910 DATA A,T.M,J,C,E
;!'9~jO FOR I = 1 TO 6: REAO S$(I): NEXT
have been typos. If you willsend the diskette
2960 PFUNT
with return postage, I'll try to find the 2970 F'F~INT[)$;"NOMON I.O.C": HOME
problem, fix it if I can, and return it to you. 29BO PRINT
We can both save a lot of time and your 2990 F~ETURN
]
frustrations this way. 0

180 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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 fact that when one player throws a double position there are roughly 40 possible ways
COf.respondence: is welcome. (1,1) or (2,2), etc., he makes two sets of of making each move but that in typical
Letters with interesting quest;. moves, as though he had thrown four game positions (assuming sensible play)
ions and idea$ will be used in the . individual dice. This can be accounted for the number drops to around 17. So from
columnaJong with a response .. easily enough by calculating every possible the root of the tree the program can choose
No personal replies can be way of playing the double throw, and from the moves MI, M2, ... , M17. Let us
made. Send to: David Levy, 104 making each of these ways into one branch assume that we first examine move M I. In
Hamilton Terrace, London NW8 of the tree. a one-ply search we would apply the
9UP, England evaluation function to the resulting
position and back up the score S 1 to the
Probabilistic Trees root of the tree, assigning to S the value of
BACKGAMMON the best score found so far.
Once the search extends beyond one
The game of backgammon introduces ply, the trees become probabilistic. We After the program makes move MI,
special problems into the tree search. Some have already encountered such trees in its opponent throws the dice. The move
of these problems are caused by the fact another form, earlier in this series. The tree MI,(II) corresponds to the opponent
that, before sjhe decides what move to in Figure I will enable the reader to under- throwing double 1 after the program has
make, a player must throw a pair of dice stand the problem. played M L Thus, there are 21 possibilities
and only then will sj he know which Let us assume that it is the program's to consider after the program makes the
'moves' are legaL The very fact that two turn to move from the root of the tree after move M L Associated with each of these
dice can be thrown in 21 different ways the dice have been thrown. Berliner has possibilities there is a probability measure.
gives rise to an enormous branching factor calculated that in an average board Pu r) corresponds to the probability ofthe
and this is the source of the second major S
pro blem, In this month's article we
consider how these problems might best be
approached. We also examine a strategy
for determining when to make or accept a
A choice
double. of approx,
The opening move of a backgammon 17 moves
game is easy for a computer program.
etc.
Depending on how the dice appear, there
are set moves which have been shown by
experience to be best. The program merely
stores these moves in a table and makes the
move corresponding to the particular fall
of each die. It is what happens after the first 21 throws
move that is interesting. Let us first of the dice
consider a program which performs only a
one-ply search.
The program need not begin to 'think'
until after the dice have been thrown, since
it is only then that its possible moves are
known. For a one-ply search there is little
difference between a backgammon pro-
gram and a chess program - an evaluation
function provides a score for the terminal
M1,(II),1 Figure I. One move by the program and one by its opponent.
nodes and the program chooses the move
which leads to the highest scored terminal
node. We shall discuss the evaluation
process in more detail later in this article.
Here it is only necessary to comment on the

182 CREATIVE COMPUTING

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FEBRUARY 1981 183

Games, continued ...
best move that the program can make. argument, which involves some approxi-
After calculating the scores and backing- mation and hence some risk. But I doubt
opponent throwing a double I (which is
up to SI, the program knows the va.lue of that it will give rise to serious errors,
1/36). P(l2) is the probability of throwing a
making the move M 1. It then begms to It seems reasonable to argue that if, in
I and a 2 (which is 1/18). In fact the
look at the move, M2, and it calculates the position A, the results of n of the 21
probability of throwing each particular
score S2 by adding: (1/36 x S2,(II» + (1/18 possible throws add up to something bett~r
double is 1/36 and the probability of each
x S2,(12» + (1/18 x S2,(13» + ... and ~ince than the results of the same n throws m
of the other possible combinations of the
M I is better than M2, the score S I will be position B, then position A is better than
die is 1/ 18.
higher than S2 (I have assumed that we are position B. This is certainly true when
Let us see what happens if the
following the normal convention under n=21, and it is least likely to be true when
program's opponent throws a double I.
which high scores are good for the n= I. Readers can experiment to see how
He then has the choice of the (roughly) 17
program and low, or negative, scores are low n can become without producing large
moves which we denote by MI,(II),I,
good for its opponent). . . errors in comparing nodes. The important
MI,(II),2 ... MI,(lI),17. For each of these 17
To determine that SI will be higher thing to remember is that we choose a
moves the program applies its evaluation
than S2, if we examine M I before M2 it will 'cross section' of possible throws - at least
function to the resulting position, and the
be necessary to sum all 21 terms in the one throw with a I,one throw with a 2, and.
best of the 17 scores is backed-up to S 1,(11).
expression for S2. But what happens if we so on. The absolute minimum number of
Corresponding to the opponent's throw of
examine the moves in the reverse order, throws to be compared is three, for
a 1 and a 2 there are once. again some 17
with the worst move being examined first? example I and 2, 3 and 4, 5, and 6. I would
moves: MI(12),I, MI,(12),2 ... MI,{l2),17,
To show that MI6 is better than MI7 it will expect it to be that if SI,(l2) + SI,(34) +
each of which has its own associated score.
not necessarily be essential to add all 21 S I,(56)> S2,{l2) + S2(34) + S2,(56), then
The best of these scores is backed-up to
terms in the expression for S16. It might be SI >S2.
SI(l2).
the case that after adding only 18 of the Of course there would be exceptions
Once we know the values of the scores
terms, the score would already be better to this generalization, but the number of
SI,(lI), SI(12), ... SI,(66), we would like to
than that of S17. From that point on it is no exceptions ought to be a small price to pay
back-up these scores to S I so that S I
longer important in the relationship for cutting down the possible throws ofthe
represents the best of these scores. But the
between MI6 and MI7 whether the three dice from 21 to only 3.
program's opponent cannot choose how
remaining terms in the expression for SI6 When we consider a deeper tree,
the die will fall and so he is unable to
add up to a relatively small or large which takes into account the first two
choose whether S I has the value of S I,(ll)
number. We know for certain that SI6 is moves by the program and the first reply
or some other backed-up value. The actual
larger than S17. Unfortunately, the whole by its opponent, instead of examining a
merit of the node at a depth of one-ply is,
of the pruning process is not this simple. In three-ply sequence we are, in fact, looking
therefore, not the merit of the best node at
order to know that SI5 is greater than SI6 at a five-ply probabilistic tree. The number
two-ply, but a weighted sum of the two-ply
we do need to know the exact total of the of nodes on this tree will already be so large
scores - the weightings corresponding to
21 terms in S16. So how can we afford to that, without alpha-beta pruning, it is very.
the probabilities of the various throws of
prune certain parts of the tree? - doubtful whether a micro-program can
the die. Thus, there is a probability of 1/36
The answer lies in an analogy search it within an acceptable time span,
that the program's opponent will be able to
choose for his value of S I and backed up
score S 1,(II). There is a probability of 1/ 18 S
that the program's opponent will be able to
choose for SI the value of SI,(12). And so
Program's
on. The actual score which should be
move
assigned to S I is therefore:
SI = (1/36 x SI,(lI» + (1/18 x SI,{l2» + (First ply)
(1/18 x SI(l3» + ...

The Size of Tree and How to Cope with it

It will already be clear that, in order to
perform the equivalent of a two-ply search,
the program must do a lot of three-ply Second
ply
work. Some of this work is very fast: the
moves at the second-ply are nothing more
than the throw of the die and these remain
fixed for the whole game, as do their
probabilities; they can be stored in a simple
table. But the choice that arises after the
throw requires a legal move generator,
which may also be table driven but which
increases the branching factor to approxi-
mately 17 x 21, or 357, though this number
can rise to over 800. Since it is impossible Third
to choose how the dice will fall, the alpha- ply
beta algorithm has no place in the tree Figure 2. A three-ply search - already the tree is enormous.
search. The program must examine every
possibility from a node before backing-up. Move

There is, however, another method of

pruning the tree, which in some ways is
analogous to alpha-beta pruning.
Let us assume that M I is, in fact, the

184 CREATIVE COMPUTING

and alpha-beta pruning is not possible blockades is a particularly powerful .it will be better to double at 0.7 and keep
because of the nature ofthe tree - a player strategy if it can be successfully adopted your opponent in the game (if he assumes
does not have complete freedom of choice because it prevents the opponent from that he still has some chance he will be less
because of the dice. The tree in Figure 2 moving unless he is lucky enough to roll likely to resign, and you will win twice as
will illustrate the magnitude of the high numbers from a point just on one side much). Of course if both players can
problem. Since none of the scores at any of the blockade. Berliner's program calculate perfectly one will always resign
ply can be known until all successor moves considers every combination of from zero when the other doubles, and neither will
from that node have been examined, there to seven blockading points (seven is the double until the 'correct' moment.
is no way that alpha-beta can be employed. maximum number possible, since each side Backgammon books give quite a lot of
Of course forward pruning IS always has only 15 men), at a distance offrom one useful information on when a player
possible, using either the apparent merit of . to 12 points in front of each man. It should double and when a double should
a node as measured by the evaluation employs a table of these blockading be accepted. This makes the programmer's
function or the backed-up merit as patterns to store the number of rolls of the task easier, and helps to reduce the element
determined from an extra ply of look- dice that could legally be played by the side of skill in the game below its normal tiny
ahead (which would be slow) but this is all who is trying to pass the blockade. This amount. My own view ofthe game is that it .
that one can do. number indicates the extent to which each is rather shallow, with virtually no scope
man is blockaded. .for brilliant or imaginative play but with
When the two sides' men become features that allow a fast mind to score a
The Evaluation Function
disengaged, the 'running game' begins, so steady though slight advantage 'against a
Backgammon can be divided into two called because each player's men run as player with a lesser facility for calculation.
distinct stages. For most of a game the two fast as possible towards the inner (or It can be a fun game to program, with.
sides are 'engaged.' That is to say, there are home) table. At this stage of the game it is plenty of scope for neat graphics work and
one or more opposing men standing possible to estimate fairly accurately the the problem of coping with the enormous
between one or more men and the inner probability that a particular player will win trees certainly makes it a challenge to the
table. Once this stage is over the two sides the game by bearing off all his men before serious games programmer. 0
are 'disengaged,' and the game becomes a his opponent is able to do so. One method
race to 'bear off' all of one's men; the first of doing this is to 'count' the position - Bibliography
player to do this is the winner. simply add up the number of steps each Berliner, H. Experiences in Evaluation with BKG
During the. engaged stage there are man must take before he can bear off, - A Program that plays Backgammon Proceedings of
the fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial
two features of paramount importance. assuming no wasted motion. This count Intelligence 1977= pp. 428-433.
Berliner, who as well as being a former can be employed in a simple table to Keeler, E.B., & Spencer, J. Optimal Doubling in
World Champion at correspondence chess determine the odds of winning, and such Backgammon Operations Research. Vol. 23, No.6,
is also the world's leading backgammon tables are found in most backgammon Nov-Dec 1975, pp. 1063-1071.
programmer, calls these feaures 'Blot books. For example, the books will tell you
Danger' and 'Blockading Factor.' A blot is that if your count is 60 and your lead over
a single man on a point, which is liable to your opponent is four when it is your turn ~Ii:MEMORY
·be 'hit' by an opposing man landing on the to roll, the odds are eight to five in your
same point. The blot is then sent off the favor. Until the last few moves of the game, FOR YOUR DISK
board onto the bar, and must remain there when special heuristics apply, it is
until that player throws a dice in such a relatively simple for the program to decide TWICE THE BYTE
way as to allow the man on the barto move which men to move and in many situations
to a point which is not blockaded by the it will make no difference. But it is just in
WITH OUR $25.95 KIT
opponent. By hitting many of your this stage of the game that the complica-
·opponent's blots you force many of his tion of the doubling cube becomes of
INSTANTLY DOUBLES
men onto the bar and thereby slow down paramount importance. DISK CAPACITY
his progress around the board. Berliner's Backgammon is traditionally played
blot danger feature finds the optimal way for stakes. One of the essential elements of Kit includes special tool and
to play every potential roll of the dice so as a backgammon set is a cube with the
to hit the greatest number of blots, or to hit . numbers, 2,4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 on the faces. instructions for 5%" & 8"
the most advanced blot(s) if there is a If a player feels that he has a good chance floppies.
choice of equally powerful plays. of winning he may put the cube with the 2
It is a relatively easy matter for the face uppermost, at which point his Call collect to order
program to compute the probability of one opponent must either resign or agree to
side or the other landing on a point where play the game for double the usual stake. 1-305-942-4013
his opponent has a blot. Clearly the blot Having accepted a double a player may, ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.
danger feature must use such a calculation later in the game, double again, by turning 904 s.w. 2nd Place
in order to arrive at an accurate estimate of the 4 face uppermost. This process may Pompano Beach, FL 33060
danger, which in turn will discourage the continue until the players are wagering 64
·program from making moves which leave times the original stake - people have won TO ORDER:
Please phone using ViSA and Master Card.
vulnerable blots. In any game where and lost fortunes through the doubling Or send ceshier's check. money order or
chance plays a part it is impossible to be cube. personalcheck tallow 14 business days to clear'.
sure that a particular strategy will be fool- Not surprisingly, statisticians have "All prices plus $2 p~age and handling. Florida
proof, but it makes good sense to play with calculated formulae which indicate when a
the odds. player should double and when a double
I residents add sales tax.
Total enclosed: $. ...:- _ I
The notion of a blockade is very should be accepted and these formulae are I 0 Personal Check 0 Money order or Cashiers Check I
important in impeding the progress of your obviously easier for a program to apply
0 VISA 0 MASTERCHARGE(Bante No..... "1'
opponent's men, since an enemy man than for a human. There is, however, an I Acct. NO.
Signature
Exp. Date __
I
cannot land on a blocked point (i.e., a important psychological aspect to I Print Name
Address___________ I
point with two or more of your own men doubling. If most players, double when I City _
on it). Setting up a succession of adjacent their probability of winning is around 0.6,
I State -------- Zip --- I
185
-------------
CIRCLE 103 ON READER SERVICE CARD
 nately, this method forces you to solidify
Effective Writing Barbara Schwartz your ideas so early in the game that poten-
tially better angles will be blocked out as
you proceed from I.A.1 to I.A.2, and
again paralyzes many people as they wait

Getting Around for the "perfect" outline to take form.

Another misconception is that you
must start at the beginning and proceed
merrily to the end in rigid sequential

the Block order. Many writers, therefore, find them-

selves absolutely immobilized as they sit
and wait for the perfect lead, or agonize
endless hours on section C, when they
could have breezed through section D.
So, if you have a great idea for the ending,
start there. If you have to, start some-
where in the middle and work backwards
and forwards. Many times you'll find that
perfect lead buried somewhere else in the
piece, all ready for a block move!
Of course, now that you have overcome
your fear of writing and are zinging along,
this doesn't mean that you should just take
your freewrites and ship them off. The
work is just beginning-the rewriting, cut-
ting, rearranging, etc.
But since you now have some kind of
draft to work with, you can use those
hours you would have previously spent
watching the cursor and biting your nails
to be as much of a perfectionist as you like
about the final copy.
If you've read this short introduction to
some of the newer "blockbusting" tech-
Whether you have to write business let- really a writer. niques, and you're still sitting there watch-
ters, magazine articles, or the documenta- One way to do this is called the free- ing the cursor blink, you might want to
tion for your latest programs, you've prob- write. Set a timer for a given length of learn some others from one of the three
ably faced writer's block, and that time-say 5 or 10minutes-and write con- books that go into more detail.
gnawing fear that you'll never be able to tinuously for that period, whether or not Writing Without Teachers (Peter
think of anything to say. And the fact that you feel that you're saying anything mean- Elbow, Oxford University Press, NY,
we now suffer facing a blank CRT rather ingful. Write notes to- the milkman (or 1973) discusses freewrites with many de-
than a blank piece of paper hasn't made it your favorite computer magazine), or tails on how to use them to write, to find
one bit easier to take. But if you go about write about why you feel you can't write, subjects for writing, etc. The author also
it properly, writing can be at least pleas- or why you may not want to write. But describes what he calls teacherless writing
ant, if not euphoric, and disarrange your keep writing until the timer goes off. classes, a way of getting together with
stomach lining as little as possible. When you look over your free write (or other writers to help each other improve
A common writer's problem that can nonstop, as it's sometimes called), you (Someone doesn't have to be a profes-
produce almost total paralysis is the feel- may find one or two ideas pertinent to sional instructor to tell you that he can't
ing that you have to produce perfect prose your topic. These can be the foundation figure out paragraph three, but that he
each time you write. So you wait and wait for either a first draft, or another free- likes the joke at the end!)
for the muse to strike, and when you fi- write. You may have to do as many as five Overcoming Writing Blocks (Karin
nally do force yourself to start, you ham- or six freewrites before you get a feeling Mack, Ph.D. and Eric Skjei, Ph. D., J.P.
mer the cursor control keys endlessly for exactly what you're trying today. Tarcher, Inc., LA, 1979) helps you
trying to get that beginning sentence just If you still find it hard to suspend your through every possible stage of writing
right. feelings about how you "should" write, blocks= getting your material together, or-
The best way to overcome the inhibi- pretend that you are writing something ganizing it, writing the rough draft, and
tion of perfectionism is to tell yourself that else. Instead of writing documentation for revising and polishing the final draft. The
you are going to sit down; and write, and an anonymous user, pretend that you're last section of the book discusses case
not be too critical of your first product. writing a letter to a friend who has abso- studies of writing problems in four spe-
After all, its been said that there are two lutely no knowledge of computers, and cific areas- business writing, student writ-
products that would utterly repel the pub- explain how the program works. If you ing, technical, academic and professional
lic if they could see them in their inter- have a tendency to be wordy and wander writing; and personal writing.
mediate stages-bologna, and writing. So from YOl1rtheme, try to sum up what The New Diary (Tristine Rainer, J.P.
your first step in overcoming writer's you're trying to write in a telegram. Tarcher, Inc., LA, 1978) contains a good
block is to vanquish your "internal critic," Now this may sound a little odd if you chapter on overcoming writer's block. In-
that little voice inside you head of a long were once taught in school that you first cidentally, keeping a journal or diary is
ago English teacher reminding you that had to write an outline, all neat and one of the best ways to practice writing,
every comma must be correct, or your proper with Roman numeral I, sub A, sub without the horrible feeling that someone
own voice telling you that if you don't 1, sub a, etc., and then, and only then were is going to judge and/or grade your work.
write flawlessly and rapidly, you're not you permitted to start to write. Unfortu- o
186 CREATIVE COMPUTING
CreatlveComputlng-- Albert Einstein in Creative's own outrageous Bionic Toad Plotter display of Pi to 1362 Places in
black on a red denim-look shirt .with red in dark blue on a light blue shirt for dark brown on a tan shirt.
neckband and cuffs. kids and adults.

Give your
tie a rest!
All T-shirts are available in adult sizes S,M,L,XL. Bionic Toad, Program
Bug and Spacewar also available in children's sizes S (6-8), M (10-12) and L
(14-16). Made in USA. $6.00 each postpaid.
Specify design and size and send $6.00 for each shirt to Creative Com-
I'd rather be playing spacevfar-- black puting, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960. Orders for two or more
with white spaceships and lettering. shirts may be charged to Visa, MasterCard or American Express. Save time
and call toll-free 800-631-8112 (in NJ 201-540-0445).

Beware
Program
tr.. •••••
BUG!
aa4' ••••
~ .••.

The Program Bug that terrorized Cyber- Roll down the block with this little
Computer Bum-- black design by car nia in Katie and the Computer is back black Robot Rabbit (on a bright orange
toonist Monte Wolverton on gray on this beige t-shirt with purple design. t-shlrt) on your back and you can
denim-look skirt with black neckband You can share the little monster with intimidate every carrot, radish or cuke
and cuffs. your favorite kid. in your way.

FEBRUARY 1981 187

AUTHORIZED TRS 80® DEALER #R491

$670.00 MODEL I
16K Level II with Keypad
26 -1056

$3500.00 MODEL II Steve Gray

MODEL II, 64K Multi-Processors: A Comparative Study, by M. Satyanarayanan.
26 -4002 Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 207 pages, hardcover
$21.50. 1980.
The author's aim in writing what he calls a monograph is,
$875.00 according to the back cover, "to give the reader an idea of how
multiprocessing is done in some of the computer systems
found today."
MODEL III Because he found "woefully insufficient information, other
MODEL III 16K RAM, than manufacturers manuals, published on the available systems,"
he wrote this comparative study of the IBM 370/168, Control
MODEL III BASIC Data Cyber-170, Honeywell Series 60 Level 66, Univac 1100
26 -1062 Model 80, Burroughs B77oo, Digital Equipment Corp. System
10 Model KLlO, and two university multiprocessors built at
WE ACCEPT CHECK, MONEY ORDER, OR Carnegie-Mellon, the C.mmp and Cm* systems.
PHONE ORDERS WITH VISA OR MASTER
CHARGE. SHIPPING COSTS WILL BE ADDED The author, incidentally, is in the Dept. of Computer Science
TOCHARGEORDERS.
ERS, PERIPHERALS,
DISK DRIVES, PRINT·
AND SOFTWARE -
at Carnegie-Mellon, and typeset the book himself on a CAT-8
YOU NAME, WE'VE GOT IT. FULL FACTORY WARRANTY photocomposer at the university.
WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR COMPLETE ON ALL ITEMS SOLD.
PRICE LIST. Each case study opens with a description of the multiprocessor's
C & S ELECTRONICS, LTD. 32 EAST MAIN ST. MILAN, MICH. 48160 architecture, system organization, error-recovery features, and
(313) 439·1508 (313) 439·1400
operating system. These surveys are followed by evaluations
C & S ELECTRONICS MART IS AN AUTHORIZED TRS 80' SALES CENTER STORE #R491
and annotated bibliographies of related literature. The book
CIRCLE 1190N READER SERVICE CARD
ends with a discussion of the architectural and software issues
in multiprocessing, with specific references to the case studies.
The appendix, an annotated guide to further reading, includes
65 papers in seven basic areas, such as performance, theoretical
Our newprogram results, scheduling, applications, etc.
The writing is surprisingly clear for such a highly technical
package for the subject, and the author gives what seem to be well balanced

TRS__ 80 1M
evaluations, pointing out both the positive aspects and the
drawbacks of each system, playing no favorites.

sounds terrific.
Guidebook to Small Computers, by William Barden Jr. Howard
So does the price. W. Sams & Co., Indianapolis. 127 pages, paperback $4.95.
1980.
There are lots of programs with sound that At his current rate of writing computer books, Barden will
are worth about a dollar. Trouble is, they cost a
lot more.
soon outdistance Lance Leventhal and maybe even Donald
But at Basics & Beyond we've just developed Spencer. This is something like his sixth book for Sams and, as
Microcosm Ill, 20 programs with sound -each usual, it is packed with useful information.
just as good as our competition's $15 and $20 pro- After an introductory chapter on Small-Computer Basics,
grams-for $24.95. That's a 20-program package Barden presents eight chapters on the products of individual
for $24.95. companies: Apple II, Atari, Commodore PET, Cromemco,
It includes "Pinball," replete with ringing Heath, Ohio Scientific, Radio Shack TRS-80, Synertek SYM-
bonuses, spinners, buzzers and flippers; torpedo- 1, and Vector Graphic. The last chapter, on Some Other
firing "Submarine" that explodes with underwater
Systems, covers Compucolor II, Exidy Sorcerer, North Star
excitement; and the right/wrong buzzer in "Long
Division" teaches step by step.
Horizon, Southwest 6800 and S/09, and the ill-fated Texas
At Basics & Beyond we underscored our Instruments TI-99/4.
point that most other program packages are over- Each of the product chapters discusses first the hardware,
priced with Microcosm I and Microcosm II, $19.95 then the software, and provides a one-page summary of both,
each. Now a lot of people will start hearing about along with a rating of the publications, and notes on warranties
our third package and stop listening to high prices. and repair. Photographs are liberally sprinkled throughout
You see, it's not that our program packages this book, which is aimed at people who "contemplate buying
for the TRS-80lM microcomputer are so cheap. a small computer system for home or business."
It's just that theirs are so expensive.
Barden's short summaries are very useful. For example, he
BASICS & BEYOND, INC. says that OSI computers "are some of the best examples of
state-of-the-art computer equipment available today," that the
Box 100 Amawalk, N.Y. 105010 Or c:a1l914·962·2355
Mutercha •.••and Vila accepted. Sorcerer "is a unique design because of the removable ROM
No cha •.••for pootaae or handU",. N. Y. raiden ••add S% oales ~.
TRS·80 i. a trademark of the Radio Shack division of l1landyCO!V. and definable graphics characters," and that the TI-99/4 "is
CIRCLE 112ON READER SERVICE CARD 188 CREATIVE COMPUTING
not compatible with the needs of those interested in assembly-
language programming or computer system experimenters."
SPECTACULAR
Offers
All in all, this is probably the best and fastest-reading guidebook 5'14' or 8'" . ,~""'f.'
to small computers now available. BASF "FLEXYDISK" Diskettes 10/ $ 24 ,i,I,I-II,.
Superior quality
5'!." or 8" Vinyt \
data storage medium,
certified and
Storage Pages 10/ $5 \ ~
guaranteed 100",6
error free.
The CP/M Handbook with MP/M, by Rodnay Zaks. Sybex
SFD CASSETTES
Inc., 2344 Sixth St., Berkeley, CA 94710. 331 pages, paperback "Super Ferro Dynamic"
$13.95. 1980. Housing...... 10/$7
Using the finest
Add 10C D/eassette tors screw housing
If you don't have a disk drive, you may not be familiar with Agla PE 611 tape
Cassette Album
in a professional
CPIM, Control Program for Microprocessors, the industry quality housing.
Page $1.89
standard for personal-computer operating systems.
UBRARY CASE
The back cover says this handbook is an introduction for 3-ring binder album,
beginners, and a reference text for experienced programmers. Protects your valuable
programs on disks or 5'!."mini Kas-sette 10/$2.49
The press release says it was written "for all users of the CP 1M cassettes. Fully
8" Kas-sette 10/$2.99
enclosed and
operating system from clerical personnel who use a computer protected on all sides
to enter data or execute specific programs to experienced similar to Kas-sette
storage box.
programmers who want to develop their own programs."
DISKETIE DRIVE 5'1." or B" KIT
The introductory chapter assumes no prior knowledge of head cleaning kits
computers, briefly describes a computer system, defines MP 1M. prevent head INTRODUCTORY
as multi-user operating system, and shows, with many photographs
crashes and insure
efficient error-
PRICE
free operation. $19.50
and drawings, exactly how to bring up CP 1M, how to use it, run

•
a program, create a file, etc.
The second chapter teaches all the CP 1M commands, and
subsequent chapters are Handling Files With PIP, Using the
Editor, Inside CPIM (And MP/M), Reference Guide to
Commands and Programs, Practical Hints, and The Future PRODUCTS
VISA • MASTERCHARGE • MONEY ORDERS

A BM
CERTlFIEDCHECK. FOR PERSONAL CHECKS
(mostly about the history of CP 1M, two pages). 631 "~ ••SL
San DIegO,
All.OW 2 WEEKS. C.o.D. REQUIRESA 10%
DEPOSIT. CAL RES ADD 6% SALES TAX
Thirty-four pages are devoted to 15 appendixes, on error CA 92101 MIN. $2 SHIPPING & HANDLING. MINIMUM
(714) 235-6602 ORDER S10 • SATlSFACTION GUARANTEED
messages, ASCII conversion table, PIP keywords, command OR FULL REFUND.
editing controls, supplies (checklist), basic troubleshooting
rules etc.
Written very clearly and in great detail, this handbook can
be read with profit by anyone using CP/M or interested in
learning about it.

Entering Basic, by John Sack and Judith Meadows Gabriel.

Science Research Associates Inc., Chicago IL. 137 pages,
paperback $9.95. Second edition, 1980.
The first two chapters of this thin volume "are included
solely to fit Basic into the context of the computer hardware
and software surrounding it," according to the preface.
Those two chapters tell how a computer works, look at
peripherals, examine the writing and testing of programs, and
get into interactive processing.
The Basic language itself is featured in 10 chapters, in an
introduction, Assigning Values to Variables, Input/Output,
Program Control, Basic Functions, Subroutines, Array Handling,
String Manipulation, Advanced Features (multiple assignments,
logical operators), and Debugging Aids.
The first appendix provides a summary of Basic features,
and the second gives solutions to selected exercises, of which
there are several at the end of each chapter.
The Introduction to Basic begins poorly, with a flowchart
for printing out square roots, a seven-line program to do the
calculations, and then four dull pages explaining in gory detail
all the rules and restrictions for entering constants, variables,
operators, etc. Starting off with an eight-element flowchart is
confusing enough, but the confusion is highly compounded by
the flowchart's square-root sign being only partial, and not
looking like a square-root sign at all.
The rest of the book is about as dull as those four pages, with
a rather stiff writing style, and little if any planned relationship
between chapters, which stand apart like tombstones. Many
better books on Basic have been written. .
FEBRUARY 1981 189
The ATARI® Tutorial
L[]I':1PlJTEA From Television to Home Computer: The Future of Consumer
Electronics, Angus Robertson, Editor. Blandford Press,
distributed by Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. Two Park Ave.,
New York, NY 10016. 331 pages, hardcover $19.95.1979.

Calligraphy? Although published in England, most of this book can be

read profitably by those with more than a passing interest in
consumer electronics.
To be sure, all the prices and the cost comparisons are in
Well, not reallyl But with the FONTEDIT prOllram in IRIDIS 112you can design
your own character sets lor the ATARI. For example, you can create a Russian pounds sterling, and the TV broadcast standards are different,
alphabet, or APL characters, or even special-purpose graphics symbols. These
special tonts can be saved on disk or tape lor later use by your own Basic but the majority of the products described are familiar in the
programs. FONTEDIT is a Irlendly, easy-to-use program: just grab a joystick and U.S.
start designing. With our KNOTWORK program, you can design patterns 01 Celtic
interlace, (8 technique used by 7th century Irish monks to Illuminate manuscripts).
The nine-page chapter on home computers, for example,
Alter you have produced a pretty pattern on the screen 01 your ATARI, you can mentions the PET, Apple II, and Atari 800, in looking briefly
save il on disk or tape. at the software and hardware, and providing questions to ask
Best of all, IRIDIS 112comes with a 4I:page User's Guide, which gives clear
Instructions on how to use the programs. The guide also provides detailed, line-by- when choosing a personal computer.
line descriptions of how the p'rograms work. IRIDIS programs are written to be The 28-page chapter on Television and Electronic Games
studied as well as used.) Hacker's Delight presents uselul explanations 01 many 01
the impOrtant PEEK and POKE locations in your ATAi", describes games familiar here, such as Odyssey, Atari, Chess
The IAIDIS 112tutorial lor the ATARI is available now Irom your local ATARI Challenger, Boris, two Mattel hand-held games, and two Coleco
dealer. You get the User's Guide and a cassette (or disk) with FONTEDIT,
KNOTWORK. and a 'routine to allow your program to load a custom lont. games, along with games from Ingersoll, Teleng, Optim,
ATARI is a trademark of ATARI, Inc. Grandstand and Interton, not available here.
------------------------
To: The Code Workl,Hox 550, Goleta, CA 930t7
Please send me tRIDIS #2 for my ATARI immediately.
o
0$15.95 Cassette (needs t6K) $t8.95 Disk (needs 24K)
And so on, for the rest of the contributed chapters, on video
cassette recorders, video disks, aerials, TV receivers, Teletext
and Viewdata, home protection and security, amateur and CB
Name
radio, hi-fi and in-car entertaid'ment. Many of the names are
Japanese, and thus familiar here, such as Sony, JVC, Akai,
Address
Technics, Panasonic, Sharp, etc.
City/State/Zip The chapters look briefly at the early history of each type of
OVISA Card Number product, then examine what"s available today in considerable
o
.._-------------------_.
MasterCharge Expires

Phone: (805) 967-0905

Programs for your ATARI'"

tutorial detail. A few chapters also look at the product"s
future.
This may be the only book on the subject, but it carries a
price that will keep it out of the hands of most consumers.
CIRCLE 209 ON READER SERVICE CARD

What is a
Microcomputer Primer, by Mitchell Waite & Michael Pardee.
CLOCALPEEP? Howard W. Sams & Co., Indianapolis. 384 pages, paperback
$11.95. Second edition, 1980.
Another name for The "small typewriter-size computers have become so popular
the CCB-II, which is: with the public and industry that many new features have been
• a clock added since the first edition was introduced in 1976. This new
hour, minute, second edition has been completely revised to reflect the latest in
microcomputer technology," according to the back cover.
• a calendar Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to small computers while
day, day of week, Chapter 2 covers the basic computer concepts. Chapters 3, 4
month, year and 5 discuss the electronics behind the logical operations that
• an audio alarm the computer performs. Chapter 6 involves programming,
while Chapter 7 examines operating systems.
All on one board for your The appendixes, expanded for this second edition, cover

ras-so
It includes a pacemaker battery which will
Model II
number systems, memories, tables of RAM-memory and MOS
PROM specs, and number-conversion tables.
Many photographs, drawings and schematics are used, the
give over 8 years of continuous timekeeping. text is packed with detail and well-written in an informal. style.
The book starts out with the basics and, with a little serious
From the folks who brought you the best study, can provide the beginner with a vast amount of informa-
CP/M® for the Model II. tion.
$175 plus shipping
Prepaid, COD, Mastercharge orVisa orders
accepted. California residents add 6%
sales tax,
The British Lectures, by A.P. Ershov. Heyden & Son Inc., 247
TRS-SOIS a trademark of Tandy Corp
CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc South 41 St., Philadelphia. 69 pages, paperback $14. 1980.
The subtitle of this skinny book, as shown on the title page,
is "Four lectures presented by Professor A.P. Ershov, Computing
Center, Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, USSR, and delivered to British Computer Society
Warning: Installation requires opening the Model II, which may void its audiences after his award as Distinguished Fellow of the BCS."
warranty. We suggest that you wait until the warranty period has expired
before installing the CCB·II. The first lecture, The Human Factor in Programming, describes
programming as "the most humanly difficult of all professions
CIRCL~ ~4~ QIIl READER SERVICE CARD
190 CREATIVE COMPUTING
involving numbers of men," discusses the question of "organizing
« »
MlSOSYS is proud to announce EDAS, a sophisticated Z-80
software development using an assembly-line approach," among Editor Assembler for the '80 Model I & Model III
others and describes a combination of teaching and training E[]~S ***** JUST LOOK AT THESE FEATURES *****E[]~S
that "requires no less than seven years" non-interrupted teach-
ing. •• All EDAS commands and source text may be entered in
Lecture 2, An Outline of the History of Computing in the either upper case or lower case providing ease of operation
as a text editor.
USSR, takes up some 40 percent of the test, with a brief
chronological history of USSR computer development, "relying •• Direct assembly from memory or disk by means of *GET
exclusively on its own intellectual and technological resources," assembler directives entered into the text buffer. This
and descriptions of the first books on programming in the provides for a
symbol table buffer area of over thirty
thousand bytes with text buffer equal to your drive
USSR, the first scientific meeting on electronic computers, capacity!
Algol in the USSR, and The Educational and Academic Status
of Programming in the USSR. •• Direct assembly to disk or memory for faster debugging
operations! Branch allows you to execute your program, that
Lecture 3 is about The First Soviet Compilers. Lecture 4 is has been assembled to memory, and then return to EDAS.
on The Systematic Obtaining of Object Code and Object Code
Generator from Interpretational Semantics. •• Source and object files interface directly with disk
The lectures are mostly of historical value, especially since using TRSDOS (tm), VTOS (tm), or other compatible system.
three of the lectures were given in 1976, and the fourth in 1977. •• DOS "System" command functions KILL, DIR, FREE, and LIST
However, the first lecture should be of interest to programming are available from within the environment of'EDAS.
managers, if only because of its insightsinto the craft: "Intelligence
•• The Editor, with renumber, maintains command syntax
itself is manifest in the perfected machinelprogram combination. identical to the BASIC editor. Global change allows the
The programmer plays a full trinity of roles in this familiar user to alter a string throughout a designated range of
miracle. He feels himself to be the father-creator of a program, lines while block move relocates lines of text.
the son-brother of the machine on which it runs, and the
Great amounts of time and effort were expended to give
carrier of the holy spirit whice infuses life into the programl this Editor Assembler the absolute best in ease of
machine combination. This triumph of intellect is perhaps the operation and functional efficiency. Optimize assembly
strongest and the most characteristic aspect of programming." programing time; use the Editor Assembler designed with the
programmer in mind. EDAS is priced at $79.00 plus $3.00
S&H. A 72-page EDAS reference manual is included.

Tarbell
ri~ MISOSYS - Dept C
5904 Edgehill Drive
Alexandria, Virginia
703-960-2998
22303 I VlSAZ!,,-j

Floppy Disc Interface

Designed for Hobbyists and
Sys Developers

• 80-50 CPS - back/forward

feed
• 18 X 9 dot matrix -
U/L case
• Proportional, expanded,
compressed
• 3 way paper feed
Parallel interface card & cable for
Apple II .... $175

• Plugs directly into your IMSAI or ALTAIR and handles up

to 4 standard single drives in daisy-chain.
• 80 CPS - bidirectional
• Operates' at standard 250K bits per second on normal disc • 9 X 9 dot matrix - U/L case
format capacity of 243K bytes. • Compressed & ex panded print
• Works with modified CP 1M Operating System and BASIC-E • Adjust tractors
Compiler. Parallel interface & cable for
• Hardware includes 4 extra IC slots, built-in phantom boot- Apple II .... $110 HOW TO ORDER
strap and on-board crystal clock. Uses WD 1771 LSI Chip. Phone orders are invited.
Use VISA. Master-
• 6-month warranty and extensive documentation.
«)}UTERWARE'" Charge, or send cashiers
check or money order
drawn on a U.S. bank.
Add 2% shipping and
1512 Encinitas Blvd .• Box 668 handling or printer will
be sent freight C.O.D.
Encinitas, CA 92024 • (714) 436·3512
950 DOVLEN PLACE. SUITE B
CARSON. CA 90746
(213) S3B-4251 • (213) 53B-2254
Write for our Special Mail-Order Prices

CIRCLE 202 ON READER SERVICE CARD tI!II~~R~D~2rnput~r

CIRCLE 235 ON READER SERVICE CARD
FEBRUARY 1981 191
 Converted to Microsoft Basic
The story behind the two best selling
The games in the original book were in
computer games books in the world. many different dialects of Basic. So Steve
North and I converted all the games to
standard Microsoft Basic, expanded the

Computer descriptions and published the book under

the new name Basic Computer Games.
Over the next three years, people sent in
improved versions of many of the games
along with scores of new ones. So in 1979,

Games we totally revised and corrected Basic

Computer Games and published a com-
pletely new companion volume of 84 ad-
ditional games called More Basic Com-
puter Games. This edition is available in
So I put out a call to all our customers to both Microsoft Basic and TRS-80 Basic for
by David H. Ahl send us their best computer games. The owners of the TRS-80 computer.
response was overwhelming. I got 21 ver- Today Basic Computer Games is in its
Everybody likes games. Children like tic
sions of blackjack, 15 of nim and 12 of fifth printing and More Basic Computer
tac toe. Gamblers like blackjack. Trekkies
battleship. Games is in its second. Combined sales are
like Star Trek. Almost everyone has a favor-
From this enormous outpouring I se- over one half million copies making them
ite game or two.
lected the 90 bestgamesand added 11 that the best selling pair of books in recrea-
I had written myself for a total of 101. I tional computing by a wide margin. There
It Started in 1971
edited these into a book called 101 Basic are many imitators, butall offer a fraction of
Ten years ago when I was at Digital Computer Games which was published by the number of games and cost far more.
Equipment Corp. (DEC), we wanted a pain- DEC. It still is. . The games in these books include classic
less way to show reluctant educators that When I left DEC in 1974 I asked for the board games like checkers. They include
computers weren't scary or difficult to use. rights to print the book independently. challenging simulation games like Camel
Games and simulations seemed like a good They agreed as long as the name was (get across the desert on your camel) and
method. changed. Super Star Trek. There are number games
. like Guess My Number, Stars and Battle of
Introduction Hi-Lo Numbers. You'll find gambling games like
The Basic Language High I-Q blackjack, keno, and poker. All told there
Contents of Basic Computer Games (right) Conversion to Other Hockey are 185 different games in these two
and More Basic Computer Games (below). Basics Horserace books.
Acey Ducey Hurkle Whether you're just getting started with
Amazing Kinema
Animal King computers or a proficient programmer,
Awari Letter you'll find something of interest. You'll find
Artillery-3 Life Expectancy Bagels Life 15-line games and 400-line games and
Baccarat Lissajous Banner Life For Two everything in between.
Bible Quiz Magic Square Basketball Literature Quiz The value offered by these books is out-
Big 6 Man-Eating Rabbit Batnum Love standing. Every other publisher has raised
Binary Maneuvers Battle Lunar LEM Rocket
Blackjack Master Mind the price of their books yet these sell for
Blackbox Mastermind
Bobstones Masterbagels Bombardment Math Dice the same price as they did in 1974.
Bocce Matpuzzle Bombs Away Mugwump
Boqa II Maze Bounce Name Moneyback Guarantee
Bumbrun Millionaire Bowling Nicomachus
Minotaur Boxing Nim Examine one or both of these books and
Bridge-It
Camel Motorcycle Jump Bug Number key some games into your computer. If
Chase Nomad Bullfight One Check you're not completely satisfied we'll refund
Chuck-A-Luck Not One Bullseye Orbit the full purchase price plus your return
Close Encounters Obstacle Bunny Pizza postage.
Column Octrix Buzzword Poetry
Poker
Basic Computer Games costs only $7.50
Concentration Pasart Calendar
Condot Pasart 2 Change Queen and More Basic Computer Games just
Convoy Pinball Checkers Reverse $7.95 for either the Microsoft or TRS-80
Corral Rabbit Chase Chemist Rock, Scissors, Paper edition (please specify your choice on your
Countdown Roadrace Chief Roulette order). Both books together are $15. Send
(!;up Rotate Chomp Russian Roulette payment plus $2.00 shipping and handling
Dealer's Choice Safe Civil War Salvo
Combat Sine Wave
to Creative Computing Press, Morris
IDeepspace Scales
Defuse Schmoo Craps Slalom Plains, NJ 07950. Visa, MasterCard and
!Dodgem Seabattle Cube Slots American Express orders should include
!Doors . Seawar Depth Charge Splat card number and expiration date. Charge
!Drag Shoot Diamond Stars card orders may also be called in toll-free to
i~~;
~ather
Smash
Strike 9
Tennis
Dice
Digits
Even Wins
Stock Market
Super Star Trek
Synonym
800-631-8112 (in NJ 201-540-0445).
Order today to turn your computer into
~Iip Tickertape Flip Flop Target the best game player on the block.
.~our In A Row TV Plot Football 3-D Plot
Geowar
Grand Prix
Guess-It
Twonky
Two-to-Ten
UFO
Fur Trader
Golf
Gomoko
3-D Tic-Tac-Toe
Tic Tac toe
Tower
GPoativ6
ICBM
l'nkblot
Joust
Under & Over
Van Gam
Warfish
Guess
Gunner
Hammurabi
Train
Trap
23 Matches
GOmputinfj
~umping Balls Word Search Puzzle Hangman War
Keno Wumpus 1 Hello Weekday Morris Plains, NJ 07950
UGame Wumpus 2 Hexapawn Word Toll-free 800-631-8112
I (In NJ 201-540-0445)
T
1
192 CREATIVE CqMPUTING
 index to advertisers Reader
Reader Reader
Service Advertiser Page Service Advertiser Page Service Advertiser Page
102 Aardvark Technical 45 148 Dave Friedman 121 * Retail Roster 183
104 ABM Products 189 232 Discount Software Group 105 196 S-100 135
101 Acorn Software 65 * Galaxy 24 223 Sebree's Computing 179
103 Adaptive Systems 185 151 Gifted Childrens Newsletter 127 197 Scott, Foresman & Co. 109
107 Advanced Business Microsystems 175 152 Gooth Software 133 236 Sirius Systems ~45
* ALF 73 153 Great Plains National 167 194 Small Business Applications 13
108 Allen Gelder- 125 135 H & H Trading 159 198 Software City 71
105 American Square 146 147 Heath Co. 35 183 Software Exchange Cover 2
106 Apple Jack 104 144 Huntington Computing 119 180 Software Exchange 10-11
109 ASAP 156 160 Inmac 121 210 Software Technology for
116 ASCII 159 209 Iridis 190 Computers 177
110 Automated Simulations 49 207 .Integral Data Systems 15 189 Spectrum Software 85
111 Avant-Garde Creations 104 208 Interpretive Education 171 201 Strategic Simulations 17
118 Ballentine Books 75 199 Jensen Tools Inc. 143 200 Strawberry Software 137
117 Barclay Bridge 143 219 Krell Software 29 187 Sublogic 137
112 Basics & Beyond 1BB 162 Magnolia Micro-Systems 146 215 Sync 79
114 Beagle Bros. 175 165 Mark Gordon 89 195 System Software 143
115 Berliner Computer 146 178 Mastertype 144 203 Tab Sales 142
121 Borg-Warner Educational 221 Med Systems Software 1B1 202 Tarbell Electronics 191
Systems Cover 3 166 Meka Publishing Co. 159 246 Taso 141
129 Brodebund Software 173 222 Micro Architect 104 205 Taxman 179
123 Cal + Com 146 156 Micro Lab 98-99 206 Telephone Software Connection 27
125 C & E Technical Service 175 212 Microlearningware 146 241 Thesis 143
119 C&S Electronics 188 167 Micro Magazine 161 213 3-G Co. Inc. 133
127 Charles Mann & Associates 177 163 Micro Management Systems 31 229 3 R Software 144
159 CJM Inc. 159 168 Microsoft Consumer Products 9 217 TinyC 91
113 Cload Magazine 28 173 Micro Stand 139 193 Total Information Service 133
134 Compuserve 38-39 233 Microtrend 139 181 Trans Net Corp. 131
130 Compute 129 157 Mini Micro Mart 169 182 U.S. Robotics 133
131 The Computer Answer 173 234 Minnesota Software 167 184 U.S. Robotics 129
126 Computer Corner of White Plains 144 224 Misosys 191 185 U.S. Robotics 75
124 Computer Information Exchange 81 191 Mountain Computer 1 190 Voicetek 24
133 Computer King 177 225 Muse Software 97-103 228 Univar 139
139 Computerland 59 226 Muse Software 61 192 Xtra-Soft 135
128 Computer Shopper 131 227 Mytee Music 179
143 Computer Specialties 181 174 Lawrence Norton 144
149 Computer Station 86 214 N R I Schools 93 Creative Computing
235 Computerware 191 172 Ohio Scientific Cover 4
132 Computer Wholesale 167 176 Omega Software Systems 161
138 Computronics 25 350 Adventure 117
169 Pacific Exchanges 144 350 Air Traffic Controller 193
137 Computronics 50-51 204 Pacific Exchanges 125
155 Compututor 175 350 Apple Software 57
239 Peripherals Plus 16-147 350 Atari Software 169
140 Consumer Computers Mail Order 121 240 Personal Computer System 5
158 Continental Software 115 144 300 Basic Computer Games 192
216 Personalized Computer 350 Brain & Strategy Games
171 Corvus Systems 7 144 179
Consultants 300 Computers For Kids 67
161 Cottage Software 143 170 Personal Software 2
211 CPU Shop 63 190 300 Computer Coin Games 115
242 Pickles & Trout
120 Dakin5 Corp. 47 218 Program Design Inc. 163 300 Computer Music Record 92
122 Dakin5 Corp. 55 Program Design Inc. 127 350 Ecology Simulations 165
220
141 Data Safe Prod ucts 153 177 Programmatics 156 350 Hail to the Chief 183
136 Dynacomp 53 231 Programma lnt'l. 69 300 Liquidation Giveaway 151
154 Ecosoft 189 230 programma lnt'l. 155 350 Outdoor Games 142
164 Edu-ware Services 77 175 Program Store 113 300 Sourcebook of Ideas 125
142 Electronic Specialists 131 179 Protecto Enterprizes 111 350 Super Invasion 141
145 Ellis Computing 131 243 37 300 Subscriptions 101
146
150
Essex Publishing Co.
Exatron
119
41
188 ~~g~~~~~~~~~
Radio Shack Sales Center
135
28
300
350
T-Shirts
Voodoo Castle
187
127
186
** Frederick Computer Products 177 244 RCA 43 * Write Advertiser Directly

puzzle answers A Martian Puzzle: Willard gave the answer The Old Dictionary Quiz: (I,C), (2,G),
without even knowing he had solved the puzzle. (3,H), (4,M), (5,A), (6,J), (7,N).
A Potty Problem: Cut the jug along lines A The answer is "THERE IS NO POSSIBLE
and B. Rearrange the three pieces thus formed
WAY". The Nifty Nines: 99 + 9 = 9 DOZEN.
into the square depicted by the dotted lines.
Now, wasn't that easy? The Wolf, The Goat, and The Cab-
bages: This is a very simple problem. It is An Ancient Problem: 35 percent of the list
solved as under: price was $122.50. $122.50 divided by 35 gives us
I. He first takes across the goat and leaves $3.50 for each percent. Therefore, the list price
him on the opposite side. had to be $350.00.
2. He returns and fetches the wolf, leaves
him on the opposite side, and takes back the A One-Liner:
goat with him.
3. He leaves the goat at the starting point
and takes over the basket of cabbages.
4. He leaves the cabbages with the wolf
Santa's Puzzle: The catch here is that if we and, returning, fetches the goat. Or,
use the abbreviations for these three months we I. He takes over the goat.
gei: 2. He returns and fetches the cabbages.
Oct. is an abbreviation for OCTAL 3. He takes back the goat, leaves him at the The Three Peanuts: This is a very ancient
Nov. is an abbreviation for NOVEM starting point, and fetches the wolf. "sell," but it still finds victims. The performer's
Dec. is an abbreviation for DECIMAL 4. He leaves the wolf on the opposite side undertaking is performed by simply putting on
From this we get an OCTAL 31 = a NOVEM 27 with the basket of cabbages and goes back to the hat selected. Noone can deny that the three
= a DECIMAL 25. fetch the goat. peanuts are thereby brought under the hat.

194 CREATIVE COMPUTING

 Individualized excellence
for the eighties ... and beyond
Borg-Warner Educational Systems has always been in response to the individual requirements of each
the vanguard in adapting the latest in technological student, Critical Reading includes a management
advancements to practical classroom use. system which enables a teacher or teacher's aide to
Now, as we enter the eighties, we are very proud to review the progress of a single student or that of an
announce the immediate availability of Critical entire class at any time.
Reading by Dr. Joseph Scandura of the University of A demonstration of the MicroSystem80 Critical
Pennsylvania, the first in a comprehensive series of Reading program will convince you that the potential
MicroSystem80 courseware programs designed for of computer assisted instruction can be reality in
use with the Apple II microcomputer. your classroom today. Write or call us today. Be sure
Taking full advantage of the extensive diagnostic and to ask about our other fine MicroSystem80 materials
prescriptive capabilities of computer assisted in college entrance examination preparation, math·
instruction, Critical Reading quickly and accurately computation and language arts.
assigns middle grade students to their proper place Toll Free: (800)323-7577;in Illinois: (800)942-6995
in the program. Gradually, the students are led
through a hierarchy of skills to a mastery of logical Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.,
rules of inference which will help them improve their Cupertino, CA. MicroSystem80 courseware is designed for
understanding of written material. use with the Apple" 48K BYTE RAM disk input in Atlplesoft -
In addition to adapting programming instantly in 3.2 or 3.3 DOS.

CIRCLE 121 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MicroSystem80'"
. ® BORG-WARNER EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
600 West University Drive
Arlington Heights, Illinois 60004
Educator. Entertainer. Accountant. educational aid because it can enter- Accounting
Your Challenger tain while it educates. Software Your Challenger computer can keep
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Through the miracle of modern account, loans, expenses, monitor your
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technology, a complete computer as
school and college subjects, to
powerful as the multimillion dollar If you are involved in a business, you
teaching the fundamentals of com-
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puters and computer programming.
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Through its years of microcomputer educate while they entertain, from
And more:
experience, Ohio Scientific has effec- cartoons for preschoolers to games
tively channeled this tremendous which sharpen mathematical and This may seem like a lot of uses, but it's
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becoming an expert. The Challenger,
however, is a powerful, general and bowling are available as simulated In fact, the uses of general purpose,
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Here are just a few of the popular uses technological
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