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Introduction To C Programming - 4

The document introduces C programming for embedded systems, focusing on structured programming and nested control structures. It includes a problem statement for counting student exam results, along with pseudocode and C code examples for implementation. Additionally, it covers assignment operators, increment and decrement operators, and formatted input/output in C.

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u20150540
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7 views24 pages

Introduction To C Programming - 4

The document introduces C programming for embedded systems, focusing on structured programming and nested control structures. It includes a problem statement for counting student exam results, along with pseudocode and C code examples for implementation. Additionally, it covers assignment operators, increment and decrement operators, and formatted input/output in C.

Uploaded by

u20150540
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO C

PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED


SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

 Objectives
 Introduce structured programming
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

 Program Design 3: Nested Control Structures


 Assignment Operators
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Formattted Input/Output
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Nested Control Structures I

Problem statement
Develop a program that would count and display the number of
students that have passed and the number of students that have
failed from a list of exam results for 10 students. If more than 8
students have passed, display "Bonus to instructor!"

Top-level pseudocode
Analyse exam results and decide if instructor should receive a
bonus
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Nested Control Structures I

First refinement
Initialise variables
Input the 10 exam grades and count passes and failures
Display a summary of the exam results and decide if instructor
should receive a bonus
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Nested Control Structures I

Second refinement
Initialise passes to 0
Initialise failures to 0
Initialise student counter to 1
While student counter is less than or equal to 10
Input the next exam result
If the student passed
Add 1 to passes
else
Add 1 to failures
Add 1 to student counter
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Nested Control Structures I

Second refinement (cont’d. . . )


Display the number of passes
Display the number of failures
If more than 8 students passed
Display "Bonus to instructor!"
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Nested Control Structures I

/* Nested Control Structures


* Copied from Deitel & Deitel Fig. 3.10
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
// initialise variables in definitions
int passes = 0; // number of passes
int failures = 0; // number of failures
int student = 1; // student counter
int result; // one exam result
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

C code (cont’d. . . )
// process 10 students using counter-controlled loop
while ( student <= 10 ) {
// prompt user for input and obtain value from user
printf( "Enter result for student %d (1=pass;2=fail): ", student);
scanf( "%d", &result );
if ( result == 1 ) { // if result is 1, increment passes
passes = passes + 1;
} // end if
else { // otherwise, increment failures
failures = failures + 1;
} // end else
student = student + 1; // increment student counter
}
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Nested Control Structures I

C code (cont’d. . . )

// termination phase; display number of passes and failures


printf( "Passed %d\n", passes );
printf( "Failed %d\n", failures );
// if more than 8 students passed, display "Bonus to instructor!"
if ( passes > 8 ) {
printf( "Bonus to instructor!\n" );
} // end if
return 0; // indicate program ended successfully
} // end main function
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Nested Control Structures I


Output
Enter result for student 1 (1=pass;2=fail): 1
Enter result for student 2 (1=pass;2=fail): 2
Enter result for student 3 (1=pass;2=fail): 2
Enter result for student 4 (1=pass;2=fail): 1
Enter result for student 5 (1=pass;2=fail): 1
Enter result for student 6 (1=pass;2=fail): 1
Enter result for student 7 (1=pass;2=fail): 2
Enter result for student 8 (1=pass;2=fail): 1
Enter result for student 9 (1=pass;2=fail): 1
Enter result for student 10 (1=pass;2=fail): 2
Passed 6
Failed 4
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Assignment Operators I

 Assignment operators abbreviate assignment expressions


c = c + 3;
can be abbreviated as c += 3; using the addition assignment
operator
 Statements of the form
variable = variable operator expression;
can be rewritten as
variable operator= expression;
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Assignment Operators I

 Examples of other assignment operators:


d = d - 4 ⟹ d -= 4
e = e * 5 ⟹ e *= 5
f=f/3 ⟹ f /= 3
g = g % 9 ⟹ g %= 9
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Increment and Decrement Operators I

 Increment operator (++)


Can be used instead of c += 1
c = c + 1 ⟹ c += 1 ⟹ c++

 Decrement operator (--)


Can be used instead of c -= 1
c = c - 1 ⟹ c -= 1 ⟹ c--
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Increment and Decrement Operators I

 Preincrement

Operator is used before the variable (++c or --c)


Variable is changed before the expression it is in is evaluated

 Postincrement
Operator is used after the variable (c++ or c--)
Expression executes before the variable is changed
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Increment and Decrement Operators I

 The increment and decrement operators


INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Increment and Decrement Operators I

Variable in an expression:
int j;
j = 5;
printf( "%d", ++j );
 prints 6
int j;
j = 5;
printf( "%d", j++ );
 Print 5
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Increment and Decrement Operators I

 When variable not in an expression:


Preincrementing and postincrementing have the same effect
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Formatted Input/Ouput I

 printf statement using different types


INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Formatted Input/Ouput I

 Printing integers with field with Field width specifies the minimum
space that the displayed integer should occupy
C code:
printf( "%4d\n", 1 );
printf( "%4d\n", 1234 );
printf( "%4d\n", 12345 );
Output:
1
1234
12345
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Formatted Input/Ouput I
Printing floating-point values with field width and precision
 Field width specifies the minimum space that the displayed floating
point number should occupy
 Precision specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal
point
C code:
printf( "%.3f\n", 3.8663 );
printf( "%9f\n", 3.8663 );
printf( "%9.3f\n", 3.8663 );
Output:
3.866
3.866300
3.866
INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Formatted Input/Ouput I

 scanf statement using different types


INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Formatted Input/Ouput I

 Today
Structured Program Development III
Program design 3: nested control structures
Assignment, increment and decrement operators
Formatted input/output
 Next lecture
Program Control
‘for’ repetition structure

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