EECS 348

Software Engineering I
David O. Johnson
Spring 2025

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 1

 Reminders
• Assignment 5 due: 11:59 PM, Thursday, March 27
• Assignment 6 due: 11:59 PM, Thursday, April 10

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 2

 Any Questions?

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 3

 In-Class Problem Solution
• 15-(3-13) In-Class Problem Solution.pptx

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 4

 Any Questions?

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 5

 Structured Programming

• Structured programming produces programs that are easier

than unstructured programs to understand, test, debug,
modify, and even prove correct in a mathematical sense.
• Prior to C, languages were unstructured with a lot of “go to”
statements.
• After almost 50 years, structured programming is “just the way
you program” now!

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 6

 Structured Programming
Control Structures
Sequence
Structured programming control structures, which
originated from C, are common in most modern-day Selection
programming languages. • if-then
• if-then-else
• switch
• Today we will learn the syntax for these control
structures in C++. Repetition
• Although we didn’t talk about them in C, they are • while
also in C, with the same syntax • do-while
• for loop

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 Structured Programming - Sequence

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 8

 Structured Programming - Selection

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 Structured Programming - Repetition

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 10

 Any Questions?

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 Structured Programming - Selection

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 12

 The if Statement (Same as C)
Syntax:
if (condition) statement;

• If the condition is true (not zero), the statement is executed.

• If the condition is false (zero), it is not executed.
• You can group multiple statements together with braces.

if (condition) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
statement 3;
}

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 13

 The if-else Statement (Same as C)
Syntax:
if (condition) statement1; else statement2;

• If the condition is true, statement1 will be executed

• Otherwise (else), statement2 will be
• You can group multiple statements together with braces.
if (myVal < 3){
printf(“myVal is less than 3.\n”);
}
else {
printf(“myVal is >= to 3.\n”);
}
C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 14
 An Empty Statement

if (x == 3)
; if (x != 3)
Same as
else print(“Test\n”);
print(“Test\n”);

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 15

 The Dangling else Problem

if ( x > 5 )
if ( y > 5 )
cout << "x and y are > 5";
else
cout << "x is <= 5";

Which if does the else go with?

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 16

 The Dangling else Solution
The compiler interprets the statement as:
if ( x > 5 )
if ( y > 5 )
cout << "x and y are > 5";
else
cout << "x is <= 5";

To force the nested if…else statement to execute as intended, use {…}:

if ( x > 5 )
{
if ( y > 5 )
cout << "x and y are > 5";
}
else
cout << "x is <= 5";

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 17

 The else if Statement (Same as C)
Syntax:
if (condition1) {
// block of code to be executed if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true
} else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is false
}

int time = 22;

if (time < 10) {
cout << "Good morning.";
} else if (time < 20) {
cout << "Good day.";
} else {
cout << "Good evening.";
}
// Outputs "Good evening."

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 18

 The switch Statement (Same as C)
Syntax:
switch(expression) {
//value of the expression is compared
//with the values of each case
case x: //execute code block if x = value of expression
// code block
break; //optional – break out of switch block
case y: //execute code block if y = value of expression
// code block
break; //optional – break out of switch block
default: //optional – execute code block if no other matches
// code block
}
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 The switch Statement (Same as C)
Example:
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
cout << "Monday";
break;
case 2:
cout << "Tuesday";
break;
case 3:
cout << "Wednesday";
break;
case 4:
cout << "Thursday";
break;
case 5:
cout << "Friday";
break;
default:
cout << "Weekend";
} // Outputs "Thursday" (day 4)

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 expression Must Evaluate to an Integer

• The value of the expression must be a

switch(expression) {
combination of character and integer
case x:
constants that evaluates to a constant
// code block
integer value.
break;
• The switch statement compares the case y:
value of the expression with each case // code block
label. break;
• For example: default:
– Does expression = x? // code block
– Does expression = y? }

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 21

 No Braces {} Required
switch(expression) {
case x:
x = x+1;
y = y +2;
The switch selection statement does not break;
require braces {…} around multiple case y:
statements in each case. // code block
break;
default:
// code block
}

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 case With No break – Fall Through
If a case doesn't have an explicit break statement, execution will
continue to the next case in the list.

switch (number) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
// This line will be executed for all cases 1, 2, and 3
printf("Number is small\n");
break;
// ... other cases
}

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 23

 Any Questions?

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 24

 Structured Programming - Repetition

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 The while Statement (Same as C)

Syntax:
while (condition) statement;

• while the condition is true, the body of loop (statement) will

be executed.
• You can group multiple statements together with braces.

while(condition){
//code to be executed
}

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 The do-while Statement (Same as C)

Syntax:
do statement; while (condition);
• Similar to the while statement
• The do-while statement tests condition after the statement
executes.
• The statement always executes at least once.
• You can group multiple statements together with braces.

do {
//code to be executed
} while(condition)

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 The for Statement (Same as C)
Syntax:
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement;

• The for loop will first perform the expr1 (initialization).

• Then, as long as expr2 (test) is true, it will execute statement.
• After each execution, it will execute expr3 (typically an
increment)
• You can group multiple statements together with braces.

for (i = 0; i < 30; i++) {

printf(“Counter = %d\n”, i);
}
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 More About the for Statement
The three expressions in the for statement header are optional (but
the two semicolon separators are required).

• One might omit the initialization expression

if the control variable is initialized earlier in
the program.
• If the loop condition is omitted, C++ assumes
that the condition is true, thus creating an
infinite loop.
• One might omit the increment expression if
the increment is calculated by statements in
the body of the for or if no increment is
needed.

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 29

 The break Statement (Same as C)
• You have already seen the break statement used to "jump
out" of a switch statement.
• The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop.
• This example jumps out of the loop when i is equal to 4:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
break;
}
cout << i << "\n";
} //output = 0 1 2 3

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 The continue Statement (Same as C)

• The continue statement breaks out of one iteration of a loop

and continues with the next iteration of the loop.
• This example skips the value of 4:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
continue;
}
cout << i << "\n";
} //output = 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 31

 Any Questions?

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 32

 Evaluating conditions in C++
if (condition) statement;
if (condition) statement1; else
statement2;
else if (condition) statement;
while (condition) statement;
do statement; while (condition);
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement;
• A condition can be based on any expression.
• If the expression evaluates to zero, it’s treated as false.
• If the expression evaluates to nonzero, it’s treated as true.
• C++ also provides the data type bool for variables that can hold only
the values true and false.
• Each of these is a C++ keyword.
• The condition can also be determined with bool variables.
C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 33
 Evaluating conditions in C
if (condition) statement;
if (condition) statement1; else
statement2;
else if (condition) statement;
while (condition) statement;
do statement; while (condition);
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement;
• conditions in C can use boolean values, too.
• Prior to C99, C didn't have a built-in boolean type, so integers were
used instead, where 0 represented false and any non-zero value
represented true.
• With the introduction of the stdbool.h header file in C99, the bool
type, along with the constants true and false, became available.
• This allows for more explicit and readable boolean logic in C code.
C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 34
What About expressions in switch-case?

switch(expression) {
case x:
case y:
}

• Boolean values can be used in C++ switch statements.

• Since boolean values are implicitly converted to integers (true to 1
and false to 0), they satisfy the requirement that the switch
expression must evaluate to an integer.
• Therefore, you can use true and false as case labels within a switch
statement.

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 35

 What About in C?
switch(expression) {
case x:
case y:
}

• Not exactly …
• Booleans, as a distinct type, cannot be directly used in switch
statements in C.
• The switch statement in C requires an integer or character type for
its expression.
• However, since C represents booleans as integers (0 for false and
non-zero for true), you can use boolean variables or expressions
within a switch statement by treating them as integers.

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 36

 What About in C? – Well, Sort Of …

Here's how you can use

booleans in a switch
statement in C:

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 37

 Any Questions?

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 38

 In-Class Problem Rubric

Grading Level
Exceeds
Question Points Meets Expectations Unsatisfactory
Expectations
(80-89%) (0-79%)
(90-100%)

1 50 10 points per control structure

Comments on most
lines that describe
Comments on each Few comments or
what the code is
line that describe most comments do
2 50 doing, or comments
what the code is not describe what
on each line, but not
doing. code is doing.
describing what
code is doing.

C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 39

 #include <iostream>

In-Class Problem int main() {

int age = 20;
if (age >= 18) {
std::cout << "Adult" << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "Minor" << std::endl;
}
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
std::cout << "Monday" << std::endl;
break;
case 2:
std.cout << "Tuesday" << std::endl;
break;
case 3:
std::cout << "Wednesday" << std::endl;
1. Add a comment to identify each break;
control structure in this C++ code. default:
std::cout << "Other day" << std::endl;
2. Add a comment on every line }
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
explaining what the C++ code is }
std::cout << "Iteration: " << i << std::endl;
doing. int counter = 0;
while (counter < 3) {
std::cout << "Counter: " << counter << std::endl;
counter++;
}
int num = 0;
do {
std::cout << "Number: " << num << std::endl;
num++;
} while (num < 2);
return 0;
}
C++ Control Structures David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 40