Descriptive Statistics

qualitative data

Binary

Descriptive Statistics Summary Of Udacity Course

Descriptive Statistics Data Types Quantitative and Categorical. Quantitative data takes on numeric values that
allow us to perform mathematical operations (like the number of dogs) Categorical are used to label a group or
set of items (like dog breeds - Collies, Labs, Poodles, etc.
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Data Types
Quantitative and Categorical.
Quantitative data takes on numeric values that allow us to perform mathematical operations (like the number of dogs).

Categorical are used to label a group or set of items (like dog breeds - Collies, Labs, Poodles, etc.).

Categorical Ordinal vs Categorical Nominal

We can divide categorical data further into two types: Ordinal and Nominal.

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 Categorical Ordinal data take on a ranked ordering (like a ranked interaction on a scale from Very Poor to Very Good with the
dogs).
Categorical Nominal data do not have an order or ranking (like the breeds of the dog ‫)ﺳﻼﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻻب‬.

Quantitative Continuous vs Quantitative Discrete

We can think of quantitative data as being either continuous or discrete.
Continuous data can be split into smaller and smaller units, and still a smaller unit exists. An example of this is the age of
the dog - we can measure the units of the age in years, months, days, hours, seconds, but there are still smaller units that could be
associated with the age.
Discrete data only takes on countable values. The number of dogs we interact with is an example of a discrete data type.

Quantitative: Examples
Continuous : Height, Age, Income
Discrete : Pages in a Book, Trees in Yard, Dogs at a Coffee Shop

Categorical: Examples
Ordinal : Letter Grade, Survey Rating
Nominal : Gender, Marital Status, Breakfast Items

Analyzing Quantitative Data

Four Aspects for Quantitative Data
There are four main aspects to analyzing Quantitative data.

1. Measures of Center

2. Measures of Spread

3. The Shape of the data.

4. Outliers

Analyzing Categorical Data

if we were looking at the breeds of the dogs, we would care about how many dogs are of each breed, or what proportion of
dogs are of each breed type.
Categorical data is analyzed usually be looking at the counts or proportion of individuals that fall into each group.

1-Measures of Center
There are three measures of center:

1. Mean

2. Median

3. Mode

1- The Mean
The mean is often called the average or the expected value in mathematics.

We calculate the mean by adding all of our values together, and dividing by the number of values in our dataset.

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 2- The Median
The median splits our data so that 50% of our values are lower and 50% are higher.

Median for Odd Values

If we have an odd number of observations, the median is simply the number in the direct middle.

Median for Even Values

If we have an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two values in the middle.

3-The Mode
The mode is the most frequently observed value in our dataset.

There might be multiple modes for a particular dataset, or no mode at all.

Notation
Notation : Think of notation as a universal language used by academic and industry professionals to convey mathematical
ideas. 5+3

Random Variables
A random variable is a placeholder for the possible values of some process

Aggregations
An aggregation is a way to turn multiple numbers into fewer numbers (commonly one number).
Summation is a common aggregation. The notation used to sum our values is a greek symbol called sigma Σ.

2- Measures of Spread
Measures of Spread are used to provide us an idea of how spread out our data are from one another. Common measures of
spread include:

1. Range

2. Interquartile Range (IQR)

3. Standard Deviation

4. Variance

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 Histograms ‫اﻟﻤﺪرج اﻟﺘﻜﺮارى‬
Histograms : are super useful to understanding the different aspects of quantitative data. In the upcoming concepts, you will see
histograms used all the time to help you understand the four aspects we outlined earlier regarding a quantitative variable:

center - Spread - Shape - Outliers

‫اﻟﻤﺪرج اﻟﺘﻜﺮارى ﻫﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺘﺘﻘﺴﻢ ﻟﻔﺌﺎت و ﺑﺘﺘﺤﻮل ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻰ‬

Calculating the 5 Number Summary (Outliers Or Skewed )

The five number summary consist of 5 values:

1. Minimum: The smallest number in the dataset.

2. Q1: The value such that 25% of the data fall below.

3. Q2: (Median) The value such that 50% of the data fall below.

4. Q3: The value such that 75% of the data fall below.

5. Maximum: The largest value in the dataset.

1- The Range = ( Max - Min )

The range is then calculated as the difference between the maximum and the minimum.

2- Interquartile Range (IQR) Q3 - Q1

The interquartile range is calculated as the difference between Q3 and Q1.

3-The Standard Deviation

The standard deviation is one of the most common measures for talking about the spread of data. It is defined as the average
distance of each observation from the mean.

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 The standard deviation is associated with risk in finance, assists in determining the significance of drugs in medical
studies, and measures the error of our results for predicting anything from the amount of rainfall we can expect
tomorrow to your predicted commute time tomorrow.

4-The Variance ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎوت‬

The Variance : is the average squared difference of each observation from the mean
.

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The variance is used to compare the spread of two different groups. A set of data with higher variance is more spread
out than a dataset with lower variance. Be careful though, there might just be an outlier (or outliers) that is increasing the
variance, when most of the data are actually very close.

3- The Shape Of Data

From a histogram we can quickly identify the shape of our data, which helps influence all of the measures we learned in the
previous concepts. We learned that the distribution of our data is frequently associated with one of the three shapes:
1. Right-skewed
2. Left-skewed

3. Symmetric (frequently normally distributed)

1- Right skewed Mean > Median

Real World Applications
Amount of drug remaining in a blood stream,

Time between phone calls at a call center,

Time until light bulb dies

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 2 - Left skewed Median > Mean
Real World Applications
Grades as a percentage in many universities,

Age of death,

Asset price changes

3 - Symmetric (frequently normally distributed) Median = Mean

Real World Applications ( Mean And Standard Deviation)
Height,

Weight, Errors,

Precipitation

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 4- Outliers
outliers : are points that fall very far from the rest of our data points. This influences measures like the mean and standard
deviation much more than measures associated with the five number summary.

Outliers Advise
1. Plot your data to identify if you have outliers.
2. Handle outliers accordingly via the methods above.
3. If no outliers and your data follow a normal distribution - use the mean and standard deviation to describe your dataset, and
report that the data are normally distributed.
4. If you have skewed data or outliers, use the five number summary to summarize your data and report the outliers.

Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is about describing our collected data.

Inferential Statistics
Inferential Statistics is about using our collected data to draw conclusions to a larger population.
We looked at specific examples that allowed us to identify the

1. Population - our entire group of interest.

2. Parameter - numeric summary about a population

3. Sample - subset of the population

4. Statistic - numeric summary about a sample

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