Медведєва С. О., Мельник О. Д.

Practical English
for
Information and Communication
Technologies
Частина I

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 Міністерство освіти і науки України
Вінницький національний технічний університет

Медведєва С.О., Мельник О. Д.

Practical English
for
Information and Communication
Technologies

Частина I

Вінниця
ВНТУ
2022

1
УДК 811.111(075)
М42

Рекомендовано до друку Вченою радою Вінницького національного

технічного університету Міністерства освіти і науки України (протокол
№ … від ……………р.)

Рецензенти:
Н. Б. Іваницька, доктор філологічних наук, професор
О.О. Самохвал, доктор педагогічних наук, доцент
О.В. Столяренко, кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент

Медведєва, С. О.
М.42 Навчальний посібник «Practical English for Information and
Communication Technologies» / С. О. Медведєва, О. Д. Мельник –
Вінниця : ВНТУ, 2022. – 158 с.
Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів закладів вищої освіти, які
вивчають інформаційно-комунікаційні технології і містить автентичні фахові
тексти, лесичні та граматичні вправи комунікативного спрямування. Посібник
також укомплектований аудіо- та відео курсом, що дає змогу використовувати
оригінальні професійно-орієнтовані записи зі спеціальності з метою формування
навичок аудіювання.
УДК 811.111(075)

© С. Медведєва, О. Мельник, 2022

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 Contents
Unit 1 Application of computers………………………………………………4
Unit 2 Computer evolution……………………………………………………20

Unit 3 Types of computers…………………………………………………….37

Unit 4 Computer hardware…………………………………………………….53

Unit 5 Storage devices…………………………………………………………71

Unit 6 Computer peripherals………………………………………………...…89

Unit 7 Software. Types of software…………………………………………...108

Unit 8 Operating systems. Graphical User Interface…………………………127

Unit 9 Ergonomics. A good workspace. Health and safety…………………. 144

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 Unit 1
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

__________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Discuss the following questions.
1. What is ICT?
2. What does ICT study?
3. What does English for Specific Purposes study?
4. Does General English differ from English for Specific Purposes?

TASK 2. A) Read the text. The words in bold are familiar to you in general
English. But can you think of a different meaning for each word used in an
ICT context?
Anna phoned the language school where she was working to say she had
caught a virus and was too ill to work. Then she plugged in her player, found a
little bit of dark chocolate in the fridge, and sat down to browse through her
magazine and play with her pet mouse. Half an hour later she called the local
Chinese restaurant and ask what there was on the menu. Anna had just chosen
her lunch when the postman arrived with a package addressed to her. She
stepped out to get it and the door closed behind her. Anna realized her keys were
inside her apartment and she got locked out.

B) Fill in the gaps with one of the words in bold from Task 2 (A). Change
the form if necessary.
1. Select an option from the drop-down ________.
2. The smallest unit of data in a computer is called a _________, short for
binary digit.
3. The aim of anti- ________ software is to protect computers from infection.

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4. High-level programming ________, such as C and C++, are composed of
letters, numbers and symbols.
5. To view information on the Internet you need a web ________.
6. Click on the ________ twice to open the program.
7. This software _________ includes a number of programs that businesses
will find useful.
8. One way to protect data is to encrypt it so that only someone with the correct
________, or password, can open it.
9. Most Internet ________ begin www.
10. You may need to install a ________ to play music or watch films on your
computer.

TASK 3. Read and translate the groups of sentences. Pay attention to the
different meanings of the words in bold. Write out the words in bold,
translate and learn them.
1. A keyboard consists of a number of keys used to create letters, numbers,
and symbols, and perform additional functions. – He briefly played
keyboards with a rock-and-roller John Mellencamp.
2. That cookie’s junk, you shouldn’t have bought it! – Cookies can be used
to administer logins and enhance the security of the system, to analyze
users and their behaviour.
3. After the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, a new wave of migration of Rom
started. – Despite some changes in ROM, it was mostly compatible with
the motherboard.
4. His backbone is longer than it’s supposed to be. – Education is the
backbone of the economic recovery of the country. – The firm has built a
new broadband Internet backbone across the country.
5. These medicines are also available in capsule dosage form and a tablet. –
She took the tablet so I’m stuck using the laptop. – The poem was
engraved on a tablet of stone.
6. This little attachment allows you to take photographs using your mobile
phone. – Opening the file displays the attachment in a new window. –
That was before I understood your attachment to me was hindering your
progress. – These statements can be found in the attachment to the
present paper.
7. Close all applications including the browser. – We can show you
strategies that will help you turn browsers into buyers.
8. Regular application of the medicine should reduce the symptoms within
24 hours. – The Bulgarian Government recently submitted an official
application for full membership in the European Union. – OpenOffice
1.1 became a very good office application getting faster and more stable.
9. He was an experienced player who was always trying to improve his
performance. – High-performance cars are the most expensive. – This

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 was a very impressive performance by the young player, who managed
to score 10 points within the first ten minutes.
10.Will this spray get rid of those little black bugs that are attacking my
shrubs? – He said they had eliminated all the bugs in the software.

_______________________________________LISTENING
TASK 4. Listen to four people talking about how they use computers at
work.
A. Write down each speaker’s job;

B. Match the words and word combinations to the speakers:

a) to catalogue and classify books and newspapers,
b) to design electrical installations and lighting systems,
c) to write memos and letters,
d) to write music,
e) to do office things,
f) to record, store and control the sound,
g) to be in charge of other services like printing,
h) to make drawings,
i) to communicate with the offices around the world,
j) to help people with their enquiries,
k) to produce the sound,
l) to be linked up to the international offices by email,
m) to test installations,
n) to store information,
o) to assist customers in the use of software and hardware.

C. Be ready to talk about each speaker’s job and the application of

computers in his / her job.

TASK 5. Look at the list of these professions and say how they use
computers.
 an accountant,
 an architect,
 a doctor,
 a teacher,
 an engineer,
 a pilot,
 a shop assistant,
 a designer,
 a mechanic,
 a student.

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_____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 6. Match the words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents. Learn the words.
1. accuracy a) шифрувати
2. ATM (automated teller machine) b) зберігати
3. by means of c) записувати
4. CAD (Computer-Aided Design) d) програмне забезпечення
5. communication e) банкомат
6. customer f) забезпечувати
7. enquiry g) оглядати, досліджувати
8. equipment h) проектувати
9. hardware i) за допомогою
10.insurance j) запит
11.software k) оцінювати
12.to be in charge of l) клієнт, покупець
13.to design m) апаратне забезпечення
14.to emerge n) зв’язок
15.to encrypt o) постачати
16.to enhance p) страхування
17.to evaluate q) обладнання
18.to examine r) комп’ютеризоване проектування
19.to permit s) точність
20.to provide t) універсальність, різнобічність
21.to record u) виникати, з’являтися
22.to store v) збільшувати, покращувати
23.to supply w) дозволяти
24.versatility x) бути відповідальним за

TASK 7. Match the synonyms. Translate and learn them.

1. to enhance a) cashpoint
2. ATM b) to allow
3. accuracy c) to improve
4. to emerge d) quick
5. fast e) to be responsible for
6. to permit f) to study
7. hardware g) to assist
8. to help h) to encode
9. to be in charge of i) programs and instructions
10.software j) equipment
11.to examine k) to appear
12.to encrypt l) precision

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TASK 8. Replace the words in bold with their synonyms. Use the correct
grammar form.
1. These standards require high precision and improved international
monitoring.
2. Homo sapiens appeared about 400 000 years ago.
3. She bought some new hardware for her system.
4. You are to learn how to encrypt personal information on your local
computer to prevent other people from reading it.
5. We have seen cashpoints become entirely normal and worldwide accepted.
6. He is in charge of personnel recruitment.
7. Children are not permitted in without their parents.
8. Their living expenses are constantly enhancing.
9. We must examine carefully the details of his proposals.
10.She assisted the boy with his homework.

_________________________________________READING
TASK 9. Read and translate the text.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
The modern age is the age of Information Technologies. Nowadays
computers have become an integral part of our lives, having penetrated all the
spheres of our society, particularly the fields where computations are required to
be done at a very fast speed and accuracy, and where data is so complicated that
the human brain finds it difficult to cope with. Now, we will discuss the
application of computers in various fields.
Business_________________________________________________________
People can start a business, run the
business and manage the business by means
of a computer. A computer has a high
speed of calculation, reliability, accuracy,
and versatility which has made it an
integrated part of all business spheres.
Today everything is controlled and
managed by computers. Business
organisations and companies use computers
to do marketing and business planning, record customer data, manage and sell
goods and services. Calculating machines are also essential for payroll
calculations, budgeting, sales analysis, financial forecasting, managing
employee databases, maintenance of stocks, etc. Besides, anyone today can start
his or her business from home as a freelancer and work remotely from home
with the use of a computer and the Internet.

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Banking_________________________________________________________
It’s hard to imagine modern banks without computers. In banks, computers
are used to store information about the money held by each customer and enable
staff to access large databases and carry out financial transactions at high speed.
They also control the cashpoints, or ATMs (automatic teller machines), which
dispense money to customers by the use of a PIN-protected card. Another way
in which computers make it easier for customers to manage their money is
through online and mobile banking, which allows clients to pay bills easily and
transfer money from the comfort of their homes.

Education________________________________________________________
Modern IT technologies enable
computer-based and distance learning.
With computers and the internet, students
today have a wealth of information at
their fingertips that can help them develop
their research and communication skills
while preparing them for a future career
in the workforce. Educational systems all
over the world are implementing new
teaching approaches and syllabuses. Information and communication
technologies (ICT) have facilitated the spread of learning tools such as learning
platforms, cloud services of storage, digital online labs, webinar events, virtual
classrooms, etc. They have improved classical education and provided new
flexible learning solutions.

Healthcare_______________________________________________________
Computers play an important role in hospitals and labs. The major fields of
health care in which they are used include:
 Diagnostic Systems − Computers are
used to collect data and identify the
cause of illness.
 Lab-diagnostic System − All tests
can be done and the reports are
prepared by computers.
 Patient Monitoring System – The
procedures like ECG, X-ray scanning
or ultrasonic scanning is used to
examine patients.
 Pharma Information System − A computer is used to check medication
labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc.
 Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

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Engineering Design________________________________________________
Computers are widely used for engineering purposes. In Architectural
engineering computers help in designing buildings, planning towns,
determining a range of buildings on a building site using both 2D and 3D
drawings. In Industrial Engineering computers deal with the development of
materials and equipment, their improvement and implementation. CAD
(Computer-Aided Design) is widely used here. It provides the creation and
modification of images.

Military_________________________________________________________
Computers are playing an increasingly important
role in the military and defence. They can do a broad
range of tasks, such as geospatial analysis, and smart
weapons control. Computers are used in tanks,
planes and ships to target enemy forces, help
diagnose any problems. They provide
communications systems, hold documents, process
data, etc. Modern military vehicles, missiles,
weapons, etc. employ highly computerized control
systems.

Communication___________________________________________________
Computers are critical for communication and are the centrepiece of
information technology. The early 1990s saw the emergence of household
Internet use, which eventually spurred the common use of email, websites,
blogs, social networking, video chats and Voice-Over-Internet Protocol. The
World Wide Web, the Internet and email revolutionized the way people
communicate with each other. Rather than waiting days or weeks to see
information, we can now view all information at the speed of light. An email
has fundamentally transformed how people share information and conduct
business based on the speed and flexibility it offers.

TASK 10. Reread the text and find English equivalents of the Ukrainian
words and word combinations in the text.
Проникати в усі сфери суспільства, застосування комп’ютерів, керувати
бізнесом за допомогою комп’ютера, записувати інформацію про клієнтів,
продавати товари та послуги, фінансові прогнози, отримати доступ до
великих баз даних, проводити фінансові транзакції, мати велику кількість
інформації під руками, встановити причину хвороби, оглядати пацієнтів,
перевіряти термін придатності, проектувати будівлі, визначати
розташування будинків на будівельному майданчику, виконувати
геопросторовий аналіз, забезпечувати системи зв’язку.

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_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 11. Use collocations in the box to complete these sentences.
access the Internet perform operations do research make calls
send messages display data write letters store information
complete exercises carry out transactions

1. With the latest mobile phones, you can ______ with multimedia
attachments like pictures, audio, and even video.
2. Thanks to Wi-Fi, it’s now easy to ______ from cafes, hotels, parks and
many other public places.
3. Online banking lets you ______ between your accounts easily and
securely.
4. Skype is a technology that enables users to ______ over the Internet for
free.
5. Students are encouraged to ______ using PowerPoint to make their talks
more visually attractive.
6. The Web has revolutionized the way people ______ with sites such as
Google and Wikipedia, you can find the information you need in seconds.
7. Cookies allow a website to ______ on a user’s machine and later retrieve
it; when you visit the website again, it remembers your preferences.

TASK 12. Read and translate the text about MOOCs. Fill in the gaps with
suitable words and word combinations. There are 2 extra words and word
combinations you should not use.
learning goals range supplies integrate facilitators
includes universities available self-organise flexible
high levels participation to make sure forums

The MOOC model for digital practice

Massive open online course (MOOC) is a successful and popular mode of
distance learning first introduced in 2008. A MOOC is aimed at large-scale
interactive (1) ________ and open access via the web. In addition to traditional
course materials such as videos, readings, and problem sets, MOOCs provide
interactive user (2) ________ that help build a community for the students,
professors, and teaching assistants. MOOCs provide an affordable and (3)
________ way to learn new skills, advance your career, do college preparations,
supplemental learning, corporate eLearning & training, and more.
MOOCs (4) ________ social networking, accessible online resources, and
are facilitated by leading practitioners. Most significantly, they build on the
engagement of learners who (5) ________ their participation according to (6)
________, prior knowledge and skills, and common interests.

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 Typically, each MOOC (7) ________ a course provider and a course
platform. A course provider is often a university, which (8) ________ the course
materials and instructors. The platforms – such as EdX, Canvas, Coursera or
Udacity – provide the technological infrastructure for course modules, user
access and other learning resources.
Providers of MOOCs are mostly (9) ________ but may also be corporate
entities. Top educational institutions and universities, such as Harvard, the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Stanford, are leading
providers of online courses. Corporations such as Microsoft and Accenture also
provide publicly (10) ________ online courses. When searching for a MOOC to
take, it is important (11) ________ that the course aligns with the student’s
education and career goals.
The cost of MOOCs can (12) ________ significantly both in price and
structure. Many MOOCs are completely free, whereas online degree programs
that contain a bundle of courses can cost tens of thousands of dollars.
TASK 13. Translate into English using active vocabulary and word
collocations from previous exercises.
1. Завдяки використанню новітнього медичного обладнання, лікарі
можуть швидко оглянути пацієнтів та встановити причину хвороби.
2. Комп’ютери використовуються в усіх сферах життя сучасного
суспільства.
3. Банкіри та фінансисти маєть доступ до великих баз даних і можуть
проводити як фінансові транзакції так і робити фінансові прогнози з
великою точністю.
4. В бізнесі дуже легко співпрацювати з постачальниками та замовниками
використовуючи сучасні високопотужні комп’ютери та мережу
Інтернет.
5. Жодне сучасне підприємство не в змозі продуктивно виконувати
роботу без допомоги комп’ютерних систем контролю.
6. Вам слід знати, як працює комп’ютер.
7. Де ще використовуються комп’ютери?
8. Він ще не вміє писати комп’ютерні програми, чи не так?
9. Хіба ви не можете зробити це за допомогою комп’ютера?
10.Він не зміг скористатися принтером, оскільки він зламався.
________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 14. Watch the video lecture about Greek and Latin affixes on
https://www.videoclass.com/video/greek-and-latin-affixes and answer the
questions.
1. How many common English words are derived from Latin or Greek?
2. How many technical and scientific words are derived from Latin and
Greek?
3. How many new English words can a single Latin or Greek root generate?
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 4. Why is it important to know Latin or Greek roots?
TASK 15. Read and translate the words paying attention to the meaning of
the Latin and Greek prefixes.
Prefix Meaning Example
macro-/mega- large in size or macroeconomics, megabyte
duration
micro- very small microprocessor
multi- many or much multitasking
semi- half semiconductor, semiautomatic,
semicircle, semifinal
dec- ten decimal
de- remove, reduce decode, deactivate, delete, defrost,
decompress
re- again reboot, rearrange, rebuild, remake
ultra- very, extremely ultrathin, ultrasonic, ultramodern, ultra-
short
ex- out; former exclude, extend, ex-champion
inter- between international, interface,
intercommunication
bi- two binoculars, binary, bipolar
hyper- excessive hyperactive, hypersensitive,
hypercritical
co- together collegue, coauthor, coedit, coexist
trans- across transatlantic, transpolar, transportation

TASK 16. Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the list. Some of
them are to be used twice.
semi-(x2) co- trans- re-(x2) hyper- micro- mega- bi-
de-(x2)

1. We have only one planet, and we must learn to ____exist on it.

2. Just as a triangle is half of a square, a _____circle is half of a circle.
3. Ruby is the fastest ______atlantic cable that there is.
4. ______directional satellite Internet communication is a perfect solution for
those who prefer high quality and good service.
5. It is not difficult to find many of the features of ‘______activity’ in modern
social life.
6. At the beginning of 2009, Nova Company passed a resolution to
______construct the telephone network.
7. Portable computers, by their nature, are _____computers.
8. A _____byte equals approximately one million bytes.

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9. Once you finish your program, you will have to test it and _____bug it to
remove all the mistakes.
10.The introduction of _____conductor technology has revolutionized the
computer industry.
11.The _____imal system is a number system based on 10.
12.The _____chargeable battery of a laptop is charged from an AC adapter and
typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for 2 to 3 hours in its initial
state.

TASK 17. Study the information in the table about compound nouns.
Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are a group of two or more nouns that act as a single noun.
The first part of the word or the word combination tells us what kind of object or
person it is, or what its purpose is. The second part identifies the object or
person. The last word in the chain says what the thing is, while the preceding
word or group of words describes the thing. So when we translate compound
nouns, we usually have to start with the last word and work backwards.
Compound nouns as a single word.
This type of compound noun is formed by combining two words into a single
word:
 Noun + noun: motherboard
 Verb + noun: runtime
 Adjective + noun: smartphone, hardware, software
 Preposition + noun: download, overtime
 Verb + preposition: breakdown
Compound nouns as separate words.
This type of compound noun is formed by using two separate words together,
they are acting as a single unit.
 Noun + noun: printer cartridge, computer memory, video card
 Verb + noun: driving licence
 Adjective + noun: copper wire
Compound nouns with hyphens.
Some compounds can use hyphens.
 Hard-disk drive, post-graduate
Compound nouns may have more than two nouns:
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

TASK 18. Read and translate compound nouns.

Research centre, data input, solar power, car battery, battery car, air supply,
water source, circuit diagram, computer language, software technology park, file
transfer protocol, chairman, copyright, database, deadline, calculation speed,

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communication satellite, data processing module, backspace, general-purpose,
graphics processor, handwriting recognition, voice recognition, solid-state
storage device, power efficiency, stand-alone, object-oriented, time-sharing.
TASK 19. Rewrite the sentences below to form compound nouns.
e.g. development of the software for microprocessors – microprocessors
software development
 a program written in Python;
 characteristics of the system;
 introduction to the components of the memory;
 codes for the communication of data;
 system for the management of codes;
 characteristics of digital computers;
 a language for programming at a high level;
 instructions used for the control of the program;
 the main languages for programming.

TASK 20. Study the information in the table about word order in English
questions.
Question Auxiliary Subject Predicate Object Adverbial
word verb modifier
(depends on
the tense form)
I
___ Am (is, he (she, ___ ___ at the
are) it) University?
Was we
(were) you
they
General question

Do / does I every day /

(Did he (she, yesterday /
Will it) attend / classes tomorrow /
Can we attended yet?
Have, has you
Had) they
Do / does I at school or
he (she, ___ at
Alternative

(Did
question

___ Will it) study / University?

Can we studied
Have, has you
Had) they

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 What do / does I
Where (did he (she, ___ ___
question
Special
When will it) study?
How can we
Why have, has you
had) they
Who at the
question
Subject

What ___ ___ studies ___ University?

Whose
(friend)
I studies / at the doesn’t he?
___ ___ he (she, doesn’t University, does he?
it) study
we studied / at the didn’t he? /
Tag question

you didn’t University, did he?

they study
have / at the hasn’t he? /
has University, has he?
studied
can / at the can’t he? /
can’t University, can he?
study

TASK 21. Build questions of different types to each sentence.

1. We study at Vinnytsia National Technical University.
2. We don’t study at Vinnytsia National Medical University.
3. Our classes start at 8.15.
4. The students are listening to the lecture in the lecture hall.
5. They follow the instructions of their teacher.
6. He prepares the equipment for the experiments two times a week.
7. He prepared a report for the conference yesterday.
8. The students will know the results of the test tomorrow morning.
9. Daniel is repairing his laptop now.
10.Mathematics was my favourite subject at school.
11.They will be good specialists in 4 years.
12.There are many foreign students at our University.
13.Yesterday we were late for the English lesson.
14.My father graduated from VNTU 20 years ago.
15.He has already done this task.
16.They will have a lot of work to do next month.

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________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 22. Group work. There are two groups (A and B). Group A reads its
statements and Group B should contradict them. Each group is to provide
not less than 3 arguments for or against the statement. While answering,
use the following phrases:
I wouldn’t say so.
But on the other hand, ….
It seems to me…
I’d like to point out…
I don’t support this idea.
I agree with this statement but still…
A B
1. Computers are very useful in 1. Computers and the Internet
education. make communication easier.
2. It’s great to chat with friends on social 2. You can play computer
media websites. games for hours.
3. You can store all your personal 3. When computers are down,
information on your computer. our way of life breaks down.
4. Computers can make the mind lazy, 4. Computers offer enormous
especially in terms of education. recourses for entertainment.
5. If students need to research 5. Our society has developed
information, they merely access a technological dependence.
relevant site and download the
information.

TASK 23. Choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what
tasks are performed with the help of computers in each area. Use the Active
Vocabulary from Unit 1 to help you.

17
_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 24. Write a passage (150 words) on one of the topics. Be sure to use
topical vocabulary.
1. How ICT has led to changing work patterns.
2. Computers make learning more fun and more exciting.
3. It is possible to gain in-depth knowledge about any subject on the Net.
4. Information technology and business are becoming inextricably interwoven

_________________________PROFESSIONAL READING
TASK 25. Read and translate the text.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at Work

ICT plays a key role in business today. In fact, its use is now so widespread
that it is difficult to succeed without it. Rapid developments in the ICT sector in
the last two decades have produced a huge range of new products and services.
These include products such as personal computers (PCs), notebooks and fax
machines, and services such as e-mail, intranet and the Internet, Businesses of
all sizes and types use computer-based systems like these because they offer a
better way to work - one which can save time and money.

Firstly, ICT is a faster and more efficient way for people to communicate,
Businesses no longer have to rely on slow postal services. They can send and
receive information and documents by text, e-mail or fax. Video-conferencing
means people do not need to travel long distances to attend meetings. ICT
provides a way for people within an organization to contact each other quickly
and share work. It also means that they can work with people around the world.

ICT is also used to input, store and manage information. One common use of
office computers is to record, find and work with information. For example,
businesses use word-processing (WP) or desktop publishing (DIP) packages to
produce company documents, and databases to store customer details and
produce mailing lists. In the past, these tasks took hours, days or even weeks and
produced a lot of paperwork. With ICT they take less time and cost less. Such
electronic systems also save storage space.

Another area where ICT is important is the retail industry. Most items on
sale in shops have a small black and white label called a bar code. Many shops
combine bar-coding with electronic point-of-sale (EPOS) systems. The customer
takes an item to the cashier, who uses a scanning device to read the bar code and
find out the price of the item. The EPOS system logs each sale and helps the
shop manager to decide which products to reorder from the supplier. Some
EPOS systems are even programmed to do the ordering.

18
 Manufacturers use new technology to design and build products. At the
design stage, they use computer-aided design (CAD) software to produce new
ideas and designs. In the production stage, many companies use robots. These
are machines that do the work of people and are controlled by computer-assisted
manufacturing (CAM) programs. Robots can carry out routine, complex and
dangerous procedures. They can work 24 hours a day and the standard of their
work remains constant because they do not get tired or bored. As a result,
companies can improve their production rates without losing quality.

New technology, then, offers a range of benefits. Firstly, it saves time. Tasks
that once took a long time to do by hand now take a fraction of that time.
Secondly, ICT improves communication between people, speeding up business
transactions and decision-making, and opening up new markets around the
world. Thirdly, inexpensive ICT solutions can often replace expensive people.
Consequently, companies can reduce the size of their workforce and their wage
bills. Finally, ICT can increase the quantity and improve the quality of goods
produced, which may also increase profits.
However, it is important to understand that there are costs as well as
benefits. ICT systems can be very expensive. Companies have to choose
systems that suit their needs and are cost-effective before investing in ICT. They
have to consider several factors. Firstly, technology is constantly developing,
which means that systems need to be regularly upgraded. Another issue is staff
training. There is no point in installing an ICT system if workers cannot use it.
Lastly, there is the cost of technical support, such as a helpdesk, to ensure that
everything runs well daily.

Modern technology is here to stay. It would be almost impossible to ignore

computer-based systems or to return to work without them, However, successful
use of ICT requires investment in both equipment and skills. Businesses of all
sizes need to make the right choices because there are risks, as well as benefits,
involved.

TASK 26. Reread the text from the Professional Reading section. Find the
words in the box in the text, and write out word combinations with these
words from the text. Build sentences using these word combinations.
key fax publishing store space combine logs
routine reduce

TASK 27. Answer the questions.

1. What types of businesses are discussed in the article?
2. How is ICT used in different types of businesses?
3. What are the advantages for businesses of using ICT?
4. What factors do businesses have to consider before they invest in ICT?

19
 UNIT 2
COMPUTER EVOLUTION

__________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Discuss the questions.
1. When was the first computer developed?
2. What was the first calculating device in the world?
3. What country was the first computer developed in?
4. What did the first computers look like?
5. Compare the first computers with the modern ones. How have they
changed?
6. What will computers be like in the future?
TASK 2. Focus on the stages of the development of computing devices.
Look at the pictures, guess the names of the devices and denote the time
period when they appeared.

 analytical engine  punched card

 abacus  analogue computer
 slide rule  electronic digital computer
 mechanical calculator (pascaline)  ENIAC

1632 1642 1834 3000 BC 1725 1930s 1942

1943

20
 1________
2_______

3_________ 4_______

6_______
5____

7_______
8_______

_____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 3. Match the words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents. Learn the words.
1. abacus a) додавати
2. analogue b) віднімати
3. artificial intelligence c) множити
4. binary digit d) ділити
5. bus e) рахівниця, абак
6. calculating device f) обробляти
7. capacitor g) вводити дані

21
8. digital h) виводити дані
9. diode i) двійкове число
10.meter j) перфокарта
11.pressure k) обчислювальний прилад
12.punched card l) винаходити
13.relay m) зрозумілий, дружній для користувача
14.resistor n) лічильник, вимірювальний прилад
15.to add o) вакуумна лампа
16.to call for p) штучний інтелект
17.to collate q) діод
18.to consume r) конденсатор
19.to devise s) резистор
20.to divide t) реле
21.to input data u) споживати
22.to invent v) шина
23.to multiply w) аналоговий
24.to output data x) блок, пристрій, одиниця
25.to process y) цифровий
26.to subtract z) тиск
27.unit aa) напруга
28.user-friendly bb) вимагати, потребувати
29.vacuum tube cc) зіставляти
30.voltage dd) розробляти

TASK 4. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations from the
active vocabulary given in Task 3. Use the correct grammar form.
1. The two basic mathematical operations pupils learn at primary school are
to _________ and ________ small numbers.
2. Alexander Bell ________ telephone in 1897.
3. The invention of a computer mouse and graphical user interface made
computers more ________.
4. Computers have given banks the possibility to ________ millions of
transactions at the speed of light.
5. Abacus is a simple _________ that people used since ancient times until
computers became a part of our lives.
6. All information on the computer is represented in the form of _________,
which are the combination of zeroes and ones.
7. A _________ is a piece of paper where digital information is represented
by the presence or absence of holes in it.
8. _________ is a computer technology that deals with making machines
work and think similar to the way the human mind works.
9. An ________ is a simple device for calculating, consisting of a frame with
rods on which a specific number of beads are free to move.

22
 10.A ________ is a device that measures and records the quantity, speed or
degree of something.
11.The standard _________ in Ukraine is 220 volts AC.
12.The active catalogue system gathers and _________ information about
parts so that engineers can access all the information in one place.

TASK 5. Match the words with their definitions.

1. perform a) keep, save
2. digital b) execute, do
3. word processor c) monetary
4. store d) screen
5. online e) embedded, integrated
6. financial f) connected to the Internet
7. download g) collection of facts or figures
8. monitor h) to match, to compare
9. built-in i) describes the information that is recorded or
10.data broadcast using computers
11.to devise j) a program used for text manipulation
12.to collate k) copy files from a server to your PC or mobile
l) to create, to fabricate

TASK 6. Replace the words in bold with the equivalents from the box.

contemporary built-in devised count showed compare

productivity plain different kinds tiny presented instruct

1. Software is a set of programs that give commands to the hardware to

perform certain tasks.
2. Varieties of types of integrated circuitry are used in modern
supercomputers.
3. Embedded computers are small, simple devices, which are used to
control other devices.
4. Herman Hollerith, an American inventor, fabricated the calculating
machine able to calculate, and collate information stored on a punch
card.
5. A device called ‘tabulator’ quickly demonstrated the efficiency of
mechanical data manipulation.
6. IBM introduced its Personal Computer in 1981.

_________________________________________READING
TASK 7. Read the text. Choose from (a – j) the one that best fits each space
(1 – 8). There are two choices you do not need to use.
a) There are two different types of computers – analogue and digital.
23
 b) People are the most important component of the computer system.
c) The most common form of computer in use today is the embedded
computer.
d) In addition, hardware devices can include external components...
e) An incredibly important contribution to computer technology
development…
f) IBM made punch-card office machinery…
g) hardware, software, people, procedures, and data;
h) This process is called digitization
i) a method that was already used to control automatic silk-weaving
machines called Jacquard looms
j) His ‘tabulator’ quickly demonstrated the efficiency of mechanical data
manipulation.

The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of

electronic and electromechanical components. The computer has no intelligence
by itself and is referred to as hardware which is the computer’s physical
electronic and mechanical parts. A computer system can be viewed as consisting
of five most vital elements: (1) ______________________________. When one
computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system,
connectivity becomes the sixth system element of the total computer system. (2)
_____________________________: they create the computer software
instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.
(3) __________________________. Analogue computers solve problems by
using continuously changing data (temperature, pressure, voltage) rather than by
manipulating discrete binary digits (1s and 0s) as digital computers do. In
current usage, the term computer usually refers to digital computers. Hybrid
computers combine elements of both types. Digital computers are generally
more effective than analogue computers for three principal reasons: they are not
as susceptible to signal interference; they can convey data with more precision,
and their coded binary data are easier to store and transfer than analogue signals
are. Such computers can represent any type of data, from numbers and letters to
musical notes. (4) _____________________________.
A vague image of the modern computer was first outlined in 1833 by British
mathematician Charles Babbage. His design of an ‘analytical engine’ contained
all the necessary elements of a modern computer: input devices, a store
(memory), a mill (computing unit), a control unit, and output devices. The
design called for more than 50,000 moving parts in a steam-driven machine as
large as a locomotive. Most of its actions were executed through the use of
perforated cards: (5) ____________________________ by the name of the
inventor. It was one of the first programmable devices.

24
 In the 1880s Herman Hollerith developed a calculating machine able to
count, collate, and sort information stored on punch cards.
(6)___________________________. In 1896 Hollerith founded the Tabulating
Machine Company to produce similar machines. In 1924 the company changed
its name to IBM.

From 1939 to 1942, American physicists John V. Atanasoff and Clifford

Berry built a computer based on the binary numbering system. Their ABC
(Atanasoff-Berry Computer) is often credited as the first electronic digital
computer.
(7) ______________________________ is made by Steven Jobs and
Stephen Wozniak, the founders of the Apple II computer. The first devices that
resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (1940–1945).

Early electronic computers were the size of a large room. Modern computers
are based on tiny integrated circuits. (8)______________________. Embedded
computers are small, simple devices that are used to control other devices – for
example; they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to
industrial robots, digital cameras, and children's toys.

TASK 8. Decide if the following statements are True or False.

1. The principle of work of analogue computers is the same as of digital
computers.
2. Digital computers have greater performance.
3. The basis of computer organisation was laid by Charles Babbage.
4. An analytical engine couldn’t be programmed.
5. The Tabulating Machine Company is the predecessor of IBM.
6. The ABC computer was the first to use binary notation.
7. The function of an embedded computer is to control other devices.
____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 9. Watch the video about the history of computers. Then read the
statements and decide if they are True or False. Correct the False ones.
1. Abacus and slide rules were the first mechanical calculating devices.
2. Steve Jobs is often referred to as ‘the father of computers.’
3. A working model of the analytical engine was never built by its author.
4. The very first electronic computers were developed by Konrad Zuse in the
USA in the period 1935 to 1941.
5. The Z3 was the first working, programmable and fully automatic digital
computer.
6. The Colossus computer was built by the British to break encrypted
German codes during WWII.

25
 7. ENIAC (built in 1943 in the USA) stands for the Enormous Numerical
Integrator Analyzer and Computer.
8. ENIAC weighed 30 tons, was 100 feet long and eight feet high.
9. Similar to a vacuum tube, a transistor controls the flow of electricity, but
it is only a few millimetres in size and generates little heat.
10.Computer systems using vacuum tubes are considered the second
generation of computers.
11.Computer systems using transistors are considered the first generation of
computers.
12.Computer systems using integrated circuits are considered the third
generation of computers.
13.Computer systems using microcontrollers are considered the fourth
generation of computers.
14.The Altair 8800 made in 1975 had neither keyboard nor monitor.
15.Stephen Jobs and Steve Wozniak created a personal computer in 1976 that
had a keyboard, display and disk storage. They called it Mark I.
16.Bill Gates and Paul Allen developed software for Altair 8800 and founded
Microsoft.
17.A personal computer (a PC) was developed by IBM in 1981.
18.The first IBM personal computer didn’t use any operating system.
19.The graphical user interface was introduced in the 1980s both by Apple
and by Microsoft.
20.According to Moor’s Law, the number of transistors on an integrated
circuit doubles approximately every two years.

TASK 10. Watch the video again and answer the questions.
1. When and where did the first calculating device appear?
2. How was it called?
3. What calculating device was invented in 1621 and was widely used until
the 1970s?
4. Who is often referred to as ‘the father of computers’?
5. What did Charles Babbage develop in 1830?
6. What were its peculiarities?
7. Did Babbage build a working model of his analytical engine?
8. Who created the computer Z3?
9. The Z3 was the first working, programmable and fully automatic digital
computer, wasn’t it?
10.For what was the Colossus computer used?
11.Did ENIAC and Colossus computers work on vacuum tubes or
transistors?
12.What computer systems are considered the first / the second / the third /
the fourth generation of computers?
13.Which computer had neither keyboard nor monitor? When was it
developed?
26
 14.By whom was the Apple I developed?
15.What company did Bill Gates and Paul Allen set up?
16.What company developed a personal computer (a PC) in 1981?
17.What kind of an operating system did it use?
18.When was the graphical user interface introduced?
________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 11. Match the words with the examples on the right.
1. cardinal numbers a) ¼, 2/3, 28/36
2. ordinal numbers b) first, second, third, …
3. decimals c) 1, 2, 3, …
4. fractions d) 12%, 89%...
5. percentages e) 2.3, 4.698
N.B. Each digit after the decimal point is read separately: two point three, four
point six nine eight.
TASK 12. Learn how to say numbers in English. Watch the video on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spxGl07DmtM.

TASK 13. Read the following numbers.

65%, 3 ½, 3.4, 8.5%, 1/3, 2.87, 5.625, 2/3, 2/5, 62, 53, 25, 5X6, 300, 1940, 2005,
2022, the 20th, 13, 30, 150, 5.421, 2 6/7, 100, 159, 1005, 3851, 35485, 154658

_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 14. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
programming language workstations occurred had come out
spreadsheet graphical user interface technology mainframe
market leader

The IBM mainframe computer of the 60s

The 1960s saw large (1)________ computers become much more common
in large industries as well as in the US military and space programmes. IBM
became the (2) ________ in selling these large, expensive and very hard-to-use
machines.
The PCs of the 70s
A veritable explosion of personal computers (3) ________ in the early 70s,
starting with Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak exhibiting the first Apple II at the
First West Coast Computer Fair in San Francisco. The Apple II boasted built-in
(4) ________ called BASIC, colour graphics, and a 4100 character memory.
Programs and data could be stored on a common audio cassette recorder.

27
The Apple Macintosh
By 1984, Apple and IBM (5) ________
with new models. Apple released the first
generation Macintosh, which was the first
computer to come with a (6) ________ and
a mouse. The GUI made the machine much
more attractive to home computer users
because it was easy to use. IBM released
the IBM PC/IT, which, with applications
like Lotus 1-2-3, a (7) ________ and
Microsoft Word, quickly became very
popular all over the world.
Today’s powerful home computers
Now people have their own personal
graphics (8) ________ and powerful home computers. The average computer a
person has at home is dramatically more powerful than a machine like ENIAC.
The computer revolution has been the fastest-growing (9) ________ in
man’s history.
TASK 15. Read the text about the first computer ENIAC and fill in the
gaps with the words from the box.
electronic consumed cost solve designed perform
digital buses save subtract vacuum tubes punch card

ENIAC stands for 1) ________Numerical Integrator And Computer. It was

the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was 2) _______, and it was
capable of being reprogrammed, it could 3) ________many numerical problems.
ENIAC was conceived and 4) _________by John Mauchly and John Presper
Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.
The completed machine was announced to the public February 14, 1946 at
the University of Pennsylvania, having 5)_________almost $500,000
(approximately $6,000,000 today).
ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of individual panels to 6)
__________different functions. Twenty of these modules were accumulators,
which could not only add and 7) ________but hold a ten-digit decimal number
in memory. Numbers were passed between these units across several 8)
________. In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive
numbers, compute, 9) _______the answer, and trigger the next operation – all
without any moving parts.
ENIAC contained 17,468 10)_________, 7,200 diodes, 1,500 relays,
70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. It
weighed more than 30 tons, was roughly 2.4m x 0.9m x 30m, took up 167
28
square meters, and 11) _________150 kW of power. Input was possible from an
IBM card reader, and an IBM 12)__________ was used for output.

TASK 16. Answer the questions.

1. What does the word ENIAC stand for?
2. What are the key features of ENIAC?
3. Who was ENIAC designed by?
4. When was the computer announced to the public?
5. What kind of a computer was it?
6. What electronic components did the computer contain?
7. How much room did it occupy?
8. How much did it weigh?
9. How could information be input into and output from the computer?
________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 17. Study the information in the table about Present Tenses (Active).
Define when each tense is used.
Adverbial
Tense

Affirmative Negative Interrogative modifiers

I (you, we, they) I don’t load the Do you load the always
load the computer every computer every
computer every day. day? usually
Present simple

day.
She doesn’t load Does she load often
She (he, it) the computer every the computer
sometimes
loads the day. every day?
computer every regularly
day.
every day /
week

I am loading the I am not loading Am I loading now

computer. the computer. the computer?
at present
Present continuous

You (we, they) You are not Are you loading

are loading the loading the the computer? at the
computer. computer. moment
Is she loading
He (he, it) is He is not loading the computer?
loading the the computer.
computer.

29
 I (you, we, they) I have not loaded Have you already
Present perfect have loaded the the computer. loaded the just
computer. computer? yet
She has not recently
She (he, it) has loaded the Has he loaded lately
loaded the computer. the computer? ever
computer. never
this week
today
I (you, we, they) I (you, we, they) Have (you, we, since 2
been o’clock;
Present perfect

have been have not been they)

loading the loading the loading the for 3 hours
continuous

computer. computer. computer?

She (he, it) has She (he, it) has not Has she (he, it)
been loading been loading the been loading
the computer. computer. the computer?

⃰ State verbs describe states rather than actions. They are not usually used in the
Continuous or Perfect Continuous forms:
Like, love, hate, believe, forget, know, be, remember, forget, belong, contain,
hear, smell, see, taste, have (possess), think, understand, etc.

TASK 18. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.
Carol: Hi Nigel! How are you?
Nigel: Fine. fine. It’s been a long time, hasn’t it? So tell me about yourself.
Carol: Well, for the time being, I ________ (work) in a language school in
Cairo but I want to change my job as soon as I _________ (find) a
better-paid one.
Nigel: I see. What _________ (do / you) here in London?
Carol: I _________ (have) a holiday.
Nigel: That’s lovely. And what _________ (think/you)of Cairo?
Carol: Actually. I like it very much. It ________(be) a very exciting place.
Nigel: And what about your job? Is it difficult?
Carol: Not really. I _________ (teach / usually) from 11 a.m. to 2 pm. And then
later again from 6.30 to 9.30. In the evenings my friends and I
_________ (go) into town very often. We _________ (prefer) to come
together at each other’s houses and chat.
Nigel: You __________ (seem) to enjoy your days in Cairo. So when are you
going back?
Carol: Next week on Friday. My plane ______ (leave) early, at about 7.00 a.m.
Nigel: By the way, how is your brother?
Carol: Chris... oh. He’s OK. He is married with two children and as usual he
________ (not / stop) telling me that I should settle down and get
30
 married. These days he _________ (play) a lot of football. I _________
(guess) he wants to get fit!

TASK 19. Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in
brackets. Use the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
A. How long ________ (you / study) Higher Mathematics.
B. I ________ (not/study) Higher Mathematics for long, only since I started
University.
A. What ________ (you / do) in class recently?
B. We ________ (solve) different problems and ________ (study) theorems.
A. How many problems ________ (solve)?
B. So far, we ________ (solve) 30 problems.
A. ________ (you / ever / think) of studying Higher Mathematics at
University?
B. No, it ________ (not / cross) my mind. I ________ (always / be) more
interested in Algebra.
A. ________ (you / find) any similarities between Algebra and Higher
Mathematics?
B. To some extend. But Higher Mathematics _________ (be) more difficult for
me.

TASK 20. Build questions to the underlined words.

1. They have bought a new laptop.
2. You are reading the notes very carefully.
3. James is waiting for you near the lecture hall.
4. My cousin wants to study IT at university.
5. They have been discussing a new project for an hour.
_______________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 21. Group work. There are two groups (A and B). Each group is to
name 3 inventions which they consider crucial for the development of
computer technologies and IT. The other group should either agree or
contradict. Use the following phrases.
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO EXPRESS YOUR OPINION
In my opinion, ...
To my mind, ...
As far as I am concerned, ...
Speaking personally, ...
From my point of view, ...
As for me, ...
My view / opinion / belief / impression / conviction is that ...
I would say that ...
31
It seems to me that ...
I believe that ...
I have no doubt that ...
I am sure / I am certain that ...
I think / consider / find / feel / believe / suppose / presume / assume that ..
It goes without saying that ...

USEFUL WORDS TO EXPRESS YOUR AGREEMENT

I agree with you/him...
I share your view.
I (really) think so.
You are (quite / absolutely) right about that.
I have come to the same conclusion
I hold the same opinion.
We are of one mind / of the same mind on that question.

USEFUL WORDS TO EXPRESS YOUR DISAGREEMENT

I don’t agree.
I disagree.
I don't think so.
You are / he is wrong.
I think otherwise.
I don’t think that’s quite right.
I don’t agree with you (with what you say).
I am afraid that is not quite true.
I take a different view.
I don’t share his / her / your view.
Not at all!
Nonsense!

TASK 22. Prepare a report about one of the computers of the past. Be sure
to mention:
 when and by whom it was developed;
 what technical characteristics it had;
 what technologies it used;
 what it was used for.
_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 23. Write a passage on the following topic in 150 words. Be sure to
use topical vocabulary.
How do you imagine 2050 computers? Will they be very different from the
current ones? What will be different?

32
_________________________PROFESSIONAL READING
TASK 24. Read and translate the text about future trends in computing.
The more recent and faster the evolution of computers is the more difficult it
is to draw a line between the generations. We are currently living through the
fifth, going on to the sixth, generation of computers, whose aim is to develop
devices that respond to natural language rather than machine language, and are
capable of learning and self-organization, while altogether being smaller and
less expensive.
The present generation relies on ULSI technology, that is Ultra Large-Scale
Integration, which consists in placing more than about one million circuit
elements on a single chip, thus allowing for faster processes. Some other aspects
this generation of computers has achieved are the development and
simplification of storage devices and memories, the development of parallel
processing, i.e. the division of tasks across multiple processing units operating
simultaneously thus increasing the speed of processing, and the development of
easier and wider networking capabilities.
All these features, combined with the development of Artificial Intelligence,
are leading computers into their sixth generation. The idea is that of focusing on
human-computer interaction (HCI), with the objective of reducing the gap
between machines and the human brain. New intelligent systems are in fact
trying to learn from past errors and mimic human communication, and they are
starting to reason and learn, answering to natural language, optical and touch
inputs.
Artificial Intelligence, therefore, together with quantum computers – which
take advantage of some physical properties of atoms that allow them to work
simultaneously as ‘qubits’ rather than consecutively as the binary systems do
with hits, thus being able to perform millions of calculations in parallel – and
nano-biological computers which combine microscopic dimensions with
biologically derived molecules to explore new and unexplored scientific
scenarios – are becoming the future of computers.
So, what more can we expect in the near future? We expect evolutions of the
present virtual and augmented reality, i.e. the addition of a digital layer on top of
the real physical world, developments of perceptual computing, i.e. interacting
with computers using gestures, eye movements or voice, more wireless
solutions, more progress in 3D technologies and new applications, shapes and
uses of present devices such as bands, mobiles and tablets.
However, ‘the question persists and indeed grows, as to whether the
computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they
really are to identify their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to
place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it now is.’
(Norman Cousins, ‘The Poet and the Computer’, in Perspectives on the computer revolution, 1989).

33
TASK 25. Decide if the following statements are True or False. Correct the
False ones.
1. It’s easy to distinguish between different generations of computers.
2. ULSI technology allows for faster processing thanks to the higher number of
integrated circuits.
3. Parallel processing consists in multiple units sharing the same tasks.
4. HCI stands for Human-chip interaction.
5. Qubits work consecutively, taking advantage of ULSI technology.
6. Perceptual computing is adding a new layer to the real physical world.
7. The sixth generation of computers aims at developing computers able to
reason and learn, using natural language processing.
8. Nano-biological computers are used in science to give life to microscopic
devices.

TASK 26. Read and translate the text. For questions (1–6), choose the
answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
Student life and technology
By Debra Mallin, a business student at Greyfort University

Last Saturday, as my grandfather drove me and my sister home from

dinner to celebrate his birthday, he got frustrated at not being able to remember
the name of the singer of a song he’d just heard on the radio. Without a second
thought, I grabbed my smartphone, searched for the song and found the name,
Bob Dylan. For me and my friends, this is a completely natural course of action,
but it totally astonished my grandfather, who didn’t understand how I had
checked the information so quickly. My sister and I laughed and explained, but
afterwards, it made me think about how much I depend on technology.

The list of the ways I use technology is endless: writing, planning,

socialising, communicating and shopping, to name a few. When I reflected on
its impact on my education, I saw that, for my fellow students and I, technology
has been significant in many ways. Returning to the story of my grandfather and
the smartphone, he had asked me more about how I used it and about university
life. He said he thought we had an easy life compared to previous generations.
My sister caught my eye and we exchanged a smile. But whereas she was
thinking our grandfather was just being a typical 65-year-old, I could see his
point.

Not only are we lucky enough to have the same educational benefits as
those of previous generations, we have so many more as well. We still have

34
walk-in libraries available to us, and I can see why some students choose to find
and use resources in these distraction-free locations. However, the only option
for studying used to be sitting in these libraries with as many books from your
reading list as you could find, yet now a single search for your chosen study
topic online can immediately provide access to a huge range of resources. At
universities, the interaction between students and university staff is another area
that has changed considerably with developments in technology. We can have
face-to-face time with our tutors when we need it, and also communicate using
our electronic gadgets from the comfort of our homes, or on the bus. The most
popular means of doing this is via instant messaging or social media – email is
often considered too slow, and it has become unacceptable for messages to be
unanswered for any length of time. While this puts an extra strain on the
university’s academic support team, who usually have to answer the queries as
they come in, we students are greatly benefitted.

It’s important that we remember to appreciate how much the advances in

technology have given us. Electronic devices such as tablets, smartphones, and
laptops are now standard equipment in most classrooms and lecture halls, and
why shouldn’t they be? The replacement of textbooks with tablets allows
students the luxury of having up-to-date, interactive and even personalised
learning materials, with the added benefit of them not costing the earth.

When we compare the student life of the past and that of the present day,
it is tempting to focus on the obvious differences when it comes to technology.
In actual fact, students are doing what they’ve always done: embracing the
resources available and adapting them in ways which allow them to work more
efficiently and to live more enjoyably. The pace of change in technology
continuously gathers speed, so we have to value each innovation as it happens.

1. What does the writer illustrate by describing the incident in the car?

A. the older generation’s frustration at people’s dependence on technology

B. how unaware young people are of some effects of technology
C. the difference in attitudes to technology between the two generations
D. how technology helps different generations communicate
2. What did the writer think of her grandfather’s comment, mentioned in the
second paragraph?

A. It showed how out-of-date he was.

B. It had an element of truth in it.

35
 C. It was an annoying thing to say.
D. It made her feel sorry for him.
3. What does the writer say about getting study resources from libraries?

A. She considers libraries more preferable places for study than home.
B. She cannot understand why anyone chooses to go to a library now.
C. She appreciates the fact that people can still study in libraries if they want
to.
D. She thinks libraries are limited by the number of resources they can store.
4. What disadvantage of new technology does the writer mention in the third
paragraph?

A. Those who can afford the best gadgets gain an unfair advantage.
B. Sometimes slow internet connections make communication difficult.
C. A heavier workload is created for teaching staff at the university.
D. Students cannot escape from dealing with university issues.
5. What is the purpose of the question ‘Why shouldn’t they be?’ in the fourth
paragraph?

A. to express an opinion
B. to introduce some problems
C. to make a criticism
D. to indicate uncertainty
6. What is the writer’s conclusion about students today in the final paragraph?

A. They have such different lives from previous generations that it’s unwise
to compare them.
B. They deal better with change than previous generations did.
C. They take advantage of new resources more quickly than previous
generations did.
D. They are behaving in a similar way to previous generations of students.

36
 UNIT 3

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

__________________________________________LEAD IN
TASK 1. Discuss the questions.
1. What types of computers do you know?
2. What is the difference between a desktop PC and a laptop?
3. What is the difference between a laptop and a tablet?
4. What kind of computer do you have?
5. What computer would you buy and why?
_____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 2. Match the words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents. Learn the words.
1. application a) обчислювати
2. artificial intelligence b) данні, інформація
3. bus c) жорсткий диск
4. CAD (Computer Aided Design) d) пристрій збереження інформації
5. CAM (Computer Aided e) ємність пам’яті
Manufacturing) f) пристрій введення
6. chassis, case g) пристрій виведення
7. data h) периферійні прилади
8. digital i) операційна система
9. expansion board j) основна (оперативна) пам'ять
10.GUI (graphical user interface) k) взаємодіяти
11.hard drive l) графічний інтерфейс користувача
12.input unit m) мережа
13.laptop n) передавати

37
14.main memory o) цифровий
15.network p) ноутбук
16.operating system q) планшет
17.output unit r) обробляти
18.peripherals s) прикладна програма; застосування
19.resolution t) штучний інтелект
20.storage capacity u) роздільна здатність
21.storage unit v) шина
22.tablet w) зберігати
23.to communicate x) використовувати
24.to compute y) плата розширення
25.to employ z) портативний
26.to process aa) корпус
27.to store bb) комп’ютеризоване
28.to transmit проектування
29.wearable, portable cc) комп’ютеризоване виробництво

TASK 4. Match the words with their definitions.

A B
1. computer a. information;
2. software b. a metal case that sits upright on your computer
3. operating desk and includes all the computer components;
system c. to exchange information;
4. data d. this system software allows all the hardware and
5. main memory software components to work together;
6. tower e. RAM (Random Access Memory);
7. to communicate f. a visual way of interacting with a computer using
8. graphical user items such as windows, icons and menus;
interface (GUI) g. an electronic device that performs certain tasks
9. server h. possessing sufficient knowledge about computers
10. computer i. programs and data
literacy j. a computer that manages access to centralized
resources or services in a network.

TASK 5. Translate into English using active vocabulary and word

collocations from previous exercises.
1. Операційна система – це основне програмне забезпечення, яке керує
всіма апаратними та іншими програмами на комп’ютері.
2. Операційні системи зв’язуються з апаратним забезпеченням пристрою.
3. В основній пам’яті комп’ютера зберігаються програми, команди і дані,
з якими найбільш інтенсивно взаємодіє процесор.
4. Графічний інтерфейс користувача – це частина операційної системи,
яка забезпечує взаємодію користувача з комп’ютером.

38
5. Сервер – це потужний комп’ютер, призначений для збереження
інформації і забезпечення доступу до неї з віддалених клієнтських
пристроїв.
6. Системний блок комп’ютера – це корпус, в якому знаходяться основні
функціональні компоненти персонального комп’ютера.
7. Роздільна здатність екрана комп’ютера – це кількість пік селів, яку він
може відображати.
8. Основною характеристикою пам'яті є її ємність, яку вимірюють в
одиницях вимірювання пам'яті; найменшою одиницею є біт.
9. Периферійні пристрої – додаткове обладнання, що підключається до
комп'ютера.
10.Плата розширення – це електронна картка, яка вставляється в слот
розширення на материнській платі комп'ютера та використовується для
додавання додаткової функціональності комп'ютеру.
_______________________________________LISTENING
TASK 6. Listen to a lecture about types of computers.
b) As you listen, label the pictures with the words from the box.

laptop desktop PC PDA mainframe tablet PC

c) Listen again and decide whether these sentences are True or False.
Correct the False ones.
1. A mainframe computer is less powerful than a PC.
2. A mainframe is used by large organizations that need to process enormous
amounts of data.
3. The most suitable computers for home use are desktop PCs.
4. A laptop is not portable.
5. Laptops are not as powerful as desktop PCs.
39
6. Using a stylus, you can write directly onto the screen of a tablet PC.
7. A Personal Digital Assistant is small enough to fit into the palm of your
hand.
8. A PDA does not allow you to surf the Web.
_________________________________________READING
TASK 7. Read and translate the text about different types of computers.

Types of Computer
A computer is a programmable electronic machine that processes data and
performs calculations and other tasks. Computers can be divided into several
main types depending on their size and power.
Supercomputers are very expensive computers with high computational
performance. They are employed for specialized applications that require
immense amounts of mathematical calculations and huge processing speed.
They are often found at places like research centres, scientific institutes, military
and defence organizations, or weather forecasting stations, where speed is of
vital concern. For example, the United States’ National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, which has some of the world’s most advanced
weather forecasting capabilities, uses some of the world’s fastest computers –
capable of more than 8 quadrillion calculations per second.
Mainframes are very large and expensive computers capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. They are connected to
hundreds of terminals over a network. They are mainly used
by big companies and organizations such as banks, airline
companies, hotel chains, hospitals or governmental
organisations because they are able to deal with big amounts
of data. Their time processing is measured in nano or pico
seconds and they are endowed with multi-tasking capacity
and the ability to work on different operating systems
simultaneously. The chief difference between a
supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer
channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas
a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. In some
ways, mainframes are more powerful than
supercomputers because they support more
simultaneous programs. But supercomputers
can execute a single program faster than a
mainframe.

Servers are computers designed to

provide services to other computers over

40
a network, their main function is to process requests and deliver data to
computers over the Internet or a local network. Servers usually have powerful
processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. They control access to the
hardware, software and other resources on a network and provide a centralized
storage area for programs, data and information. Servers support from two to
several thousand connected computers at the same time. Depending on their
function, there are different server types, such as proxy server, mail server,
server platforms, Web server, application server, FTP server, etc.

A workstation is simply a desktop computer that has a

more powerful processor, additional memory, high-end
graphics adapters and enhanced capabilities for
performing a special group of tasks, such as 3D graphics
or game development. It is used for engineering
applications (CAD/CAM), software development, and
other types of applications that require computing power
and high-quality graphics capabilities. Workstations
generally come with a large, high-resolution screen, a large amount of RAM,
built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Like desktop computers,
they are intended for individual users. But in comparison with desktops, they are
much speedier.

Personal computers (PCs) are computers designed for general use by a

single person. PCs can be either desktops or laptops. Desktop PCs can be
generally classified by size and chassis (case). The chassis is the metal frame
that serves as structural support for electronic components. All main computer
components like power supply, motherboard, and storage devices are held in a
case. It also contains slots for expansion boards. There are two basic types of
case designs – desktop models and tower models, but there are many variations
of these two basic types.
A laptop computer is small enough that it can sit on your lap. Nowadays,
laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers. It can work as
fast as a desktop PC, with similar processors, memory capacity, and disk drives,
but it is portable and has a smaller screen. Modern notebooks have screens that
produce very sharp images. Instead of a mouse, they have a touchpad built into
the keyboard – a sensitive pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the
screen. They offer many connectivity options: USB
(Universal Serial Bus) ports for connecting peripherals,
slots for memory cards, etc. They come with battery
packs, which let you use the computer when there are no
electrical outlets available.

Tablets are wireless, portable devices with a

touchscreen interface. Tablets can do pretty much all the

41
functions that laptops do, but they usually have low-performing processors.
They also have less storage capacity than traditional PCs. Tablets are more
portable than PCs, have a longer battery life yet can also do smartphone-like
activities such as taking photos, playing games and drawing with a stylus. For
those who like the keyboard functionality of a laptop, some tablets come with a
keyboard (attached or detachable).

Wearable computers can be worn by a user. They include smartphones,

watches, glasses, clothing, shoes, sleep monitors, heart rate trackers, intelligent
earbuds and similar items. Wearables allow users to track their location, altitude,
calories burned, heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, steps, speed, etc. Nowadays
devices that can be implemented under the skin are under development. They
are supposed to be able to track various biological processes happening in your
body.
Wearables are indeed a new horizon in personal computing. Their flexibility
and mind-warping potential speak to the idea that the computer revolution isn’t
over. If anything, the PC era might just be getting underway.
(based on https://computer.howstuffworks.com/10-types-of-computers10.htm)

TASK 8. Reread the text and find English equivalents of the Ukrainian
words and word combinations in the text.
Обробляти дані, виконувати обчислення, величезна швидкість обробки,
виконувати багато програм одночасно, обробляти запити, доставляти дані,
підтримувати декілька тисяч з’єднаних комп’ютерів одночасно, додаткова
пам'ять, високоякісна графіка, екран з високою роздільною здатністю,
вбудована підтримка мережі, графічний інтерфейс користувача, додаткові
жорсткі диски, корпус, плата розширення, блок живлення, материнська
плата, прилади збереження данних, ноутбук, планшетний комп’ютер,
чітке зображення, периферійні прилади, мережа, навушник.

TASK 9. Read the definitions and say which type of computer they refer to.
1. It is a small multifunctional device that can be used as a telephone, a web
explorer and a personal organizer.
2. It is a typical computer found in many businesses and popular for home
use. It is not portable.
3. It is a large computer used for intensive data processing and often linked
to many terminals.
4. It is a small computer that fits into items of clothing.
5. It is a portable computer that can be closed up like a briefcase, but it can
be as powerful as a desktop PC.
6. It is a wireless, portable device with a touchscreen interface. It is typically
smaller than a notebook computer but larger than a smartphone.

42
TASK 10. Answer the questions.
1. What types of computers do you know?
2. What type of computer is the most powerful one? Where is it used?
3. What is the difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe?
4. What is a server? What types of servers do you know?
5. Where are workstations used? What are their basic characteristics?
6. What is the difference between a desktop PC and a laptop PC?
7. What do you know about wearable computers? What types of wearable
computers are there?
8. What type of computer do you prefer to work on?
____________________________________________VIDEO

TASK 11. Watch the video about the LUMI supercomputer on

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JdL9EezKBY and fill in the gaps with
the words you hear.

LUMI is one of Euro HPC’s flagship supercomputers. It is a GPU-

accelerated supercomputer enabling the convergence of high-performance
computing, (1)________ and high-performance data analytics. LUMI’s peak
performance is astonishingly over (2)_________ petaflops per second and
consists of several partitions. The largest partition of the system is the LUMI-G
consisting of GPU accelerated (3)________ using future-generation AMD
Instinct GPUs.
In addition to this, a smaller CPU-only partition, LUMI-C, features third-
generation AMD Epyc CPUs. Its storage system, totalling (4)________
petabytes, consists of three layers.
LUMI takes up (5)________ square meters of floor space which equals the
size of a tennis court and weighs (6)_________ kilograms. The supercomputer
will be placed in CSE’s data centre in Kajaani, Finland, hosted by the LUMI
consortium.
LUMI is powered using 100 % (7)_________, and its waste heat will cover
(8)_________ % of Kajaani's annual district heating needs.
When the operations start in 2021, it will be one of the most competitive
(9)________ in the world, providing HPC and AI resources for European
researchers in academia and industry. Up to 20% of LUMI’s resources are
reserved for (10)________ use.

TASK 12. Watch the video about the world’s smallest computer on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGwfum7DYXg and do Tasks A and B.

A. Watch the video for the first time and tick the words you have heard.
 split
 full-fledged computer
43
  wired keyboard
 ultracheap PC
 USB power cable
 an HDMI extender
 power transformer
 built-in storage
 power adapter
 thick package
 compatibility
 windows updates
 heavy-weight OS
 text editing
 infrared keyboard

B. Watch the video again and answer the questions.

1. Where can this device be plugged into?

2. Is it an expensive device? How much does it cost?
3. What does it come with?
4. Why is the device equipped with a fan?
5. How many USB ports does it have?
6. What can you do with such a computer?
7. What are the disadvantages of such a computer?
8. What do you think about the Compute Stick?

_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 13. Read the definitions and solve the puzzles.
1. It is a small, portable computer – small enough to sit on your lap.
a p

2. A computer system that is usually placed on a desk.

s t

3. It is a computer input device in the form of a small panel containing

different touch-sensitive areas.
o h d

4. A metal case that sits upright on your computer desk and includes all the
computer components.
w r

5. Able to be carried or moved easily, especially by hand.

44
 p l

TASK 14. Read the text about smartphones and fill in the gaps with the
suitable word.

A smartwatch is a small smartphone-like device worn on the (1)________.

Many smartwatches are connected to a smartphone that (2)________ the user of
incoming calls, e-mail messages, and notifications from applications. Some
smartwatches can even (3)_________ telephone calls. Many smartwatches have
colour displays, but some inexpensive models use a black-and-white ‘e-paper’
display. The user can (4)________ the smartwatch through a touch screen,
physical buttons, or a combination of the two. Some smartwatches come with
pedometers and heart-rate monitors to help users (5)________ their health.

As computers (6)________ in size in the 20th century, electronic equipment

became small enough to fit into a watch. One of the first calculator watches was
the Calcron (1975), which had a nine-digit display. In the early 1980s, Seiko
(7)________ several watches with computing capabilities. The Data-2000
(1983), so-called because it could store two memos of up to 1,000 characters
each, fit into a keyboard on which the user entered the information. The RC-
1000 (1984) is (8)________ to a personal computer. The Receptor
MessageWatch (1990) received pager messages via FM radio signals.

The 1990s saw a further (9)________ of watches and computers. Users of

the Datalink (1994), a collaboration between Timex and Microsoft, entered
information on their personal computers, such as phone numbers, which were
then (10)_________ to the watch wirelessly, using light pulses. Seiko’s Ruputer
(1998) was a personal computer that fits into a watch. Data were entered through
buttons or a joystick, and users could write their own software. Samsung’s SPH-
WP10 (1999) was the first watch phone; its battery lasted for 90 minutes of
calling time.

One of the earliest true smartwatches was the Microsoft SPOT (Smart
Personal Object Technology), introduced in 2004. The SPOT received
information such as weather, news, and stock updates through FM radio. It also
received e-mails and instant messages, but users could not reply. With the rise of
the smartphone, smartwatches such as the Sony Ericsson LiveView (2010), the
Pebble (2013), and the Apple Watch (2015) (11)________ that received data
from a phone. In 2014 Google developed Android Wear – a version of its
mobile operating system, Android – specifically for (12)________ devices like
smartwatches.
(based on https://www.britannica.com/technology/smartwatch)

45
 A B C D
1 hand palm wrist arm
2 tells notifies talks says
3 make do produce create
4 do work operate perform
5 see notice observe track
6 shrink shrank less little
7 introduced comprised collaborated constructed
8 linked conceived connected united
9 meld mold molding melding
10 transformed transmitted translated transfer
11 emerged come appear looked
12 wear worn wearable wearing

________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 15. Study the information in the table about Past Tenses (Active).
Define when each tense is used.
Adverbial
Tense

Affirmative Negative Interrogative modifiers

I (you, he, she, I didn’t repair Did you repair yesterday

it, we, they) the computer the computer
repaired the yesterday. yesterday? last week
computer
Past simple

yesterday. She didn’t buy Did she buy the a week ago
the computer computer last
in 2020
I (you, he, she, last week. week?
it, we, they) when?
bought the
computer last
week.
Past continuous

I was I was not Was she at 5 o'clock

repairing the repairing the repairing the yesterday;
computer when computer when computer when when
the phone rang. the phone rang. the phone rang? something
happened

46
 I had repaired I had not Had you by 5 o’clock;
Past perfect the computer repaired the repaired the by the time;
before the computer computer before as soon as;
lesson started. before the the lesson before
lesson started. started? something
happened

I had been I had not been Had you been for 3 hours
Past perfect

repairing the repairing the repairing the (are related to

continuous

computer for 5 computer for 5 computer for 5 the past)

hours before hours before hours before the
the lesson. the lesson. lesson?

TASK 16. Open the brackets and use the correct grammar form.
1. Why _________ (you / not let) me know about the meeting? – Sorry, I
_________ (not have) my notebook with me and ________ (not remember)
your phone number.
2. What time ________ (the engineers / leave) their office yesterday? Well,
their working day ________ (finish) a bit later yesterday so they _________
(leave) the office at about 8 p.m.
3. What _________ (the weather / be) like during your last rip to Warsar? –
Oh, it ________ (be) cold and rainy and we ________ (not leave) the hotel.
4. The secretaty _________ (prepare) the report for her boss at 10 o’clock
yesterday morning.
5. Nick and Den _________ (work) in the science laboratory from 3 to 7
o’clock last Tuesday.
6. Sandy and I _________ (study) for our English test all day last Tuesday.
7. Den _________ (fly) to Madrid two days ago.
8. The car __________ (turn) round the corner and _________ (stop) in front
of the supermarket.
9. When Andy _________ (turn on) the TV, the reporter _________ (tell)
about the latest current affairs.
10.What _________ (Sheila / do) while you __________ (prepare) the report? –
She _________ (make) some calculations for me.
11.When ________ (he / begin) to study Computer Architecture?
12.________ (you / visit) any museums when you were in Berlin?
13.Mr Miller _________ (work) in a travel agency for years. Then he gave it
up.
14.He ________ (learn) French before he started to learn English.
15.Where ________ (study) before you entered the University?
16.They _________ (discuss) the problem for half an hour when he came in.
17.He said he __________ (learn) German for 2 years.

47
18. Who __________ (Ben / speak) to when we ___________ (see) him
yesterday? – He __________ (speak) to his coach.

TASK 17. Write questions to the underlined words.

1. He prepared a report for the conference yesterday.
2. The tourists were in front of the museum some minutes ago.
3. We were preparing for the exhibition for two weeks.
4. Ted was repairing his laptop at 3 o’clock yesterday.
5. John had checked all the information about that project by 7 o’clock
yesterday.
6. The journalists had prepared a list of questions before the interview.
7. You had been playing computer games for three hours yesterday.

TASK 18. Study the information in the table about Future Tenses (Active).
Define when each tense is used.

Adverbial
Tense

Affirmative Negative Interrogative modifiers

tomorrow
I (you, he, she, I won’t repair Will you repair next week
Future
simple

it, we, they) the computer the computer in a week

will repair the tomorrow. tomorrow? in 2030
computer
tomorrow.

I will be I will not be Will she be at 5 o'clock

continuous

repairing the repairing the repairing the tomorrow;

Future

computer when computer when computer when when

you come to you come to you come to her something
my place my place place tomorrow? happens
tomorrow. tomorrow.

by 5 o’clock;
Future perfect

I will have I will not have Will you have

repaired the repaired the repaired the by the time;
computer computer computer before as soon as;
before the before the the lesson starts? before
lesson starts. lesson starts. something
happens

48
 I will have I will not have Will you have for 3 hours
Future perfect been repairing been repairing been repairing (are related to
continuous the computer the computer the computer for the future)
for 5 hours for 5 hours 5 hours before the
before the before the lesson?
lesson. lesson.

TASK 19. Complete the blog entry using the verbs in the Future Simple,
Future Continuous or Future Perfect.

Will my future be perfect?

Hi, I don’t know about you but I’m rather a hard-working and determined
person and I have already made plans for my future. In 4 years I __________
(graduate) from university and hopefully, I ________ (find) a job in an
international IT company. I’m sure, I _________ (work) on exciting and
challenging projects and _________ (earn) a good salary. In ten years’ time, I
_________ (be promoted) to an executive position and I ________ (manage)
important projects.
But, back to reality, which, I must admit, bothers me a lot. Well, I’m sitting
a very important exam tomorrow so I must finally get down to work! If not, this
time next year I _________ (queue) at the job center!
I wonder if you have similar worries. What are your plans for the future?

TASK 20. Write a reply to the blog from the previous exercise. Use Future
tenses to make predictions about your future.

TASK 21. Translate into English using active vocabulary and word
collocations from previous exercises.
1. Як тільки він придбав комп’ютер, він одразу приєднався до мережі
Інтернет.
2. До ХХ століття всі обчислювальні прилади були механічними, перші
електронні комп’ютери з’явилися в середині ХХ століття.
3. Перший комп’ютер фірми Apple в 1976 році був дерев’яним ящиком
з електронними компонентами в середині.
4. Apple – американська транснаціональна корпорація, котра проектує
та виробляє комп’ютери та іншу побутову електроніку, а також
програмне забезпечення до них.
5. Безліч винаходів ХХ століття стали невід’ємною частиною
сучасного життя.
6. Ця компанія відома по всьому світу, тому що вона запроваджує
передові технології.
7. Чи не могли б ви детально викласти свою точку зору по цьому

49
 питанню?
8. Я гадаю, нам прийдеться повторити цей експеримент.
9. Даній проблемі зараз приділяють велике значення.
10.Останнім часом мій комп’ютер погано функціонував, тому я заніс
його в сервісний центр.
11.Щоб детально вивчити цю проблему, було проведено декілька
експериментів.
12.Отримана інформація була детально описана в статті.
13.Комп’ютерні технології продовжують ускладнюватися та
вдосконалюватися.
14.З моїм комп’ютером щось сталося: здається, він зламався.

________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 22. Prepare a report on one of the topics.
 You want to buy a new PC. What would you buy – a laptop or a desktop?
Explain your choice.
 Compare supercomputers, mainframes and servers. What are their key
characteristics? Where are they applied?
 Wearable computers – their types, functions and main features.
_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 23. Read the writing task and write your email in 150 words.
You recently bought a laptop from an online shop. The shop had assured you
that you would receive the product within two days, but you had to wait longer.
When you opened the package, it turned out there was a problem with the
product as well. Write an email of complaint to the online shop. Include these
points.

 Explain what you bought and when.

 Complain about the delay in receiving the parcel.
 Describe the problem with the product.
 Suggest a way to solve the problem.
_________________________PROFESSIONAL READING
TASK 24. Read the text and match headings (a – g) to the paragraphs.
There are two choices you do not need to use.
Smart Healthcare: The Future of Wearable Technology
by Albert Mckeon

a) Turning disability into accessibility with wearables.

b) Security and smart healthcare.

50
c) Heard about hearables?
d) Benefits for mankind.
e) Beyond steps: wearable gadgets for smart healthcare.
f) Perspectives for the future.
g) Shocking statistics.
h) Fitness tracking for all four paws.
I. Well-known wearable gadgets include smartwatches that sync with your
phone and fitness trackers. The future of wearable technology is predicted to go
far beyond exercise trackers, however. Advances in material fabrication for
flexible electronics coupled with the availability of smaller power sources that
power up in an instant are already reducing the size of wearables. Combine these
with an enhanced IoT (Internet of Things), connectedness for rapid data
exchange could put wearables for personal safety, comfort and information right
at your fingertips, wrist or even your dog’s collar.
II. The convenience factor of immediate on-the-body access to a wearable
and its data could help you stay healthy. PC Mag‘s report on wearables at this
year’s Consumer Electronics Show (CES19) highlights a smartwatch with
electrocardiogram (ECG) functionality. As previously reported, the Internet of
Bodies (IoB) is poised to accelerate with enhanced interconnectedness; this
means wearables could even help track elusive cardiac arrhythmias. Other
wearables highlighted at CES19 include a device to monitor fetal health during
pregnancy and a device to track bladder function for individuals prone to urine
retention. Both wearables use skin sensors placed over the abdomen, which send
data on baby kicks or bladder levels to a smartphone app.
III. Repurposing the senses, allowing one sense to be amplified in the
absence of another, is another advancement in wearable technology. For
example, IEE Spectrum mentions a wrist device that uses sensory substitution to
relay speech as patterns of vibration for deaf people; users learn to recognize the
patterns, associating each with sounds. Another project uses woven conductive
textiles to drape a body in haptics. In the form of a shirt, this technology can
translate the sounds of an orchestra into different vibrations played over the
surface of the skin. Fortune describes how micro-actuators direct sound from
each instrument to different areas on the torso, immersing users in the orchestral
experience.
IV. The future of wearable technology is on the lookout for your safety. For
instance, this year’s CES19 promoted a personal alarm button worn on the wrist.
Also available are RFID-blocking wearables that prevent identity theft. Esub
describes two wearable gadgets that can help worker safety – one of which
catches you before you nod off. Micro-sleeps are a risk in many industries where
workers operate heavy machinery, but the smart cap wearable checks in on
brainwaves and alertness to give drivers or construction workers a heads up that

51
they are fatigued. Another device comes as a personal tag that tracks worker
activity and location; linked to a central monitoring station, a supervisor can
keep a virtual eye on construction sites, for example. Falls automatically trigger
an emergency response and the tags will also send out a distress call when
triggered by the wearer.
V. If you haven’t, you will soon. A Nieman Reports article describes how
sunglasses laden with positional sensors will be able to tell not only where you
are but which direction you are facing. This could be good for the directionally
challenged, but even better if you are interested in the location-specific audio
relayed to your ears. Imagine being alerted to construction diversions or security
incidents while on your usual walking route. Hearables are predicted to be more
visible than wearables this year.
VI. It’s not just humans that need to count steps, apparently; fitness trackers
for your pet are a growing market, too, with wearable gadgets to track all four
paws. The furry future of wearable technology also includes GPS or
accelerometer capabilities to track your pet’s location. Wearable lists a number
of collars and tags that will upload data on walks, body temperature and calories
burned. Apart from tracking a lost pet, data uploads could be useful for
monitoring health. As the tech gets smaller and more convenient for 24/7 access,
even your cat can benefit from the future of wearable technology.
(based on https://now.northropgrumman.com/the-future-of-wearable-technology)

TASK 25. Reread the text and say which of the wearable devices will
become a reality? Which of them has already become a reality?

52
 UNIT 4
COMPUTER HARDWARE

__________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Look at the picture above and label the elements of the computer
system.
TASK 2. In this task, you have two pairs of sentences (e.g. 1 a, b). They
describe some computer components. Read the descriptions and say which
computer component each pair of sentences refers to.

TASK 3. Look again at the pairs of sentences from TASK 2. Find the words
in them which have the following meanings:
1. to press the mouse button
2. clear and easy to see image
3. to make an extra copy of something
4. selection
5. influence
53
 ____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 4. Match the words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents. Learn the words.
1. central processing unit a) прилади вводу / виводу
(CPU) b) оперативна пам’ять
2. circuit c) перифірійні прилади
3. clock generator d) тильний, зворотній
4. core e) обробка
5. expansion card f) пристрої збереження інформації
6. external g) центральний процесор
7. hard disk drive (HDD) h) приймати
8. heat sink i) прикріпити, приєднати
9. input/ output devices j) виконувати
10.integrated circuit k) обробляти
11.internal l) роз’єм, гніздо
12.main memory m) карта розширення
13.motherboard n) жорсткий диск
14.performance o) виводити
15.peripherals p) твердотільний накопичувач
16.permanent q) продуктивність
17.printed circuit board r) тимчасовий
18.processing s) витягати, видобувати, отримувати
19.rear t) вводити
20.silicon u) зовнішній
21.socket v) постійний
22.solid-state drive (SSD) w) розміщувати
23.storage devices x) схема
24.temporary y) внутрішній
25.to absorb z) підключати
26.to accept aa) поглинати
27.to attach bb) відноситися, стосуватися,
28.to carry out, to execute посилатися
29.to extract, to retrieve cc) тактовий генератор (генератор
30.to house тактової частоти)
31.to input dd) тепловідвід
32.to output ee) інтегральна схема
33.to plug into ff) ядро
34.to process gg) материнська плата
35.to refer hh) друкована плата
36.volatile memory ii) кремній
jj) енергозалежна пам’ять

54
TASK 5. Match the synonyms. Translate and learn them.
1. to store a) to connect
2. to carry out b) to retrieve
3. to plug in c) inner
4. to extract d) to save
5. rear e) to execute
6. internal f) outer
7. external g) back

TASK 6. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the

correct translation of the words in bold.
1. All of us have certain duties and jobs to carry out.
2. He extracted a small notebook from his hip pocket.
3. External devices should be of robust construction.
4. You should attach a recent photograph to your application form.
5. A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry that executes
basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations
specified by the instructions in the program.
6. The new network will enable data to be more speedily.
7. A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of storage device that has flash-based
memory, which is much faster than a traditional mechanical hard disk.
8. Computer peripherals are external devices that enhance your machine's
functionality through better performance, design, sound quality, etc.
9. A heat sink is a component that increases the heat flow away from a hot
device.

_________________________________________READING
TASK 7. Read and translate the text.

Computer Structure
Computer systems consist of software and hardware components and follow
the concept of input, processing, output and storage.
Hardware is any electronic or mechanical part you can see or touch.
Hardware consists of both external and internal components. The external
devices, also called peripherals, can perform the basic functions of input, output
and storage. Peripherals are usually plugged into the computer ports located on
the rear or on the side panels of a computer.
Input units enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most
common input devices are the mouse, the keyboard, the microphone and the
scanner. Output units enable users to extract the finished product from the

55
system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the
results onto paper by
means of a printer.
Storage units (external
hard drives, SSDs, flash
drives) provide permanent
storage of both data and
programs.

Internal hardware, also

called components, refers to the parts built into the computer case or tower.
These parts are the central processing unit (CPU), memory chips, the
motherboard, video and sound cards, the internal hard disk drive (HDD) and
solid-state drive (SSD).

Hardware is therefore responsible for performing four basic functions: input,

processing, output and storage. The relationship between the different hardware
components in most modern general-purpose computers is based on the von
Neumann architecture, which was proposed by American mathematician and
physicist John von Neumann and his team. According to the von Neumann
architecture, all the instructions and data are held in the main memory, or RAM,
and are then loaded from the memory to the CPU to execute the instructions.
TASK 8. Reread the text and choose the correct answer.
1. Hardware refers to ________.
a) all the physical parts inside a computer
b) all the internal and external physical parts
c) all the physical parts except internal memory
d) all the internal parts and external hard disks
2. The main functions of hardware are ________.
a) input, output and processing
b) input, output, processing and storage
c) input, output and storage
d) input, processing and storage
3. The brain of the computer that does the calculation, moving, and
processing of information is called ________.
a) CPU
b) RAM
c) motherboard
d) hard drive
4. Part of a computer that allows a user to put information into the computer
is called ________.
a) output device
b) operating system

56
 c) software
d) input device
5. What is the name given to the computer's short-term memory that is lost
when the computer is turned off?
a) CPU
b) RAM
c) ROM
d) flash
6. The physical parts of a computer are termed as _________.
a) hardware
b) software
c) hard drive
d) disk drive
7. Part of a computer that allows the user to see or hear information that
comes out from the computer is called __________.
a) software
b) input device
c) output device
d) operating system
8. The computer part that stores programs and other information and is
located inside the computer is called ________.
a) motherboard
b) hard drive
c) CPU
d) operating system

TASK 9. Answer the questions.

1. What is the difference between hardware and software?
2. What are the basic hardware components?
3. What are the peripherals?
4. What is the difference between input, output and storage devices?
5. Give examples of input, output and storage devices.
6. What is the role of the CPU?
7. How are called the external components attached to the computer?

TASK 10. Look at the list of components and decide which of them are
internal components (I), peripherals (P), input devices (In), output devices (O)
or storage devices (S). For some items, there can be more than one possible
answer.
 hard disk drive
 keyboard
 solid state drive
 headphones

57
  mouse
 monitor
 power supply unit
 printer
 screen
 external drive
 main memory
_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 11. Read and translate the text. Fill in the gaps with the suitable
word.
Storing, processing and transmitting data through electronic devices is
possible (1) ________ the binary system, but what exactly is it? As the word
‘binary’ says, only two digits, 0 (zero) and 1 (one), are (2) ________ to express
a number in a binary system, while the common decimal system is built on the
combinations of 10 (3) ________ digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
When working with any kind of processor, each digit (0 or 1) (4) ________
to a bit. Every string of 8 bits is called a byte. In ASCII code (pronounced
[ˈæski]) (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) any (5)
________ you type on your keyboard is interpreted by the computer as a byte.
For example, the letter ‘A’ is (6) ________ as the ASCII code 65 but 65 is a
decimal number, so if you convert it to a binary number, you get 01000001.
These 8 digits, or bytes, are known to the computer as the letter A.
When writing, you can (7) ________ bits and bytes by their spelling: upper
case ‘B’ is used for bytes and lower case ‘b’ for bits. So 1MB is a MegaByte,
1Mb is a Megabit and 1kb is a kilobit. For example, (8) ________ data transfer
speed when you download a file from the Internet, you may notice that your
browser indicates the transfer rate in KiloBytes per second (KBps).

A B C D
1 because due to as so
2 connected confronted combined continued
3 possible possibly possibility probability
4 carries comprises consists corresponds
5 characteristic character chronicle cubicle
6 translated transmitted expressed transfigured
7 miss identify observe omit
8 noticing seeing looking monitoring

58
TASK 12. Read and translate the text. Fill in the gaps with the suitable
word.
The von Neumann architecture is the fundamental architecture upon which
nearly all digital computers (1)________. It has (2)________ characteristics that
have had an immense (3)________ on the most popular programming
languages. These characteristics (4)________ a single, centralized control,
housed in the central processing unit, and a separate storage area, primary
memory, which can (5)________ both instructions and data. The instructions (6)
________ by the CPU, and so they must be brought into the CPU from the
primary memory. The CPU also (7)________ the unit that performs operations
on operands, the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), and so data must be
(8)________ from the primary memory and brought into the CPU in order to be
acted upon. The primary memory has a built-in addressing mechanism
(9)________ the CPU can refer to the addresses of instructions and operands.
Finally, the CPU contains a register bank that constitutes a kind of ‘scratch pad’
where intermediate results can (10)__________ and consulted with greater
speed than could primary memory.
(based on https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/von-neumann-architecture)

A B C D
1 have based have been based basing
based
2 number numerate a number of numbered
3 role progress experience impact
4 include empose enhance enrich
5 consist contain capture propose
6 execute executing executed are executed
7 performs houses possesses experiences
8 given fetched receive take
9 so that because hence as
10 store storing stored be stored

____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 13. Watch the video about PC components on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB4I2CgkcCo&feature=emb_logo and
write down the function of each component.
CPU –
Heatsink –
RAM –
Hard drive –
Solid-state drive –
Expansion slots –
Power supply unit

59
TASK 14. Match the terms with their definitions.
1. peripherals a) the component of a computer system that performs the
2. main memory basic operations (such as processing data) of the system,
3. hard drive and manages the system’s other components;
4. input b) a mechanical part used to move air;
5. ports c) the section that holds programs and data while they are
6. output executed or processed;
7. central d) any auxiliary device attached to the computer;
processing unit e) a socket on the motherboard of a computer into which an
(CPU) expansion card can be inserted;
8. chipset f) the information produced by a computer;
9. expansion slot g) a part that reduces heat;
10.fan h) a hardware interface by which a computer is connected
11.heat sink to another device;
12.power supply i) the central circuit board;
13.motherboard j) it is the PC case. It can also be called ‘a tower’.
14.system unit k) a group of integrated circuits that perform a set of related
functions (such as processing data);
l) information fed into a computer;
m) the means of providing energy;
n) a storage device containing one or more spinning
magnetic hard disks.

_________________________________________READING
TASK 15. Read and translate the text.

Computer Components
There are lots of different computer components that make up functional
PCs. The basic building block of a computer, whether it’s a laptop or a desktop,
is a green-coloured printed circuit board called a motherboard. All the other
components are connected to it and use various circuits and interfaces to
communicate with each other. The motherboard holds the CPU, memory,
connectors for the hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD), expansion
cards to control the video and audio, and connections to your computer’s ports
(such as USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every
part of the computer. It houses various components like a chipset, a clock
generator, memory slots, sockets, expansion slots, storage connectors, etc.
The central processing unit (CPU) is the most influential computer
component. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the
activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The
power and performance of a computer are partly determined by the speed of its

60
processor. The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip
located inside the computer case. It fits into the motherboard’s CPU socket,
which is covered by the heat sink, which absorbs extra heat. CPU is responsible
for all the calculations and input/output operations to be done in order to process
the data. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application,
you’re sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU contains the control unit (CU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
memory address register (MAR), and memory data register (MDR). The
control unit (CU) is responsible for the operation of the CPU. It controls the
retrieval of instructions from the primary memory as well as the sequence of
their execution. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs all the basic
arithmetic, logical and input/output operations. The registers are high-speed
units of memory used to store and control data.

Modern computers have small-sized CPU chips known as microprocessors.

Modern microprocessors usually come as multi-core, with more than one
processing units (cores) present on a single chip. The speed at which the CPU
carries out instructions is called the clock speed. The clock speed is measured in
cycles per second, and 1 cycle per second is known as 1 Herz. The higher the
clock speed a CPU has, the faster it can process instructions. However, the
actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different
components – not just the processor.
Buses are electrical channels that allow devices inside the computer to
communicate with each other. For example, the front side bus carries all data
that passes from the CPU to other devices. Data between the processor and the
memory is transferred along the system bus. Each part of memory has its own
memory address and the processor determines where the processed data is stored

61
by sending an address signal along an address bus and data along a data bus.
This is synchronized by an electronic clock in the CPU that determines the
operating speed of the processor. Transferring data between the processor and
RAM can slow down the computer; therefore, extremely fast cache memory is
applied to hold the most frequently used data.

There are two main types of memory – RAM and ROM. RAM (Random
Access Memory) holds the program’s instructions and the data that is being used
by the processor. RAM is volatile – that is, its information is lost when the
computer is turned off. However, ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile, it
holds the program’s instructions and settings required to start up the computer.
Within your computer, there is a large and permanent storage space that is
used to keep all the data required by a computer like the operating system files,
multimedia files, third-party software files (e.g. cookies), etc. This memory can
be a magnetic rotating hard disk drive (HDDs) or a solid-state drive (SSDs).
When needed, the data is transferred from the hard drive to the random access
memory (RAM) for being used by the CPU. When you run a program or open a
file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM.
When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the
hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs.

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Many
computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard.
But if you are a gamer, or really into working with photos or digital art, you may
need a more powerful video card. The high-end cards typically have their own
CPU for better and faster processing of images.

The sound card – also called an audio card – is responsible for what you
hear in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound,
but there are models with a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound.

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall
outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through
cables to the motherboard and other components.
Expansion slots allow users to install expansion cards, adding features like
sound, memory and network capabilities.
A part of the system unit most of us take for granted these days is the
wireless local area network (WLAN) card or the local area network (LAN)
card. This is the card you don’t see signs of from the outside of your unit, but it
is what lets us connect to our wireless internet. Another way to connect to a
network is by cable or plugging a jack into the network interface card (NIC).
(based on https://fossbytes.com/whats-inside-my-computer-different-components-of-a-computer,
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/inside-a-computer)

62
TASK 16. Answer the questions.
1. How is the main printed circuit board called to which all the other
components are connected?
2. How is CPU also called?
3. What does the CPU look like? Describe it.
4. What is the main function of a computer’s processor?
5. What does the term multi-core mean?
6. What unit of frequency is used to measure processor speed?
7. What does the speed of a computer depend on?
8. Why can RAM be called a short-term memory?
9. What type of memory is used to start up the computer?
10.How can RAM be increased?
11.What can you do to improve the performance of your computer?
12.Where can data be stored permanently on your PC?
13.What is a bus?
14.What is the benefit of having expansion slots?
15.What is the difference between a video card and a sound card?
16.What device lets you have the internet connection on your computer?

TASK 17. Read the text. Substitute the Ukrainian words in italics with their
English equivalents.
Have you ever wondered what’s under your
computer корпус? Don’t take it apart – just read on
щоб дізнатися.
The жорсткий диск is the main part that
зберігає данні. A disk drive is used for читання
та копіювання данних. One of the most important
parts is the материнська плата. It contains
центральний процесор and electrical connectors.
These receive energy from the блок живлення and
distribute it. The плата also includes other
components like ports. Motherboard generates a lot
of heat. Щоб запобігти heat damage, heat sinks and вентилятори are
installed.
_______________________________________LISTENING
TASK 18. Listen to a technician describing the motherboard to a new
trainee. Match the components (1-7) to A-G in the photo below.
1. SATA socket
2. Graphics card socket
3. USB port
4. Ethernet connection

63
 5. Audio socket
6. CPU socket
7. DIMM slot

TASK 19. Listen to a conversation between two engineers. Tick the

problems with the computer which the engineers identify.
 slow processor
 warm case
 malfunctioning motherboard
 loud fan
 defective heat sink

TASK 20. Now listen to an IT manager and his assistant talking about a
problem with the delivery of new laptops and desktop computers. Find
errors in the delivery slip and correct them.

64
_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 21. Complete the conversation with the proper words from the box.
running storage lighter feature any bigger
for got specs more cost cheaper both

Sales assistant: Hi there. Do you need _____ (1) help or are you just looking?
Nick: Actually, yes, you might be able to help. I’m looking _____ (2) a new
laptop. Have you ______ (3) any that are really reliable? I’ve had loads of
problems with the one I’ve got at the moment.
Sales assistant: OK. Well, it’ll depend on your budget, but we’ve got two with
20% off at the moment – the Acer Aspire and the Lenovo.
Nick: Right. And what’s the difference between these two? Do they have
similar _________ (4)?
Sales assistant: Well, Lenovo’s more of an entry-level model. It’s got an Intel
Core i3 processor ________ (5) at 1.4 GHz, which is fast enough for most
applications, although you might struggle if you want to play advanced
games on it. The Acer’s processor runs at 2 GHz, which is really fast. The
Acer also has twice as much RAM as the Lenovo – that’s 8 GB as
opposed to just 4.
Nick: OK and what’s the _________ (6) capacity of each model?
Sales assistant: OK, that’s HDD with I TB for the Lenovo and 250GB SSD + 1
TB HDD for the Lenovo.
Nick: Mmm. That’s quite a difference, isn’t it? Is there anything else I should
know about?
Sales assistant: Well, they ________ (7) come fully wireless and Bluetooth-
enabled, and Windows 10 is now standard on all the laptops we sell. They
also both __________ (8) DVD writers, so backup onto DVD is quick and
easy. The Acer has a slightly _________ (9) screen, and it’s ________
(10), which would make it more practical if you plan to travel with it.
Nick: OK and how much do they ________ (11)?
Sales assistant: Let me just have a look. The Lenovo’s quite a bit ________
(12) than the Acer – it’s £439.97 compared to £769.97. But the Acer is
much ________ (13) powerful – it’s got twice the RAM and a faster
processor.
Nick: Yeah, but I just can’t afford that much. I think I’ll take Lenovo.

____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 22. Watch the video ‘Things to know before buying a laptop’ on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UboO40529IY&t=21s and do the tasks.
A. Write down the steps you should pay attention to while choosing a
new laptop that were mentioned in the video.

65
 B. Answer the questions.
1. Which of the steps do you find useful when choosing a new laptop?
2. Which other recommendations would you give?

________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 23. Read the telephone conversation and put the correct auxiliary
verb (have/has, am/is/are, was/were, do/does, did) into each gap.
D. Good afternoon, Apple Helpline here. I’m Damian. How can I help you?
V. Oh, at last! Hello, Damian. I (1) _________ got a terrible problem with
my computer. It (2) ________ (not) working at all!
D. OK. Tell me your name and your company name and describe what (3)
________ happened.
V. My name’s Valerie Marks. I (4) ________ (not) work for a company. I’m
self-employed. I work at home and I (5) ________ trying to meet an
important deadline at the moment. This morning I (6) ________ working
away happily, when suddenly everything stopped and a message came on the
screen. Then the screen went black.
D. OK, Val. (7) ________ (not) worry! What (8) ________ the message say?
V. I can’t remember exactly because I (9) ________ (not) understand it. But I
think it said something about ‘not enough memory.’
D. It’s OK, Val. I understand. Tell me (10) ________ you switched the
computer off?
V. No, I (11) ________ (not). It’s still on.
D. Fine, Val. Now, do exactly what I tell you. Go to your computer, OK?
Can you see a ‘W’ in the top right-hand corner? What (12) ________ it say?
Can you read it to me?
V. It says three things. Ther’s a list of three things… First, it says….
TASK 24. Put the words in the correct order. Then answer the questions.
1. Val / the / is / why / Apple Helpline / ringing?
2. work / for / Val / does / company / which?
3. doing / when / computer / she / her / was / what /
stopped?
4. Val / why / remember / message / the / can’t?
5. switched / computer / she / has / her / off?

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________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 25. Work in pairs of two.

 Student 1 suggests technical specifications for PCs for representatives

of these professions:
 a web designer;
 a sales representative;
 a secretary;
 a teacher;
 an engineer at a big industrial enterprise.
 Student 2 agrees or disagrees with him/her explaining his/her point of
view.
e.g. I don’t think secretaries need a powerful processor. They only need it
for word processing and sending emails. A two-gigahertz processor will be
enough for them.

TASK 26. Study a table with the specifications of a PC. Describe the
specifications of your own computer in a similar way.

Component Specification
Brand Lenovo
Colour Natural silver
Processor 11th Gen Intel Core i7 Processor
Memory (RAM): 16 GB
Storage SSD (solid-state drive) 500 GB of storage
Graphics processing unit (GPU) MSI GeForce RTX 3080 Ventus 3X OC
Monitor 15.6″ display
Mouse 2-button, optical mouse
Webcam built-in webcam
Connectivity Technology Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB, HDMI
Operating System Windows 11 Home

TASK 27. Now think about the computer of your dream and describe its
technical characteristics.

TASK 28. Student A is an engineer. Student B is a client. Use the

information from the box. Suggest your solutions. Talk with each other
about:
 a possible problem with a computer;
 why you think the problem exists;
 suggest how to solve the problem.

67
 Problems Possible solutions
1. The computer runs  Check that there is enough free space on the
slowly. hard drive.
2. There is no display on  Check the connections.
the monitor.  Check the fan as it can be a heat-related
3. The computer turns off issue.
without warning.  Check the firewall.
4. The computer freezes.  Check the monitor and video card settings.
5. A program gives an error  Check the power supply.
message.  Check the router.
6. A run time error appears
 Consult the operating system’s
on the screen.
manufacturer’s guide for a detailed list of
7. There are problems with
errors and their specifications.
the Internet connection.
 Delete temporary files.
 Open Task Manager and end the task.
 Reboot the computer.
 Revert the operating system to an earlier
version.
 Run ScanDisk and Defrag.
 Scan for malware and viruses.
 Search for errors.
 Update the operating system.
 Update software and search for patches.
 Update the drivers.

_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 29. You have just bought a new computer. Write an email to a friend
in which you:
 describe the type of a computer and its characteristics;
 describe the input and output devices you need for your work / studies;
 describe the storage device that you will use and why.

_________________________PROFESSIONAL READING
TASK 30. Read and translate the text.
Will Von Neumann’s Architecture be diminished in the future?
(by Mohammadhu Faalil for Mozilla Club of UCSC)

Computer architecture has undergone incredible changes in the past 20

years. One element that has remained constant throughout the years, is the von

68
Neumann concept of computer design. It has been used in computers since it
was published.
Von Neumann architecture was first published by John Von Neumann in
1945. His computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic
and Logical Unit (ALU), Memory unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs. The basic
structure of the Von Neumann Architecture is shown in the Figure below.

According to Von Neumann Architecture, the CPU consists of two units,

Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit. The underlying principle of Von
Neumann Architecture is that data and instructions are treated in the same
manner which means that both data and instructions are addressable. It operates
using four simple steps: fetch, decode, execute, and store, called the Machine
Cycle as shown in the diagram.
Instructions are fetched from the memory by the
CPU. The CPU then decodes and executes the
instructions and once it is completed it is stored
back in the memory.
Under this architecture, memory for instructions and
data are unified and shared with one data bus and
one address bus between processor and memory.
Instructions and data have to be fetched in sequential order, known as the Von
Neumann Bottleneck which limits the bandwidth of memory access. The
processor is idle for a certain amount of time while memory is accessed. Though
numerous solutions have been proposed and implemented in modern days
including cache memory and branch predictor algorithms, these solutions have
not been able to solve the root of the problem rather they had made the
architecture more complex.

69
 In the modern world, Harvard Architecture has become a challenge for Von
Neumann Architecture. Harvard architecture is a type of computer architecture
that separates its memory into two parts so that data and instructions are stored
separately. This architecture also has separate buses to transfer data and fetch
data. This allows the CPU to fetch data and instructions simultaneously.
Further, IBM researchers introduced a new non-Von Neumann Architecture
called the True North Architecture inspired by the functions of the human brain.
Here, it uses a memory controller like a neuron, with no CPU, to work on
synaptic-like data sets in memory with no shuffling around whatsoever by virtue
of harnessing the crystallization dynamic of phase-change memories.
In addition to these, many other alternative architectures have come up in the
world of today.
It is obviously working with Von Neumann Architecture is not suitable to
work in the future and it will be diminished in the near future. Some companies
have already started to work with alternative architectures, and the rest of the
world would most probably switch to the alternative architectures as the
traditional Von Neumann Architecture will be unable to cater for the needs of
future computers.
(based on https://dev.to/ucscmozilla/will-von-neumann-architecture-be-diminished-in-the-future-2844)

TASK 31. Build 5 questions of different types to the text and ask your
groupmate.

70
 UNIT 5
STORAGE DEVICES

__________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Discuss the questions.
1. Where is information stored in a computer?
2. What types of memory do you know?
3. What memory is permanent?
4. What memory is temporary?
5. How can you transfer information from one computer to another?

____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 2. Match the words to their Ukrainian equivalents. Learn the words.
1. actuator arm a) чутлива панель
2. capacitor b) вплив, впливати
3. capacity c) отримувати, видобувати
4. charge d) постачати
5. HDD (hard disk drive) e) оперативна пам'ять
6. headphone f) постійна пам'ять
7. influence g) динамік
8. latency h) навушник
9. manual i) під’єднувати
10.non-volatile j) твердотільний накопичувач
11.permanent k) жорсткий диск
12.RAM (random access memory) l) покладатися на
13.ROM (read-only memory) m) обертатися
14.screw n) заряд, заряджати
15.screwdriver o) інструкція
16.sensitive pad p) витирати
17.speaker q) коромисло
71
 18.speed r) гвинт
19.SSD (solid-state drive) s) переносити
20.temporary t) обробляти
21.to allocate u) виділяти (пам’ять)
22.to erase v) конденсатор
23.to plug w) затримка
24.to power x) постійний
25.to process y) тимчасовий
26.to rely on z) енергозалежний
27.to retrieve aa) енергонезалежний
28.to rotate bb) викрутка
29.to spin cc) ємність
30.to supply dd) живити
31.to transfer ee) швидкість
32.volatile ff) обертатися

TASK 3. Use the words in the box to decipher the acronyms. Translate the
acronyms.
static dynamic read solid-state system random only
output random memory access basic access memory
input drive memory

e.g. RAM stands for Random Access Memory.

 RAM
 SRAM
 DRAM
 SSD
 ROM-BIOS

_________________________________________READING
TASK 4. Read the text. Choose from (a-j) the one which best fits each space
(1-10).
a) The central processing unit (CPU), which reads and executes
instructions, selects specific cells to read or write data depending on the
task the user is asking the computer to do.
b) Memory ensures a device turns on and functions properly.
c) Examples include external hard drives, flash drives, memory cards and
compact discs (CDs).
d) Internal memory consists of chips connected to the motherboard and
needs to be connected directly to the device in order to use it.
e) Memory is used to store data and instructions for performing specific
tasks on the computer system.

72
 f) Your electronic device uses it for storing temporary data.
g) Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is one of the two specific types
of RAM seen in modern devices, such as laptops, desktops, portable
devices and gaming systems.
h) It does not depend on the device to be turned on in order to save data.
i) Because it holds power longer, it’s more expensive than DRAM, which
typically makes it not as widely used.
j) For example, if you’re on your laptop using the internet browser and your
computer gets turned off, it may not have saved the web pages you were
previously using because RAM only stores that information temporarily.
Types of computer memory
Memory is the most essential element of a computing system because
without it computer can’t perform any tasks. (1) __________. The performance
of the computer largely depends on its memory.
Computer memory consists of several cells, called memory cells, that each
have a unique identification number. (2)__________. There are several kinds of
memory in a computer.
Computer memory is important because devices cannot process tasks
without it. (3)__________. In addition, it keeps your computer running quickly
and allows you to use multiple applications at once. If you want to store data for
later use, you also use certain types for that purpose.
Internal memory, also known as primary memory, stores small amounts of
data that the computer can access while you’re actively using it. (4)_________.
There are two basic types of internal memory called RAM and ROM, and those
have their own subsets of memories.
External memory, also known as secondary memory, is memory not directly
connected to the CPU that you can attach or remove as needed. There are many
types of external memory that individuals use in their devices. (5)_________.
You can store data from a computer onto external memory, remove it from the
device and connect it with another compatible device to transfer data.
Random-access memory (RAM) is the primary internal memory of the
central processing unit (CPU). (6)__________. It does this by providing
applications with a place to store data you’re actively using so that they can
quickly access the data. The amount of RAM on your device controls its
performance and speed. If you don’t have enough RAM, it may process
programs slowly which can affect the output and speed with which you can use
the computer.
RAM is volatile memory because it loses the data it was storing if you turn
off the device. (7)__________.

73
 (8)___________. It’s the more affordable of the two types of RAM and
produces high-capacity memory. It’s made of two components, transistors and
capacitors, which require a recharge every few seconds to retain its data. Like
RAM, it also loses data when it loses power and has volatile memory.
Static random access memory (SRAM) is the second type of RAM and
stores data as long as there is power in the system, unlike DRAM which is
refreshed much more frequently. (9)__________. Users generally use SRAM for
cache memory, which makes it a faster form of memory than DRAM.
Read-only memory (ROM) is another type of primary internal memory, but
unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile and stores data permanently.
(10)__________. Instead, a programmer writes the data into individual cells
using binary code, which represents text using the ‘1’ and ‘0’ two-symbol
system. Because you cannot alter the data on ROM, you can use this type of
memory for aspects that don’t change, such as the boot-up of software or
firmware instructions, which help a device function properly.
TASK 5. Answer the questions.
1. What is computer memory?
2. Why is computer memory important?
3. What is the difference between internal and external memory?
4. What is RAM?
5. Why RAM is called a volatile memory?
6. What is the difference between DRAM and SRAM?
7. What memory is associated with cache memory?
8. What is ROM?
9. What is the fastest type of computer memory?

____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 6. Watch the video ‘How computer memory works’ (by Kanawat
Senananon) on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3q5zWCw8J4 and
complete the sentences.
1. A memory cell that can switch between two states for two possible values
________.
2. Files and programs consist of millions of these bits, all processed in
_________.
3. Computers have short-term memory for ________, and long-term memory
for _________.
4. The memory’s latency is the time ________.
5. Because program instructions must be processed quickly and continuously,
all locations within the short-term memory can be accessed _________.
6. Each memory cell consists of a tiny transistor and a capacitor that store
________.
74
 7. Dynamic memory holds charges briefly before they ________.
8. SRAM is the _________ memory in a computer system, but also the
_________, and takes up three times more space than DRAM.
9. RAM and cache can only hold data as long as _________.
10.In magnetic storage, which is the ________, data is stored as a magnetic
pattern on a __________ coated with ___________.
11.Optical-based storage like DVD and Blu-ray also uses spinning discs, but
with a _________.
12.Solid-state drives have no _________, instead using ___________ that
store bits by trapping or removing __________ within their specially
designed internal structures.
13.Computer memory actually _________ fairly quickly.
14.The heat generated from a device and its environment will eventually
_________ hard drives, _________ the dye in optical media, and cause
_________ in floating gates.
15.Repeatedly writing to floating gate transistors ________ them, eventually
rendering them __________.

TASK 7. Watch the video ‘How computer memory works’ (by Kanawat
Senananon) on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3q5zWCw8J4 and
match the words to build the word combinations. Build your sentences with
them.
1. memory a) charge
2. short-term b) memory
3. long-term c) memory
4. permanent d) disc
5. electrical e) stick
6. magnetic f) storage
7. magnetic g) storage
8. spinning h) coating
9. reflective i) cell
10. solid-state j) drive
11. flash k) expectancy
12. charge l) leakage
13. life m) film

_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 8. Match the words with their definitions.
latency volatility cost reliability speed capacity
availability transportability

Computer memory is evaluated in accordance with the following criteria:

75
 1. __________ – if the device retains data when the computer is off;
2. __________ – the amount of data the device can store;
3. __________ – refers to the delay that occurs in data transmission between
computer RAM and the CPU;
4. __________ – measures the time from initialising to the first/next failure;
5. __________ – the proportion of time the device is on and running;
6. __________ – when memory can be trasferred from one device to
another;
7. _________ – the time needed to release data after the CPU makes a
request;
8. _________ – typically expressed as a ratio of dollars per bite.

TASK 9. Read the text about computer memory and retell it in English. Use
topical vocabulary.
Пам’ять комп’ютера поділяють на оперативну, кеш-пам’ять, пам’ять
базової системи введення-виведення операційної системи (BIOS),
зовнішню (дискову).
Оперативна пам’ять – це основна пам’ять, яка призначена для
зберігання оперативних даних і програм, що виконуються. Дані і програми
зберігаються в пам’яті, поки комп’ютер працює; після вимкнення
живлення комп’ютера весь простір оперативної пам’яті очищується.
Сукупність оперативної пам’яті утворюють комірки, кожна з яких
призначена для збереження даних обсягом один байт. Обсяг оперативної
пам’яті сучасних комп ютерів, становить 4 Гб, 8 Гб, 16 Гб або 32 Гб.
Кеш-пам’ять – це супершвидка пам’ять, в якій зберігається інформація,
що необхідна процесору. Кеш-пам’ять виконує проміжне збереження
даних під час обміну між центральним процесором і оперативною
пам’яттю. Вона призначена для підвищення швидкості інформаційного
обміну загалом.

TASK 10. Answer the questions.

1. Why does a computer need to use several types of memory?
2. Give examples of an outdated memory or storage device. What do you think
is the main reason they are outdated?
3. Among the properties of a memory device (speed, capacity, cost, data life-
span) which one, in your opinion is the most important, and why?
4. As our digital devices become smarter and capable of storing more data than
ever, they are making our lives easier. But do you think we are too
dependent on them?

76
TASK 11. Choose the proper option.
1. The data and applications of your computer are stored on the _________.
a) hard driver
b) hard drive
c) power supply
d) motherboard
2. My computer’s hard drive has a _________ of 1TB.
a) size
b) capacity
c) volume
d) dimension
3. To run this application you need at least 100 Mb of __________ on your
hard drive.
a) free size
b) free space
c) free capacity
d) free volume
4. Which of the following is the fastest memory?
a) DRAM
b) Hard drive
c) SRAM
d) CD-ROM
5. What is the common feature between DRAM and SRAM?
a) They are both made of a transistor and a capacitor
b) They are both made of six transistors
c) They both lose their contents when powered off
d) They both store data by the way of trapping electrons
6. An unopened photo is kept in the _____ of a computer.
a) CPU’s cache
b) Hard drive
c) RAM
d) None of the above
7. What is the fundamental memory element in flash memory?
a) Magnetic disks
b) Optical disks
c) Transistors and capacitors
d) Floating-gate transistors
8. Any hardware attached to the tower:
a) CPU
b) Software
c) Peripherals
d) Storage

77
_________________________________________READING
TASK 12. Read and translate the text.
SSD vs. HDD: Which is Better for You?
What’s the difference between SSDs and HDDs? Solid-state drives and hard
disk drives are similar in their physical specifications, but they store data very
differently. There are advantages and disadvantages of each type of drive, and
the choice of which type is right for you depends on what you use your
computer for.
HDD. The technology behind hard disk drives is
well-known and well-tested. Hard disk drives have
been around for more than 50 years, steadily
increasing their storage capacity and decreasing their
physical size. HDDs rely on spinning disks, or
platters, to read and write data. Hard disk drives
consist of one or more magnetically sensitive platters,
an actuator arm with a read/write head on it for each
platter, and a motor to spin the platters and move the
arms. There is also an I/O controller and firmware
that tells the hardware what to do and communicates with the rest of the system.
Each platter is organized into concentric circles, called tracks. Tracks are
divided into logical units called sectors. Each track and sector number results in
a unique address that can be used to organize and locate data. Data is written to
the nearest available area. There is an algorithm that processes the data before
it’s written, allowing the firmware to detect and correct errors. The platters spin
at preset speeds (4200 rpm to 10000 rpm for consumer computers), those speeds
correlate to read/write rates. The higher the preset speed, the faster a hard drive
will be able to read and write data.
Each time you ask your computer to retrieve or update data, the I/O
controller tells the actuator arm where that data is located, and the read/write
head gathers the data by reading the presence or absence of a charge in each
address. If the request was to update the data, the read/write head changes the
charge on the affected track and sector. The time it takes for the platter to spin
and the actuator arm to find the correct track and sector is known as latency.
The drawbacks to HDDs are a result of the mechanical parts used to read and
write data, as physically finding and retrieving data takes more time than
electronically finding and retrieving data. The mechanical parts can skip or even
fail if they are handled roughly or dropped. This is a concern in laptops, but not
as much in desktops. HDDs are also heavier and use more energy than
comparable SSDs.
The benefits of a hard disk drive are that they are a proven technology, are
frequently less expensive than a solid-state drive for the same amount of storage.

78
 SSD. Solid-state drives are a newer technology but have progressed rapidly,
adding more storage capacity each year. SSDs rely on electronic storage in non-
volatile memory, meaning that data won’t disappear when the computer is
turned off.
SSDs can be thought of as large USB drives;
they use the same base technology. NAND, the
technology in solid-state drives is a kind of flash
memory. At the lowest level, floating gate transistors
record a charge (or lack of a charge) to store data.
The gates are organized in a grid pattern, which is
further organized into a block. Block size can vary,
but each row that makes up the grid is called a page.
There is an SSD controller that performs several
functions, including keeping track of where data is
located. Each time you ask your computer to retrieve or update data, the SSD
controller looks at the address of the data requested and reads the charge status.
SSDs are a newer technology, and as such, are more expensive than HDDs.
Although they are catching up, it can be harder to find very large-capacity solid-
state drives. HDDs can be as much as 2.5 times larger.
Solid-state drives deliver faster load times for games, applications, and
movies. Because of the technology they use, SSDs are lighter and more able to
withstand being moved and dropped. In addition, solid-state drives use less
energy, keeping the computer they’re used in cooler.
The difference between hard drives and solid-state drives is in the
technology used to store and retrieve data. HDDs are cheaper and you can get
more storage space. SSDs, however, are faster, lighter, more durable, and use
less energy. Your needs will dictate which storage drive will work best for you.
(Based on: http://www.crucial.com/usa/en/learn-with-crucial/about-ssd/ssd-vs-hdd)

TASK 13. Reread the text and find English equivalents of the Ukrainian
words and word combinations.
Зберігати данні по-різному, добре перевірена технологія, ємність пам’яті,
обертові диски, магнітні пластини, голівка зчитування запису, попередньо
задана швидкість, отримати інформацію, оновити інформацію, транзистор
з пла́вним затво́ром, енергонезалеежна пам'ять, відслідковувати
розташування данних, здатний витримати переміщення та падіння.

TASK 14. Answer the questions.

1. What is the difference between HHDs and SSDs?
2. What does HHD consist of?
3. What are platters? What do platters consist of?
4. What speed do the platters spin at?
5. What is the function of the I/O controller?

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 6. What is latency?
7. What are the advantages of HHDs?
8. What are the disadvantages of HHDs?
9. What technology are SSDs based on?
10.What is the function of floating gate transistors?
11.What is the function of an SSD controller?
12.What are the advantages of SSDs?
13.What are the disadvantages of SSDs?

TASK 15. Look at the picture of HDD and SSD. Compare two disks. Be
sure to mention the size, the construction and the constituent parts.

TASK 16. Arrange the steps of how to install an SSD on your laptop in the
proper order.

Laptop SSD installation instructions

A. Gather supplies. Take a 2.5-inch Crucial® SSD, a screwdriver, your
computer’s owner’s manual (which will specify the type of screwdriver
you need).
B. Reassemble your laptop.
C. Ground yourself by touching an unpainted metal surface. This is an extra
safeguard that protects your drive and components from static damage
during the installation process.
D. Hold down the power button for 5 seconds to discharge residual
electricity.
E. Open your laptop’s case. Refer to your owner’s manual for how to do this.

80
 F. Make sure you’re working in a static-safe environment. Remove any
plastic bags or papers from your work space.
G. Locate the storage bay. Refer to your owner’s manual for the exact
location and note the size of the bays. Remove the old storage drive. Look
closely at the old storage drive for any brackets, adapters, support frames,
braces, pull tabs, or screws that might be attached to it. If anything is
attached to the old drive, remove it and put it on the SSD in the same
manner.
H. Shut down your system. Disconnect the power cable and remove the
battery. Refer to your system’s owner’s manual for how to do this.
I. Power on your computer.
J. Plug the SSD into your system. Don’t force the connection – it should
plug in easily and fit snugly. If the SSD doesn’t fit snugly, use the spacer
that comes with your Crucial® SSD and attach it to the SSD by peeling
off the adhesive and sticking the spacer onto the drive. Attaching the
spacer allows the SSD to achieve the same level of thickness as the
existing drive you removed. Note: many installations don’t require the
spacer, so you might not need to use it.
(Based on: http://www.crucial.com/usa/en/learn-with-crucial/about-ssd/how-to-install-ssd-in-laptop)

_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 17. Fill in the gaps with the proper word or word combination.
chips upgraded megabytes megahertz speed
motherboard processor

The ‘brain’ of a computer is the 1. ____________. Most of these are made by

Intel and AMD, and are sometimes referred to as 2. ‘___________’. The 3.
__________ of a processor is measured in 4. ___________.
A computer’s memory is measured in 5. ___________. The processor and
memory modules are located on the 6. ___________. Changing a computer’s
processor is not generally practical, but the memory can usually be 7.
__________.

data developed devices enabled signals

wireless telecommunications
Bluetooth® technology enables 1. _________ communication between 2.
__________ such as laptop computers, mobile phones and PDAs. Bluetooth® 3.
__________ devices use short-range radio 4. __________ to exchange 5.
__________ quickly and easily. The technology was 6. _________ by a group
of computer and 7. __________ companies including IBM, Intel, Nokia and
Ericsson.

81
____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 18. Watch the video about CPU cache on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi0FhRqDJfo&t=42s and answer the
questions.
1. What does DRAM stand for?
2. What does DRAM work on?
3. What does SRAM stand for?
4. Why is SRAM faster than DRAM?
5. What is the function of the CPU cache?
6. Why is cache memory important?
7. Where is Level 1 cache located?
8. What is the function of Level 2 cache?
9. Which level of cache is used to catch recent data accesses from the
processor?
10.What is the fastest level of cache?

_______________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 19. Study the table.
Passive Voice
Active Passive
The CPU processes Am Instructions are
instructions. Is + Verb 3 processed by the CPU.
Present
simple

Are

Charles Babbage Was The computer was

simple

invented the + Verb 3 invented by Charles

Past

computer. Were Babbage.

Robots will replace Will be + Verb3 Humans will be
Future
simple

humans in dangerous replaced by robots in

tasks. dangerous tasks.
The students are Am The test is being
continuous

writing the test now. Is + being+ V3 written now.

Present

are

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 They were upgrading Was The computer was

perfect continuous
the computer all + being+V3 being upgraded all
evening. Were evening.
Present Past

They have already Have The article has already

written the article. + been+V3 been written.
Has
They had fixed the Had + been + V3 The computer had been
perfect

computer before the fixed before the lesson

Past

lesson yesterday. yesterday.

They will have fixed Will have been + The computer will have
perfect
Future

the computer by Verb3 been fixed by

tomorrow. tomorrow.
They must build a Must A new engine must be
new engine. Can built.
Modal verbs

Could
They are going to May + be + V3 A new engine is going
build a new engine. Might to be built.
Should
Be going to

TASK 20. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Passive Voice form.
1. When a particular program __________ (run), the data _________ (process)
by the computer very rapidly.
2. In the 1970s, new languages such as LISP and PROLOG _________
(design) for research into Artificial Intelligence.
3. Computers and microchips have become part of our everyday lives: we visit
shops and offices that _________ (design) with the help of computers, and
we read magazines that ________ (produce) on computers.
4. By the time Microsoft made its operating system Windows 95, the graphic
user interface _______widely ________ (use) by Macintosh.
5. BASIC enables the user to interact with the program while it _________
(execute), which means that data can be input while the program is running.
6. All computers __________ (bring) to a virtual standstill by the mysterious
bug.
7. If the market for possible computers grow, prices __________ (reduce).
8. By the year 2030 human labour in industry will _________ (replace) by
robots.
9. The stuff _________ (instruct) by the manager tomorrow morning.

83
10.________ those innovations ________ (send) yesterday? – No, they
_________. They ________(send) a bit later today.
11._________ the laser printer often _________ (use) in your institute? – Yes,
it _________. It _________ (use) every week.
12.________ the new software ________ (set) up yesterday? – No, it ________
(set) up because of the problems with electricity in the office. It ________
(set) up tomorrow morning.
13.Who ________ the tests ________ (usually check) by? – They ________
(usually check) by our professor.
14.Why didn’t you phone me after the presentation yesterday? – Sorry, the
phone ________ (repair) at that time.
15.The church is three hundred years old. How long ________ this church
_________ (build)? – It _________ (build) for thirty-five years.
16.Can you give me a lift? – Sorry, my car ________ (service) now.

TASK 21. Rewrite the following sentences using the Passive.

e.g. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. – The light bulb was invented by
Thomas Edison.
1. People all over the world drive cars.
2. They are designing a new model of the TV receiver.
3. Smith Ltd is supplying our company with computers.
4. They are installing the new computer system next month.
5. They are going to sell headphones that are safe for hearing soon.
6. She offered me the job as a hardware engineer but I refused it.
7. Local businesses have provided technical support.
8. We use computers to process our sales information.
9. He found that someone had stolen his pen earbuds.
10.The police have just found the missing digital camera.
11.They must do something with this printer.
12.They will tell you how long the delivery takes.
13.Last Thursday we appointed a new system analyst.
14.Portable PCs will replace desktop PCs in a few years.
15.They have fully computerized the factory.
16.Governments can take measures against computer crime.
17.Professor Niklaus Wirth and his colleagues developed the Pascal language.
18.No one has seen the Senior Programmer since the day of the exhibition.
19.They program the computer to warn users before it deletes information.
20.The computer didn’t carry out the instructions because of a syntax error.
21.We’ll complete the testing of the new computer program by next week.
22.Computer Services Engineer Technician has been restoring the data for
several hours.
23.Scientists may discover new electronic components.

84
24.Software manufacturers will have made hundreds of new programs by this
time next year.
________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 22. Look at the diagram below and describe computer memory
types. Use the active vocabulary and information from the previous
exercises.

_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 23. Read the writing task and write your email in 150 words.
Your friend asks you for some advice. He wants to buy a new hard drive. But
he doesn’t know what to choose, HDD or SSD? Write an email to him / her in
which you:
 Give advice about the hard drive.
 Give arguments for your choice.
 Compare HDD and SSD. Mention their advantages and disadvantages.

________________________PROFESSIONAL READING
TASK 24. Read and translate the text.
Cloud storage
(by Michael Muchmore)
Online file storage, syncing and sharing services play a huge role in letting
you collaborate smoothly with your colleagues no matter where you’re working.

85
Computer systems have been steadily moving away from local storage to
remote, server-based storage and processing – also known as the cloud. By
keeping your documents and media in the cloud, you can enjoy anywhere-access
to your entertainment and improve business collaboration. These services
provide seamless access to all your data – Word docs, PDFs, spreadsheets,
photos, and any other digital assets – wherever you are. You no longer need to
be sitting at your work PC to see your work files. With cloud syncing you can
get to them from your laptop at home, your smartphone on the go, or from your
tablet on your couch. Using one of these services means no more having to
email files to yourself or plug and unplug USB flash drives.

If you don’t yet have a service for storing and syncing your data in the
cloud, you should seriously consider one. Which one you choose depends on the
kinds of files you store, how much security you need, whether you plan to
collaborate with other people, and which devices you use to edit and access your
files. It may also depend on your comfort level with computers in general. Most
of these services are extremely user-friendly, while others offer advanced
customization for more experienced techies.

The range of capabilities of cloud-based storage services is incredible. Many

of them specialize in a specific area. For example, Dropbox and SugarSync
focus on keeping a synced folder accessible everywhere. SpiderOak emphasizes
security. Some cloud storage services, such as Apple iCloud, Google Drive and
Microsoft OneDrive, are generalists, offering not only folder and file syncing,
but also media-playing and device syncing. These products also offer real-time
document co-editing.

Most cloud services offer some level of backup, almost as a consequence of

their intended function. It follows logically that any files uploaded to a cloud
service are also protected from disk failures since there are copies of them in the
cloud. But true online backup services can back up all your computer’s files, not
just those in a synced folder structure. Whereas syncing is about managing
select files, backup tends to be a bulk, just-in-case play. With syncing, you
choose the folders, documents, and media that you want ready access to and
save them in the cloud. With backup, you protect everything you think you
might regret losing.

Just to clear up any confusion, the cloud part of cloud-based storage services
refers to storing your files somewhere other than your computer’s hard drive,
usually on the provider’s servers. There’s a half-joke saying in the tech world,
‘There is no cloud. It’s just someone else’s computer.’

Having data in the cloud gives you the ability to access those files through
the internet. Your data is usually encrypted before making the journey over the
internet to the providers’ servers, and while it lives on those servers it’s also

86
encrypted. Well-designed services don’t upload entire files every time they
change. They just upload the changes, saving your connection bandwidth.
You can access your cloud files through an app or utility software installed
on your computer. Once it’s installed, it usually shows a small notification icon
and creates your synced folder structure that fits into Windows Explorer or the
macOS Finder. You can also get to the files via your web browser. Of course,
you need an internet connection for it to work, but if you temporarily are
without a connection, that’s okay. The service waits until the next time you do
have a connection and takes care of business then.
Many cloud storage services have a free account that usually comes with
some limitations, such as the amount of storage or a size limit on files you can
upload. We prefer providers that offer some level of free service, even if you get
only 2GB of storage space, rather than a time-based trial because a free account
lets you fully integrate a service into your life for several weeks. During that
time, you get a feel for how it works and what might go wrong with your setup.
What could possibly go wrong? Human error accounts for a good deal of
cloud storage tragedies, but the dropped internet connection is another common
troublemaker. Not to mention that every internet service suffers the
occasional outrage. One of the benefits of paying for an account is that it usually
comes with additional support from the provider, so if anything does go wrong,
someone from the company can help you resolve the issue.
There are many other reasons to pay for cloud storage, from getting a lot
more space to being able to upload huge files. That last benefit is relevant to
graphic designers, video editors, and other visual artists who often host
enormous files. Other perks of paying for your cloud storage often include
increased access to file-version history (meaning you can restore an important
business proposal to the version you had before your colleague made a bunch of
erroneous changes), more security, and more features for collaboration and
teamwork.
(based on https://www.pcmag.com/picks/the-best-cloud-storage-and-file-sharing-services)

TASK 25. Answer the questions.

1. What is cloud storage?
2. What are the benefits of cloud storage?
3. What actors should you pay attention to when choosing the service for cloud
storage?
4. Compare the cloud storage services described in the text. What is the
difference between them?
5. What is the difference between syncing files and file backup?
6. Where exactly are your files stored in cloud-based storage services?

87
7. Why is all your data encrypted in cloud storage?
8. Do cloud-based storage services upload entire files every time they change?
9. How can you access your cloud files?
10.Are cloud services free?
11.Why is it recommended to have a paid version of the cloud storage app?
12.What problems can you have with cloud storage services?

TASK 26. Talk about your experience of using cloud storage services. Be
sure to mention:

 Do you use cloud storage? Why?

 If not, do you plan to start using it?
 Have you ever had any problems with cloud storage?
 What do you usually store on a cloud?
 What cloud storage service (app) do you use? What do you like (dislike)
about it?

88
 UNIT 6
COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

_________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Look at the picture above and name the peripheral devices shown
there. Then discuss the questions.
1. What peripheral devices do you have at home? What do you use them
for?
2. What peripheral devices would you like to buy? Why?
_____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 2. Match the words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents. Learn the words.

1. amplify a) купувати
2. aspect ratio b) випромінення
3. barcode c) замість
4. bit-mapped d) прикріпити, приєднати
5. blank space e) зменшувати
6. built-in f) технічні характеристики
7. characters g) частота оновлення
8. compatible h) підсилювати
9. contrast ratio i) щільність, густина
89
 10.density j) отримувати
11.emission k) растровий
12.external l) зовнішній
13.film m) вбудований
14.headphones, earpieces n) штрихкод
15.headset o) захопити
16.inch p) сумісний
17.instead of q) показувати
18.lower-case letters r) навушники
19.refresh rate s) дюйм
20.response time t) гарнітура
21.space bar u) контрастність
22.speakers v) колонки
23.specifications (specs) w) символи
24.three dimensional (3D) x) час відгуку
25.to attach y) кути огляду
26.to capture z) клавіша пробіл
27.to display aa) видаляти
28.to obtain bb) літери верхнього регістру
29.to purchase cc) клавіша пробіл
30.to reduce dd) плівка
31.to remove ee) трьохвимірний
32.upper-case letters ff) літери нижнього регістру
33.viewing angles gg) співвідношення сторін (дисплея)

TASK 3. Match a computer component with its description.

1.Motherboard a) It is the TV-type screen that you view your programs on.
(system They are supplied in different sizes, common sizes range
board) from 15” to 21” screens. You should be aware that poor
quality or badly maintained items can harm your eyesight.
2.CPU b) Many computers are now supplied with these items. That
(Central means, when you run multi-media programs, you can
Processing listen to sounds that are played back via your computer. If
Unit) you have a microphone and suitable software, you can
also record sounds.
3.Monitor c) You will see one or more such sockets at the back of the
system unit, allowing you to plug in devices designed for
this type of connection.
4.Universal d) It is a special chip held on your computer’s system board.
Serial Bus It contains software that is required to make your
(USB) computer work with your operating system, for instance,
it is responsible for copying your operating system into
RAM when you switch on your computer.

90
5.Serial port e) It is the main printed circuit board found in any computer
system. It holds crucial electronic components of a
system, such as the central processing unit (CPU)
and memory and allows communication between
computer elements and peripheral devices.
6.RAM f) It is the most important element of a computer system
(Random where most calculations take place. It is responsible for
Access interpreting and executing most of the commands from
Memory) the computer’s hardware and software. It determines how
fast your computer will run and is measured by its MHz
speed.
7.ROM-BIOS g) It is a form of computer data storage that allows
(Read Only information to be stored and retrieved on a computer. It is
Memory – where the operating system is loaded to when you switch
Basic Input on your computer and also where your applications are
Output copied to when you load an application, such as a word
System) processor or database program. When you create data,
(e.g. letters and pictures), these are initially created and
held in this memory and then copied to the disk when you
save the data.
8.Sound cards h) It is a socket located at the back of your computer that
and speakers enables you to connect items to the computer, such as a
modem. They are commonly labelled as COM1 or
COM2.

TASK 4. Use the words in the box to decipher the acronyms. Translate the
acronyms. Describe each of them.
e.g. TFT stands for Thin-film Transistor; it is used in LCD screens.
Liquid Automated Organic Cathode-Ray Teller Tube
In-Plane Light-Emitting Display Switching Universal
Port Serial Bus Thin-Film Number Identification
Machines Diode Transistor Display Personal Crystal

 TFT – _________;
 LCD – _________;
 CRT – _________;
 ATM – _________;
 DP – ________;
 USB – _________;
 IPS – _________;
 OLED – ________;
 PIN – ________.

91
_________________________________________READING
TASK 5. Read and translate the text.
Peripheral devices are any kinds of devices used to enter information and
instructions into a computer for processing and to deliver the output to a human
user or a machine controlled by a computer. They are usually divided into input
devices and output devices.

Input devices.
An input device converts incoming data into a pattern of electrical signals in
binary code to make them comprehensible to a digital computer. It can send data
to another device, but it cannot receive data from it. For example, a keyboard
and a mouse can send data to the computer, but they cannot receive or reproduce
information.
Input devices can be manual or automated. Manual peripherals are input
units that allow the user to interact directly with the computer as in the case of a
keyboard, a mouse or a video capturing device.
The keyboard is still the most commonly used and versatile device which
helps in inputting data into the computer. The most common type of keyboard is
QWERTY. The name comes from the first row of letters on the left-hand side of
the keyboard. Each key is connected to a switch that closes when the key is
pressed and which, in this way, sends the appropriate electrical signal to the
CPU. Keyboards can be connected to your computer by a wire, or by using
wireless technology. Virtual keyboards are commonly used as on-screen input
methods in devices with no physical keyboard, usually where there is no room
for one, as in tablet computers or smartphones.

The mouse is a pointing device that controls

the movement of the cursor on the computer
screen and allows users to move and select
folders, text, files, and icons on the computer
screen. It has two or three buttons that control the
cursor movements. It can be wired or wireless,
mechanical, optical or laser.

Laptops are equipped with touchpads. Movements of a finger along the

surface of the touchpad are transformed into cursor movements across the
screen.

The joystick is also a pointing device that is used to move the cursor
position on a monitor screen. Joysticks can be moved in all four directions.

The microphone receives the sound vibrations and converts them into audio
signals or sends them to a recording medium. The audio signals are converted

92
into digital data and stored in the computer. The microphone enables the user to
telecommunicate with others. It is also used to add sound to presentations and
with webcams for video conferencing.
Scanners provide a capability for direct data entry into the computer system.
They are used for inputting images (photographs, pictures, slides) and texts.
Scanners capture images from the source, then they are converted into a digital
form that can be edited and stored on the computer.

The digitizer (also known as Tablet or Graphics

Tablet) enables the user to draw images and graphics
using the stylus as we draw on paper with a pencil.
The images or graphics drawn on the digitizer appear
on the computer monitor or display screen. The
software converts the touch inputs into lines and can
also convert handwritten text to typewritten words.

Automated input devices use methods of

capturing and entering data directly without any human intervention. This
mechanism, called direct data entry (DDE), is used when very large amounts of
data need to be input quickly and accurately. Direct data entry devices read data
and transfer it directly to the computer system. The most common types of such
devices include sensors and different types of card readers. Let’s have a closer
look at some of them.
The magnetic stripe reader is used to read data from
magnetic stripes quickly and accurately on banking cards.
But the magnetic stripe has a very limited storage capacity
and the data is not secure as the data stored on the chip.
To read data from the chip on bank cards chip readers are
used.

PIN pads are used to enter data into Automated Teller Machines (ATM),
handheld devices, EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale)
systems, entry doors, etc. On the one hand, PIN codes help prevent unauthorized
access but, on the other hand, anyone with the correct code can use the device, a
PIN code can be forgotten or people can be seen entering the code.

Bar Code Readers are devices used for scanning bar-

coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines)
directly from the products, books and membership
cards.

93
 Output devices.
The output devices display the results of the data processing. There are a
number of output devices that display output in different ways such as text,
images, hard copies, audio or video.

A printer enables the user to print images, text or any other information
onto paper. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. There are different
types of printers including inkjet printers, laser printers, thermal printers, 3D
printers, etc.
Personal printers are primarily designed to support individual users and may
be connected to only a single computer. Usually, they are ink-jet printers and
laser printers. These printers are designed for low-volume print jobs, requiring
minimal setup time to produce a hard copy of a given document. They are
generally slow devices ranging from 6 to around 25 pages per minute (ppm).
Some printers can print documents stored on memory cards or from digital
cameras and scanners.
Networked or shared printers are usually shared by many users on a network
and can print at speeds of 45 to around 100 ppm.
A barcode printer is a computer peripheral for printing barcode labels or tags
that can be attached to or printed directly on physical objects. Barcode printers
are commonly used to label cartons before
shipment, or to label retail items.
A 3D printer is a device for making a three-
dimensional object from a 3D model or another
electronic data source through additive processes in
which successive layers of material (including
plastics, metals, food, cement, wood, and other
materials) are laid down under computer control. It
is called a printer by analogy with an inkjet printer
which produces a two-dimensional document by a similar process of depositing
a layer of ink on paper.

A projector is an optical device that projects an image or moving images

onto a surface. It can be connected to a computer and similar devices to project
its output onto a screen. Most projectors create an image by shining a light
through a small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors can project
the image directly, by using lasers. It produces magnified texts, images, and
videos. So, it is an ideal output device to give presentations or teach a large
number of people.

Speakers are electrical devices used to reproduce

sound or music. They can be connected directly to a
computer or be built into the monitor or the computer
case, as in the case of laptop computers. Digital data

94
from the computer are converted into analogue form, and the signal is then
amplified through the speakers.
Headphones are pairs of head-mounted speakers that are positioned over the
ears. A combination of a microphone and headphones is called a headset.

The monitor is the main output device for the presentation of processed
information in the form of text, images, audio or video.
Some devices can be both input and output (I/O) devices. They can both
send to and receive data from another device. An example of I/O is the touch
screen. A touch screen is a display device that allows the user to interact with a
computer using their finger or stylus. They’re a useful alternative to a mouse or
keyboard for navigating a GUI (graphical user interface). Touch screens are
used on a variety of devices, such as computers and laptop displays,
smartphones, tablets, and cash registers.

TASK 6. Reread the text and find English equivalents of the Ukrainian
words and word combinations in the text.
Зрозумілий для цифрового комп’ютера, взаємодіяти напряму з
комп’ютером, універсальний пристрій, надсилати відповідний
електричний сигнал, вказівний пристрій, обирати папки на екрані,
захопити зображення, перетворити рукописний текст в друковані слова,
без втручання людини, зчитати данні з магнітної стрічки, обмежена
ємність пам’яті, запобігти неавторизованому доступу, струменевий
принтер, маркувати коробки перед відправкою, роздрібний товар,
тривимірний предмет, послідовні шари матеріалу, прозора лінза,
збільшений текст, сигнал підсилюється через динаміки.

____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 7. Watch the video about 3D printing on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx0Z6LplaMU&t=1s and reproduce its
content in your own words. Write about 50 words. You aren’t allowed to
use the sentences from the script!!! Be sure to mention:
 how 3D objects are created;
 the basic principle of 3D printing work;
 materials used for printing;
 application of 3D printing;
 express your attitude towards this technology.

_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 8. Read the definitions and solve the puzzles.

95
 1. An input device used to create letters, numbers, and symbols, and perform
additional functions.

y o

2. A small handheld input device that controls a computer screen’s pointer.

3. This device will produce high-quality output with sharp text and
impressive quality of graphics.

r r

4. These devices produce voice output and play back any sounds.

p k

5. This device is used for inputting of images (photographs, pictures, slides)

and texts and converting them into the digital form that can be stored on
the disc.

c n

TASK 9. Match the description with the names of keys on the keyboard.
shift alt delete arrows escape backspace
caps lock tab space bar enter

1. It removes the character on the left of the cursor.

2. It produces upper-case letters, but it doesn't affect numbers and symbols.
3. It produces upper-case characters.
4. Each time it is pressed, it produces a blank space.

96
5. It moves the cursor horizontally to the right for a fixed number of spaces (in
tabulations and data fields).
6. To stop the computer from doing something, you can press the ________.
7. Select the text you want to remove, and hit the _______________.
8. It works in combination with other keys to produce special characters or
specific actions.
9. They are used to move the cursor as an alternative to the mouse.
10.It moves the cursor to the beginning of a new line.

TASK 10. Fill in the gaps with one of the words from the box. Change the
form if necessary.
laser printer pixel keyboard wireless video adapter
aspect ratio resolution peripherals colour depth
amplify

1. The mouse is _________, so the user doesn’t have to plug it in.

2. The student types fifty words per minute on his ________.
3. The new __________ produces clearer and more precise images on each
page than the ink-jet one.
4. A monitor and a mouse are types of ________.
5. It is the smallest unit on a display screen or bitmapped image.
6. It is an expansion card that generates the video signal sent to a computer
display.
7. It is the width of the screen in proportion to its height.
8. The number of pixels contained in a display, horizontally or vertically, is
called _________.
9. It is the number of bits used to hold a colour pixel; this determines the
maximum number of colours that can be displayed.
10.The speakers _________ sound signals.

TASK 11. Complete each sentence using the correct preposition. Some of
them can be used more than once.
in into from by between or outside on
either to of without

1. The CPU is a large chip ______ the computer.

2. Data always flows ______ the CPU _____ the address bus.
3. The CPU can be divided ______ three parts.
4. Data flows ______ the CPU and the memory.
5. Peripherals are devices located ______ the computer but linked ______
it.
6. The signal moves ______ the VDU screen ______ one side ______ the
other.

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 7. Projectors receive signals that can be _________ analogue ________
digital from a computer.
8. Laser scanners are usually used _________ archaeologists to reproduce
3D images of buildings, objects and historical sites.
9. Automated input device use methods _________ capturing and entering
data ________ any human intervention.
10.It is easy to transfer information _________ two devices.
____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 12. Watch the video ‘Computer Monitor Buying Guide’ on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UkbALUz8Aw&t=211s and do tasks A
and B.
A. Answer the questions.
1. What aspects will you take into consideration when buying a new
monitor?
2. What unit of measurement is the size of computer monitors measured in?
3. What size of the monitor is the best compromise between the screen size
and the amount of desk space it occupies?
4. What is resolution measured in?
5. What is the difference between FullHD resolution, QHD and 4K
resolution?
6. What is the aspect ratio?
7. What are the main panel types?
8. What inputs are standard for all the monitors?

B. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false
ones.
1. Most computer monitors range from 19’’ to 32’’, measured horizontally
from side to side.
2. The monitor with the higher resolution will display less information than
the monitor with the lower resolution even if the monitors are the same
size.
3. A screen’s resolution is a measurement of the amount of information it
can display.
4. Pixels can be compared with the tiny circles of light that work together to
form the image on a screen.
5. The greater amount of pixels means the greater amount of more detailed
information the monitor can display.
6. 1080p resolution is also referred to as Full HD.
7. 4K offers four times the details of 1080p resolution.
8. The most common aspect ratio nowadays is 4:3.
9. A monitor’s aspect ratio details the relationship between its width and
height.

98
 10.An aspect ratio of 4:3 means that for every four inches in width, the
screen has three inches of height.
11.QHD resolution increases the number of pixels by 23% in each direction.
12.A TN panel prioritizes speed over everything else, offering fast response
times and refresh rates but lesser colour accuracy and viewing angles.
13.HDMI carries only video signals through a single cable.
14.IPS stands for In-planar switching.
15.The response time of a monitor is the time it takes for a pixel to change
colours.

_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 13. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the suitable word.

Monitor panel types

The general (1)_________ typically has very limited knowledge about the
different types of LCD panels on the market. LCD (2)_________ liquid-crystal
display. Over the years, LCD technology has become ubiquitous in various
commercial and industrial screen manufacturing. LCDs (3)_________ of flat
panels that contain liquid crystals with light modulating properties. This means
that these liquid crystals use a backlight or reflector to emit light and produce
either monochromatic or coloured images. LCDs are used to construct all sorts
of displays from cellphones to computer screens to flat-screen TVs.
TN (Twisted Nematic) LCDs are the most commonly (4)__________ and
used types of monitors across a wide range of industries. They prioritize speed
over everything else, (5)__________ fast response times and refresh rates but
lesser colour accuracy and viewing angles. TN panels are also the least
expensive option, making them a good choice for shoppers on a budget. The
only real downside to these monitors is that they possess low quality and limited
contrast ratios, colour (6)_________, and viewing angles. However, they suffice
for everyday operations.
IPS (In-Plane Switching) displays are considered to be among the best of the
best when it comes to LCD technology as they offer superior viewing angles,
excellent image quality, and vibrant colour accuracy and contrast. (7)_________
IPS glow and backlight bleeding steer some folks away from these panels. These
defects can (8)_________ the corners or edges of the screen to appear slightly
lighter.
VA (Vertical Alignment) panels fall somewhere in the middle between TN
and IPS panel technology. While they have much (9)_________ viewing angles
and higher quality colour reproduction features than TN panels, they also tend to
have significantly slower response times. However, even their most positive
aspects still don’t come anywhere close to holding a candle to IPS panels, which
is why they’re much more (10)_________ and suitable for everyday use.

99
 Although OLED monitors are still quite expensive for most consumers, they
offer (11)__________ contrast ratios, colour reproduction, and response times.
(12)_________ using LED backlights to illuminate the screen, OLED monitors
are capable of lighting each pixel individually. This gives them the ability to
create incredible levels of black, simply by turning off specific pixels. As a
result, these screens can offer up truly remarkable picture quality unmatched by
these other technologies.
A B C D
1 collector consumer manufacturer competitor
2 stands on stands stands for stands in
3 constructed is constructed construct are constructed
4 manufactured manufacture manufacturing are manufactured
5 offer offering offered are offered
6 reproduce reproducing reproduced reproduction
7 although however moreover despite
8 cause aim mean call
9 good gooder better the best
10 afford affordable affording afforded
11 inspiring increase input incredible
12 instead of however due in order to

TASK 14. Reread the text above and compare monitor panel types.
e.g. TNs are fast but they have limited contrast ratios.

TASK 15. Choose the proper option.

1. Input-output devices allow the computer to ______ with its external
environment.
a) compute
b) command
c) communicate
2. To navigate the pointer on the screen of a laptop, you can use the
_________.
a) tablet
b) digitizer
c) touchpad
3. The ________ of a scanner is measured in dpi.
a) aspect ratio
b) colour depth
c) resolution
4. The mouse moves on a .
a) mouse mat
b) mouse carpet

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 c) mouse table
5. TV and computer screens are usually measured in .
a) feet
b) miles
c) inches
6. Before you start work, the height of your chair.
a) adjust
b) change
c) rearrange
7. To get sound from your computer, plug in a pair of .
a) loudhailers
b) loudspeakers
c) loud voices
8. You can increase the functions or performance of a computer with an _____.
a) extension card
b) exploding card
c) expansion card
9. You can plug in your mobile phone .
a) charger
b) power
c) electrification
10.The computer is cooled by a .
a) fun
b) fan
c) file
11.The printer has _________ of ink.
a) finished
b) ended
c) run out
12. I had only had my computer for three weeks when I had to have the hard
drive _________.
a) replaced
b) restored
c) revived
13.The data and applications on your computer are stored on the ___________.
a) hard drive
b) hard driver
c) storage drive
14.My computer’s hard drive has a _______________ of 1TB.
a) capacitor
b) capacity
c) capability
15.The speed with which a modem can process data is measured in _________.
a) bandwidth

101
 b) bits per second (bps)
c) signals
16. Devices that enter information and let you communicate with the computer:
a) Software
b) Output devices
c) Hardware
d) Input devices

________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 16. Study the information in the table about relative pronouns.

TASK 17. Fill in the gaps with a relative pronoun. Use all possible
alternatives.
1. John von Neumann is the computer scientist ________ first described
computer architecture.
2. Hardware is the part of a computer ________ we can touch.
3. A storage device is _________ we can save data.
4. The ALU is the part of the CPU with ________ the computer can do
logical operations.
5. The Control Unit is the part of the CPU ________ function is that of
controlling data flow.
6. The motherboard is _________ the RAM is attached.
7. Cache memory is a high-speed memory _________ holds data and
programs.

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 8. A hard disk drive is a storage device on _________ we can store a large
amount of data.
9. People _________ use magnetic storage say that it is relatively cheaper if
compared with other storage technologies.
10. Charles Babbage is the scientist __________ developed Analytical
engine.

TASK 18. Link the two sentences with a non-defining relative clause.
e.g. PROM enables users to load read-only programs and data. It is a
variation of ROM. – PROM, which is a variation of ROM, enables users
to load read-only programs and data.
1. John von Neumann first described computer architecture. He was a brilliant
scientist.
2. The ALU does all the logical operations. It is internal to the CPU.
3. System software includes the operating system, drivers and utility software.
It is used to run and maintain the computer.
4. Clock speed is expressed in cycles per second or Herz. It measures the
number of cycles the CPU carries out a second.
5. The operating system is loaded by a boot loader. A bootloader provides an
interface for the user to load an operating system and applications.
6. Primary storage includes registers, cache and RAM. Data and applications
are temporarily stored there.
7. Gary Kasparov was defeated by the computer Deep Blue in a game of chess.
He was a champion.
8. An integrated circuit contains a huge amount of microelectronic devices. It
is a tiny component.
9. PCWorld is a digital magazine. It publishes information about cutting-edge
IT technologies.
10.Alan Turing was a British mathematician and computer scientist. He laid the
foundation for modern computing and developed a theory about artificial
intelligence.

TASK 19. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the
first. Use no more than three words.
1. That’s the pen drive on which I saved my presentation. – That’s the pen
drive _____________________ presentation on.
2. That’s the programmer to whom I talked yesterday. – That’s the programmer
I _____________________ yesterday.
3. It was kind of you to fix my computer. – You fixed my computer,
________________ of you.
4. Here is the computer lab I work in. – Here is the computer lab in
________________ work.

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5. That’s the new hard disk I bought yesterday. – That’s the new hard disk
which ________________.
6. Here is the new pen drive. Its capacity is 32 GB. – Here is the new pen drive
________________ is 32 GB.

________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 20. Act out the dialogues with your groupmate. You are a customer,
your groupmate is a shop assistant at the electronic store.
A. The customer wants to know the difference between two monitors. The
shop assistant tells about the technical characteristics of the monitors and
helps to make a choice.
B. The customer wants to buy a printer but he doesn’t know what to choose
– a laser model or an ink-jet model. The shop assistant explains the
difference between these models and helps to make a choice.
_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 21. You have a problem with your printer. Write an email to
Customer Service to explain your problem and ask for help. In your email
you should:
 provide all the details about your printer (brand, type, model, etc.);
 describe the problem;
 ask for help (e.g. substitution, repair, refund, etc.)

_________________________PROFESSIONAL READING
TASK 22. Read and translate the text.

Computer Monitor Buying Guide: Everything You Need to Know

By Carl P., Electronics & Audio Specialist
Picking the best monitor for your computer can be confusing. It’s a common
misconception that computers and their peripherals are obsolete a few years
after you buy them. So it makes sense to take time to research the different types
of monitors. These are the things to pay attention to while choosing a new
monitor.
Monitor Sizes
The first thing you’ll need to figure out is what screen size suits your needs.
Most computer monitors range from 19 to 34 inches, measured diagonally from
corner to corner. The average user will be happy with 22-24’’ screens. This
range provides a screen large enough for general productivity tasks and even
some multitasking without overcrowding your desktop. A 27’’ monitor offers
25% more space than a 24’’ monitor. The extra space can be incredibly helpful
for photo/video editing, gaming, multitasking, and readability. The largest

104
monitors make multitasking even easier and can be a good alternative to dual
monitor setups.
Computer Monitor Resolution
A screen’s resolution is a measurement of the amount of information it can
display. Resolution is measured in pixels, the tiny squares of light that work
together to form the image on a screen. The smaller the squares (pixels) are, the
more of them you can fit on the page (screen). The more pixels you have, the
more detailed an image you can create. A monitor’s resolution is usually listed
as its length x height in pixels. 1920 x 1080 (nineteen-twenty by ten-eighty) is
the most common resolution these days. This resolution is also referred to as
Full HD or 1080p. It’s perfect for a typical computer user, providing enough
room to comfortably browse websites or compare documents located side-by-
side. 1920 x 1080 is also the standard resolution for most broadcast and
streaming TV shows.
1440p refers to a resolution of 2560 x 1440 pixels. These screens offer a
little less than twice the detail of 1080p. Multitaskers will love the ability to
keep more windows in view on a 1440p screen. Content creators/editors will
love the extra detail the screen provides.
Just be aware that higher resolutions require more of your computer. Web
browsing, streaming, and standard office work won’t be very taxing. But editing
high-resolution pictures and videos or playing games at a higher resolution will
likely require a computer with a powerful graphics card and/or processor.
4K refers to a resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixels. These screens offer four
times the detail of 1080p. Media editing and gaming on 4K monitors will require
an even more powerful graphics card.
You can always turn down the resolution of a monitor, (from 4K to 1440p,
for example) if your computer struggles to keep up. But no upgrades or
adjustments will let a 1440p monitor display 4K worth of pixels.
There are also 5K, 8K, 16K screens but such resolutions are significantly
less common and more expensive.
Monitor Connection Types/Monitor Ports
There are a number of different cables you can use to connect a monitor to a
computer.
Most monitors today connect to your computer
via an HDMI port. HDMI carries both audio and
video signals through a single cable. Virtually all
HDMI ports and cables retain the same size and
shape.

Display Port (DP) and Mini Display

Port (mDP) both use the same, newer data
transfer interface. The only real difference
between the two is the size of their port.
Much like HDMI, Display Port carries both

105
video and audio over a single cable. There are a few versions of Display Port,
with varying throughput. Display Port 1.2 works up to 60 Hz for 4K screens.
Display Port 1.3 doubles that, offering 120 Hz for
4K and 30 Hz for 8K! The most current version,
Display Port 1.4, doubles throughput again,
providing 8K media at 60 Hz with HDR.
Lastly, Display Port 2.0 makes 4K 144 Hz HDR
gaming possible and will be able to show 16K
media at 60 Hz.
The newest port you might find on a monitor is a USB-C port. USB-C offers the
ability to transfer data and power via a single connection. Because of this, it’s
been used as the power cable for Android phones and Apple computers for years
now.

Aspect Ratio
A monitor’s aspect ratio details the relationship between its width and
height. Early cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors and TVs had an aspect ratio of
4:3. This means that for every four inches in width, the screens had three inches
of height. As widescreen TVs and high-definition content grew in popularity, so
did widescreen computer monitors. As a result, most computer monitors use a
16:9 aspect ratio (almost twice as wide as they are tall), the same as an HDTV.

Ultrawide monitors, those with an aspect ratio of 21:9, are becoming a

popular option both for productivity and entertainment. Ultrawides are about
33% wider than a normal monitor and offer a good alternative to a two-monitor
setup. They allow you to organize windows in a variety of new ways and keep
more information accessible at any given time.
Monitor Panel Types
The screen or display of a computer monitor is referred to as a panel. Most
computer panels use one of three LCD technologies to create an image. These
three technologies are TN (Twisted Nematic), IPS (In-Plane Switching), and
VA (Vertical Alignment) panels. Each offers a distinct set of benefits and
drawbacks. There are also OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) monitors,
Plasma monitors.
While it might be a little confusing, TN, IPS and VA panels are both LCD
and LED monitors. LCD (Liquid Crystal Displays) is the broadest term,
referring to how the screen image is created. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
screens provide light to the screen with LEDs as opposed to older technology
106
that used CCFLs (cold cathode fluorescent lamps). TN, IPS, and VA
technologies refer to the way the LCD creates an image.
OLED panels, on the other hand, are neither LED monitors nor LCD
monitors. They use another technology to create both the light and image for
their screens and have started to show up in the monitor market. However, the
technology is more commonly used for TVs and smartphones.
Refresh Rate
Digital screens, like films, work by rapidly displaying a series of still
images, one after the other, often giving the illusion of movement. The number
of images a screen can display in one second is called its refresh rate and is
measured in Hertz (Hz). Screens typically offer between 30 Hz and 244
Hz. High refresh rates offer a smoother visual experience, especially important
for gamers, and are noticeable when watching sports or movies with lots of
movement.
The more images a screen produces every second, the smaller the jump from
one image to the next.
Response Time/Input Lag
The response time of a monitor is the time it takes for a pixel to change
colours. Similarly, input lag is the time it takes for the monitor to respond to
commands, like pressing a button.
Glossy/Matte Finish
Just like the old days of printed photos, some monitors come with your
choice of either glossy or matte screens. Glossy screens offer more vibrant
colours and deeper blacks but also suffer from glare much more than the matte
counterparts. Matte screens are far less susceptible to glare because of a
polarized coating they use to diffuse light. Just be aware that the matte coating
also limits the screen’s contrast and viewing angles.
In Summary...
Hopefully, the above guide taught you everything you ever wanted to know
about the different types of computer monitors. For most people, focusing on
screen size, resolution, and connection type should be all they need to find the
perfect monitor. If you’re a gamer, a monitor’s refresh rate is the next most
important variable. Competitive gamers often prioritize input lag and response
time. If you’re an artist, look for monitors with a high bit depth and a panel with
accurate colour representation.
(based on https://www.abt.com/learn/computer-monitor-buying-guide)

TASK 23. Build 10 questions to the text and ask your groupmates.

107
 UNIT 7
SOFTWARE. TYPES OF SOFTWARE

_________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Discuss the questions.
1. What is software?
2. Give examples of the programs you often use.
3. What is an operating system?
4. What operating systems do you know?
5. What is the function of the operating system?

_____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 2. Match the words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents. Learn the words.
1. application software a) вихідний код
2. back-up b) відновлювати
3. bug c) диспетчер завдань
4. calculation d) блок-схема
5. closed source e) послідовність
6. compatible f) обчислення
7. database g) відлагоджувати
8. desktop publishing h) вбудований
9. embedded i) файл підкачки
10.end user j) ядро
11.error k) резервне копіювання
12.feature l) перервати
13.firmware m) помилка спричинена програмістом
14.flowchart n) із закритим кодом

108
15.IDE (integrated o) сумісний
development p) кінцевий користувач
environment) q) помилка спричинена неуважністю
16.kernel r) особливість, функція
17.manually s) інтегроване середовище розробки
18.open source software t) вбудоване прграмне забезпечення,
19.paging file (page file) прошивка
20.proprietary software u) з програмне забезпечення з відкритим
21.restriction кодом
22.sequence v) власницьке (пропрієтарне) програмне
23.source code забезпечення
24.spreadsheet w) обмеження
25.system software x) зручність у користуванні
26.task manager y) широкий спектр
27.to abort z) виправити, відремонтувати
28.to compile aa) вручну
29.to debug bb) компілювати, упорядковувати
30.to edit cc) електронна таблиця
31.to fix dd) база данних
32.to restore ee) комп’ютерна верстка
33.to terminate, to restrict ff) системне програмне забезпечення
34.usability gg) прикладне програмне забезпечення
35.wide range hh) текстова обробка
36.word processing ii) текстовий редактор
37.word processor jj) редагувати
kk) обмежувати

TASK 3. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the

correct translation of the words in bold.
1. He has tried several different word processing applications.
2. I’ll send the spreadsheet as an attachment.
3. System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a
computer's hardware and application programs.
4. Desktop publishing is the production of page designs with your computer
using a special DTP software that integrates text and images.
5. A database is any collection of data, that is specially organized for rapid
search and retrieval by a computer.
6. A page file is a reserved portion of a hard disk that is used as an extension of
random access memory.
7. Source code is the set of instructions written by a programmer using a
computer programming language.
8. Task managers are used to review which applications and background
processes are running, as well as to stop an app that is not responding.

109
9. Proprietary software is any copyrighted software.
10.This allowed them to write and debug software before the new computer
hardware was complete.
11.A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence of steps and
decisions needed to perform a process; each step in the sequence is noted
within a diagram shape.
12.The mission had to be aborted at the last minute.
13.Now that the kernel is configured, it is time to compile and install it.
14.You may terminate your agreement with us at any time.
15.The firmware was tightly integrated with Google services.
TASK 4. Match the words with their definitions.
1. software a. an error in a computer program or system;
2. operating b. is the process of identifying and removing errors
system from computer hardware or software;
3. bug c. a person whose job involves writing programs for
computers;
4. programmer d. the collection of computer programs and related data
that provide the instructions telling a computer what
to do;
5. flow chart e. a computer operating system that controls and
manages files and programs stored on disk;
6. graphical user f. the system software that allows all the hardware and
interface software components to work together; a set of
programs that manages all the computer's resources;
7. disk operating g. a set of instructions that a computer follows to
system perform a particular task
8. program h. a visual way of interacting with a computer using
items such as windows, icons, and menus, used by
most modern operating systems;
9. debugging i. a graphical representation of a computer program
with its sequence of functions

TASK 5. Complete the puzzles using the clues.

1. a set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving
operations, especially by a computer:
a r

2. a graphical representation of a computer program with its sequence of

functions:
l c r

110
3. a program that controls the operation of a device such as a printer or a
scanner:
r v

4. the simultaneous execution of more than one task by a single CPU:

m l t g

TASK 6. Read the information about different types of software.

The suffix -ware refers to products of the same type. In computing, software
refers to programs executed by a computer, as opposed to hardware which
concerns physical devices on which programs run. It is commonly used to form
jargon terms for different classes of software:

Firmware – permanent software programmed into a read-only memory.

Malware – (MALicious softWARE) software designed to destroy data, steal
information or aggravate the user.
Betaware – software that is given to many users for beta testing before its
official release.
Adware – free software supported by advertising messages.
Shareware – its concept is that users try a product, and if they like it, they
voluntarily pay a set registration fee or make a donation to the program’s
creator.
Spyware – software that sends information about your Web surfing habits to its
website.
Bloatware – applications that are overloaded with features and therefore is slow
and occupies an excessive amount of memory or disk space.
Vaporware - software that is announced long before it is ready for sale, and that
sometimes never comes in production.
Trialware – software that can be run for a limited period of time before it
expires. In order to keep running the application, a registration key (password)
must be purchased and entered into the trial version.
Crippleware – software used to demonstrate how a program works, but
severely limited in functionality. The user is able to see how the full program
operates, but cannot use the program for any meaningful work.
Freeware – software that is available for free, usually over the Internet.
Kruegerware – software that degrades or destroys a computer, the term may
refer to spyware or page hijacking software that is difficult to remove.

TASK 7. Match the type of software with the definition.

1. trial version a) It is a simplified version that is cheaper to buy.
2. shareware b) This software is in the public domain, anybody can use
3. freeware it without paying.

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4. home-use c) It is the full version with all the features.
version d) You can try it for a while for free. Then if you want to
5. professional keep using it, you are expected to pay a small fee to
version the writer.
e) You can use it for free for a while (often a month).
When the trial period finishes, you have to pay, or the
program will de-activate.

_________________________________________READING
TASK 8. Read and translate the text.
Software is the term used to refer to computer programs written by a
programmer who tells the computer what to do. Programmers are also known
as ‘software developers’, or just ‘developers’. There is system software and
application software.
System software is
used to run and
maintain the
computer, while
application software
is used to carry out
specific tasks.
System software
includes:
 the operating
system (e.g.
Windows or
Mac);
 drivers (e.g. printer drivers to connect a printer to the computer);
 utility software (e.g. file manager to save or delete files).
Application software, or application programs, is used to carry out tasks on a
computer. The most common types of application software are:
 word processing;
 presentation software;
 modelling software (spreadsheets);
 data-handling software (databases);
 desktop publishing and video editing software;
 web browsers;
 application software or apps.
Some software, such as word processors, spreadsheets and desktop
publishers is called general purpose software because it can be used to carry out
different tasks with the same application. Other software is called special

112
purpose software because it is used to perform one specific task, e.g. payroll
software or flight simulator software. The usability of hardware depends on the
software as it makes hardware useable by giving it the instructions that it needs
in order to operate.
Nothing much is simple about software. Software programs can have
millions of lines of code. If one line doesn’t work, the whole program can break.

Software is characterised by its features. Unfortunately, sometimes it can

have bugs. When software has a bug, there are a few things that can happen.
The program can crash and terminate. Then end users can have some
error messages. Sometimes when the software stops responding you are forced
to manually abort the program yourself by pressing some combination of keys
such as ctrl-alt-delete.

Software programs are normally written and compiled for certain hardware
platforms. The software must be compatible with all the components of the
computer. For instance, you cannot run software written for a Windows
computer on a Macintosh computer or a Linux computer. Actually, you can, but
you need to have special emulation software or a virtual machine installed. Even
with this special software installed, it is still normally best to run a program on
the kind of computer for which it was intended.
The software can be closed source or
proprietary. If the software is proprietary,
it means its source code is kept secret. The
source code reveals how the product
works, so by concealing it, developers
prevent users from modifying the product
and competitors from stealing the ideas
behind the source code. Proprietary
software is owned by an individual or company. It’s therefore subject to
copyright laws, and only the author or owner has control over its development
and can modify and improve it. An example of this kind of software is Microsoft
Windows or Adobe Photoshop.
The other kind of software is called open source software. Open source
software (OSS) is software that is distributed with its source code, making it
available for use, modification, and distribution with its original rights.
Programmers who have access to source code can change a program (with some
restrictions, of course). OSS typically includes a license that allows
programmers to modify the software to best fit their needs and control how the
software can be distributed. Examples of this type of software include most
popular programming languages, operating systems such as Linux, and
thousands of applications such as Mozilla Firefox and Open Office.

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TASK 9. Match the underlined words in bold in the text to their synonyms.

perform

TASK 10. Complete the word combinations with prepositions from the box
and translate them.

of with (x3) for (x2) in between into over

by (x2) to

1. compatible ________ all the components;

2. software written ________ Windows computers;
3. two basic kinds ________ software;
4. difference ________ open source and closed source;
5. to turn the source code ________ a binary file;
6. instructions written _________ a programmer;
7. to take everything _________ small steps;
8. deal ________ a wide range of IT-related issues;
9. get along ________ programmers better;
10.characterised ________ its features;
11.be available ________ use;
12.be subject _________ copyright laws;
13.have control _________ the program.
_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 11. Choose the best definition of the word or phrase.
1. Software is _________.
a) computer programs
b) computer programs and instructions
c) computer instructions
d) programs, instructions and data

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2. System software includes ________.
a) operating system, drivers and apps
b) operating system, drivers and utilities
c) operating system, utilities and word processing
d) operating system, utilities and applications
3. Software used to perform one specific task is called ________.
a) general purpose software
b) special purpose software
c) operating system
d) RAM and ROM
4. Microsoft Word, Adobe Acrobat and CorelDraw are programs or
_________.
a) system software
b) application software
c) utilities
d) drivers
5. IDE (integrated development environment) is ________.
a) a measure of how easy or hard a program is to use;
b) a rule or law which limits or controls access to something;
c) an application normally consisting of a source code editor, a compiler
and/or interpreter, build-automation tools, and a debugger;
6. The term ‘restriction’ means ________.
a) privately developed and owned technology;
b) something a computer program is ‘supposed’ to do; often a reason to
buy or upgrade software;
c) a rule or law which limits or controls access to something to end a
program or a process before its completion;
7. The term ‘abort’ means _________.
a) to end a program or a process before its completion;
b) to start a program on a computer;
c) to switch or reverse a value, such as from on to off;
8. The term ‘usability’ means _________.
a) a measure of how easy or hard a program is to use;
b) a program in which the code is distributed allowing programmers to
alter and change the original software as much as they like;
c) an error or glitch in a computer program caused by a programmer’s
mistake;
9. The term ‘error’ means _________.
a) an incorrect action attributable to poor judgment, ignorance, or
inattention;
b) software in which the license stipulates that the user cannot see, edit,
or manipulate the source code of a software program;
c) an application normally consisting of a source code editor, a compiler
and/or interpreter, build-automation tools, and a debugger;

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10. An end-user is _________.
a) a person who uses a product or service on a computer;
b) a position responsible for organizing and delivering a project on time
and on budget; often acts as a bridge between developers and stake-
holders;
c) a person who writes or modifies software;
11.The term ‘crash’ means ________.
a) a program in which the code is distributed allowing programmers to
alter and change the original software as much as they like;
b) an application normally consisting of a source code editor, a compiler
and/or interpreter, build-automation tools, and a debugger;
c) a computer failure that aborts an application or freezes an operating
system;
12. The term ‘open source’ means _________.
a) a program in which the code is distributed allowing programmers to
alter and change the original software as much as they like;
b) software in which the license stipulates that the user cannot see, edit,
or manipulate the source code of a software program;
c) a computer failure that aborts an application or freezes an operating
system;
13.The term ‘feature’ means _________.
a) something a computer program is ‘supposed’ to do; often a reason to
buy or upgrade software;
b) software in which the license stipulates that the user cannot see, edit,
or manipulate the source code of a software program;
c) an error or glitch in a computer program caused by a programmer’s
mistake;
14.The term ‘closed source’ means _________.
a) a program in which the code is distributed allowing programmers to
alter and change the original software as much as they like;
b) software in which the license stipulates that the user cannot see, edit,
or manipulate the source code of a software program;
c) an error or glitch in a computer program caused by a programmer’s
mistake;
15.The term ‘to execute’ means _________.
a) to end a program or a process before its completion;
b) to start a program on a computer;
c) to transfer a file from a local computer to a remote computer;
16.The term ‘proprietary’ means _________.
a) software in which the license stipulates that the user cannot see, edit,
or manipulate the source code of a software program;
b) an error or glitch in a computer program caused by a programmer's
mistake;
c) privately developed and owned technology;

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 17.The term ‘bug’ means _________.
a) a computer failure that aborts an application or freezes an operating
system;
b) an error or glitch in a computer program caused by a programmer’s
mistake;
c) a rule or law which limits or controls access to something;
18.The term ‘compatible’ means _________.
a) interchangeable and replaceable;
b) capable of being used without modification;
c) completely broken in some mysterious way; corrupted;
19. A ‘programmer’ is _________.
a) a person who writes or modifies software;
b) a person who uses a product or service on a computer;
c) someone who successfully defines a path for the rest of the industry to
follow.

TASK 12. Read the text below and complete it with the word combinations
from the box.

applications software operating system system software software

Information provided by programs and data is known as (1) ___________.

Programs are sets of instructions that make the computer execute operations and
tasks. There are two main types of software. The (2) ___________ refers to all
the programs which control the basic functions of a computer. They include
operating systems, system utilities (e.g. an anti-virus program, a back-up utility)
and language translators (e.g. a compiler — the software that translates
instructions into machine code). The (3) ___________ refers to all those
applications — such as word processors and spreadsheets — which are used for
specific purposes. Applications are usually stored on disks loaded into the RAM
when activated by the user.
The (4) ___________ is the most important type of system software. It is
usually supplied by the manufacturers and comprises a set of programs and files
that control the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It
controls all the elements that the user sees, and it communicates directly with the
computer. In most configurations, the OS is automatically loaded into the RAM
section when the computer is started up.

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TASK 13. Match the descriptions on the left with these applications; say
what we can do with these programs.
1. word processor a. Adobe Photoshop
2. spreadsheet b. Gmail
3. virus protection c. Microsoft Word
4. browser d. Microsoft Excel
5. image editor e. Microsoft PowerPoint
6. media player f. Norton AntiVirus
7. email software g. Outlook Express
8. presentation software h. Adobe PageMaker
9. graphic design software i. RealPlayer

TASK 14. Complete each sentence with the word from the box.
accounting office suite enterprise software image editing
web browser spreadsheet

1. _________ software is used by bookkeepers and business owners to record

and process financial transactions and to manage accounts.
2. A(n) __________ ususally includes a word processor.
3. Many large corporations use ________ to maintain consistency in all their
systems.
4. _________ software can be used to retouch photographs.
5. Users often check their email using a(n) ________.
6. _________ can be used for organization, analysis, and storage of large sets
of data in tabular form.

TASK 15. Read the text and fill in the gaps with suitable phrases to form a
logically correct text. There are two extra sentences.
a) ….printed as many times as you ….
b) ….each copy looking as good as the first.
c) …..more efficient way to store documents.
d) ….. creating, editing, formatting, and printing.
e) …..a sequence of commands & keystrokes that are recorded & saved.
f) ….saving the document….
g) ….ease with which changes can be made.
h) …..will have opportunities to arrange the page layout.

The most widely used computer application is word processing. These

programs allow computers to produce and modify documents such as letters,
reports and memos. One main advantage to word processing packages is the
(1)___________. Because the document is stored electronically, you can add,
delete, or rearrange words, sentences, or entire sections. When done, the
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document can be (2)__________ like with (3)____________. Using word
processing software provides a (4)___________.
Producing a document using word processing usually consists of 4 steps:
(5)____________. A 5th step, (6) ___________, should be performed frequently
throughout the process so that work will not be lost. Most programs have an
optional AutoSave feature that automatically saves open documents at specified
intervals.
TASK 16. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the suitable word.
Desktop publishing (1)_________ to the software packages which allow the
user to design and produce high-quality documents which may contain text,
graphics, and unique colours. DTP software contains special tools for
(2)___________ graphics & text to present newsletters, pamphlets, flyers,
posters, and annual reports.
Many people can now produce marketing literature, catalogues, and annual
reports using a DTP software package with a personal computer. Certainly, a
good-quality printer is a (3)___________!
In these programs, you will have opportunities to (4) ___________ the page
layout, select the text type, insert text and graphics, use colour palettes and
tinting options, change the paper sizes, and wrap your text around graphic
images. There is usually an option that will allow you to ‘rotate’ text or graphics
to make it (5)_________ differently on the page. There is even a ‘Make It Fit’
option that is (6)__________ when you need a graphic or text to fit in a certain
area.
With desktop publishing, you can create professional-looking documents on
your own computer which could (7) _________ be done only by graphic artists.
DTP programs save cost and time in producing quality documents. Some
popular DTP packages include PageMaker, Corel Presentations, Corel Print
House, and Corel Ventura.
A B C D
1 responds recollects refers represents
2 manipulate manipulating manipulation manipulated
3 reproach reproduction representation requirement
4 arrange organise omit advance
5 arrive appear publish introduce
6 helpy helpless helpful help
7 afterwards presently currently previously

119
TASK 17. Read the text about spreadsheets and find answers to the
questions.
1. What is a spreadsheet?
2. How is data organized in a spreadsheet?
3. How are columns and rows identified in spreadsheets?
4. What is a cell?
5. What types of data can cells contain?
6. What are functions?
7. What is a macro?
8. What happens when a macro is run?
9. Where can spreadsheets be used?
A spreadsheet is the organization of numeric data in a table format. It can
easily be produced by using spreadsheet software. A spreadsheet is like a
notebook with up to 255 sheets. Herein, data is organized horizontally in rows,
and vertically in columns. Some popular software programs are Lotus 1-2-3,
Quattro Pro, AccPac Plus, and Microsoft Excel.
In these programs, columns are usually identified by a letter and rows are
identified by a number. Only a small fraction of the active spreadsheet may be
displayed on the screen at the same time. The intersection where a column and a
row meet is called a cell. There can be more than 16 million cells for entering
given data in any spreadsheet.
Cells can contain 3 types of data: labels (text), values (numbers), and
formulas. Text or labels identify the data and help organize the worksheet.
Values represent the working numbers or information presented. Formulas
perform calculations on the data in the spreadsheet and display the resulting
values. Functions are stored formulas that perform common calculations (such
as generating a value for the time or date.) Another time-saving feature available
in spreadsheets is a macro (a sequence of commands and keystrokes that are
recorded and saved.) When the macro is run, the sequence of commands and
keystrokes is performed, hence, reducing the number of keystrokes required for
frequently performed tasks (e.g. when moving data from one spreadsheet to
another or printing a portion of a spreadsheet.)
Spreadsheets are useful for calculations concerning profit, revenues, and
accounting costs.
_______________________________________LISTENING
TASK 18. Listen to the audio and do tasks A and B.
A. Listen to the audio, and decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F).
a) The company’s security software package includes protection against
spyware;
b) The antivirus software destroys files that are infected by malware;
c) The pre-installed firewall does not allow access to unauthorised users.

120
B. Listen to a conversation between a company manager and a software
engineer. Choose the correct answers to the questions.
1. What is the main idea of the conversation?
a) How much damage was caused by a virus;
b) Which information was stolen by a spyware program;
c) Why the company should update its antivirus software;
d) What caused a failure in the company’s firewall
2. What prediction does the woman make?
a) Unauthorised users will attempt to access the network again;
b) The company’s systems will be damaged by a virus;
c) A new firewall will probably be not effective;
d) The company’s files need to be quarantined.

C. Listen to the lecture about programming software and decide if the following
statements are true (T) or false (F).
a) Programmers use text editors to interpret commands.
b) Text editors are a type of source code editor.
c) An IDE is the most basic type of programming software.

D. Listen to a conversation between two students. Choose the correct answers.

1. What is the conversation mostly about?

a) How to interpret instructions in programming code;
b) The difference between the two types of computer programs;
c) The importance of learning different programming languages.
2. According to the woman, what is sometimes needed to run programs
correctly?
a) Using a linker and a compiler together;
b) Allowing programs to connect to the Internet;
c) Writing new instructions in a programming language;
d) Translating lines of codes into a different programming language.

____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 19. Choose the proper option.
1. Software which is easy to use is ________.
a) user-easy
b) user-friendly
c) usable
2. Software which is obvious to use is ________.
a) intuitive
b) guessable
c) comprehensible
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3. Software which is not obvious to use is ________.
a) counter-intuitive
b) unintuitive
c) non-intuitive
4. Software for use by children and schools is ________.
a) learning
b) teaching
c) educational
5. Software for use by businesses is ________.
a) commercial
b) businesslike
c) busy
6. Software made especially for one company is ________.
a) one-off
b) unique
c) tailor-made
7. Software for use at the place you live is ________.
b) for home use
c) for house use
d) for household use
8. Software that has been illegally copied is ________.
a) unreal
b) pirated
c) fake
9. Software which has been bought from the company that produced it is
_______.
a) real
b) justified
c) licensed
10.They tried very hard to install the new components on the computer but the
language in the manual was too ________ for them to understand.
a) technical
b) technician
c) technically
12. In order to ________ the method by which staff pay is calculated the
company has bought a new software package.
a) facility
b) factual
c) facilitate
13. Without the right software I’m afraid you can’t ________ that particular
program.
a) reach
b) access
c) find

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 14. I have tried and tried again and again and no matter what I do it still shows
‘error’ — I just can’t ________ what’s wrong.
a) check out
b) figure out
c) bring out
15. I spent hours writing that report and checking all the information was correct
and then without thinking I pressed the ________ button.
a) destroy
b) delete
c) deny
16.Unfortunately, this program is not ________ with the operating system on my
computer.
a) amicable
b) compatible
c) adaptable
17.When you see that particular symbol on the screen, you have to take that as a
________ that something is wrong.
a) indicating
b) checking
c) warning
18.With this program, you can always check your spelling and grammar and if
you don’t want to accept what it shows, you simply press ________.
a) ‘ignore’
b) ‘quit’
c) ‘leave’
________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 20. Study the information in the table.

TASK 21. Build the words using the correct prefixes from the box.
im- , dis-, il-, un-, multi-, re- (x2), inter-, mal-,
 connect – __________,
 possible – _________,
123
  charge – __________,
 legal – __________,
 name – _________,
 plug – _________,
 function – _________,
 core – _________,
 connect – __________.
TASK 22. Study the information in the table.

TASK 23. Fill in the gaps with the proper word derivative using word
formation elements; translate the words.
Noun Verb Adjective
operation operate operated, operating
calculated
accuracy
rely
managing
maintain
delivery
equipped
improve

124
evaluation
collaborate
modifying
implement
identification
permit
interactive
width
deepen

TASK 24. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. You may
have to change some words slightly.

125
________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 25. Browse the Internet and find information about other types of
software. Be sure to mention:
 What type of software is it? What is this software used for?
 How does it help you in your work?
 Describe its basic features. Which features do you find most useful? Why?
 Does it have any limitations which annoy you? What are they?
 What changes would you make to this software?

TASK 26. Discuss the questions.

1. Have you ever written or modified any software? If so, what were the
challenges you faced? If not, why not?
2. Pretend you are the world’s best programmer and can write computer code
as fast as you can think. What kind of software would you write?
3. In what way is writing instructions for a computer more difficult than
writing instructions for a person? Is it easier or more difficult?

_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 27. Different programs can be used for to edit pictures. Write a
passage (150-200 words long) about two programs for picture editing:

 Give brief characteristics of each of them.

 Describe their basic features. Compare the programs.
 Outline their advantages and disadvantages.
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 UNIT 8
OPERATING SYSTEMS.
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

__________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Answer the questions.
1. Look at the picture above and say what you know about operating systems?
2. What are the differences between operating systems?
3. What is the function of an operating system?
4. What operating system does your computer work on?
5. Would you like to change the operating system of your computer? Why?
6. What is GUI?
7. Why were GUIs developed?
_____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 2. Match the words with their Ukrainian equivalents. Learn the
words.

1. allocates a) розпізнавання мовлення

2. assembly language b) взаємодіяти
3. background c) взаємодія
4. button d) споживча електроніка
5. check box e) розширювати
6. consumer electronics f) покращувати
7. desktop g) розпізнавання рукописного тексту
8. drop-down menu h) отримати перевагу
9. folder i) включати, залучати
10.handwriting recognition j) вплив
11.high-level language k) панель завдань
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12.impact l) підменю
13.interaction m) робочий стіл
14.kernel n) кнопка, клавіша
15.pointer o) випадне меню
16.portability p) позначка, прапорець
17.recycle bin, wastebasket q) позначати; перевірити
18.scrollbar r) зняти позначку
19.shell s) панель прокрутки
20.speech recognition t) папка
21.submenu u) фон
22.taskbar v) корзина
23.to benefit w) вказівник
24.to broaden x) портативність
25.to check y) ядро
26.to improve z) мова асемблера
27.to interact aa) високорівнева мова
28.to involve bb) оболонка
29.to uncheck cc) виділяти

____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 3. Watch the video about operating systems on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkGCLIQx1MI&t=83s and fill in the
gaps with the words you hear.
Did you know that you and your computer speak different languages? It
doesn’t speak Spanish or Swedish or Chinese. It speaks in _________ and
_________. You can’t communicate directly with your computer. But that’s
where your _________ _________ comes in.

The operating system or OS is the program that lets you _________ with
your computer. Together the operating system and computer _________ form a
complete system that determines what your computer can do.
There are many different operating systems. Two of the most common ones
are Microsoft Windows and macOS. Windows comes __________ on most
personal computers while MacOS _________ on all new Macs.
Operating systems aren’t just for __________ and __________ computers.
___________ devices run mobile operating systems like Apple IOS or Google
Android which are designed for interactions with smaller touch screens.

Before ____________ a new program or application be aware that it may

not be __________ for your operating system. Some __________ work on all

128
devices while others only work on certain ones. So get to know your operating
system to see how it works and what it can do.

_________________________________________READING
TASK 4. Read and translate the text. Write out the words in bold, translate
and learn them.
The OS (operating system) is the set of computer programs that allow the
user to perform basic tasks like copying, moving, saving and printing files. It
also provides an interface between (i.e. it provides communication between)
applications programs (e.g. wordprocessors or spreadsheets) and the computer
hardware. As a user interacts with an applications program on the screen, the
applications program communicates with the operating system and the operating
system communicates with the computer hardware. The work of the operating
system takes place in the background and is not always obvious to the user.
The computer’s operating system (OS) manages all of the software and
hardware on the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer
programs running at the same time, and they all need to access your
computer’s central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating
system coordinates their work.
Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. Most
people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it’s possible
to upgrade or even change operating systems. The most common operating
systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI
(pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons,
and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a
combination of graphics and text.
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There
have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones
are Windows 11 (released in 2021), Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows
8 (2012). Windows often comes pre-loaded on PCs, which helps to make it
the most popular operating system in the world.
MacOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by
Apple. It comes pre-loaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the
specific versions include Mojave (released in 2018), High Sierra (2017),
and Sierra (2016).
According to StatCounter Global Stats, MacOS users account for less
than 10% of global operating systems – much lower than the percentage of
Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers

129
tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the look and feel of
macOS over Windows.
The Unix operating system was first released in 1971 and was initially
entirely written in assembly language. In 1973 it was rewritten in C with
exceptions of the kernel and I/O. The availability of an operating system written
in a high-level language allowed easier portability to different computer
platforms. Unix quickly grew and became widely adopted by academic
institutions and businesses. In 1984 it started to be sold as a proprietary product
by AT&T. The Unix OS is made up of three parts: the kernel, the shell and the
commands or programs. The kernel, i.e. the central OS component, of Unix is
the hub of the operating system. It allocates time and memory to programs and
handles the files and communications in response to system calls. The shell acts
as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login
program checks the username and password and then starts another program
called the shell. The shell keeps a list of the commands the user has typed in.
Linux is a Unix-like, open-source operating system, which means it can be
modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different
from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the
company that owns it. The kernel was released by Linux Torvalds in 1991. The
advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many
different distributions (versions) you can choose from. Linux has mainly been
used as a server operating system because it’s relatively easy to customize. But
its low cost, flexibility, and Unix background make it suitable for a wide range
of applications. It is often used in embedded systems such as mobile phones and
handheld devices, but also in supercomputers.
Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players are
different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that
are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating
systems include Apple iOS and Google Android. Operating systems for mobile
devices generally aren’t as fully featured as those made for desktop and laptop
computers, and they aren’t able to run all of the same software. However, you
can still do a lot of things with them, like watch movies, browse the Web,
manage your calendar, and play games.
TASK 5. Answer the questions.
1. What is the main function of the operating system?
2. What are the most popular operating systems?
3. What is the function of the GUI?
4. Which operating system is the most popular/ expensive / can be modified?
5. What is the difference between proprietary software and open-source
software?
6. What is Unix made up of?

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 7. Why is Linux more widely used for servers?
8. What are the differences between the PC operating systems and mobile
operating systems?
___________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 6. Watch the video about Windows operating system evolution on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JekE1C-fWn0 and fill in the table.

Type Year Characteristics

Windows 1.0
Windows 2.0
Windows 3.0
Windows 3.1
Windows NT 3.1
Windows NT 3.5
Windows NT 3.51
Windows 95
Windows NT 4.0
Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows ME
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 8.1
Windows 10

TASK 7. Find information about the newest version of Windows and

describe its characteristics.

_____________________________VOCABULARY IN USE
TASK 8. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the suitable word.
The Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS) is an operating system (OS)
designed by Apple Inc. (1)__________ and operated on the Apple Macintosh
series of computers. Introduced in 1984, it is a graphical user interface (GUI)
based OS that since then (2)__________ as multiple different versions.
Mac OS is considered the pioneer of GUI-based operating systems, as it
(3)_________ when MS-DOS was the industry standard. Mac OS is a
completely capable OS that (4)_________ functionality and services similar to
Windows or Linux OS.

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 Most computer operating systems eventually (5)_________ the GUI model.
In the 1980s Apple made an agreement allowing Microsoft to use certain aspects
of the Mac interface in early versions of Windows. However, except for a brief
period in the 1990s, Mac OS never (6)_________ for use with computers made
by manufacturers other than Apple.

From 2007 Apple (7)_________ a number of mobile devices that could

access the Internet, including the iPhone smartphone and the iPad tablet
computer. In 2011 Apple introduced iCloud, a cloud (8)_________ service that
allowed users to share data among all of their Apple devices, for both OS X and
the mobile operating system iOS. Apple added more features allowing
(9)_________ between devices to successive updates of OS X, iOS, and later
watchOS (the operating system for the Apple Watch). These features included
the ability to receive phone calls (made to the iPhone) and the means of quickly
(10)________ data (such as photos and text) among devices.

As of 2012, Mac OS released several versions, including Macintosh 128k,

Mac OS 7, Mac OS X and Mac Mountain Lion.
(based on https://www.britannica.com/technology/Mac-OS)

A B C D
1 to be installed installed install installing
2 released has released has been release
released
3 is launched was launched launched launch
4 is provided provide provided provides
5 adopted adopt adoption has adopt
6 license licensed has been is licensing
licensed
7 unveil unveiled unveiling is unveiled
8 computing computer compute computation
9 connect connection connectivity connecting
10 share shared was shared sharing

TASK 9. Read and translate the text about Linux. Complete the text with a,
an, the or zero article.
Linux is (1) _________ operating system and it was initially created as (2)
_________ hobby by (3)_________ young student, Linus Torvalds, at
(4)__________ University of Helsinki in Finland. Version 1.0 of the Linux
kernel was released in 1994. (5)_________ kernel, at the heart of all Linux
systems, is developed and released under GNU General Public License, and its
source code is freely available to everyone.

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 Apart from the fact that it’s freely distributed, (6) _________ Linux’s
functionality, adaptability and robustness have made it (7)_________ main
alternative for proprietary Unix and Microsoft operating systems. IBM, Hewlett-
Packard and other giants of (8)_________ computing world have embraced
Linux and supported its ongoing development. More than (9)_________ decade
after its initial release, Linux is being adopted worldwide, primarily as
(10)_________ server platform. Its use as a home and office desktop operating
system is also on the rise. (11)________ operating system can also be
incorporated directly into (12)________ microchips in a process called
(13)_________ embedding, and it is increasingly being used this way in
appliances and devices.

TASK 10. Match the synonyms.

1. drop-down list a) drop-down menu
2. context menu b) trash
3. recycle bin c) tickbox
4. wallpaper d) pop-up menu
5. checkbox e) (desktop) background

TASK 11. Match the terms.

1. drop-down a) a list of choices that appears on a computer screen when a
list person clicks on the menu’s title;
2. context b) storage space or container used to group files;
menu c) a menu that appears when an option is selected;
3. progress d) indicates the progression of a task;
bar e) a folder where deleted items are temporarily stored;
4. recycle bin f) an adjustment in a software program or hardware device
5. settings that adjusts it to the user’s preference;
6. folder g) is a link to a file, folder, disk, or program;
7. taskbar h) is an element of an operating system located at the bottom
8. shortcut of the screen, it allows you to locate and launch programs;
icon i) is an image that fills the background of a computer screen;
9. toolbar j) is a graphical widget that permits the user to make a choice
10.wallpaper between one of some possible variants;
11.checkbox k) allows the user to change a setting between two states;
12.toggle l) is a row of buttons, often near the top of an application
window, that controls software functions.

TASK 12. Match the pictures with the corresponding words in the box.
drop-down list folder context menu progress bar settings
recycle bin shortcut icon task bar toolbar wallpaper
toggle search box

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 1. _________ 2. _________ 3. _________

5. __________ 6. _________
4. __________

7. _________ 9.________
8.__________

12 _________
10.________ 11.________

TASK 13. Complete each sentence with the word from the box.
folder swipe in paste share uninstall switch off
reboot process link short cut icon slides

1. Young people _________ too much personal information online.

2. A _________ is a virtual and organised location of files.
3. The student’s presentation was made up of 20 _________.
4. This computer isn’t fast enough to __________ all the data.
5. To ________ a PC means to restart its operating system.
6. Today, you have to ________ your room card to get into your hotel room.
7. You can ________ an app if you no longer want it on your mobile.
8. A ________ allows quicker access to data.
9. Don’t forget to ________ your mobiles before the beginning of the show.
10.With a word processor, it is easy to copy and ________ a text.
11. You can ________ your Instagram account to your Facebook account.

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TASK 14. Read the text. Choose from (A-F) the one that best fits each space
(1-6).
GUI operating systems
a) … another operating system based on graphics and intuitive tools.
b) … the first computer with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI).
c) … just to see the contents of a disk, to copy files or to respond to a single
prompt.
d) … which means you can run several programs and do various tasks at the
same time.
e) … your PC opens a window that lets you work with different tools.
f) … which contains labelled pictures called icons.

The term Graphical User Interface refers to the standard procedures that the
user follows in order to interact with a computer. In the late 1970s and early 80s,
the way users accessed computer systems was very complex. They had to
memorize and type a lot of commands (1)___________. In fact, it was only
experts who used computers, so there was no need for a user-friendly interface.
In 1984, Apple produced the Macintosh, (2)________. Macs were designed
with one clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer. A few years later,
Microsoft launched Windows, (3)________. Nowadays, computers are used by
all kinds of people, and as a result, there is a growing emphasis on accessibility
and user-friendly systems.
A GUI makes use of a WIMP environment: windows, icons, menus and
pointer. The background of the screen is called the desktop, (4)________. These
icons represent files or folders. Double-clicking a folder opens a window that
contains programs, documents, or more nested folders. When you are in a folder,
you can launch a program or document by double-clicking the icon, or you can
drag it to another location. When you run a program or document, (5)________.
All the programs have a high level of consistency, with similar toolbars, buttons
and dialogue boxes. A modern OS also provides access to networks and allows
multitasking, (6)________.
TASK 15. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the suitable word.

select drag-and-drop folder right-click pop-up menu

recycle bin double-click delete

To create a new (1)________ you should just right-click in a blank area of the
desktop. Then select New from the (2)_________ and choose Folder, type in a
new name and press Enter. After that, (3)_________ the folder and create a new
file in it in a similar manner but this time (4)_________ File from the pop-up
menu. Name your file.
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There are two ways how to delete the file. First, you can (5)_________ the file
into the (6)_________ icon. Or you can just (7) _________ the file and select
(8)_________.
TASK 16. Match actions 1-7 to their results a-g.
1. Double click on the title bar a) to open a new menu.
2. Click on a menu b) and the window fills the screen.
3. Right-click on an icon c) if you want to move the window.
4. Slide the scrollbar down d) to hide the window.
5. Click the ‘Minimize’ button e) to scroll the window down.
6. Drag the title bar f) to open it.
7. Select the icon g) and its background changes colour.

TASK 17. Replace the italicized words with the equivalents from the box.
hard get rid of contain explanation stable basic parts
order

1. System software is a permanent component of the computer that controls its

functions.
2. Most programmers in large corporations work in teams.
3. Often the most difficult step in program development is the debugging stage.
4. When you debug the program you eliminate programming mistakes.
5. The program’s algorithms include instructions.
6. Algorithms are the sequences of steps that a program follows to process the
information.
7. Software specifications are a detailed description of the required tasks.
8. Large programs consist of dozens of modules broken up into smaller units.

TASK 18. Complete the following sentences with the words from the box.
encoded interface instructions programmers loaded programs
sequences eliminate bugs

1. Applications are ________ into the computer as needed to perform specific

tasks for the user.
2. Modern operating systems provide graphical user ________ to make the
applications software easier to use.
3. A database system includes ________ that allow multiple users to access the
files concurrently.
4. Software is written by ________.
5. The code is the program instructions ________ in a particular programming
language.
6. To debug the program is to ________ mistakes, which are called _______ .

136
7. Algorithms are the ________ of steps that a program follows to process the
information.
8. The program algorithms include a set of ________.

TASK 19. Choose the proper option.

1. Windows XP, Macintosh OSX and Linux are __________.
a) operating systems
b) operating tools
c) operation systems
2. Microsoft Word, Adobe Acrobat and CorelDraw are programs or
__________.
a) applicators
b) appliers
c) applications
3. I keep all my digital photos in a __________ called ‘Photos’.
a) folder
b) packet
c) box
4. Is it possible to open Microsoft Excel __________ in Word?
a) texts
b) files
c) pages
5. When you __________ a document, it's sent to the recycle bin.
a) destroy
b) erase
c) delete
6. Deleted documents stay in the recycle bin until you __________ it.
a) emptify
b) empty
c) clean
7. Computers that are connected together within one building form a ______.
a) WAN
b) ISP
c) LAN
8. If you transfer a file from a remote computer to your computer, you
_________ it.
a) download
b) upload
c) run

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9. To send out information to another computer is to _________ it.
a) signal
b) packet
c) transmit
10. A document containing information and graphics that can be accessed on the
internet is _________.
a) a website
b) a web page
c) the World Wide Web
11. Multitasking means _________.
a) two or more things can be done at the same time
b) one task can be done at a time
c) none of the above

________________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 20. Study the information in the table about the types of Conditional
sentences.

Type Condition Consequence Example

(subordinate (main clause)

clause)
Zero Conditional:
If + Present Present simple If you give instructions
general truths Simple to a computer, the
computer executes
them.
First Conditional:
If + Present Will + bare If there are no mistakes
likely situations in Simple infinitive in the code, the
the future program will work.
Second
Conditional: If + Past Would + bare If computers spoke
Simple infinitive English, programming
improbable or languages would not
impossible (wouldn’t)be necessary.
situations in the
future If I were you, I
would(‘d) write
computer games.

138
Third Conditional:
If + Past Would have + If you had (‘d) checked
situations that did Perfect past participle your code more
not happen in the carefully, there would
past not (wouldn’t) have
been any syntax errors.

TASK 21. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Use the First Conditional.
1. If there __________ (be) no operating system, a computer __________ (not
work).
2. If the user ___________ (interact) with the computer in real time, the
computer __________ (respond) immediately to the input.
3. If differert users __________ (use) the same computer system at the
same time, resources and time __________ (be) shared among the users.
4. If you __________ (want) to use different operating systems simultaneously,
your computer _________ (need) a virtual machine operating system.
5. If companies __________ (buy) a good operating system, workers and
employees _________ (work) more efficiently.

TASK 22. Rewrite the sentences using unless.

e.g. If we don’t finish this project, we won’t have a break. – Unless we finish
this project, we won’t have a break.

1. If you don't use an interpreter or a compiler, the computer will not

understand your program.
2. If you don’t install an operating system, the computer won't work.
3. If you don't make mistakes, your program will run.
4. If you don't have a graphical user interface, you'll have to learn a list of
commands.
5. If you don't update your operating system, your computer won't work
properly.

TASK 23. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Use the Second Conditional.
1. If programmers _________ (write) in binary code, it _________ (be) easier
for the computers to understard the instructions.
2. If operating systems _________ (be) perfect, new releases ________ (not
be) necessary.
3. If I ________ (be) you, I _________ (change) that old operating system.
4. If I _________ (have to) install a new operating system, I _________
(choose) Ubuntu.

139
5. If I ________ (buy) a new computer, I _________ (install) two different
operating systems.
6. It there _________ (be) more open source operating systems, people in
developing countries _________ (have) access to computers more easily.

TASK 24. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Use the Third Conditional.
1. If Windows XP _________ (not be) a good operating system, it _________
(not last) so long.
2. If Windows Vista _________ (not be) buggy, Windows 7 _________ (not
replace) it.
3. If Windows 10 __________ (succeed) in unifying different systems, we
__________ (continue) to use different systems for PC and smart phones.
4. If Steve Jobs _________ (not be) so clever, he __________ (not invent)
the Mac OS.
5. If the Linux kernel __________ (not be) available. Canonical __________
(not release) the Ubuntu operating system.

TASK 25. Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1. If I could write good programming code,...
2. If I were a programmer,...
3. If you install an open source operating system,...
4. If programs were not inspected,...
5. If there is a syntax error,...

TASK 26. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means
the same as the first. Use no more than three words.
1. If you don’t practice coding, you won’t improve. – You won’t improve
__________ you practice coding.
2. Why don’t you start learning Java? – If I were you, I __________learning
Java.
3. What about earning how to use Ubuntu? – If I __________ I would learn
how to use Ubuntu.
4. Unless you draw a flowchart, it is very difficult to understand an algorithm.
– __________ don’t draw a flowchart, it is very difficult to understand the
algorithm.
5. If I am right, there is an error in the code. – If I am not __________, there is
a mistake in the program.

________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 27. Ask each other how to perform these actions. Give a detailed
answer.

140
e.g. How can I move a file to another folder? – To move a file, locate and open
the folder. Right-click the file you want to move; then click Cut on the
shortcut menu. Locate and open the folder where you want to put the file.
Right-click the folder; then click Paste on the shortcut menu.
1. How can I create a new document?
2. How can I quit a program?
3. How can I shut down the system?
4. How can I save a file onto an external storage device?
5. How can I arrange the icons?
6. How can I change the time on my PC?
7. How can I print out a document?
_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 28. Your friend wants to buy a new smartphone. He is choosing
between an Android-based phone and iOs. Write an email to him in
which you:
 tell him/her what operating system you use;
 give it characteristics;
 explain its advantages.
_________________________ PROFESSIONAL READING
TASK 29. Read and translate the text.
An operating system (commonly abbreviated as either OS or O/S) is an
interface between hardware and user. An OS is responsible for the management
and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer.
The operating system acts as a host for computing applications run on the
machine.
One of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the
operation of the hardware. Operating systems offer a number of services to
application programs and users. Applications access these services through
application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these
interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass
parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with
the operating system with some kind of software user interface (SUI) such as
typing commands by using the command-line interface (CLI) or using a
graphical user interface (GUI, commonly pronounced ‘gooey’). For hand-held
and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the
operating system. On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-like systems,
the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs
outside the operating system. Whether the user interface should be included as a
part of the operating system is now a point of contention.

141
 Common contemporary operating system families include BSD, Darwin
(Mac OS X), GNU/Linux, SunOS (Solaris/Open Solaris), and Windows (10/11).
While servers generally run Unix or some Unix-like operating system,
embedded system markets are split amongst several operating systems. Dave
Cutler developed the VMS operating system for Digital Equipment Corporation
for Microsoft. Steve Jobs, a co-founder of Apple Inc., started NeXT Computer
Inc., which developed the Unix-like NEXTSTEP operating system. NEXTSTEP
would later be acquired by Apple Inc. and used, along with code from FreeBSD
as the core of Mac OS X. Minix, an academic teaching tool that could be run on
early PCs would inspire another reimplementation of Unix, called Linux. Started
by computer science student Linus Torvalds with cooperation from volunteers
over the Internet, an operating system was developed with the tools from the
GNU Project. The Berkeley Software Distribution, known as BSD, is the UNIX
derivative distributed by the University of California. Microsoft Windows is a
family of proprietary operating systems that originated as an add-on to the older
MS-DOS operating system for the IBM PC. Modern versions are based on the
newer Windows NT kernel that was originally intended for OS/2. Windows runs
on x86, x86-64 and Itanium processors. A Unix-like family is a diverse group of
operating systems with several major sub-categories including System V, BSD,
and Linux. The name ‘UNIX’ is a trademark of The Open Group, which licenses
it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their
definitions. ‘Unix-like’ is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating
systems, which resemble the original Unix. Unix-like systems run on a wide
variety of machine architectures. They are used heavily for servers in business,
as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free Unix
variants, such as GNU, Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas. Some Unix
variants like HP’s HP-UX and IBM’s AIX are designed to run only on that
vendor’s hardware. Others, such as Solaris, can run on multiple types of
hardware, including x86 servers and PCs. Apple’s Mac OS X, a hybrid kernel-
based BSD variant derived from NEXTSTEP, Mac, and FreeBSD, has replaced
Apple’s earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS. Unix interoperability was sought by
establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied to any
operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants.
Mac OS X is a line of partially proprietary, graphical operating systems
developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded
on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to
the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since
1984. The most recent edition is Mac OS X v10.6, which was first made
available on August 28, 2009. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats;
the current version of Mac OS X is nicknamed "Snow Leopard". Mac OS X
Server includes work group management and administration software tools that
provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer
agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others.

142
TASK 30. Tick the ideas which were mentioned in the text.
1. The description of operating systems.
2. The versions of Microsoft Windows family.
3. Some facts about microchips development.
4. The structure of the integrated circuit.
5. The history of languages of programming.
6. Characteristic of UNIX-like family.
7. The history of Mac OS.
TASK 31. Prove the following statements with the information from the
text.
1. The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems with several
major sub-categories;
2. UNIX-like systems run on a wide variety of machine architectures;
3. Microsoft Windows versions are a family of proprietary operating systems.

TASK 32. Summarise the main ideas of the text using the following phrases.
1. This text concerns the problem of ___________.
2. It is worth mentioning that ___________.
3. The main idea of this text is ___________.
4. We can draw a conclusion that __________.

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 UNIT 9
ERGONOMICS. A GOOD WORKSPACE.
HEALTH AND SAFETY

__________________________________________LEAD-IN
TASK 1. Answer the questions.
1. What is ergonomics?
2. Why is it important to know how to work safely with computers?
3. Why is a working place important?
4. Are you satisfied with your working place? What would you change?
5. What advice would you give relating the proper workspace rganisation?
_____________________________________VOCABULARY
TASK 2. Match the words with their Ukrainian equivalents. Learn the
words.
1. ache, pain a) частий
2. angle b) біль
3. copyholder c) постава
4. edge d) використовувати
5. excessive e) зменшити, скоротити
6. frequent f) тиск
7. glare g) уникати
8. pad h) підвернути, викрутити
9. posture i) нагинати, вигинати
10.pressure j) кут, розташовувати під кутом
11.reflection k) підставка під папери
12.shortcut l) край
13. strain m) коврик
14.tilt n) розташовувати
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15.to adjust o) нахил, нахиляти
16.to alternate p) відхилити
17.to avoid q) зап’ясток
18.to bend r) друкувати, вводити (інформацію в
19.to counteract комп’ютер)
20.to eliminate s) змінити, замінити
21.to key, to type t) надлишковий
22.to position u) усунути
23.to recline v) блиск
24.to reduce w) відображення
25.to support, to sustain x) напруга, напруження
26.to twist y) підтримувати, сприяти
27.to utilize z) важливий
28.vital aa) протидіяти
29.wrist bb) регулювати
30. сustomize cc) ярлик
dd) налаштувати

TASK 3. Match the synonyms.

1. ache a) to change
2. to alternate b) to assist
3. to help c) to use
4. to key d) to maintain
5. glare e) flash
6. to sustain f) to cut down
7. to tilt g) recurring
8. to reduce h) to angle
9. to utilize i) to type
10.frequent j) pain

____________________________________________VIDEO
TASK 4. Watch the video lecture of Gaylord Bridegan, an expert in
computer ergonomics talking about health and safety on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K88q_oEwRS8 . Write down 9 tips he
gives.
_________________________________________READING
TASK 5. Read and translate the article.
Ergonomic Tips for Computer Users
Prolonged use of a computer keyboard and mouse can lead to frequent
muscle aches and nerve pain unless a few guidelines are followed. You can

145
work more comfortably and safely if you incorporate the following ergonomic
tips into your work style:

Posture and positioning

 Maintain good posture when working at a keyboard.
 Utilize a chair with adjustable back support. Your chair should be fully
adjustable and be able to be moved up or down.
 Keep your feet supported on the floor or on a footrest when you work to
reduce pressure on your lower back.
 Your eyes should be at the same height as the top of the screen.
 Avoid twisting or bending your back on your neck.
 Keep your shoulders relaxed with your elbows close to your sides.
 Avoid resting your elbows on the hard surface or edge of your table. Pads
can be used to protect your elbows if necessary or to relieve pressure on
your wrists.
 Elbows should be positioned at 100 to 110 degrees when working in order
to keep a relaxed position at the keyboard.
 Your wrists should be in a neutral or
straight position when keying or using a
pointing device. Wrist rest can assist you in
maintaining a neutral position when used
properly during pauses. Float the arms
above the keyboard and wrist rest when
keying. Avoid putting your wrist on the table or wrist rest. This can result
in bending the wrists either up and down or side-to-side.
 Take breaks. These breaks can be brief and should include stretches for
optimal results. If possible, take a one or two-minute break every 15 to 20
minutes, or a five-minute break every hour. Every few hours, get up,
move around, and do an alternative activity.

Work technique
 Reduce keystrokes with the use of macros or software programs allowing
‘sticky keys’. Sticky Keys is a Microsoft Windows accessibility feature
that causes keys to remain active, even after they were pressed and
released, making it easier to use keyboard shortcuts. For example, instead
of having to press Ctrl+Alt+Del at the same time, you can press each of
the keys individually to perform the same function. The Sticky Keys
feature is enabled or disabled through the Windows Control Panel. You
can also press Shift five times to open the option.
 Use keystroke combinations to reduce pointing device movements.
 Alternate tasks to make changes in your working position to avoid making
the same movements for prolonged periods of time.
 Keep your fingers and knuckles relaxed when working at the keyboard.

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  Avoid holding your pointing device tightly. Your hands should be
relaxed.
 Never hold a pen or pencil in your hand when keying.
 Avoid hitting the keyboard with excessive force. Studies have shown that
the average user hits the keyboard four times the required force when
keying.
 Rest your eyes by focusing on distant objects intermittently when
working.

Work environment
 Avoid excessive reaching. Your keyboard, pointing device, files and
telephone should be within easy reach.
 Use a keyboard tray to properly position your keyboard and a pointing
device.
 Use a copyholder positioned in line with your monitor and keyboard.
 When writing at the computer, avoid excessive reaching over the
keyboard or work materials.
 Position the monitor so that the viewed part of the screen allows you to
keep your neck in a neutral or straight position. The monitor should be
centred directly in front of you. The top of the computer screen should be
slightly below the top of your head so that you are looking at it with a
slightly downward gaze.
 Position your monitor to eliminate excessive glare or reflections from
windows and lighting.
 Customize your computer. The screen font, contrast, pointer size, speed,
and colour can all be adjusted to maximize your comfort and efficiency.
 Make sure that the room where you use a computer is adequately lit and
well ventilated. Ventilation is especially important if you use a laser
printer which may produce ozone when printing.

Lifestyle
 Aerobic exercise will help to sustain strength, improve cardiovascular
conditioning, and counteract the strain of sedentary computer use.
 Be aware that excessive typing or using a computer mouse can cause RSI
(repetitive strain injury). RSI frequently affects your wrists and hands,
forearms and elbows, neck and shoulders. Symptoms include pain,
swelling, stiffness, weakness, sensitivity to cold or heat.
 If you begin to develop symptoms, notify your doctor. Slight changes
made early can avoid future complications.

TASK 6. Reread the text and choose 5 tips you agree with and 5 tips you
disagree with. Explain your choice.

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_______________________________________GRAMMAR
TASK 7. Study the table and define the meaning of modal verbs.
Modal verbs
Can (present) I can speak 3 languages.

Could (past) I couldn’t swim when I was 5.

Ability
Be able to (other tenses) When I am 20, I will be able to drive.
Can (informal)
Permission Can you give me a lift to the station?
Could (polite)
Request Could I use your phone, please?
May (formal)
May I have your attention?
Will (neutral)
Will you wait for me?
Would (polite)

Advice Should You look tired, you should have a rest.

Ought to (formal) You ought to apply for this job.
Must (sure)
Possibility The phone is ringing. It must be Mary,
Can / could (possible) she told me she would call me at 5.
Deduction
May (weak possibility) It can’t be she. She left her phone at
home.
Might (still weaker
possibility) It may rain. It’s getting cloudy.
Can’t (impossible)

Obligation Must (sense of duty) You must be on time for the lessons.

Have to (external I had to get up early for the trip on

authority) Sunday.

Need (necessity)

Lack of Don’t have to You don’t have to get up early at the

obligation weekend.
Needn’t You needn’t hurry – we’re early.
Mustn’t (sense of duty) You mustn’t touch it. It’s very hot!
Prohibition
Can’t (external You can’t touch this object.
authority)

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TASK 8. Complete the sentences with the proper modal verb.
1. You _________ decide how to organize the content, before you start to
make a website.
2. A source program _________ be directly processed by the computer until it
has been compiled.
3. The documentation _________ include a statement of the purpose of the
program, a description of the solution logic, a listing of the program
instructions, and sample outputs from the completed programs.
4. _________ I use your laptop? I need to print out this report.
5. With a web page editor you _________ create a web document easily.
6. If I knew the Java language, I _________ include some attractive banners on
my web page.
7. I _________ to make a back-up copy.
8. The logical structure of the data _________ be different from the way it is
physically represented on backing store media.
9. No goto statements _________ to be used in writing code.
10.A graphical user interface saves a lot of time: you _________ to memorize
commands in order to execute an application; you only _________ to point
and click so that its content appears on the screen.
11.The instructions _________ follow the steps of the program logic plan.
12.Organizations using database management systems ________ choose to
generate programs using the query language of the DBMS.
13.Computer consultants _________ specialize in too narrow a field.
14.Programmers _________ to know a range of up-to-date languages.
15.Before IBM set the standard for PCs, software houses _________ write
different versions of their programs for every make of computer.
16.When he was a schoolboy, Bill Gates _________ write programs in BASIC.
17.Most website designers __________ use HTML and XML.
18.You _________ learn COBOL unless you want to work with business
software.
19.To gain access to the Internet you _________ first open an account with the
Internet service provider or a commercial online service provider.
20.Your computer _________ be infected by many different viruses.

TASK 9. Choose the correct form of the verb and translate the sentences.
1. When one computer system is set up / sets up / set up to communicate with
another computer system, connectivity becomes / become an important
system element.
2. People are the most important component / is the most important
component of the computer system: they create / creates / are created the
computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those
instructions present.

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 3. The computer uses / is used / are using to convert data into information
and to store information in digital form.
4. Nowadays computer development is rapidly progressing / rapidly
progresses at both the high and the low ends of the computing spectrum.
5. Researchers are currently developed / are currently developing microchips
called digital signal processors (DSPs).
6. Data feed / is feeding / is fed into the computer's memory.
7. The main memory holds / is holding / is held the instructions and data
which are being processed / are processed / are processing by the CPU.
8. Peripherals include /are including / are included storage devices and
input/output devices.
9. Disk drives are used / is used / are using to read and write data on disks.
10.Input devices enable / are enabled / were enabled data to go into the
computer’s memory.
________________________________________SPEAKING
TASK 10. Look at the picture and prove that the woman in the picture has
a correct sitting posture. Say no less than 10 sentences. Use active
vocabulary.

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TASK 11. Be ready to talk on the topic ‘How to make your working place
more ergonomic’. Be sure to mention the following issues:
 The physical layout of the working place: desk areas, computer equipment,
filing cabinets, etc.
 Lightning (overhead lights, desk lamps, etc.), glare and ventilation;
 Type of furniture;
 User-friendly and ergonomic devices: keyboards, mice, monitors, wrist
rests, copyholders, etc.
 Layout of cables and switches for a wired network;
 Other features.
_________________________________________WRITING
TASK 12. Describe your own workplace. Mention its drawbacks. Suggest
the ways of solution how to improve it. Write not less than 150 words.

________________________________________REVISION
TASK 13. Choose the correct answer.
1. An error in a computer program or system is called…
a) a bag
b) a bug
c) a beg
d) a bot
2. The process of identifying and removing errors from computer hardware or
software is called _________.
a) a bug
b) a debug
c) debugging
d) debugged
3. A person whose job involves writing programs for computers is called
________.
a) a programmist
b) a program
c) a programming
d) a programmer
4. The collection of computer programs and related data that provide the
instructions telling a computer what to do.
a) software
b) hardware
c) firmware
d) application

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5. A visual way of interacting with a computer using items such as windows,
icons, and menus, used by most modern operating systems.
a) graphical user interface
b) graphics user interface
c) graphical usage interface
d) graphical user interchange
6. A set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving
operations, especially by a computer.
a) algorithm
b) database
c) flowchart
d) software
7. A graphical representation of a computer program in relation to its sequence
of functions.
a) algorithm
b) database
c) flowchart
d) software
8. A program that controls the operation of a device such as a printer or a
scanner.
a) drive
b) driving
c) driver
d) flowchart
9. The simultaneous execution of more than one task by a single CPU.
a) multiplication
b) multiprocessing
c) multitasking
d) management
10.The applications which are used for specific purposes (such as word
processors and spreadsheets) are called _________.
a) system software
b) applications software
c) operating systems
d) flowcharts
11.The background of the computer screen is called ________.
a) the desk
b) the desktop
c) the desksize
d) the deskpit
12.To _________ a program or document you should double-click the
corresponding icon.
a) land
b) leave

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 c) launch
d) let
13.The system software that allows all the hardware and software components
to work together and manages all the computer's resources.
a) operate system
b) operating system
c) operated system
d) operating system
14.When you debug the program you _________ programming mistakes.
a) get rid of
b) improve
c) create
d) function
15.Algorithms are the _________ of steps that a program follows to process the
information.
a) storage
b) sequences
c) software
d) surface
16.The work of the operating system takes place in the __________ and is not
always obvious to the user.
a) backstage
b) backstory
c) background
d) backspace
17.Operating systems usually come __________ on any computer you buy.
a) pre-loaded
b) under-loaded
c) in-loaded
d) super-loaded
18.___________ operating systems can be modified and distributed by anyone
around the world.
a) open-surface
b) open-store
c) open-source
d) open-screen
19. __________ software can only be modified by the company that owns it.
a) proper
b) prosperous
c) protected
d) proprietary
20.Linux has many different free __________ you can choose from.
a) distributions
b) distinctions

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 c) differences
d) distractions
21.Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully _________ as
those made for desktop and laptop computers.
a) functions
b) featured
c) favoured
d) formal
22.Applications are _________ into the computer as needed to perform specific
tasks for the user.
a) loaded
b) launched
c) landed
d) liked
23.The code is the program instructions written in a particular __________
language.
a) programming
b) programmable
c) program
d) programmed
24.It is vital that you take regular _________ of the information that is stored
on the computer.
a) backheads
b) backups
c) backs
d) bugs
25. The operating system is a special type of program that
_________nautomatically when you start your computer.
a) loaded
b) loading
c) loads
d) led
26.To turn on the computer, __________ the ‘Start’ button.
a) touch
b) press
c) switch
d) pat
27. The printer has __________ of ink.
a) finished
b) ended
c) run out
d) is over
e) finished
28.Please __________ the CD ROM.

154
 a) insert
b) introduce
c) inject
d) press
29.The projector isn't working because it isn't __________.
a) plugged
b) plugged in
c) plugged on
d) plugged off
30. TV and computer screens are usually measured in __________.
a) feet
b) miles
c) inches
d) feet
31. You can increase the functions or performance of a computer with an _____.
a) extension cord
b) exploding card
c) expansion card
d) expensive card
32.I don't think this printer is __________ with my computer.
a) compatible
b) connectable
c) suitable
d) fitting
33. Applications like e-mail, multimedia, calendar or scheduler are ________
into watches, cell phones, glasses and even clothing.
a) transmitted
b) produced
c) integrated
d) produced
34.Mechanical engineers use _________ programs for applications in computer-
aided design and computer-aided manufacturing.
a) sophisticated
b) serious
c) solution
d) smart
35. A mainframe is used by large organizations that need to _________
enormous amounts of data
a) perform
b) process
c) produce
d) permit
36. A PDA stands for _________.
a) Personal Device Assistant

155
 b) Personal Digital Assistant
c) Personal Development Assistant
d) Personal digital Advisor
37. Information in the form of data and programs is known as ________
a) software
b) hardware
c) database
d) malware
38. The electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are
called ________.
a) hardware
b) software
c) server
d) malware
39.CPU stands for ________.
a) central performing unit
b) central processor unit
c) central processing unit
d) central provider unit
40.Supercomputers can _________ a single program faster than a mainframe.
a) examine
b) explore
c) execute
d) extend
41. Servers control ________to all the resources on a network and provide a
centralized storage area for programs, data, and information.
a) access
b) entrance
c) admit
d) exit
42. A touchpad is a ________pad that you can touch to move the pointer on the
screen.
a) sensible
b) sincere
c) sensitive
d) serious
43. An electronic device that can accept data, process the data, produce output
and store the results for future use is called ________.
a) input
b) computer
c) software
d) hardware
44. How is the permanent memory built into your computer called?
a) ROM

156
 b) RAM
c) CPU
d) CD-ROM
45. Located in the tower, it communicates with other devices to perform tasks.
It's the "heart" of the computer.
a) CPU
b) Peripherals
c) Programs
d) Software
46. The capacity of your hard drive is measured in________.
a) MHz
b) Gigabytes
c) Mbps
d) pps
47. Any hardware attached to the tower is called ________.
a) CPU
b) Software
c) Peripherals
d) Storage
48. Devices that enter information and let you communicate with the computer
are called ________.
a) Software
b) Output devices
c) Hardware
d) Input devices
49. Which of the following is NOT an input device?
a) Keyboard
b) Joystick
c) Monitor
d) Microphone
50. What kind of peripheral device is a hard disk drive?
a) Input device
b) Output device
c) Storage device
d) Saving device

157
 Навчальне видання

Медведєва Світлана Олександрівна

Мельник Олеся Дмитрівна

PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Частина І

Навчальний посібник

Редактор О. Ткачук

Оригінал-макет підготовлено С. Медведєвою

Підписано до друку ............

Формат 29,742¼. Папір офсетний.
Гарнітура Times New Roman.
Друк різографічний. Ум. друк. арк. ….
Наклад …. пр. Зам. № 2015-

Вінницький національний технічний університет,

навчально-методичний відділ ВНТУ.
21021, м. Вінниця, Хмельницьке шосе, 95.
ВНТУ, к. 2201.
Тел. (0432) 59-87-36.
Свідоцтво суб’єкта видавничої справи
серія ДК № 3516 від 01.07.2009 р.

Віддруковано у Вінницькому національному технічному університеті

в комп’ютерному інформаційно-видавничому центрі
21021, м. Вінниця, Хмельницьке шосе, 95.
ВНТУ, ГНК, к. 114.
Тел. (0432) 59-87-38,
publish.vntu.edu.ua; email: [email protected].
Свідоцтво суб’єкта видавничої справи
серія ДК № 3516 від 01.07.2009 р.

158