DCS Unit - 1
DCS Unit - 1
Chapter 1 18 MKS
Contents:
OR
Page | 1
Nirmala K DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM( 22428) EJ4I
It consists of:-
2. Source Encoder:- The symbol generated by the information are given to source encoder .
They are first converted into digital form by the source encoder. Every binary 1 & 0 is
called bits . The group of bits is called a codeword. Therefore the source encoder assigns
unique codewords to the symbols .
Eg:- Pulse Code Modulator, Vector Quantizer, Delta Modulators
3. Channel Encoder :-It is used to add some redundant bits to the input sequence . These
extra bits are added to avoid the errors which occur due to noise and interference during
communication process.
4. Digital Modulator:- the digital output of channel encoder will be superimposed on the
carrier wave signal in the digital modulator. The carrier signal used fordigital modulation
is a C.W. of very high frequency it will represent high frequency for “1” and low
frequency for “0”. Modulation technique used is FSK,ASK,PSK,MSK,etc.
5. Channel:- It is the medium used to carry the data or information from transmitter to
receiver . It may be guided or unguided medium.
6. Digital Demodulator:- at receiver it is used to convert the input modulated signal to the
sequence of binary bits.
7. Channel Decoder :-It is used to remove the redundant bits added to the input sequence .
These extra bits are removed at receiver to check for any error with certain predefined
logic.
Page | 2
Nirmala K DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM( 22428) EJ4I
8. Source Decoder:- The information received from channel decoder are given to source
decoder . it is used to convert the data into its original form and transfer it to the
destination.
9. Destination:- It is the final end , used to receive and display the information and data.
Disadvantages:-
i. Large Bandwidth .
ii. It needs Synchronization.
Page | 3
Nirmala K DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM( 22428) EJ4I
Page | 4
Nirmala K DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM( 22428) EJ4I
Formula:-
The unit of information is given as bits.
Entropy:- The entropy of source refers to the average information content per symbols
in long message. It is defined in terms of bits/symbol
Information Rate= Symbol Rate x Source Entropy
= sym/sec x bits/sym
= Bits / sec
Suppose that a sequence of L messages is transmitted than if L is very large, then we may say
that,
P1L message of m1 are transmitted
P2L message of m2 are transmitted
P3L message of m3 are transmitted
.
.
.
.
PmL message of mm are transmitted
Hence the information due to message m1 will be:-
I1=log2(1/P1)
Since there are P1L number of messages of m1, the total information due to all message of m1
will be:-
I1(total)=P1L log2(1/P1)
Similarly
I2(total)=P2L log2(1/P2)
.
.
Im(total)=PmL log2(1/Pm)
Page | 5
Nirmala K DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM( 22428) EJ4I
I(total)- I1+I2+………….ImT
Average Information /message=Total Information/Number of message
=I(total)/L
Entropy(H) = P1log2(1/P1) + P2log2(1/P2)+…………..Pmlog2(2/Pm)
Entropy(H) = M∑k=1 Pk
log2(1/Pk)
Thus
Page | 6
Nirmala K DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM( 22428) EJ4I
L ≥ H or L min = H
It is also defined as the maximum information rate with which the error probability is within the
tolerable limits.
It states that given a source of M equally likely messages with M>>>1, which
is generating information at a rate “R” then the channel capacity is given as :-
R≤C
C=Blog2(1 + S/N)
Page | 7