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Introduction To Data Analysis

The document provides an introduction to data analysis, outlining its objectives, essential steps, and techniques. Key steps include data validation, editing, coding, and transformation, while techniques are categorized into descriptive and inferential methods. The document also highlights the importance of ensuring data accuracy and the processes involved in preparing data for analysis.

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Amos Ganyam
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7 views12 pages

Introduction To Data Analysis

The document provides an introduction to data analysis, outlining its objectives, essential steps, and techniques. Key steps include data validation, editing, coding, and transformation, while techniques are categorized into descriptive and inferential methods. The document also highlights the importance of ensuring data accuracy and the processes involved in preparing data for analysis.

Uploaded by

Amos Ganyam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Data

Analysis
By
Amos Ganyam
Objectives
• Understand what data analysis entail.
• Examine the steps involved in preparing for data
analysis.
• Ascertain the types of data analysis techniques
What does data analysis entail?

Describing data
obtained from the field.

Testing propositions
and drawing inferences
from the data.
Steps in Preparing for data Analysis

Validation Editing

Coding Transforming
Data Validation
• This is the process of ensuring completeness
and accuracy in the data collected from the
field.

Source: Levis, Helfret and Brady (2008)


Editing
• This is the process of improving the collected
data by detecting and treating errors.
Error Example Remedy
Inconsistency All ROA values for Cadbury Check whether the correct
Plc. are less than 1 except value for profit and total
in 2012 which shows a assets were lifted from the
value of 15.235. financial statements and
whether the formula was
not transposed.
Omissions A respondent fails to Discard the questionnaire
answer some of the as unusable or generate
questions in a missing values if the
questionnaire. omissions were not
significant.
Coding
• This involves attributing numerical values to
categorical or string data for easy processing.
Data Transformation
• Data transformation is the process of
changing the format, structure, or values of
data.
Compute new variables from the existing data
e.g. Logging, multiplying, averages, etc.

Recode variables into new or existing variables

Replace missing values

Weighting data
Types of Data Analysis Techniques
Data Analysis Techniques

Descriptive Technique Inferential Technique

Uses the sample to draw


Describes the characteristics
conclusion about the
of the sampled population
population

Mean, Mode, Median, Regression, Correlation,


Standard Deviation, Range, ANOVA, T-test, Z-test and F-
Frequency and Charts test.
Descriptive Technique
Var n ഥ
𝐗 SD Min Max
EM 104 -0.04 0.22 -0.78 1.18
AFS 104 0.87 0.34 0 1
AFT 104 0.72 0.45 0 1
AIS 104 0.47 0.50 0 1
Age 104 50.88 19.63 7 96
ROA 104 0.078 0.142 -0.20 1.24
Inferential Technique
Parametric Non-parametric
Normally distributed Yes No
population
Data Type Ratio or Nominal or Ordinal
interval
Central tendency & Mean, SD, Median, Inter-
dispersion measures Range (min & quartile range
commonly used max)
Test of significance ANOVA, t-test, Chi-square, Mann-
z-test Whitney U-test
Measure of association Regression, Spearman’s
Pearson’s correlation, Yule’s Q
correlation
Thanks for
Listening.

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