TOPIC 4: PERIODICITY 1

TOPIC COMPETENCY: The learner analyzes the trends and periodic properties of
elements, to explain and predict the reactivity and properties of elements in the
Periodic Table.
SUB -TOPICS
1. The Periodic Tablee
(a) Historical Development:
Mendeleev's Periodic Table was initially organized by atomic mass but had
gaps that suggested the existence of undiscovered elements. Moseley later
reorganized it by atomic number, leading to the modern Periodic Table.
(b) Periodic Table Organization:
The Periodic Table is organized by increasing atomic number and grouped
according to chemical properties. Elements are arranged in periods (rows) and
groups (columns). The layout reflects recurring trends in element properties.
(c) Reactivity Trends:
Elements show varying reactivity trends across periods and down groups in the
Periodic Table. For example, metals tend to be more reactive as you move down
Group 1, whereas non-metals show increased reactivity as you move across Period 2.
Key Points:
 Atomic Number: Defines the number of protons in an atom and its position in
the Periodic Table.
 Periods and Groups: Horizontal rows (periods) indicate energy levels; vertical
columns (groups) indicate elements with similar properties.
2. Variation in trends of properties across the periods and diagonal relationships
(a) Trends in Physical Properties:
 Atomic Radius: Decreases across a period and increases down a group.
 Ionization Energy: Generally, increases across a period and decreases down a
group.
 Electronegativity: Increases across a period and decreases down a group.
 Electron affinity
 Electro positivity
(b) Period 3 elements
 Physical properties of period 3 elements (physical state, melting points, structure and
bonding, metallic character).
 Chemical properties (reactivity with water, dilute acids and alkali) of elements like
sodium, magnesium, and aluminium and sulphur.
 Compounds of period 3 elements and their properties. These are oxides and and
chlorides focusing on their (structure and bonding, melting points, reaction with dilute
acids, alkalis and water) of period 3
  Test tube experiments to identify aluminium and magnesium ions
(c) Diagonal Relationships and Trends Across Periods
Some elements in the Periodic Table show similar properties despite being in
different groups. For example, Lithium (Group 1) and Magnesium (Group 2)
exhibit similarities in their chemical behavior, known as diagonal relationships.
3. Trends in chemical properties of Group 2 elements
 Physical properties of group II elements (melting point, metallic radii and density) of
group 2 elements,
 Reactivity of Group 2 metals with air, water and dilute acids.
 Compounds of group II elements (Hydroxides, Sulphates, nitrates and carbonates)
and their properties like solubility, effect of heat and action of dilute acids.
 Test tube experiments to identify ions in group 2 compounds
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 Applications of Group 2 Elements and their compounds: Projects to make
different industrial products from group 2 compounds.
 Learners will carry out experiments to observe the reactivity of Group 2 metals
(Magnesium, Calcium, Barium) with water and dilute acids.
 Learners identify calcium, magnesium ions
 Data Analysis: Learners will analyze and present their findings, linking
reactivity trends to the positions of these elements in the Periodic Table.
CLASS NOTES
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
The development of the Periodic Table was a gradual process involving several key
scientists who contributed to its modern form.
Early Attempts to Classify Elements
1789: Antoine Lavoisier categorized elements into metals, nonmetals, and gases based
on their properties.
1829: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner proposed the Law of Triads, grouping elements in
sets of three with similar properties (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium).
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (1869)
Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, arranged 63 known elements in order of
increasing atomic mass and noticed repeating trends in properties.
He left gaps for undiscovered elements and accurately predicted their properties (e.g.,
gallium, germanium, and scandium).
However, some elements did not fit well when strictly ordered by atomic mass (e.g.,
iodine and tellurium).
Moseley’s Periodic Law (1913)
Henry Moseley, a British physicist, conducted X-ray spectroscopy experiments and
discovered that elements should be arranged by atomic number rather than atomic
mass.
This reorganization resolved inconsistencies in Mendeleev’s table and led to the
Modern Periodic Law: It states that “when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic
number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties.”

Modern Periodic Table (1940–Present)

The introduction of noble gases (by William Ramsay in 1898) and the discovery of
synthetic elements refined the table.
Glenn T. Seaborg (1940s) introduced the actinide series, adjusting the table’s
structure.
Today, the Periodic Table consists of 118 elements, categorized into groups and
periods, with a structure based on electron configurations.
PERIODIC TABLE ORGANIZATION
What is the Periodic Table? Why is Periodic Table Made?
The periodic table is an arrangement of all the elements known to man in
accordance with their increasing atomic number and recurring (or similar)
chemical properties. They are arranged in a tabular form wherein a row is a
period and a column is a group. Elements are arranged from left to right and top
to bottom in the order of their increasing atomic numbers. Thus, elements in
the same group will have the same valence electron configuration and
hence, similar chemical properties whereas, elements in the same period
will have an increasing order of valence electrons as a full shell of electrons
is added from element to element.
The first 94 elements of the periodic table are naturally occurring, while the
rest from 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear
reactors.

Groups and periods

The rows in the table are called periods and the columns are the groups. The
groups are again classified into two subgroups – A and B. There are sixteen
groups under the headings: IA to VIII A or O and IB – VII B and VIII where
VIII contains three groups. The elements placed in ‘A’ subgroups called
typical, representative, normal or main group elements. While the elements
placed in sub – group B are called transition metals/elements.
Therefore, the periodic table has a total of 18 groups and 7 periods. The first
period has only 2 elements. The second and third periods have 8 elements each.
The fourth and fifth have 18 elements each. The sixth has 32 elements. The
seventh period has 32 elements and is incomplete.
Period Length Number of elements
1st Very short period 2
nd rd
2 and 3 Short periods 8 each
th th
4 and 5 Long periods 18 each
6th Very long 32
th
7 Incomplete -
The number of elements in each period of the periodic table is equal to the
number of electrons filled in the corresponding electronic shell and a new
period begins with an element that has one electron in a new main energy level
(i.e., new shell)
There is a separate group of elements at the bottom of the table. It consists
of 14 elements of the sixth period called the lanthanides and 14 elements of the
seventh period called the actinides.
Note:
 Groups 1, 2, and 13–18 are the main group elements, listed as A in older
tables.
 Groups 3–12 are in the middle of the periodic table and are the
transition elements, listed as B in older tables. The two rows of 14
elements at the bottom of the periodic table are the lanthanides and the
actinides, whose positions in the periodic table are indicated in group 3.
 The main group elements are also known as the representative elements
belonging to the s-block and p-block of the periodic table and are most
abundant on earth and space. Many elements in the main group are
necessary to life on earth, specifically oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,
and hydrogen.
 Groups may also be identified using their topmost element, or have a
specific name (I. U. P. A. C). For example, group 1 is also described as
the "Lithium group" and as the "Alkali metals" by I.U.P.A.C
 The diagram showing the periodic table of elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
1 4
1 H 2 He
2 7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne
3 23
Na
24
Mg
27
Al
28
Si
31
P
32
S
35
Cl
40
Ar
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

4 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 ¿ 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 ¿ 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr
5 86
Rb
88
Sr
89
Y
91
Zr
92
Nb
96 99
Mo 43 Tc
101
Ru
103
Rh
106
Pd
108
Ag
112
Cd
115
¿
119
Sn
122
Sb
128
Te
127
I
131
Xe
37 38 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

6 133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 209 210 222
55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 ℜ 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Ru
7 223
Fr
226
Ra
227
Ac
87 88 89
Groups

Lanthanides 140 141 144 145 152 159 162 159 162 165 167 169 173 175
58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Eu 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Hd 68 Er 69 Yb 70 Yb 71 Lu

Actinides 232 231 238 237 244 243 247 247 251 254 257 256 254 257
90 Th 91 Pu 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cr 99 Es 100 Fm 101 My 102 No 103 Lw
Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids of the Periodic Table
Periods

Elements of the periodic table are grouped as metals, metalloids or semimetals,

and nonmetals. The metalloids separate the metals and nonmetals on a periodic
table. Metalloids include Boron, germanium, silicon, antimony, arsenic,
tellurium and pollonium are the seven most widely recognized metalloids.
Most of the periodic table elements are metals.

 The elements with the thick boders and called semi metals or metalloids
 Elements to the left of the metaloids are called metals. The exception
is hydrogen (H), the first element on the periodic table. At ordinary
temperatures and pressures, hydrogen behaves as a nonmetal

 Elements to the right of the metalloids are non - metals

Blocks of a Periodic Table

Depending upon the type of orbital/sub shell receiving the valence electrons,
the elements can be classified into four following blocks into four main blocks;
these blocks are s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block.
s-block elements
They are placed in the left-hand block of the table. The s-block contains the
elements whose outermost electrons occupy the s sub-energy level.
p-block elements
The p-block contains the elements whose outermost electrons occupy the p
sub-energy level except helium.
d-block elements
A d block element is an element whose d-subshell/d-sub energy level/d-orbitals
is progressively filled with electrons. They are located in period 4, 5 and 6
Or
Elements with a partially filled or fully filled d sub energy level
Or
A d-block element is one whose highest energy electrons are filled in the d-sub
shell.
The d-block elements are classified into three series which are:
The first transition series (3d series):
It includes the elements in which the 3d sub-energy level is filled
successively. It lies in the fourth period and includes the elements from
scandium (21Sc) to z i n c ( 3 0 Z n ) .
The second transition series (4d series):
It includes the elements in which the 4d sub-energy level is filled
successively. It lies in the fifth period and includes the elements from
yttrium (39Y) to cadmium (48Cd).
The third transition series (5d series):
It includes the elements in which the 5d sub-energy level is filled
successively.
It lies in the sixth period and includes the elements from lanthanum ( 57La)
to
mercury (80Hg) , excluding the lanthanides.
f – block elements
The f block elements (lanthanides and actinides): This is an element whose f-
subshell/f-sub energy level/f-orbitals is progressively filled with electrons.
They are called the inner transition elements, located in period 6 and 7.
Or
A f-block element is one whose highest energy electrons are filled in the f-sub
shell.
Or
Elements with a partially filled or fully filled f sub energy level.
 f – block elements (inner transition metals) are classified into two series;
4f – series (lanthanide series)
It includes the elements in which the 4f- sub-energy level is filled
successively. It lies in the sixth period and includes the elements from
cerium (Ce) with atomic number of 58 to lutetium (Lu) with the atomic
number of 71. These elements follow lanthanum (La) with atomic
number 57 and are known as lanthanides (or lanthanoids)
5f – series (actinide series)
It includes the elements in which the 4f- sub-energy level is filled
successively. It lies in the seventh period and includes the elements from
thorium (Th) with atomic number 90 to lawrencium (Lr) with atomic
number 103. These elements follow actinium (Ac) with atomic number
89 and are known as actinides (or actinoids).