Grade 9 Mathematics - First Quarter Study

Guide
Section 1: Illustrates Quadratic Equations
Explanation:

A quadratic equation is an equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. The highest power
of the variable (usually x) is 2, which means it's a second-degree polynomial. Quadratic
equations form the foundation of many algebraic concepts and appear frequently in geometry,
physics, and economics.

The solutions of a quadratic equation are called the roots, and the number and nature of these
roots depend on the values of a, b, and c. Quadratic equations can have:

 Two distinct real roots (when the parabola intersects the x-axis at two points)
 One real repeated root (when the vertex touches the x-axis)
 Two complex roots (when the parabola does not touch or cross the x-axis)

Visual Interpretation:

The graph of a quadratic equation is a parabola.

 If a > 0, the parabola opens upward.

 If a < 0, the parabola opens downward.

The vertex of the parabola represents either the minimum or maximum point depending on the
direction of the opening. The line that passes through the vertex and divides the parabola into
two mirror images is called the axis of symmetry.

Example of Real-Life Application:

Suppose you throw a ball upward. Its height over time can be modeled using a quadratic
equation. The vertex of the parabola will represent the highest point the ball reaches.

Key Elements:

 a (leading coefficient): affects the direction and width of the parabola

 b (linear coefficient): affects the axis of symmetry and location of the vertex
 c (constant): the y-intercept (where the graph crosses the y-axis)
Standard Form:

ax² + bx + c = 0

Vertex Form (for graphing):

y = a(x - h)² + k, where (h, k) is the vertex of the parabola.

Worked Example 1:

Determine whether the following is a quadratic equation: x² - 5x + 6 = 0

 Yes, this is a quadratic because the highest degree of x is 2 and a = 1, b = -5, c = 6

Worked Example 2:

Write the standard form of a quadratic equation that has the roots 3 and -2:

 Use factored form: (x - 3)(x + 2) = 0

 Expand: x² + 2x - 3x - 6 = x² - x - 6
 Final equation: x² - x - 6 = 0

Examples:

 x² - 4x + 3 = 0 (a = 1, b = -4, c = 3)
 2x² + 5x - 7 = 0 (a = 2, b = 5, c = -7)

Practice Quiz:

1. Which of the following is a quadratic equation? A. x + 2 = 5 B. x² - 3x + 2 = 0 C. x³ - x = 1

D. 2x = 6
2. Identify the values of a, b, and c in 3x² + 2x - 1 = 0
3. What is the degree of a quadratic equation?
4. Is x(x - 5) = 6 a quadratic equation? Explain.
5. Write a quadratic equation with roots 2 and -3.
6. Which of these is not a quadratic equation?
7. How many terms does a standard quadratic expression have?
8. What makes an equation quadratic instead of linear?
9. Convert the factored form (x - 3)(x + 4) = 0 into standard form.
10. Can a quadratic equation have fractional coefficients? Provide an example.

Answer Key:

1. B
 2. a = 3, b = 2, c = -1
3. 2
4. Yes; expand to get x² - 5x - 6 = 0
5. (x - 2)(x + 3) = 0 → x² + x - 6 = 0
6. C
7. 3
8. The highest exponent is 2, not 1
9. x² + x - 12 = 0
10. Yes, e.g., (1/2)x² - x + 3 = 0

Section 2: Solves Quadratic Equations

Explanation:

Quadratic equations can be solved in various ways depending on their structure. Here are the
four primary methods, each with an example to demonstrate how they work:

a. Extracting Square Roots:

Used when the equation is in the form x² = k.

Example: Solve x² = 49

 Take the square root of both sides: x = ±√49

 x = ±7

b. Factoring:

Best used when the quadratic trinomial can be factored into two binomials.

Example: Solve x² - 5x + 6 = 0

 Factor: (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0
 Set each factor to 0: x = 2 or x = 3

c. Completing the Square:

Use when the coefficient of x² is 1 or easy to manipulate.

Example: Solve x² + 6x + 5 = 0

 Move the constant: x² + 6x = -5

  Add square of half the middle term: x² + 6x + 9 = 4
 Factor left side: (x + 3)² = 4
 Take square root: x + 3 = ±2 → x = -1 or x = -5

d. Quadratic Formula:

Use when factoring is difficult or impossible.

Formula: x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a

Example: Solve x² - 2x - 3 = 0

 a = 1, b = -2, c = -3
 D = 4 + 12 = 16
 x = [2 ± √16]/2 = [2 ± 4]/2 → x = 3 or -1

Each method gives the same result, but may vary in ease depending on the equation.

Practice Quiz:

1. Solve: x² = 49
2. Factor: x² - 5x + 6 = 0
3. Solve by completing the square: x² + 6x + 5 = 0
4. Use the quadratic formula: x² - 2x - 3 = 0
5. Choose the best method to solve: x² - 16 = 0
6. Solve: x² - 7 = 0
7. Solve by factoring: x² + x - 6 = 0
8. Solve by completing the square: x² + 4x + 1 = 0
9. Solve using quadratic formula: x² + 2x + 1 = 0
10. Identify the most appropriate method for solving x² + 8x + 15 = 0

Answer Key:

1. x = ±7
2. (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0 → x = 2, 3
3. (x + 3)² = 4 → x = -1, -5
4. x = [2 ± √(4 + 12)]/2 = [2 ± 4]/2 → x = 3, -1
5. Extracting square roots
6. x = ±√7
7. (x + 3)(x - 2) = 0 → x = -3, 2
8. (x + 2)² = 3 → x = -2 ± √3
9. x = -1 (repeated root)
10. Factoring
Section 3: Characterizes the Roots Using the Discriminant
Explanation:

The discriminant is a useful algebraic tool found in the quadratic formula:

D = b² - 4ac

It helps us understand the nature of the roots (solutions) of a quadratic equation without fully
solving it. Based on the value of the discriminant, we can predict how many solutions the
equation has and whether those solutions are real or complex.

Types of Roots:

 If D > 0: Two real and distinct roots. The parabola intersects the x-axis at two points.
 If D = 0: One real and repeated root. The vertex of the parabola lies exactly on the x-axis.
 If D < 0: Two complex (imaginary) roots. The graph does not touch the x-axis.

Worked Example 1:

Determine the nature of the roots of the equation x² - 4x + 3 = 0

 a = 1, b = -4, c = 3
 D = (-4)² - 4(1)(3) = 16 - 12 = 4 → D > 0
 Conclusion: Two real and distinct roots

Worked Example 2:

Check if the equation x² + 4x + 4 = 0 has a repeated root:

 a = 1, b = 4, c = 4
 D = 4² - 4(1)(4) = 16 - 16 = 0 → D = 0
 Conclusion: One real repeated root

Worked Example 3:

Analyze the roots of 2x² + x + 5 = 0

 a = 2, b = 1, c = 5
 D = 1² - 4(2)(5) = 1 - 40 = -39 → D < 0
 Conclusion: Two complex roots
Practice Quiz:

1. Find the discriminant of x² - 4x + 3

2. What does D = 0 tell us?
3. How many real solutions does x² + 2x + 5 = 0 have?
4. Find D for 2x² + 3x + 7 = 0
5. Discriminant of x² - 2x + 1?
6. What is the discriminant of x² + x + 1?
7. Which value of D leads to complex roots?
8. What does it mean if D is a perfect square?
9. For x² - 6x + 9 = 0, is the root repeated?
10. Calculate D for x² + 10x + 25 = 0

Answer Key:

1. D = 4 → 2 real roots
2. One real root
3. No real solutions
4. D = -47 → complex roots
5. D = 0 → repeated root
6. D = 1 - 4 = -3
7. D < 0
8. Two rational roots
9. Yes
10. D = 100 - 100 = 0

Section 4: Describes Relationship Between Coefficients and

Roots
Explanation:

Vieta's formulas give us a shortcut to understand the relationship between the coefficients of a
quadratic equation and its roots, without needing to solve the equation explicitly. For any
quadratic equation of the form:

ax² + bx + c = 0

Let the solutions (or roots) of the equation be r₁ and r₂. Then:

 The sum of the roots is given by: r₁ + r₂ = -b / a

 The product of the roots is given by: r₁ × r₂ = c / a
These formulas work even when the roots are not integers or cannot be easily found through
factoring.

Why this works:

Suppose a quadratic is factored as: a(x - r₁)(x - r₂) = 0

Expanding: a(x² - (r₁ + r₂)x + r₁r₂) → compare this to ax² + bx + c:

 The coefficient of x is -a(r₁ + r₂) → So b = -a(r₁ + r₂) → r₁ + r₂ = -b / a

 The constant term is a(r₁r₂) → So c = a(r₁r₂) → r₁ × r₂ = c / a

Worked Example 1:

Find the sum and product of the roots of x² - 5x + 6 = 0

 a = 1, b = -5, c = 6
 Sum = -(-5)/1 = 5
 Product = 6/1 = 6

Worked Example 2:

Given: roots are 2 and 7 → Find the quadratic equation

 Sum = 2 + 7 = 9
 Product = 2 × 7 = 14
 Equation: x² - 9x + 14 = 0

Worked Example 3:

Given: a = 2, b = -8, c = -3 → find sum and product of roots

 Sum = -(-8)/2 = 4
 Product = -3/2

Practice Quiz:

1. Find the sum and product of roots of x² - 5x + 6 = 0

2. For 2x² + 3x - 4 = 0, what is the sum of roots?
3. What is the product of roots in x² - 4x + 4 = 0?
4. Equation with sum = -2, product = -3
5. Roots are 3 and 5. Write equation.
6. If sum = 4 and product = 3, find the equation.
7. What is the sum of roots for x² - 7x + 12 = 0?
 8. Can the product of the roots be negative?
9. For which equation is sum = 0?
10. Product of roots in x² + 5x + 6 = 0?

Answer Key:

1. Sum = 5, Product = 6
2. Sum = -3/2
3. Product = 4
4. x² + 2x - 3 = 0
5. x² - 8x + 15 = 0
6. x² - 4x + 3 = 0
7. 7
8. Yes, if c/a < 0
9. x² - 0x - 9 = 0
10. 6

Section 5: Solves Equations Transformable to Quadratic

Equations
Expanded Explanation:

Not all equations that lead to quadratic solutions look like quadratics right away. These are
called quadratic-type equations or transformable equations. They may include:

 Powers higher than two (like x⁴, x⁶, etc.)

 Inverse variables (like 1/x or x⁻¹)
 Rational expressions
 Nested algebraic forms that can be reduced

The trick is to transform them into standard quadratic form, which is:

ax² + bx + c = 0

Once in this form, you can apply factoring, completing the square, or the quadratic formula to
solve them.

Common Strategies:

1. Use substitution:
If an equation has terms like x⁴ and x², let y = x².
If it has terms like 1/x and 1/x², let y = 1/x.
 2. Clear fractions:
Multiply the whole equation by the lowest common denominator to eliminate fractions.
3. Rearrange terms:
Move all terms to one side to get zero on the other side.

Worked Example 1:

Solve: x⁴ - 5x² + 4 = 0

Step 1: Let y = x², so equation becomes:

y² - 5y + 4 = 0

Step 2: Factor:
(y - 4)(y - 1) = 0 → y = 4, y = 1

Step 3: Back-substitute:
x² = 4 → x = ±2
x² = 1 → x = ±1

Final Answer: x = ±1, ±2

Worked Example 2:

Solve: (1/x) + (2/x) = 3

Step 1: Combine like terms:

3/x = 3

Step 2: Multiply both sides by x to clear the denominator:

3 = 3x

Step 3: Solve for x:

x=1

Worked Example 3:

Solve: x⁻² + 5x⁻¹ = 6

Step 1: Let y = x⁻¹, then the equation becomes:
y² + 5y = 6 → y² + 5y - 6 = 0

Step 2: Factor:
(y + 6)(y - 1) = 0 → y = -6, y = 1

Step 3: Back-substitute:
x = 1 or x = -1/6

Final Answer: x = 1, x = -1/6

Worked Example 4:

Solve: x⁶ - 5x³ + 6 = 0

Step 1: Let y = x³, then the equation becomes:

y² - 5y + 6 = 0

Step 2: Factor:
(y - 2)(y - 3) = 0 → y = 2, y = 3

Step 3: Back-substitute:
x³ = 2 → x = ∛2
x³ = 3 → x = ∛3

Worked Example 5:

Solve: x² + 2x = 8/x

Step 1: Multiply both sides by x:

x³ + 2x² = 8 → x³ + 2x² - 8 = 0

Step 2: Solve:
Try rational root theorem or factor by grouping (not quadratic in form, but similar logic used).

Practice Quiz:

1. Solve: x⁴ - 13x² + 36 = 0
 2. Solve: (1/x) + (2/x) = 3
3. Solve: (2x + 1)² = 9
4. Solve: x⁶ - 5x³ + 6 = 0
5. Solve: x⁻² + 5x⁻¹ = 6
6. Solve: x² + 2x = 8/x
7. Solve: x³ + x² = x
8. Solve: x⁸ - 3x⁴ + 2 = 0
9. Solve: (2/x) - x = 3
10. Solve: x⁻¹ + x⁻² = 2

Answer Key:

1. Let y = x² → y² - 13y + 36 = 0 → y = 4, 9 → x = ±2, ±3

2. 3/x = 3 → x = 1
3. (2x + 1)² = 9 → 2x + 1 = ±3 → x = 1 or -2
4. Let y = x³ → y² - 5y + 6 = 0 → y = 2, 3 → x = ∛2, ∛3
5. Let y = x⁻¹ → y² + 5y - 6 = 0 → y = -6, 1 → x = -1/6, 1
6. Multiply by x: x³ + 2x² - 8 = 0 → solve cubic
7. x³ + x² - x = 0 → x(x² + x - 1) = 0 → x = 0, or use quadratic formula
8. Let y = x⁴ → y² - 3y + 2 = 0 → y = 1, 2 → x = ±1, ±√2
9. Multiply by x: 2 - x² = 3x → rearrange: x² + 3x - 2 = 0
10. Let y = x⁻¹ → y² + y - 2 = 0 → y = -2, 1 → x = -1/2, 1

Section 6: Solves Word Problems Involving Quadratic and

Rational Equations
Expanded Explanation:

Quadratic equations frequently appear in real-life scenarios such as area, age, motion, business
problems, and rational expressions. These word problems require you to translate words into
mathematical expressions or equations.

The steps for solving word problems involving quadratic and rational equations are:

1. Identify what is being asked.

Determine what quantity needs to be found.
2. Define your variable(s).
Use a letter like x to represent the unknown.
3. Translate the words into an equation.
Set up a quadratic or rational equation based on the problem.
 4. Simplify and solve the equation.
Use factoring, completing the square, or the quadratic formula.
5. Check your solutions.
Verify if your answer makes sense in the context of the problem.

Worked Example 1: Area of a Rectangle

Problem:
A rectangular garden has an area of 30 m². If the length is 2 meters more than the width, what
are the dimensions?

Solution:

 Let x = width
 Then length = x + 2
 Area = length × width → x(x + 2) = 30
 Expand: x² + 2x = 30
 Bring all terms to one side: x² + 2x - 30 = 0
 Factor: (x + 6)(x - 5) = 0 → x = -6 or x = 5
 Only x = 5 is valid for a real dimension
 Width = 5 m, Length = 7 m

Worked Example 2: Age Problem

Problem:
The product of two consecutive positive integers is 56. Find the integers.

Solution:
Let x = the smaller integer
Then x + 1 = the next integer
Equation: x(x + 1) = 56
Expand: x² + x - 56 = 0
Factor: (x + 8)(x - 7) = 0 → x = -8 or x = 7
Answer: 7 and 8

Worked Example 3: Rational Equation (Speed Problem)

Problem:
A car travels 20 km/h faster than a bicycle. The car takes 2 hours to cover a certain distance; the
bicycle takes 5 hours for the same trip. Find their speeds.

Solution:
Let x = speed of bicycle
Then car = x + 20
Distance = speed × time
So: 5x = 2(x + 20)
Expand: 5x = 2x + 40
Solve: 3x = 40 → x = 13.33 km/h
Car speed = 33.33 km/h

Worked Example 4: Profit Equation

Problem:
A company’s profit in pesos is modeled by the equation P(x) = -2x² + 200x - 5000, where x is the
number of units sold. How many units must be sold to maximize profit?

Solution:
This is a quadratic equation in standard form: ax² + bx + c
Maximum occurs at vertex: x = -b / 2a = -200 / 2(-2) = 50
Answer: 50 units

Worked Example 5: Finding a Number

Problem:
A number added to its square is 30. What is the number?

Solution:
Let x = the number
x + x² = 30 → x² + x - 30 = 0
Factor: (x + 6)(x - 5) = 0 → x = -6, 5
Answer: 5 or -6

Practice Quiz (10 questions):

 1. A rectangular pen is 3 meters longer than it is wide. If the area is 40 m², what are the
dimensions?
2. A number added to its square equals 42. What is the number?
3. The sum of the squares of two consecutive integers is 365. Find the numbers.
4. A train travels 60 km/h faster than a bus. If the train travels 480 km in 3 hours, and the
bus in 6 hours, what is the speed of the bus?
5. A garden’s length is 4 meters more than its width. If the area is 60 m², find the
dimensions.
6. One number is 3 more than another. Their product is 88. What are the numbers?
7. A car can travel a certain distance in 3 hours. A slower car takes 5 hours. If the slower
car’s speed is x, write a rational equation and solve.
8. A profit equation is P(x) = -5x² + 150x - 1000. How many items must be sold to maximize
profit?
9. The product of two numbers is 120. One number is twice the other. Find the numbers.
10. A person throws a ball upward. The height is modeled by h(t) = -5t² + 20t. When does
the ball reach its maximum height?

Answer Key:

1. Let x = width → x(x + 3) = 40 → x = 5, length = 8

2. x² + x = 42 → x = 6 or -7
3. x² + (x + 1)² = 365 → x = 13, 14
4. Let x = speed of bus → 3(x + 60) = 6x → x = 60 km/h
5. x(x + 4) = 60 → x = 6, length = 10
6. x(x + 3) = 88 → x = 8, x + 3 = 11
7. Distance = 3x and 5x → 3x = 5(x - 60) → x = 100
8. x = -b/2a = -150 / 2(-5) = 15
9. x(2x) = 120 → 2x² = 120 → x = ±√60
10. Vertex: t = -b/2a = -20 / 2(-5) = 2 seconds

Section 7: Illustrates Quadratic Inequalities

Expanded Explanation:

A quadratic inequality looks like a quadratic equation but uses inequality signs (>, <, ≥, ≤)
instead of an equal sign. It describes a range of values for which the quadratic expression is
either greater than or less than zero.

The general form is:

ax² + bx + c > 0,
ax² + bx + c < 0,
ax² + bx + c ≥ 0,
ax² + bx + c ≤ 0

Instead of having specific solutions like a quadratic equation, inequalities describe intervals or
regions on a number line.

How to Solve Quadratic Inequalities:

1. Rewrite in standard form (move all terms to one side).

2. Solve the related quadratic equation to find the critical points (where the expression
equals zero).
3. Draw a number line and plot the critical points.
4. Test intervals between and outside the critical points.
5. Choose intervals that satisfy the inequality.

Graphical Meaning:

 If the parabola opens upward (a > 0), the region where the expression is positive lies
outside the roots.
 If the parabola opens downward (a < 0), the positive region lies between the roots.

Worked Example 1:

Solve: x² - 5x + 6 > 0

Step 1: Factor → (x - 2)(x - 3) > 0

Step 2: Find critical points → x = 2 and x = 3
Step 3: Divide number line into 3 intervals:

 x<2
 2<x<3
 x>3

Step 4: Test a number in each interval:

 x = 1: (1 - 2)(1 - 3) = (-1)(-2) = 2 → TRUE

  x = 2.5: (0.5)(-0.5) = -0.25 → FALSE
 x = 4: (4 - 2)(4 - 3) = (2)(1) = 2 → TRUE

Final Answer: x < 2 or x > 3

Worked Example 2:

Solve: x² - 4 ≤ 0

Step 1: Set equal to 0 → x² - 4 = 0 → x = ±2

Step 2: Find where x² - 4 ≤ 0
This means values between the roots.

Final Answer: -2 ≤ x ≤ 2

Worked Example 3:

Solve: x² + 2x + 1 > 0

Step 1: Factor → (x + 1)² > 0

Step 2: One critical point at x = -1
Because it's a perfect square, the expression is zero only at x = -1 and positive everywhere else.

Final Answer: x ≠ -1 or x ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (–1, ∞)

Practice Quiz (10 questions):

1. Solve: x² - 6x + 8 > 0
2. Solve: x² - 4x + 4 < 0
3. Solve: x² - 9 ≥ 0
4. Solve: x² + 5x + 6 < 0
5. Solve: x² - 1 ≤ 0
6. Solve: x² - x - 6 ≥ 0
7. Solve: -x² + 2x < 0
8. Solve: x² + 4x + 3 ≥ 0
9. Solve: x² - 10 < -9
10. Solve: x² + 2x + 1 > 0
Answer Key:

1. x < 2 or x > 4
2. No solution (expression never < 0)

4. x ∈ (–3, –2)
3. x ≤ -3 or x ≥ 3

5. x ∈ [–1, 1]

7. x ∈ (0, 2)
6. x ≤ –2 or x ≥ 3

9. x² - 10 + 9 < 0 → x² - 1 < 0 → x ∈ (–1, 1)

8. All real numbers (expression always ≥ 0)

10. All real numbers except x = –1

Section 8: Solves Quadratic Inequalities

Expanded Explanation:

Solving a quadratic inequality means finding all the values of the variable (usually x) that make
the inequality true. These solutions form intervals rather than just individual values.

The process is based on analyzing how the graph of a parabola behaves. The critical values (or
roots) divide the number line into regions. We check each region to determine where the
quadratic expression satisfies the inequality.

Step-by-Step Procedure:

1. Write the inequality in standard form: Move all terms to one side so that 0 is on the
other.
2. Find the roots by solving the related equation (set equal to 0).
3. Plot the roots on a number line and divide into intervals.
4. Choose a test point from each interval.
5. Substitute into the original inequality to see if it makes the expression true.
6. Build the final solution set based on intervals that satisfy the inequality.

Worked Example 1:

Problem: Solve x² - 3x - 10 < 0

Step 1: Factor the quadratic:
(x - 5)(x + 2) < 0

Step 2: Roots are x = -2 and x = 5

These split the number line into three intervals:

 x < -2
 -2 < x < 5
 x>5

Step 3: Test values:

 x = -3 → (-3 - 5)(-3 + 2) = (-8)(-1) = 8 → Not valid

 x = 0 → (0 - 5)(0 + 2) = (-5)(2) = -10 → Valid
 x = 6 → (6 - 5)(6 + 2) = (1)(8) = 8 → Not valid

Final Answer: x ∈ (–2, 5)

Worked Example 2:

Problem: Solve x² + x - 6 ≥ 0

Step 1: Factor: (x + 3)(x - 2) ≥ 0

Roots: x = -3, x = 2

Step 2: Intervals:

 x < -3
 -3 < x < 2
 x>2

Step 3: Test:

 x = -4 → True
 x = 0 → False
 x = 3 → True

Also check endpoints:

 x = -3: (0)(-5) = 0 → included

 x = 2: (5)(0) = 0 → included
Final Answer: x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [2, ∞)

Worked Example 3:

Problem: Solve –x² + 4x – 3 < 0

Step 1: Use quadratic formula:

a = –1, b = 4, c = –3
D = 16 – 12 = 4
Roots: x = [–4 ± 2]/(–2) → x = 1, 3

Step 2: Intervals:

 x<1
 1<x<3
 x>3

Step 3: Test:

 x = 0 → –0 + 0 – 3 = –3 < 0 → Valid
 x = 2 → –4 + 8 – 3 = 1 → Not valid
 x = 4 → –16 + 16 – 3 = –3 → Valid

Final Answer: x ∈ (–∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)

Practice Quiz:

1. Solve: x² – 2x – 15 > 0
2. Solve: x² + 4x + 4 ≤ 0
3. Solve: –x² + 6x – 8 ≥ 0
4. Solve: x² – 7x + 10 < 0
5. Solve: 2x² – 8x + 6 ≥ 0
6. Solve: x² – 5x + 6 ≤ 0
7. Solve: –x² – 4x – 3 < 0
8. Solve: x² – 1 > 0
9. Solve: –2x² + 12x – 10 ≥ 0
10. Solve: x² + 2x + 1 > 0
Answer Key:

1. x < –3 or x > 5

3. x ∈ [2, 4]
2. x = –2 (only solution)

4. x ∈ (2, 5)
5. x ∈ (–∞, 1] ∪ [3, ∞)
6. x ∈ [2, 3]
7. x ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (–3, ∞)
8. x ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, ∞)
9. x ∈ [1, 5]
10. All real numbers except x = –1

Section 9: Solves Word Problems Involving Quadratic

Inequalities
Expanded Explanation:

Quadratic inequalities in real-world problems often deal with maximum/minimum values,

ranges of possible values, or conditions that must be met or avoided (e.g., a profit should not
fall below zero, a height must stay within a safe limit, etc.).

Solving these problems involves:

1. Reading carefully to identify what is being asked.

2. Translating the scenario into a quadratic inequality.
3. Solving the inequality using factoring, quadratic formula, or completing the square.
4. Interpreting the solution in the context of the problem.

Key Vocabulary in Word Problems:

 “At most” → ≤
 “At least” → ≥
 “No more than” → ≤
 “No less than” → ≥
 “Greater than” → >
 “Less than” → <

Worked Example 1:
Problem:
A rectangular garden must have an area less than 60 square meters. The length is 3 meters
more than the width. What are the possible values for the width?

Solution:
Let x = width
Then length = x + 3
Area = x(x + 3) < 60
→ x² + 3x < 60
→ x² + 3x – 60 < 0

Solution: x ∈ (–10, 6)
Factor: (x + 10)(x – 6) < 0

Reject negative values → width ∈ (0, 6)

Worked Example 2:

Problem:
The height h (in meters) of a ball after t seconds is given by h = –5t² + 20t. For safety, the height
must not go below 10 meters. During what times is the ball at least 10 meters high?

Solution:
–5t² + 20t ≥ 10
Bring all terms to one side: –5t² + 20t – 10 ≥ 0
Multiply by –1: 5t² – 20t + 10 ≤ 0
Use quadratic formula:
t = [20 ± √(400 – 200)] / 10 = [20 ± √200] / 10

Approximate: √2 ≈ 1.41 → t ∈ [0.59, 3.41]

t = [20 ± 10√2] / 10 = 2 ± √2

Worked Example 3:

Problem:
A company finds that its profit P (in pesos) is given by P(x) = –2x² + 24x – 50, where x is the
number of units sold. The company wants to maintain a positive profit. For which values of x
will the profit be greater than zero?

Solution:
–2x² + 24x – 50 > 0
Multiply by –1: 2x² – 24x + 50 < 0
Use quadratic formula:
x = [24 ± √(576 – 400)] / 4 = [24 ± √176] / 4

√11 ≈ 3.32 → x ∈ (2.68, 9.32)

x = [24 ± 4√11] / 4 → x = 6 ± √11

Practice Quiz:

1. The area of a rectangle must be less than 48 m². If length = width + 4, find possible
widths.
2. A rocket's height is h(t) = –4.9t² + 19.6t. For safety, it must be above 15 m. For what
times is this true?
3. A profit equation is P(x) = –x² + 6x – 5. For what x is profit at least zero?
4. A ball reaches a height h(t) = –5t² + 25t. When is it above 30 meters?
5. A triangle’s area must not exceed 60 m². If height = base + 2, find base values.
6. A company’s loss is modeled by L(x) = –2x² + 12x. When is the loss less than 10 pesos?
7. An open box’s volume is V = x(x – 2)(x – 4). For what x is the volume greater than 0?
8. A child’s swing reaches height h = –3t² + 12t. When is it above 10 meters?
9. A factory’s cost is C(x) = x² – 10x + 24. When is the cost under 20 pesos?
10. A machine functions properly for values of x where –x² + 10x – 16 > 0. Find x.

Answer Key:

1. x(x + 4) < 48 → x² + 4x – 48 < 0 → x ∈ (–8, 6), only positive → x ∈ (0, 6)

2. –4.9t² + 19.6t > 15 → solve quadratic → t ∈ (1.13, 2.87)
3. –x² + 6x – 5 ≥ 0 → x ∈ [1, 5]
4. –5t² + 25t > 30 → solve → t ∈ (1.13, 5.29)
5. A = 0.5x(x + 2) ≤ 60 → x² + 2x – 120 ≤ 0 → x ∈ (–12, 10) → valid x ∈ (0, 10)
6. –2x² + 12x < 10 → solve → x ∈ (0.92, 5.42)
7. x(x – 2)(x – 4) > 0 → x ∈ (–∞, 0) ∪ (2, 4)
8. –3t² + 12t > 10 → t ∈ (1.07, 3.12)
9. x² – 10x + 24 < 20 → x² – 10x + 4 < 0 → solve → x ∈ (1.13, 8.87)
10. –x² + 10x – 16 > 0 → x ∈ (2, 8)

Section 10: Models Real-Life Situations Using Quadratic

Functions
Expanded Explanation:
Quadratic functions are used to model situations involving curved paths, maximized or
minimized values, areas, profits, and speeds. The general form of a quadratic function is:

y = ax² + bx + c

Where:

 a determines the direction and width of the parabola,

 b controls the axis of symmetry and vertex location,
 c is the y-intercept or initial value.

Why Use Quadratic Models?

Quadratic models are powerful tools in fields like:

 Physics: trajectory of projectiles

 Economics: maximum profit or minimum cost
 Biology: population growth limitations
 Geometry: area-based optimization

Key Modeling Concepts:

 When an object moves upward and then downward, its height over time follows a
parabolic (quadratic) path.
 Profit or cost functions are quadratic when returns increase and then diminish.
 The vertex represents the maximum or minimum value (depending on the parabola’s
direction).

Worked Example 1: Height of a Ball

Problem: A ball is thrown upward from the ground. Its height after t seconds is given by h(t) = –
5t² + 20t. How long will it take to reach the maximum height, and what is that height?

Solution:

 The vertex occurs at t = –b/2a = –20 / (2 * –5) = 2 seconds

 Height at t = 2: h(2) = –5(2)² + 20(2) = –20 + 40 = 20 meters
Answer: 2 seconds, 20 meters
Worked Example 2: Maximum Profit

Problem: A business models profit with P(x) = –2x² + 16x – 20. What number of units sold
maximizes profit?

Solution:

 x = –b/2a = –16 / (2 * –2) = 4

 Maximum profit occurs when 4 units are sold

Worked Example 3: Area Modeling

Problem: The length of a rectangular pen is 3 meters more than its width. The area is modeled
as A(x) = x(x + 3). What width gives maximum area if the fencing limits total length to 20
meters?

Solution:

 Perimeter = 2x + 2(x + 3) = 4x + 6 → max x from constraints: x ≤ 3.5

 Find vertex of A(x) = x² + 3x → x = –3/2 → not realistic
 Try values from constraints: x = 3 → A = 3(6) = 18 m²

Practice Quiz (10 questions):

1. A stone is thrown and its height is h(t) = –4.9t² + 19.6t. When does it reach its peak
height?
2. A profit function is P(x) = –x² + 10x – 16. Find the maximum profit point.
3. The area of a garden is A(x) = –x² + 8x. What width gives maximum area?
4. A ball is tossed with h(t) = –5t² + 30t. When will it hit the ground?
5. A company’s revenue function is R(x) = –3x² + 30x. What x gives maximum revenue?
6. A pool’s depth follows y = –0.5x² + 2x. What is the maximum depth and when does it
occur?
7. A rectangular plot has length x and width x + 4. Express its area as a quadratic model.
8. A toy rocket’s height is h(t) = –2t² + 6t + 4. When will it hit the ground?
9. A water fountain sprays water in a parabolic path modeled by h(x) = –x² + 6x. Find max
height.
10. A quadratic function models profit. What is the real-world meaning of the vertex?
Answer Key:

1. t = 2 seconds
2. x = 5 units
3. x = 4 → A(4) = 16
4. Solve: –5t² + 30t = 0 → t = 0 or 6
5. x = 5 units
6. Vertex: x = 2, depth = y(2) = 2
7. A(x) = x(x + 4) = x² + 4x
8. Solve: –2t² + 6t + 4 = 0 → t = [–6 ± √(36 + 32)]/–4
9. Vertex: x = 3 → h(3) = 9
10. The vertex is the maximum or minimum value, such as max profit or peak height

Section 11: Represents a Quadratic Function Using Table of Values,

Graph, and Equation
Expanded Explanation:

A quadratic function can be represented in three major forms:

1. Equation (Algebraic): typically in the form y = ax² + bx + c

2. Table of values (Numerical): shows input-output pairs (x, y)
3. Graph (Visual): shows a parabola on the coordinate plane

Understanding how these representations connect helps visualize how quadratic functions
behave.

A. Equation to Table:

Start by plugging values of x into the equation to get corresponding y values. Choose values
around the vertex to clearly show the symmetry of the parabola.

Worked Example 1:

Equation: y = x² - 2x + 1
Choose x-values: –1, 0, 1, 2, 3
x y = x² - 2x + 1
–1 4
0 1
1 0
2 1
3 4

This table shows a symmetric pattern around x = 1, which is the vertex.

B. Equation to Graph:

Plot the points from the table and draw a smooth curve. The shape is a parabola.

 If a > 0, the parabola opens upward

 If a < 0, the parabola opens downward

C. Graph to Equation:

If given a graph, you can:

 Use the vertex and a-value to write in vertex form: y = a(x – h)² + k
 Expand to get standard form
 Or identify three points to substitute into the equation y = ax² + bx + c and solve for a, b,
and c

Worked Example 2:

Given: Vertex at (2, –1), passes through (3, 0)

Start with: y = a(x – 2)² – 1
Plug in (3, 0):
0 = a(3 – 2)² – 1 → a(1) = 1 → a = 1
So the equation is: y = (x – 2)² – 1

Practice Quiz (10 questions):

 1. Write a table of values for y = x² – 4x + 3 using x = 0 to 4
2. Identify the vertex of y = –x² + 4x
3. What is the shape of a quadratic function’s graph?
4. Does the graph of y = 2x² – 8x + 5 open upward or downward?
5. Plot the graph of y = x² + 2x – 3 and state the vertex
6. Given vertex (–1, 2) and a = –2, write the equation in vertex form
7. Convert y = (x – 3)² + 1 to standard form
8. Complete the table for y = –x² + 6x – 5 (x = 0 to 3)
9. Find y when x = –1 for y = x² – x – 2
10. If a graph passes through (0, 1), (1, –2), and (2, 1), find the quadratic equation

Answer Key:

1. x: 0,1,2,3,4 → y: 3, 0, –1, 0, 3
2. x = 2, y = 4 → vertex = (2, 4)
3. Parabola
4. Opens upward (a = 2 > 0)
5. Vertex at (–1, –4)
6. y = –2(x + 1)² + 2
7. Expand: y = x² – 6x + 10
8. x = 0→–5, x = 1→0, x = 2→3, x = 3→4
9. y = (–1)² – (–1) – 2 = 1 + 1 – 2 = 0
10. Equation: y = –3x² + 6x – 2

Section 12: Transforms the Quadratic Function y = ax² + bx + c into the

Form y = a(x – h)² + k
Expanded Explanation:

Quadratic functions can be expressed in two main forms:

1. Standard Form:
y = ax² + bx + c
2. Vertex Form:
y = a(x – h)² + k
where (h, k) is the vertex of the parabola.

Transforming a quadratic function from standard form to vertex form helps us:
  Easily identify the vertex
 Graph the parabola quickly
 Understand how the function behaves

How to Transform: Completing the Square

To convert y = ax² + bx + c into vertex form:

Step 1: Factor out a from the first two terms.

Step 2: Add and subtract the square of half the coefficient of x.

Step 3: Group and simplify into a perfect square trinomial.

Step 4: Adjust the constants outside the square.

Worked Example 1:

Convert y = x² + 6x + 5 into vertex form.

Step 1: Group: y = (x² + 6x) + 5

Step 2: Take half of 6 → 3, square it → 9
Step 3: Add and subtract 9 inside:
y = (x² + 6x + 9 – 9) + 5
y = [(x + 3)² – 9] + 5
Step 4: Simplify:
y = (x + 3)² – 4

Vertex Form: y = (x + 3)² – 4

Vertex: (–3, –4)

Worked Example 2:

Convert y = 2x² – 8x + 1

Step 1: Factor out 2:

y = 2(x² – 4x) + 1
Step 2: Half of –4 is –2; square is 4
y = 2(x² – 4x + 4 – 4) + 1
y = 2[(x – 2)² – 4] + 1
y = 2(x – 2)² – 8 + 1
Final Answer: y = 2(x – 2)² – 7
Vertex: (2, –7)

Practice Quiz:

1. Convert y = x² + 4x + 1 into vertex form

2. Convert y = x² – 6x + 2 into vertex form
3. What is the vertex of y = (x – 3)² + 5?
4. Convert y = 3x² + 12x + 10 into vertex form
5. Convert y = –x² + 2x + 1 into vertex form
6. Find the vertex of y = 2x² – 8x + 3
7. Why is the vertex form useful in graphing?
8. Convert y = x² – 10x + 21
9. Convert y = –2x² + 8x – 3
10. Identify (h, k) in y = –3(x + 2)² + 7

Answer Key:

1. y = (x + 2)² – 3
2. y = (x – 3)² – 7
3. (3, 5)
4. y = 3(x + 2)² – 2
5. y = –(x – 1)² + 2
6. (2, –5)
7. Because it shows the vertex directly
8. y = (x – 5)² – 4
9. y = –2(x – 2)² + 5
10. h = –2, k = 7

Section 14: Analyzes the Effects of Changing a, h, and k in y = a(x – h)² +

k on the Graph
Expanded Explanation:

The vertex form of a quadratic function is:

y = a(x – h)² + k

This form makes it easy to identify how each parameter—a, h, and k—affects the graph.

A. Parameter a – Vertical Stretch/Compression and Direction:

 If a > 0, the parabola opens upward

 If a < 0, it opens downward
 If |a| > 1, the parabola is narrower (stretched vertically)
 If 0 < |a| < 1, the parabola is wider (compressed)

B. Parameter h – Horizontal Shift:

 If h > 0, the graph shifts right by h units

 If h < 0, it shifts left by |h| units
 The value of h determines the x-coordinate of the vertex

C. Parameter k – Vertical Shift:

 If k > 0, the graph shifts upward by k units

 If k < 0, it shifts downward
 The value of k is the y-coordinate of the vertex

Summary of Vertex Form:

 Vertex: (h, k)
 Axis of symmetry: x = h
 Direction: depends on a

Worked Example 1:
Compare y = x² and y = 2(x – 1)² + 3

 a = 2: Narrower and opens upward

 h = 1: Shifts right by 1 unit
 k = 3: Shifts up by 3 units
 New vertex: (1, 3)

Worked Example 2:

Analyze y = –0.5(x + 2)² – 4

 a = –0.5 → Opens downward and is wider

 h = –2 → Shifts left 2 units
 k = –4 → Shifts down 4 units
 Vertex: (–2, –4)

Practice Quiz:

1. What effect does changing a from 1 to –1 have?

2. In y = (x – 5)², where is the vertex?
3. If y = x² + 4 shifts to y = x² – 2, what has changed?
4. Describe the transformation: y = 3(x + 1)² – 2
5. What happens to the graph if a = 0.25?
6. If k increases, what happens to the graph?
7. How does y = –2(x – 3)² + 1 differ from y = x²?
8. Which way does y = –x² shift if h = 0 and k = –3?
9. In y = –4(x – 2)² + 5, what is the vertex?
10. Describe how y = (x – 2)² + 1 compares to y = x²

Answer Key:

1. Flips parabola downward

2. (5, 0)
3. Shifted down 6 units
4. Shift left 1, stretch vertically by 3, shift down 2
5. Graph is wider
6. Graph shifts up
7. Flipped, narrower, shifted right 3 and up 1
 8. Downward shift
9. Vertex: (2, 5)
10. Shifted right 2 and up 1

Section 15: Determines the Equation of a Quadratic Function

Given a Table of Values, Graph, or Zeros
Expanded Explanation:

Quadratic functions can be determined from different types of information:

 Table of values (x, y pairs)

 Graph (vertex, intercepts)
 Zeros/Roots (solutions to the equation)

Your goal is to reconstruct the function, often in standard or vertex form:

 Standard form: y = ax² + bx + c

 Vertex form: y = a(x – h)² + k
 Factored form (if roots are known): y = a(x – r₁)(x – r₂)

A. From Zeros (Roots):

If a function has roots r₁ and r₂, and you know a point on the graph (x, y), you can use:

y = a(x – r₁)(x – r₂)

Then plug in the known point to solve for a

Worked Example 1:

Given: Zeros at x = –2 and x = 4, passes through (1, –15)

Step 1: Use y = a(x + 2)(x – 4)
Step 2: Plug in (1, –15):
–15 = a(1 + 2)(1 – 4) = a(3)(–3) = –9a → a = 15/9 = 5/3
Final Answer: y = (5/3)(x + 2)(x – 4)
B. From a Graph:

Find the vertex (h, k), determine direction (a), and use vertex form.

Worked Example 2:

Given: Vertex at (2, 1), point (3, 3)

Step 1: Start with y = a(x – 2)² + 1
Plug in (3, 3):
3 = a(1)² + 1 → a = 2
Final Equation: y = 2(x – 2)² + 1

C. From Table of Values:

Pick three points and substitute into y = ax² + bx + c

Solve the resulting system of equations

Worked Example 3:

Given Points: (0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 8)

Use y = ax² + bx + c

1. 2 = a(0)² + b(0) + c → c = 2
2. 3 = a(1)² + b(1) + 2 → a + b + 2 = 3 → a + b = 1
3. 8 = a(2)² + b(2) + 2 → 4a + 2b + 2 = 8 → 4a + 2b = 6

Solve:
a+b=1
4a + 2b = 6
→ Multiply first by 2: 2a + 2b = 2
Subtract: (4a + 2b) – (2a + 2b) = 6 – 2 → 2a = 4 → a = 2
Then b = –1
Final Answer: y = 2x² – x + 2

Practice Quiz (10 questions):

 1. Zeros at x = –3 and x = 5, passes through (1, –8). Find the equation.
2. Vertex at (0, –4), passes through (2, 4). Find the equation.
3. Given points (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 5). Find the quadratic function.
4. Identify a function with zeros at x = –1 and x = 2 and vertex at (0.5, –2.25)
5. Write an equation for a parabola that opens downward, vertex (3, 1), passes through (4,
–1)
6. If y = a(x – 2)(x + 1), and it passes through (0, 6), find a
7. Determine equation from table: (–1, 6), (0, 2), (1, 0)
8. From a graph with vertex (–2, –3) and opens upward, write vertex form with a = 1
9. Roots: x = 4, x = 6; point (5, –2) lies on the graph. Find a
10. A quadratic passes through (0, 1), (2, 5), (3, 10). Find the function

Answer Key:

1. y = a(x + 3)(x – 5), plug in x = 1 → a = 1

2. y = a(x – 0)² – 4 → 4 = a(2)² – 4 → a = 2 → y = 2x² – 4
3. y = x² + 1
4. y = –1(x + 1)(x – 2)
5. y = –2(x – 3)² + 1
6. (0 – 2)(0 + 1) = (–2)(1) = –2a = 6 → a = –3
7. y = x² – x + 2
8. y = (x + 2)² – 3
9. y = –2(x – 4)(x – 6)
10. y = x² – x + 1

Section 16: Solves Problems Involving Quadratic Functions

Expanded Explanation:

Quadratic functions are widely used to model and solve real-world problems. These include:

 Maximizing or minimizing quantities (e.g., area, profit, height)

 Predicting outcomes (e.g., how far an object travels)
 Finding specific points (e.g., when something reaches the ground)

A quadratic function has the form:

y = ax² + bx + c or y = a(x – h)² + k
The vertex gives the maximum or minimum value, depending on whether the parabola opens
up or down.

Common Applications:

 Physics: height, distance, speed

 Business: revenue, profit, cost optimization
 Engineering: design and safety ranges
 Geometry: area or trajectory problems

Steps to Solve Word Problems:

1. Define variables clearly

2. Write the quadratic function based on the context
3. Find the vertex to locate maximum/minimum
4. Solve for roots/intercepts if necessary
5. Interpret your answer in context

Worked Example 1: Maximum Area

Problem: A farmer wants to build a rectangular pen using 40 meters of fencing. One side will be
along a river and won’t need fencing. What is the maximum area?

Solution:
Let x = width (fence needed on both sides)
Length = 40 – 2x
Area A = x(40 – 2x) = 40x – 2x²
This is a quadratic: A = –2x² + 40x
Vertex: x = –b/2a = –40 / (2 × –2) = 10
Max Area = 40(10) – 2(10)² = 400 – 200 = 200 m²

Worked Example 2: Profit Model

Problem: A company’s profit is modeled by P(x) = –3x² + 60x – 200. How many units should be
sold to maximize profit, and what is the maximum profit?
Solution:
x = –b/2a = –60 / (2 × –3) = 10
P(10) = –3(10)² + 60(10) – 200 = –300 + 600 – 200 = 100
Answer: Max profit = 100 pesos when 10 units are sold

Worked Example 3: Trajectory Problem

Problem: A ball is thrown with height h(t) = –4.9t² + 14.7t. When will it hit the ground?

Solution:
Set h(t) = 0 → –4.9t² + 14.7t = 0
t(–4.9t + 14.7) = 0 → t = 0 or 3
Answer: The ball hits the ground at t = 3 seconds

Practice Quiz (10 questions):

1. A toy rocket’s height is h(t) = –5t² + 20t. When does it reach maximum height and what
is that height?
2. A business models cost with C(x) = x² – 12x + 40. What number of units minimizes the
cost?
3. The area of a rectangular space is A = x(30 – 2x). Find the maximum area.
4. Revenue R(x) = –2x² + 12x. Find x that gives the maximum revenue.
5. A profit function is P(x) = –x² + 10x – 16. What is the maximum profit?
6. An object follows h(t) = –4.9t² + 24.5t. When will it hit the ground?
7. The height of a thrown ball is h = –2t² + 8t. What is the maximum height?
8. A company’s revenue is R = –x² + 14x. What x maximizes revenue?
9. A rectangle has area A = –x² + 14x. Find x that gives maximum area.
10. A basketball shot follows h(t) = –6t² + 18t + 2. When does the ball reach its highest
point?

Answer Key:

1. Vertex t = 2 → h(2) = 20 m
2. x = 6 units
3. A = x(30 – 2x) → vertex at x = 7.5 → A = 112.5 m²
4. x = 3 → R = 18
5. x = 5 → P(5) = 9
6. h = 0 → –4.9t(t – 5) = 0 → t = 0 or 5
7. Vertex at t = 2 → h(2) = 8 m
8. x = 7 → R = 49
9. x = 7 → A = 49
10. t = –b/2a = –18 / (2×–6) = 1.5 sec