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Op Amp

An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a high-gain voltage amplifier used for mathematical operations in analog computers, featuring inverting and non-inverting inputs, and an output. Ideal characteristics include infinite gain, input impedance, and bandwidth, while common configurations include inverting, non-inverting, and summing amplifiers. Applications range from signal amplification to analog computation, with practical considerations for real-world use such as limited bandwidth and the need for power supply decoupling.

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8 views4 pages

Op Amp

An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a high-gain voltage amplifier used for mathematical operations in analog computers, featuring inverting and non-inverting inputs, and an output. Ideal characteristics include infinite gain, input impedance, and bandwidth, while common configurations include inverting, non-inverting, and summing amplifiers. Applications range from signal amplification to analog computation, with practical considerations for real-world use such as limited bandwidth and the need for power supply decoupling.

Uploaded by

MICHAELLA HERMOSA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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📘 Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) – Reviewer

What is an Operational Amplifier?


An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a
differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. It is called "operational" because it was
originally designed to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration,
and differentiation in analog computers.

Symbol and Terminals


Op-Amps have the following terminals:

 Inverting Input (−)


 Non-inverting Input (+)
 Output (Vout)
 Power Supply (+Vcc and −Vee or GND)

+Vcc
|
+ |
Vin →| |→ Vout
- |
-Vee

Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics


1. Infinite Open-Loop Gain
AOL→∞A_{OL} \to \infty
Any small voltage difference between the inputs is amplified infinitely.
2. Infinite Input Impedance
Rin→∞R_{in} \to \infty
No current flows into the input terminals.
3. Zero Output Impedance
Rout=0R_{out} = 0
Output can drive any load without loss.
4. Infinite Bandwidth
Amplifies signals of all frequencies equally.
5. Zero Offset Voltage
Output is zero when both inputs are at the same voltage.
6. Perfect Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Amplifies differential inputs, rejects common signals.

Golden Rules of Ideal Op-Amps (for Negative Feedback)


 The voltage between the inverting and non-inverting inputs is zero:
V+=V−V_+ = V_-
 The current into both input terminals is zero:
I+=I−=0I_+ = I_- = 0

Common Op-Amp Configurations


1. Inverting Amplifier

 Input is applied to the inverting terminal through resistor R1R_1


 Feedback resistor RfR_f connects output to inverting input
 Non-inverting input is grounded

Gain:

Av=VoutVin=−RfR1A_v = \frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = -\frac{R_f}{R_1}

2. Non-Inverting Amplifier

 Input is applied to the non-inverting terminal


 Feedback and resistor R1R_1 form a voltage divider to the inverting input

Gain:

Av=1+RfR1A_v = 1 + \frac{R_f}{R_1}

3. Voltage Follower (Buffer)

 Output is connected directly to the inverting input


 Non-inverting input receives the signal

Gain:

Av=1A_v = 1

Used to isolate circuits (high input impedance, low output impedance).


4. Summing Amplifier

 Multiple inputs applied through individual resistors to the inverting input


 Used to add multiple signals

Output:

Vout=−(RfR1V1+RfR2V2+⋯ )V_{out} = - ( \frac{R_f}{R_1}V_1 + \frac{R_f}{R_2}V_2 + \cdots )

5. Differential Amplifier

 Subtracts one input from another

Output:

Vout=RfR1(V2−V1)V_{out} = \frac{R_f}{R_1}(V_2 - V_1)

6. Integrator

 Input through resistor RR, feedback is a capacitor CC

Output:

Vout=−1RC∫Vin dtV_{out} = -\frac{1}{RC} \int V_{in} \, dt

7. Differentiator

 Input through capacitor CC, feedback is a resistor RR

Output:

Vout=−RCdVindtV_{out} = -RC \frac{dV_{in}}{dt}

Important Op-Amp Parameters


 Gain Bandwidth Product (GBW): Product of amplifier gain and bandwidth; constant
for a given op-amp.
 Slew Rate: Maximum rate of change of output voltage per unit time (V/µs).
 CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio): Ratio of differential gain to common-mode
gain (in dB).
 PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio): Ability to reject changes in supply voltage.
 Input Offset Voltage: Small voltage needed to make output zero when inputs are equal.
 Input Bias Current: Average current into both inputs.
 Input Offset Current: Difference in input bias currents.

Applications of Op-Amps
 Signal Amplification (audio, instrumentation)
 Analog computation (adder, subtractor)
 Filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass)
 Signal conditioning
 Oscillators (e.g., Wien Bridge Oscillator)
 Converters (voltage-to-current, current-to-voltage)
 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog interfaces

Practical Considerations
 Real op-amps have limited bandwidth and finite gain
 Always decouple power supply with bypass capacitors
 Avoid large feedback loops to prevent oscillations
 Use appropriate compensation to improve stability
 Choose op-amps with low offset and high slew rate for precision applications

Common ICs
 LM741: General-purpose op-amp
 TL081/TL082: JFET input op-amps (low bias current)
 LM324: Quad op-amp package
 OP07: Low-offset op-amp for precision

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