About the Tutorial

JavaScript is a lightweight , interpreted programming language. It is designed for

creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It
is open and cross-platform.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for JavaScript beginners to help them understand
the basic functionality of JavaScript to build dynamic web pages and web
applications.

Prerequisites
For this tutorial, it is assumed that the reader have a prior knowledge of HTML
coding. It would help if the reader had some prior exposure to objectoriented
programming concepts and a general idea on creating online applications.

Copyright and Disclaimer

 Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

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Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy,
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manner without written consent of the publisher.

We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as
precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy,
timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If
you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
[email protected]

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .............................................................................................................................................
Audience.........................................................................................................................................................i
Prerequisites...................................................................................................................................................i
Copyright and Disclaimer................................................................................................................................i
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................................ii

PART 1: JAVASCRIPT
BASICS ........................................................................................................ 1

1. JAVASCRIPT – Overview ............................................................................................................................

2 What is
JavaScript? .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Client-Side JavaScript.......................................................................................................................................
2
Advantages of JavaScript .................................................................................................................................
3
Limitations of JavaScript ..................................................................................................................................
3
JavaScript Development Tools.........................................................................................................................
3
Where is JavaScript Today? .............................................................................................................................
4

2. JAVASCRIPT – Syntax ................................................................................................................................

5 Your First JavaScript
Code ............................................................................................................................... 5
Whitespace and Line Breaks ............................................................................................................................
6
Semicolons are Optional..................................................................................................................................
6
Case Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................................
7
Comments in JavaScript ..................................................................................................................................
7

ii
3. JAVASCRIPT – Enabling .............................................................................................................................
9 JavaScript in Internet
Explorer ........................................................................................................................ 9
JavaScript in Firefox .........................................................................................................................................
9
JavaScript in Chrome .....................................................................................................................................
10
JavaScript in Opera ........................................................................................................................................
10
Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers ...........................................................................................................
10

4. JAVASCRIPT – Placement ........................................................................................................................

12 JavaScript in <head>...</head>
Section ......................................................................................................... 12
JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section .........................................................................................................
13
JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections ....................................................................................................
13
JavaScript in External File ..............................................................................................................................
14

5. JAVASCRIPT – Variables ..........................................................................................................................

16 JavaScript
Datatypes...................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variables .......................................................................................................................................
16
JavaScript Variable Scope ..............................................................................................................................
17
JavaScript Variable Names ............................................................................................................................
18
JavaScript Reserved Words ...........................................................................................................................
19

6. JAVASCRIPT – Operators .........................................................................................................................

20 What is an
Operator? .................................................................................................................................... 20
Arithmetic Operators.....................................................................................................................................
20
Comparison Operators ..................................................................................................................................
23
Logical Operators ...........................................................................................................................................
26 Bitwise
Operators .......................................................................................................................................... 28

iii
 Assignment Operators ...................................................................................................................................
31
Miscellaneous Operators ...............................................................................................................................
34

7. JAVASCRIPT – If-Else ...............................................................................................................................

38 Flow Chart of if-
else ....................................................................................................................................... 38 if
Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 39
if...else Statement .........................................................................................................................................
40 if...else if...
Statement ................................................................................................................................... 41

8. JAVASCRIPT – Switch-Case ......................................................................................................................

43
Flow Chart .....................................................................................................................................................
43

9. JAVASCRIPT – While Loop .......................................................................................................................

47 The while
Loop .............................................................................................................................................. 47
The do...while Loop .......................................................................................................................................
49

10. JAVASCRIPT – For Loop ...........................................................................................................................

52
The for Loop ..................................................................................................................................................
52

11. JAVASCRIPT – For-in Loop .......................................................................................................................

55

12. JAVASCRIPT – Loop Control .....................................................................................................................

57 The break
Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 57
The continue Statement ................................................................................................................................
59
Using Labels to Control the Flow ...................................................................................................................
60

13. JAVASCRIPT – Functions ..........................................................................................................................

64 Function
Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Calling a Function ..........................................................................................................................................
65

iv
 Function Parameters .....................................................................................................................................
66
The return Statement ....................................................................................................................................
67
Nested Functions ...........................................................................................................................................
68
Function () Constructor .................................................................................................................................
70
Function Literals ............................................................................................................................................
71

14. JAVASCRIPT – Events...............................................................................................................................

74 What is an
Event? .......................................................................................................................................... 74 onclick
Event Type ......................................................................................................................................... 74
onsubmit Event Type .....................................................................................................................................
75 onmouseover and
onmouseout .................................................................................................................... 76
HTML 5 Standard Events ...............................................................................................................................
77

15. JAVASCRIPT – Cookies .............................................................................................................................

82 What are
Cookies?......................................................................................................................................... 82
How It Works? ...............................................................................................................................................
82
Storing Cookies ..............................................................................................................................................
83
Reading Cookies ............................................................................................................................................
84
Setting Cookies Expiry Date ...........................................................................................................................
86
Deleting a Cookie ...........................................................................................................................................
87

v
16. JAVASCRIPT – Page Redirect ...................................................................................................................
89 What is Page
Redirection? ............................................................................................................................. 89
JavaScript Page Refresh .................................................................................................................................
89
Auto Refresh ..................................................................................................................................................
89
How Page Re-direction Works? .....................................................................................................................
90

17. JAVASCRIPT – Dialog Box ........................................................................................................................

94 Alert Dialog
Box ............................................................................................................................................. 94
Confirmation Dialog Box ................................................................................................................................
95
Prompt Dialog Box .........................................................................................................................................
96

18. JAVASCRIPT – Void Keyword ...................................................................................................................

98

19. JAVASCRIPT – Page Printing ..................................................................................................................

101 How to Print a

Page? ................................................................................................................................... 102 PART 2:

JAVASCRIPT OBJECTS ................................................................................................. 103

20. JAVASCRIPT – Objects ...........................................................................................................................

105 Object
Properties......................................................................................................................................... 105
Object Methods ...........................................................................................................................................
105
User-Defined Objects ..................................................................................................................................
106
Defining Methods for an Object ..................................................................................................................
108
The ‘with’ Keyword ......................................................................................................................................
109

21. JAVASCRIPT – Number ..........................................................................................................................

112 Number
Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 112

.....................................................................................................................................................

vi
 MAX_VALUE ................................................................................................................................................
113
MIN_VALUE .................................................................................................................................................
114
NaN ..............................................................................................................................................................
115
NEGATIVE_INFINITY .....................................................................................................................................
117
POSITIVE_INFINITY ......................................................................................................................................
118
Prototype .....................................................................................................................................................
119
constructor ..................................................................................................................................................
121 Number
Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 121
toExponential () ...........................................................................................................................................
122 toFixed
() ...................................................................................................................................................... 124
toLocaleString () ..........................................................................................................................................
125 toPrecision
() ............................................................................................................................................... 126 toString
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 127
valueOf () .....................................................................................................................................................
128

22. JAVASCRIPT – Boolean ..........................................................................................................................

130 Boolean
Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 130
constructor () ...............................................................................................................................................
130
Prototype .....................................................................................................................................................
131 Boolean
Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 132
toSource () ...................................................................................................................................................
133
toString
() .....................................................................................................................................................134
valueOf () 135
23. JAVASCRIPT – String ..............................................................................................................................
137 String
Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 137
constructor ..................................................................................................................................................
137
Length ..........................................................................................................................................................
138

.....................................................................................................................................................

vii
Prototype .....................................................................................................................................................
139 String
Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 140
charAt() ........................................................................................................................................................
142 charCodeAt
() ............................................................................................................................................... 143 contact
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 144
indexOf () .....................................................................................................................................................
145 lastIndexOf
() ............................................................................................................................................... 147
localeCompare () .........................................................................................................................................
148 match
() ....................................................................................................................................................... 149
replace () ......................................................................................................................................................
150 Search
() ....................................................................................................................................................... 153 slice
() .......................................................................................................................................................... 154
split () ...........................................................................................................................................................
155 substr
()........................................................................................................................................................ 156
substring () ...................................................................................................................................................
157
toLocaleLowerCase() ...................................................................................................................................
158 toLocaleUppereCase
() ................................................................................................................................ 159 toLowerCase
() ............................................................................................................................................. 160 toString
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 161
toUpperCase () ............................................................................................................................................
162 valueOf
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 163 String
HTML Wrappers ................................................................................................................................ 164
anchor() .......................................................................................................................................................
165
big()..............................................................................................................................................................
166 blink
() .......................................................................................................................................................... 167
bold () ..........................................................................................................................................................
168 fixed
() .......................................................................................................................................................... 168
fontColor () ..................................................................................................................................................
169 fontsize
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 170 italics
() ........................................................................................................................................................ 171 link
() ............................................................................................................................................................ 172
small () .........................................................................................................................................................
173 strike

.....................................................................................................................................................

viii
 () ......................................................................................................................................................... 174
sub() .............................................................................................................................................................
175 sup
() ............................................................................................................................................................ 176

24. JAVASCRIPT – Arrays .............................................................................................................................

178 Array
Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 178
constructor ..................................................................................................................................................
179
length ...........................................................................................................................................................
180
Prototype .....................................................................................................................................................
181 Array
Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 182
concat () .......................................................................................................................................................
184 every
() ......................................................................................................................................................... 185
filter
() ..........................................................................................................................................................187
forEach () 190 indexOf
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 192 join
() ........................................................................................................................................................... 195
lastIndexOf () ...............................................................................................................................................
196 map
() .......................................................................................................................................................... 199 pop
() ........................................................................................................................................................... 201
push () ..........................................................................................................................................................
202 reduce
() ...................................................................................................................................................... 204
reduceRight () ..............................................................................................................................................
207 reverse
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 211 shift
() .......................................................................................................................................................... 212
slice () ..........................................................................................................................................................
213 some
() ......................................................................................................................................................... 214 sort
() ........................................................................................................................................................... 216
splice () ........................................................................................................................................................
217 toString
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 219 unshift
() ...................................................................................................................................................... 220

25. JAVASCRIPT – Date ...............................................................................................................................

222 Date
Properties............................................................................................................................................ 223

.....................................................................................................................................................

ix
constructor ..................................................................................................................................................
223
Prototype .....................................................................................................................................................
224
Date Methods ..............................................................................................................................................
226
Date() ...........................................................................................................................................................
229
getDate() ......................................................................................................................................................
229
getDay() .......................................................................................................................................................
230
getFullYear() ................................................................................................................................................
231
getHours() ....................................................................................................................................................
232
getMilliseconds() .........................................................................................................................................
233 getMinutes
() ............................................................................................................................................... 234 getMonth
() ................................................................................................................................................. 235
getSeconds () ...............................................................................................................................................
236 getTime
() .................................................................................................................................................... 236
getTimezoneOffset () ...................................................................................................................................
237 getUTCDate
() .............................................................................................................................................. 238 getUTCDay
() ................................................................................................................................................ 239
getUTCFullYear () .........................................................................................................................................
240 getUTCHours
() ............................................................................................................................................ 241
getUTCMilliseconds () ..................................................................................................................................
242 getUTCMinutes
() ........................................................................................................................................ 243 getUTCMonth
() ........................................................................................................................................... 243
getUTCSeconds () ........................................................................................................................................
244 getYear
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 245
setDate () .....................................................................................................................................................
246 setFullYear
() ................................................................................................................................................ 247 setHours
() ................................................................................................................................................... 248
setMilliseconds () .........................................................................................................................................
249 setMinutes
() ............................................................................................................................................... 250 setMonth
() .................................................................................................................................................. 251

.....................................................................................................................................................

x
setSeconds () ...............................................................................................................................................252
setTime () 254

.....................................................................................................................................................

xi
 setUTCDate () ..............................................................................................................................................254
setUTCFullYear () .........................................................................................................................................255
setUTCHours () ............................................................................................................................................257
setUTCMilliseconds
() ..................................................................................................................................258 setUTCMinutes
() ......................................................................................................................................... 259 setUTC Month
() .......................................................................................................................................... 260
setUTCSeconds () .........................................................................................................................................
261 setYear
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 262
toDateString () .............................................................................................................................................
263 toGMTString
() ............................................................................................................................................. 264
toLocaleDateString () ...................................................................................................................................
265 toLocaleDateString
() ................................................................................................................................... 266 toLocaleFormat ()
........................................................................................................................................ 266 toLocaleString
() .......................................................................................................................................... 267
toLocaleTimeSring () ....................................................................................................................................
268 toSource
() ................................................................................................................................................... 269 toString
() ..................................................................................................................................................... 270
toTimeString () .............................................................................................................................................
271 toUTCString
() .............................................................................................................................................. 272 valeOf
() ....................................................................................................................................................... 273 Date
Static Methods .................................................................................................................................... 274
Date.parse ( ) ...............................................................................................................................................
274
Date.UTC ( ) .................................................................................................................................................
275

26. JAVASCRIPT – Math ..............................................................................................................................

277 Math
Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 277
Math-E .........................................................................................................................................................
278
Math-LN2 .....................................................................................................................................................
279
Math-LN10 ...................................................................................................................................................
279
Math-LOG2E ................................................................................................................................................
280
Math-LOG10E ..............................................................................................................................................
281

xii
 Math-PI ........................................................................................................................................................
282
Math-SQRT1_2 ............................................................................................................................................
283
Math-SQRT2 ................................................................................................................................................
283 Math
Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 284 abs
() ............................................................................................................................................................ 285
acos () ..........................................................................................................................................................
287 asin
( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 288
atan ( ) .........................................................................................................................................................
289 atan2
( ) ....................................................................................................................................................... 290 ceil
( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 292
cos ( ) ...........................................................................................................................................................
293 exp
( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 295
floor ( ) .........................................................................................................................................................
296 log
( ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 297
max ( ) ..........................................................................................................................................................
298 min
( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 300
pow ( ) ..........................................................................................................................................................
301 random
( ) ....................................................................................................................................................302 round (
) .......................................................................................................................................................304 sin
( ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 305
sqrt ( ) ..........................................................................................................................................................
306 tan
( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 307
toSource ( ) ..................................................................................................................................................
309

27. JAVASCRIPT – RegExp ...........................................................................................................................

310
Brackets .......................................................................................................................................................
310
Quantifiers ...................................................................................................................................................
311
Literal Characters.........................................................................................................................................
312
Metacharacters ...........................................................................................................................................
313
Modifiers .....................................................................................................................................................
313 RegExp
Properties ....................................................................................................................................... 314
xiii
 constructor ..................................................................................................................................................
314
global ...........................................................................................................................................................
315
ignoreCase ...................................................................................................................................................
316
lastIndex ......................................................................................................................................................
318
multiline.......................................................................................................................................................
319
source ..........................................................................................................................................................
320 RegExp
Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 321 exec
( ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 322 test
( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 323
toSource ( ) ..................................................................................................................................................
324 toString
( ) .................................................................................................................................................... 325

28. JAVASCRIPT – DOM ...............................................................................................................................

327 The Legacy
DOM .......................................................................................................................................... 328
The W3C DOM .............................................................................................................................................
334
The IE 4 DOM ...............................................................................................................................................
338
DOM Compatibility ......................................................................................................................................
342

PART 3: JAVASCRIPT ADVANCED .............................................................................................

344

29. JAVASCRIPT – Errors and Exceptions .....................................................................................................

345 Syntax
Errors................................................................................................................................................ 345
Runtime Errors ............................................................................................................................................
345
Logical Errors ...............................................................................................................................................
346
The try...catch...finally Statement ...............................................................................................................
346
The throw Statement ..................................................................................................................................
350
The onerror( ) Method ................................................................................................................................
351

xiv
30. JAVASCRIPT – Form Validation ..............................................................................................................
354 Basic Form
Validation .................................................................................................................................. 356
Data Format Validation ...............................................................................................................................
357

31. JAVASCRIPT – Animation ......................................................................................................................

359 Manual
Animation ....................................................................................................................................... 360
Automated Animation .................................................................................................................................
361
Rollover with a Mouse Event .......................................................................................................................
362

32. JAVASCRIPT – Multimedia .....................................................................................................................

365 Checking for Plug-
Ins ................................................................................................................................... 366
Controlling Multimedia ...............................................................................................................................
367

33. JAVASCRIPT – Debugging ......................................................................................................................

369 Error Messages in
IE .................................................................................................................................... 369
Error Messages in Firefox or Mozilla ...........................................................................................................
370
Error Notifications .......................................................................................................................................
371
How to Debug a Script .................................................................................................................................
371
Useful Tips for Developers ..........................................................................................................................
372

34. JAVASCRIPT – Image Map .....................................................................................................................

374

35. JAVASCRIPT – Browsers ........................................................................................................................

377 Navigator
Properties ................................................................................................................................... 377
Navigator Methods ......................................................................................................................................
378
Browser Detection .......................................................................................................................................
379

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 Part 1: JavaScript Basics

10

1. JAVASCRIPT – OVERVIEW

What is JavaScript?
Javascript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most
commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side
script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted
programming language with object-oriented capabilities.

JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript
made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The
general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet
Explorer, and other web browsers.

The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript

language.

• JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

• Designed for creating network-centric applications.

• Complementary to and integrated with Java.

• Complementary to and integrated with HTML.

• Open and cross-platform.

Client-Side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should
be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted by
the browser.

It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs that
interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content.

The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional

CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user
has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the
entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.

JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link
navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are:

• Less server interaction: You can validate user input before sending the
page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on
your server.

17
 • Immediate feedback to the visitors: They don't have to wait for a page
reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.

• Increased interactivity: You can create interfaces that react when the user
hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.

• Richer interfaces: You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-
anddrop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the
following important features:

• Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has
been kept for security reason.

• JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no

such support available.

• JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessor capabilities.

Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that

allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive
development tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it
is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need
to buy a compiler.

To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript
editing tools. Some of them are listed here:

• Microsoft FrontPage: Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor called

FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number of
JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.

• Macromedia Dreamweaver MX: Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very

popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web development

18
 2.JAVASCRIPT– SYNTAX

crowd. It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript components, integrates

well with databases, and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and XML.

• Macromedia HomeSite 5: HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript

editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal websites
effectively.

Where is JavaScript Today?

The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over
four years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and the
difference between the two is extremely minor.

The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following site:
http://www.ecmascript.org/

Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript

standard, although both the languages still support the features that are not a part
of the standard.

JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within
the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.

You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within you
web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within the
<head> tags.

19
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text
between these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as
follows.

<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>

The script tag takes two important attributes:

• Language: This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.
Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and
XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.

• Type: This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting

language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".

So your JavaScript syntax will look as follows.

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

JavaScript code
</script>

Your First JavaScript Code

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional
HTML comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a
browser that does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//-->". Here
"//" signifies a comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from
reading the end of the HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a
function document.write which writes a string into our HTML document.

This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following
code.

<html>
<body>

20
 <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write ("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result:

Hello World!

Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs.
You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to
format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code
easy to read and understand.

Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character,
just as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this
semicolon if each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example,
the following code could be written without semicolons.

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

<!--
var1 = 10
var2 =
20 //-->

</script>

21
But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons:

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

<!--
var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>

Note: It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,
variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.

So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.

NOTE: Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in
JavaScript.

Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments. Thus:

• Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is
ignored by JavaScript.

• Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may
span multiple lines.
• JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--.
JavaScript treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the // comment.

• The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript so it

should be written as //-->.

Example
The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.

22
 <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!--

// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

/*
* This is a multiline comment in JavaScript
* It is very similar to comments in C Programming
*/
//-->
</script>

3. JAVASCRIPT – ENABLING

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently, you
may need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter explains the
procedure of enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your browsers: Internet
Explorer, Firefox, chrome, and Opera.

JavaScript in Internet Explorer

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Internet Explorer:

23
 • Follow Tools -> Internet Options from the menu.

• Select Security tab from the dialog box.

• Click the Custom Level button.

• Scroll down till you find the Scripting option.

• Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.

• Finally click OK and come out.

To disable JavaScript support in your Internet Explorer, you need to select Disable
radio button under Active scripting.

JavaScript in Firefox
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox:

• Open a new tab -> type about: config in the address bar.

• Then you will find the warning dialog. Select I’ll be careful, I promise!

• Then you will find the list of configure options in the browser.

• In the search bar, type javascript.enabled.

• There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by right-clicking
on the value of that option -> select toggle.

If javascript.enabled is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If javascript is

disabled; it gets enabled upon clicking toggle.

24
JavaScript in Chrome
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome:

• Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser.

• Select Settings.

• Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.

• Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.

• In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run JavaScript" or
"Allow all sites to run JavaScript (recommended)".

JavaScript in Opera
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera:

• Follow Tools-> Preferences from the menu.

• Select Advanced option from the dialog box.

• Select Content from the listed items.

• Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.

• Finally click OK and come out.

To disable JavaScript support in Opera, you should not select the Enable
JavaScript checkbox.

Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers

If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a
warning message to the user using <noscript> tags.

You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows:
 <html>
<body>

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

<!--
19
document.write ("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>

<noscript>
Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.
</noscript>
</body>
</html>
Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not enabled,
then the message from </noscript> will be displayed on the screen.

26
 4.JAVASCRIPT– PLACEMENT

There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML

document. However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML file
are as follows:

• Script in <head>...</head> section.

• Script in <body>...</body> section.

• Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.

• Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.

In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file in
different ways.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section

If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks
somewhere, then you will place that script in the head as follows.

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello()
{ alert("Hello World")

}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>

27
 Click here for the result
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>

This code will produce the following results:

Click here for the result

Say Hello

JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content in
the page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this case,
you would not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at the
following code.

<html>
<head>

</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>
<p>This is web page body </p>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results:

28
 Hello World
This is web page body

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as
follows.

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello()
{ alert("Hello World")

}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result.

HelloWorld
29
 Say Hello

JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find that
there are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple pages of
a site.

You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files. The
script tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an external file
and then include it into your HTML files.

Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in your
HTML code using script tag and its src attribute.

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="filename.js" ></script>
</head>
<body>

.......
</body>
</html>
To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your JavaScript
source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then include that file as
shown above.

For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then you
can use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js file.

function sayHello()
{ alert("Hello World")

30
 5. JAVASCRIPT – VARIABLES

JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set
of data types it supports. These are the type of values that can be represented and
manipulated in a programming language.

JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types:

• Numbers, e.g., 123, 120.50 etc.

• Strings of text, e.g. "This text string" etc.

• Boolean, e.g. true or false.

JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which
defines only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript
supports a composite data type known as object. We will cover objects in detail in a
separate chapter.

Note: Java does not make a distinction between integer values and floating-point
values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values. JavaScript
represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by the IEEE 754
standard.

JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be
thought of as named containers. You can place data into these containers and then
refer to the data simply by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are
declared with the var keyword as follows.

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var
money; var
name;
25
//-->
</script>

You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows:

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var money, name;

//-->
</script>

Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable

initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time when you
need that variable.

For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value
2000.50 to it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of
initialization as follows.

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var name =
"Ali"; var
money; money =
2000.50;

//-->
</script>

32
Note: Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life of
any variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable twice.

JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold a
value of any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell
JavaScript during variable declaration what type of value the variable will hold. The
value type of a variable can change during the execution of a program and
JavaScript takes care of it automatically.
JavaScript Variable Scope
The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined.
JavaScript variables have only two scopes.

• Global Variables: A global variable has global scope which means it can be
defined anywhere in your JavaScript code.

• Local Variables: A local variable will be visible only within a function where
it is defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.

Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global
variable with the same name. If you declare a local variable or function parameter
with the same name as a global variable, you effectively hide the global variable.
Take a look into the following example.

<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable
function checkscope( ) {

var myVar = "local"; // Declare a local variable

document.write(myVar);

}
//-->
</script>
It will produce the following result:

Local

33
JavaScript Variable Names
While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.
• You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable
name. These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For example,
break or boolean variable names are not valid.

• JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must
begin with a letter or an underscore character. For example, 123test is an
invalid variable name but _123test is a valid one.

• JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and name
are two different variables.

JavaScript Reserved Words

A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table. They
cannot be used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or any
object names.

34
 6.JAVASCRIPT– OPERATORS
abstract else Instanceof switch
boolean
enum int synchronized
break
byte case interface
export
catch this
char class extends long throw
const throws
false native
continue transient
debugger final new true try
default typeof
delete do finally var void
double null
volatile
float for
package while
function private with
protected
goto
public
return
if short static
super
implements

import

in

What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called
operands and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following types of
operators.

• Arithmetic Operators

• Comparison Operators

• Logical (or Relational) Operators

• Assignment Operators

• Conditional (or ternary) Operators

Let’s have a look at all the operators one by one.

35
Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators:

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

S. No. Operator and Description

1 + (Addition)

Adds two operands

Ex: A + B will give 30

2 - (Subtraction)

Subtracts the second operand from the first

Ex: A - B will give -10

36
 * (Multiplication
)

3 Multiply both operands

Ex: A * B will give 200

/ (Division
)

4 Dividethenumerator by
thedenominator

Ex: B / A will give 2

% (Modul
us)

5 Outputs the
remainderf o
an integer division

Ex: B % A will give 0

++ (Increment
)

6 I ncreases
an integer value by one

Ex:A++ will give 11

-- (Decrement
)

7 Decreases
an integer value by one

Ex:A-- will give 9

Note:Addition operator+() works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10 will
give "a10".

Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.

<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var a
= 33;
var b = 10; var c =
"Test"; var linebreak =
37
"<br />";

document.write("a + b = ");
result = a + b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a - b = ");
result = a - b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a / b = ");
result = a / b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a % b = ");
result = a % b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a + b + c = ");
result = a + b + c;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

a = a++;

38
 document.write("a++ = ");
result = a++;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

b =
b--;

document.write("b-- = ");
result = b--;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>
Output
a + b = 43 a - b
= 23 a / b = 3.3
a % b = 3 a + b +
c = 43Test a++ =
33 b-- = 10
Set the variables to different values and then try...
Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators:

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

S.No Operator and Description

39
1 == (Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then
the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A == B) is not true.

2 != (Not Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values
are not equal, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A != B) is true.

3 > (Greater than)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of
the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A > B) is not true.

4 < (Less than)

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the
right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A < B) is true.

5 >= (Greater than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to

the value of the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes
true.

Ex: (A >= B) is not true.

40
 6 <= (Less than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the
value of the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.

<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var a
= 10; var
b = 20;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a == b) => ");

result = (a == b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a < b) => ");

result = (a < b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a > b) => ");

result = (a > b);
document.write(result);
 document.write(linebreak);
34

document.write("(a != b) => ");

result = (a != b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >= b) => ");

result = (a >= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a <= b) => ");

result = (a <= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators

and then try...</p> </body>

</html>
Output

(a == b) => false
(a < b) => true
(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
42
 (a <= b) =>
true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and
try..
then
.

Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators:

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

S.N Operator and Description

o

1 && (Logical AND)

If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A && B) is true.

2 || (Logical OR)

If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes
true.

Ex: (A || B) is true.

3 ! (Logical NOT)

Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the
Logical NOT operator will make it false.

Ex: ! (A && B) is false.

43
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in JavaScript.

<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var a =
true; var b =
false;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a && b) => ");

result = (a && b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a || b) => ");

result = (a || b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("!(a && b) => ");

result = (!(a && b));
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->

44
 </script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

then try...</p> </body>

</html>

Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
!(a && b) =>
true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...
Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators:

Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then:

S.No Operator and Description

1 & (Bitwise AND)

It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer

arguments.

Ex: (A & B) is 2.

2 | (BitWise OR)

It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

Ex: (A | B) is 3.

3 ^ (Bitwise XOR)

45
 It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer
arguments. Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or
operand two is true, but not both.

Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.

4 ~ (Bitwise Not)

It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the

operand.

Ex: (~B) is -4.

5 << (Left Shift)

It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of
places specified in the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros.
Shifting a value left by one position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2,
shifting two positions is equivalent to multiplying by 4, and so on.

Ex: (A << 1) is 4.

6 >> (Right Shift)

Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by
the number of bits specified by the right operand.

Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.

7 >>> (Right shift with Zero)

This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in
on the left are always zero.

Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.
Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.

<html>
<body>

46
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 2; // Bit presentation 10
var b = 3; // Bit presentation 11
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a & b) => ");

result = (a & b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a | b) => ");

result = (a | b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a ^ b) => ");

result = (a ^ b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(~b) => ");

result = (~b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a << b) => ");

result = (a << b);
47
 document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >> b) => ");

result = (a >> b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators

and then try...</p> </body> </html>
Output
(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
(~b) => -4
(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) =>
0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...
Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators:

S.No Operator and Description

1 = (Simple Assignment )

Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand

48
 Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C

2 += (Add and Assignment)

It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the
left operand.

Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A

3 -= (Subtract and Assignment)

It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.

Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

4 *= (Multiply and Assignment)

It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.

Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

5 /= (Divide and Assignment)

It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result
to the left operand.

Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A

6 %= (Modules and Assignment)

It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left
operand.

Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Note: Same logic applies to Bitwise operators, so they will become <<=, >>=,
>>=, &=, |= and ^=.

Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.

49
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var a
= 33; var
b = 10;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("Value of a => (a = b) =>

"); result = (a = b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a += b) =>

"); result = (a += b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a -= b) =>

"); result = (a -= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a *= b) =>

"); result = (a *= b);
document.write(result);

50
document.write(linebreak);

51
 document.write("Value of a => (a /= b) =>
");
result = (a /=
b);
document.write(result
);
document.write(linebreak
);

document.write("Value of a => (a %= b) =>

");
result = (a %=
b);
document.write(result
);
document.write(linebreak
);

/->
/
</- ript
sc >

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

try...</
then
p>
</ >
<body
/ >
html

Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) =>
0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...
Miscellaneous Operators

52
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the
conditional operator (? :) and the typeof operator.

Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and
then executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the
evaluation.

S.No Operator and Description

1 ? : (Conditional )

If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in
JavaScript.

<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var a
= 10; var
b = 20;

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
 document.write ("((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => ");
45
result = (a < b) ? 100 :
200;
document.write(result
);
document.write(linebreak
);

/->
/
</- >
script

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

try...</
then
p>
</ >
<body
/ >
html
Output

((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200

((a < b) ? 100 : 200) =>
100
Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...
typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand,
which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the
operand.

The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a

number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.

Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.

Type String Returned by typeof

Number "number"

54
String "string"
 Boolean "boolean"

Object "object"

Function "function"

Undefined "undefined"

Null "object"
Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.

<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- var a = 10; var b
= "String"; var
linebreak = "<br />";

result = (typeof b == "string" ? "B is String" : "B is

Numeric"); document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result); document.write(linebreak);

result = (typeof a == "string" ? "A is String" : "A is

Numeric"); document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result); document.write(linebreak);

56
 //-->
</script
>

<p>Set the variables to different valuesfferent

and di operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output

Result => B is String

Result => A is
Numeric
Set the variables to different values and different operators and
then try...

57
 End of ebook preview
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ProcessingJS
If you're new to JavaScript or ProcessingJS, you can learn more from this
course: Intro to JS.
Shapes


rect(x, y, w, h)


ellipse(x, y, w, h)


triangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)



line(x1, y1, x2, y2)



point(x, y)


arc(x, y, w, h, start, stop)



bezier(x1, y1, cx1, cy1, cx2, cy2, x2, y2)



quad(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4)



image(image, x, y, width*, height*)

See
also: ellipseMode, rectMode, imageMode, strokeCap, bezierPoint, bezierTangent, curve, curve
Point, curveTangent, curveTightness

Complex Shapes


58
 beginShape() / endShape() / vertex()


curveVertex()


bezierVertex()
See also: strokeJoin, curveTightness

Colors
 background(r, g, b)Set the background color
 fill(r, g, b)Set the fill color for shapes
 noFill()Turn off fill for shapes
 stroke(r, g, b)Set the outline color for shapes
 strokeWeight(thickness)Change the thickness of lines and outlines
 noStroke()Turn off outlines for shapes
 color(r, g, b)Store a color in a variable
 blendColor(c1, c2, MODE)Blend two colors together
 lerpColor(c1, c2, amount)Find color between 2 colors
See also: colorMode, red, green, blue, alpha, hue, saturation, brightness

Text
 text(text, x, y)Draw some text
 textFont(font, size*)Changes the font of text
 textSize(size)Change the size of text
See also: textWidth, textAscent, textDescent, textLeading, textAlign

Transform
 rotate(angle)Rotate shapes by an angle
 scale(amount)Scale shapes in both dimensions
 translate(x, y)Translate shapes by an offset
See also: pushMatrix/popMatrix, resetMatrix, printMatrix

Environment
 width / heightThe size of the canvas
 draw = function() { }Called repeatedly during program execution
 playSound(sound)Plays one of the allowed sounds
See also: Program.assertEqual, Program.restart, frameRate(fps), frameCount, loop, noLoop

Mouse
 mouseX, mouseYCurrent coordinates of the mouse
 pmouseX, pmouseYPast coordinates of the mouse

59
 mouseButtonWhich button is pressed
 mouseIsPressedWhether mouse is being pressed
 mouseClicked = function() { }Called when mouse is clicked
 mousePressed = function() { }Called when mouse is pressed
 mouseReleased = function() { }Called when mouse is released
 mouseMoved = function() { }Called when mouse is moved
 mouseDragged = function() { }Called when mouse is dragged
 mouseOver = function() { }Called when mouse moves over canvas
 mouseOut = function() { }Called when mouse moves out of canvas

Keyboard
 keyNumber representing which key is pressed
 keyCodeRepresents when a special key is pressed
 keyIsPressedTrue if a key is being pressed, false otherwise
 keyPressed = function() { }Called when a key is pressed
 keyReleased = function() { }Called when a key is released
 keyTyped = function() { }Called when a key is typed

Math
 random(low, high)Generate a random number
 dist(x1, y1, x2, y2)Calculates the distance between two points
 constrain(value, min, max)Constrain value between min and max
 min(num1, num2)Return the minimum of two numbers
 max(num1, num2)Return the maximum of two numbers
 abs(num)Take the absolute value of a number
 log(num)Take the logarithm of a number
 pow(num, exponent)Raise a number to an exponent
 sq(num)Square a number
 sqrt(num)Take the square root of a number
 round(num)Return nearest integer
 ceil(num)Return nearest integer of greater/equal value
 floor(num)Return nearest integer of lesser/equal value
 PVector(x, y)An object that describes a 2-dimensional vector
See also: mag, exp, map, norm, lerp, noise, noiseDetail, Random.nextGaussian

Trigonometry
 cos(degrees)Take the cosine of an angle
 sin(degrees)Take the sine of an angle
 tan(degrees)Take the tangent of an angle
See also: acos, asin, atan, atan2, radians, degrees, angleMode

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 Date & Time
 day() / month() / year()Current date
 hour() / minute() / second()Current time
 millis()Milliseconds elapsed since program start

Debugging
 debug(arg1, arg2, ...)Print to your browser's developer console
 println(data)Print a new line to the canvas console
 print(data)Print to the canvas console

JavaScript
 var drawWinston = function() { }Define a new function
 var array = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]Make an array of 5 numbers
 if (x < 20) { }Only run code if a certain condition is true
 for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) { }Repeat code a fixed number of times
 while (x < 250) { }Only run code while a certain condition is true

Our documentation does not cover the many ways to use JavaScript.
Learn more at:

 Mozilla Developer Network: JavaScript Guide

 W3Schools JavaScript Tutorial
Based on: ProcessingJS reference. Licensed under: CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
license.

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