INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER:

Computer is an electronic device which takes the input information from the input device and generates
the output information and it will be displayed on the output.
It enables arithmetic computations, data processing, information management (storage) and knowledge
reasoning in an efficient manner.
The word computer is derived from the word compute which means „to calculate‟. So a computer generally
considered to be calculating device that perform operations at very faster rates.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

Basically the computer system has three major components. These are
 System Unit
o Central Processing Unit (Processor)
o Memory Unit. (Main memory and Auxiliary storage).
 Input Unit.
 Output Unit.
 Motherboard

The motherboard is hardware that makes connections between all of the other components in a computer

1. Back Panel Connectors & Ports

Connectors and ports for connecting the computer to external devices such as display ports, audio ports,
USB ports, Ethernet ports, PS/2 ports etc. See image below for a close-up view

2. PCI Slots
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect

Slot for older expansion cards such as sound cards, network cards, connector cards. See image below for a
close-up view.

3. PCI Express x1 Slot

Slot for modern expansion cards such as sound cards, network cards (Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth),
connector cards (USB, FireWire, eSATA) and certain low-end graphics cards.
4. PCI Express x16 Slot
Slot for discrete graphic cards and high bandwidth devices such as top-end solid state drives

5. Northbridge
Also known as Memory Controller Hub (MCH).

Chipset that allows the CPU to communicate with the RAM and graphics card.

Beginning from the Sandy Bridge generation of Intel CPUs, motherboards no longer have this component as
it has been integrated within the CPU itself. - See more at: 6. CPU

6. CPU Socket Insert CPU here

7. ATX 12V Power Connector

Connects to the 4-pin power cable of a power supply unit which supplies power to the CPU.

8. Front Panel USB 2.0 Connectors

Connects to USB 2.0 ports at the front or top of a computer case

9. Front Panel Connectors

Connects to the power switch, reset switch, power LED, hard drive LED and front audio ports of a computer
case.

10. IDE Connector

Connects to older hard drive disks and optical drives for data transfer

11. CMOS Battery

Supplies power to store BIOS settings and keep the real-time clock running.

12. Southbridge
Also known as the Input/Output Controller Hub (ICH).

Chipset that allows the CPU to communicate with PCI slots, PCI-Express x 1 slots (expansion cards), SATA
connectors (hard drives, optical drives), USB ports (USB devices), Ethernet ports and on-board audio.

13. SATA Connectors

Connects to modern hard disk drives, solid state drives and optical drives for data transfer

14. Fan Headers

Supplies power to the CPU heat sink fan and computer case fans

15. RAM Slots

Insert RAM here

16. ATX Power Connector

Connects to the 24-pin ATX power cable of a power supply unit which supplies power to the motherboard
TASK 1:
Identification of the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the block
diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral.

Aim: To identify the computer hardware parts

Procedure:

1. Cabinet:

a. It is used to install all hardware

devices like(mother board, SMPS,

Cabinet
HDD,CD ROM, FDD)
b. It has Start, Restart Button, Led‟s, Power
Audio and USB Connecters are Power
LED
Switch

available at front side. HDD LED Reset

Switch

2. Monitor :

a. Monitor of a computer is like a

television screen.
b. It displays text characters and
graphics in colors or in shades of
grey.
c. The monitor is also called as screen
or display or CRT (cathode ray
tube). In the monitor the screen will
be displayed in pixels format.
i. 800 by 600 pixels
ii. 1024 by 768 pixels d.
.
3. Key Board:

a. Key board is like a type writer, which ii. enhanced key board with 104
contains keys to feed the data or keys or above
information into the computer
b. Keyboards are available in two
modules. These are
i. standard key board with 83-88
keys
4. Mouse:

a. Every mouse has one primary button

(left button) and one secondary
button (right button).
b. The primary button is used to carry
out most tasks, where as secondary
button is used in special cases you
can select commands and options

5. Printer:

a. A device that prints images ii. Inkjet printer

(numbers, alphabets, graphs, etc…)
on paper is known as Printer.
b. We have different types of printers to
take printouts. These are as follows:
i. Dot matrix printer

iii.Laser printer

6. Speakers:

a. Speakers make your system much more

delightful to use entertain you while
you are working on computer
7. Scanner :

a. Scanner used to scan images and text

8. System board/Motherboard

a. This is the major part of the PC

hardware

Mother Board
b. It manages all transactions of data
between CPU peripherals.
c. which holds the Processor, Random
Access Memory and other parts, and
has slots for expansion cards
d. It is rectangle shape
e.
9. Socket 478:

a. It use 478 – PIN MICROPGA

package it is used installing CPU
b. It is square type design.

10. CPU
a. The central processing unit contains processor. The processor is fitted on
the heart of any computer, the to a Mother Board. The Mother
 Board contains various components,
which support the functioning of a
PC.
b. It is brain of the computer
c. It is square shape

11. Ram Slots and Rams:

a. Ram slots are used to install the rams
b. It is large rectangle shape and each
ending has small clips.
c. There two type ram slots
d. SD Ram;---------Two Gaps
e. DDR Ram-------One Gap
f.

g.

12. North Bridge:

a. It is also called as controller
b. It converts electronic signals to
binary values and binary values to
electronic signals
c. It is near by socket 478
d. It placed middle of the mother board

13. South Bridge:

a. It is controls major components
mother board and it back bone of the
input out devices
b. It is communicates PCI slots, IDE-1,
IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip.
c. It near by CMOS battery
14. CMOS Battery:
a. Computer is using a coin shape
battery
b. It generates the clock signal and it
manage system continues time

15. Primary & Secondary(IDE-1 & IDE-2) :

a. It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2.
b. It used to connecting Hard Disk
Dive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.

c.

16. Input & Out put ports :

a. IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner,
speakers etc...

17. AGP Slot & AGP Card :

a. AGP Slot is used install the AGP card.
b. AGP back view same as VGA port(15-female pins) and used to connecting the monitors
c. This slot is above PCI slots and its color is Black or Brown
18. CI Slots &PCI(Expansion) Cards :
a. PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as

i. LAN (Ethernet) Card---Back view Ethernet port

ii. Sound Card- Back view Audio pin connectors)

iii. TV Tuner(Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter

b. PCI Slots are white or yellow color

c. PCI Card has Single gap only

19. BIOS Chip :

a. BIOS controls how the operating
system and hardware wok together
b. BIOS identification is BIOS name is
available on chip or mother board
c.
20. ATX Power connecter:
a. ATX power connecter is used to
connect ATX power plug( This is
from SMPS)
b. ATX Power connecter has 20/24
pins available.
c. It is white color and it has ATX
name is available on Mother Board
d.
e.

21. Floppy connecter:

a. Floppy connecter is used to connect
Floppy Disk Drive.
b. This is beside of ATX power
connecter and Name FDD is
available on the mother board.

22. Bus Cables or Data cables :

a. A Bus is a collection of wires
through which data is transmitted
from one device to another device
cables are two types
b. IDE cable : it used to connect HDD,
CD ROM, DVD ROM
c. FDD cable: it used to connect FDD
(braking or manufacture defecting)

23. Hard Disk Drive:

a. The hard disk drive is the main, and b. The operating system, software titles
usually largest, data storage device in and most other files are stored in the
a computer hard disk drive
c. Identifications is the panel name is
Hard Disk dive
24. CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:
a. CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only
Memory) Drive is a device that reads
the information from Compact Disks
(CD).
b. CD-Writer is used to write the data
into Compact Disks.
c. Identification is the panel name is
CD Writer
25. Floppy Disk Drive:
a. The floppy disk drive is used to read
the information stored in floppy
disks.
b. Floppy disks also called as a
diskette.
c. Identification is smaller than CD
writer.
26. SMPS:
a. SMPS is used to supply the power to
Mother Board HDD,CD ROM, FDD
b. In SMPS holds a transformer,
voltage control and fan
c. Identification is the rectangular box
shape and panel name is switching
mode power supply.
 TASK 2
Aim: Assembling and disassembling the system hardware components of the personal computer
Requirements:

1. CPU(Processor) 7. Speakers 13. Power Cables

2. Mother Board 8. Key Board 14. SMPS
3. Floppy Disk Drive 9. Mouse 15. Screw Driver
4. Hard Disk Drive 10. Monitor 16. Screws
5. CD or DVD ROM 11. RAM( SD or DDR) 17. Printer etc…
6. Cabinet 12. Bus Cables

Procedure:
1. Mother Board Installation:

a. Open the cabinet on either side.

b. The back side of the cabinet has

readymade provision for the installation of
the I/O shields. An I/O shield is used for
connecting the input and output devices
through it.

C. Check whether the mother board is placed in such a way that the I/O ports of the motherboard
correctly fit in the I/O shields. Ensure all the specified screws for the motherboard are fixed and
intact.

CPU Installations:
1. CPU is one of the most dedicated motherboard. After the CPU is rightly placed
components of the computer. The CPU pins in its position the lever is to be locked.
have to be clearly studied before fixing into
the relevant processor space on the

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 2 As a part of the CPU installation, before
the CPU is fixed in the right position a
lever is provided, which needs to be
unlocked. This lever is perpendicular to
the motherboard.

3 The CPU, which is a square shaped

electronic component, comes with pins
below it. One should find for an indication
on one of the corners of the CPU on both
sides. This arrow mark is also found on the
motherboard which guides for the fixation
of the CPU. Once match of the pins verses
motherboard slot gently push the CPU.

4 After the CPU is rightly placed in its

position, the lever is to be locked.

CPU heat sink fan installation:

5 The CPU heat sink fan is to be carefully

plugged on to the CPU by pushing down
the metal plastic clips.

6 The metal/plastic clips provided with heat

sink fan should fix on to the CPU socket
and have to be locked.

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7 Once the CPU het sink fan is fixed and
locked, it should be connected to the
Power supply available on the mother
board through the power connector.

RAM Installation:
8 Next is installing the RAM. Insert the RAM into an available expansion socket. Note how the RAM
is keyed to the socket. This ensures the RAM can be plugged into the socket one way only. Finally
press the RAM firmly into position, making certain the Ram is completely seated in the socket.

SMPS Installations:
9 Next is installing the SMPS. This is an electronic power supply unit that provides and regulates the
power supply to all components of a computer system. As shown in the diagram the SMPS needs to
install into cabinet at the place provided for it.
10 After placing the SMPS into the relevant provider space fix the outer screws to it intact.

11 Next installing the ATX power connector. It is a 20/24-pin power connector. This is the primary
power supply to the mother board.

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Hard Disk Drive Installation:
12 Installing the Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is clearly understood in the following steps. First see the rare
of the HDD. It consists of the 3 types of pins. One left side the HDD has multiple pins termed as the
IDE connector. In the middle is the jumper setting pins for the HDD. On the extreme right side is the
power connector pins. Every device except FDD (floppy Disk Drive) uses this type of power
connector. And HDD and CDD (Compact Disk Drive) connected by this type of IDE cable.

Power Connector

13 Mount the HDD into mounting slot meant for the HDD with the rear end facing and secure the inner
screws intact.

14 Connect the IDE cable to the HDD as well as the mother board as shown in the figure.

15 Remember for all the power connectors to HDD rare end by gently pushing the
be plugged in, one needs to align the Red connector.
line on the cable to Pin-1 of the IDE port.
Hence connect the power cable to the
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Floppy Disk Drive Installation:
16 Installation of a Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) is very similar to the HDD installation. We need to
identify the relevant pins for the motherboard and power supply connectivity. First Step in the FDD
installation is mounting of the FDD into the FDD mounting slot by removing the cover of front side
of the cabinet as shown in the figure below.
17 Push the FDD case into opened of the cabinet curtaining of the FDD

18 Secure FDD with inner screws.

19 Connect the one end of cable to mother board and other to end to FDD.

20 Connect the power connector to the FDD.

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CD ROM Installation:

21 Next installing the CD-ROM. Remove the

cover of front side of the cabinet
curtaining of the CD-ROM.

22 Push CD-ROM case into opened space.

23 Secure CD-ROM with inner screws.

24 Connect the one end of cable to motherboard and another end to CD-ROM.

25 Connect the power connector to the CD-

ROM.

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Switches and LEDs Connections:
26 Installing the Switches and LEDs of front side of the cabinet. Please refer to your mother board
manual to locate where the connectors are. Different mother boards place the connectors in different
locations. The connectors for the switches and LEDs are normally grouped together. They should
look similar to the figure given below.

IO Devices Installations:
27 Finally connect all peripheral devices like mouse, key-board, monitor, etc, to the I/O ports shown in
the figure below.

a) Keyboard:
Keyboard has round shape connectors. The male connector appears at the edge of the
keyboard‟s cable and the female connector appears at the back side of the system unit. We are
using the 6 pins round keyboard connector.
b) Mouse:
The mouse connector is same as the keyboard connector. The male connector appears at the edge
of mouse cable and female connector appears at the backside of the system. It is also having 6 pins to
connect the mouse.

c) Monitor:
The monitor of computer has „D‟ shape connectors. The male Monitor connector has 15 pins and it
appears at the edge of monitor‟s cable. The female monitor connector appears at the back of the
system unit.

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d) Printer:
Printer connector is the oldest connector of a computer. The male printer connector has 25 pins and it
appears at the edge of the printer cable and the backside of the system unit.

e) Audio / Speaker:
For audio effect we are using speakers. The audio male connector have single thick pin and each
male connector of individual speaker is distinguish with separate color. The male connectors appear at the
edge of the speaker cables. The female audio connectors appear in same color at the back side of the system
unit. The female audio connectors have some special symbols i.e.

1. The first symbol displays “line-out”.

2. The second symbol displays “line-in”.
3. The third symbol displays “Mic-in”.

Line-out------- it sends the out put to speakers.

Line-in-------- it takes the input from speakers.
Mic-in----- it takes the input from microphone.

f) Ethernet / Networking:
The Ethernet connectors are used when two or more than two computers need to be linked with other
over a computer network like LAN (local area network). The shape of male Ethernet connector is quite
similar to male modem connector except it is more flat. The female Ethernet connector appears at the back
of the system unit.
g) USB:
USB (universal serial bus) is the latest and most popular connector. Using USB connectors, we can
connect so many different devices to our computer. Any device equipped with USB has slim male connector
with slim metal coating appearing at the end of the devices cable. For connecting the device, a female USB
connector is provided at the back of the system unit. We can identify the USB connector with this symbol.

USB: Ethernet / Networking:

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