PREFACE

What is Knowledge Bytes ?

Knowledge Bytes is a collection of riddles, interesting facts, mnemonics,
and puzzles that will make your learning fun and engaging.
We want you to be delighted about studying. Knowledge Bytes helps you
to know more about the subject in a fun, motivating and educational way
and helps to implement what you learn in a creative way.

Benefits

Saves Time

Develops Learning Skills

Stimulates Interest

Leads to Increased Comprehension

EXPLORE
1. Factorization, Introduction to Graphs and pictographs 1
2. Light 9
3. Combustion and Flame 12
4. Reaching the Age of Adolescence 17
5. Law and Social Justice 25
6. Parajumbles 27
7. Non-Verbal Reasoning 30
 Factorization

Factorization
Factorization consists of The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and
writing a number or another 12 are all factors of 12 because
mathematical term as a 12 can be divided by these
product of several factors. completely.

7xy + 21x2y
Factors of algebraic expression Here the terms 7xy has been
formed by the factors 7, x and
In an algebraic expression, y and 21x2y has been formed
while factorizing, terms by the factors 3, 7, x, x, y
are formed as product of
factors. i.e. 21x2y = 3 × 7 × x × x × y
∴ 7xy + 21x2y = 7xy (1+3x)

Some identities used for factorization of algebraic

expressions

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
1
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
Factorization of a quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c

x2 + 5x + 6
On comparing this expression with standard form
a = 1, b = 5, c = 6
Now multiply c with a i.e. 6 × 1 = 6, split this 6 into
two factors such that their product is 6 and sum is
middle term i.e. 5
6

2 3
x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
(x + 2) (x + 3)

12
factorize x2 – 7x + 12
so factors are (x–3) (x–4) –3 –4

2
Introduction to Graphs
A graph is a pictorial representation of data.
Types of Graph

Bar graphs Pie graph or Pie chart Histogram Pictograph

Line graph

Bar Graph

Bar graph is a visual tool which is used to compare the data among
categories. It may be horizontal and vertical.

In a survey, the data of 150 students about the fruit they like the
most is shown
Fruit Apple Banana Orange Grapes Blueberry
Student 30 45 35 15 25
Bar graph for the above data is

45 —
40 —
35 —
( Number of students)

30 —
25 —
20 —
15 —
10 —
5—
0
Apple Banana Orange Grapes Blueberry 3

(Fruits)
Banana fruit is the most liked fruit.
Pie Chart

A pie chart is a type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors, each
sector represents a proportion of the whole.

Useful facts about pie chart

Pie charts are always shaped in a circle.

Pie charts record discrete data.
Pie charts can record data in percentages.

The given figure shows the percentage of visitors

in different cities.

15%
Jaipur

15%
Delhi
40%
Pune

30%
Mumbai

4
Histogram

A histogram is the graphical representation of data when data is in

continuous form.
In a histogram, there should not be any gap between the bars.

The following table shows height of trees (in inches).

Height Number of trees (frequency)

60-65 3
65-70 3
70-75 8
75-80 10
80-85 5
85-90 1

12 —
10 —
Frequency

8—
6—
4—
2—
0
60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Height

5
Note : The sign used in above example is called kink.
Pictograph :

A pictograph is a representation of data using images or symbols.

A survey was conducted by a local school for students of 8th Class

on how they spend their time during lockdown on a weekday.
The average duration per student was calculated and the outcomes
were recorded in the form of following pictorial graph.

Activity Time spent

Online classes
Gadgets (T.V/Smartphone)

Self Study

Sleep

Others

Here represents 2 hours

6
 Quiz
Q.1 What is the average time spent by a student on gadgets in the
pictograph given above?

Q.2 What is the total average time spent by a student on academics in

the pictograph given above?

Q.3 The pictograph shows the

Monday
number of eggs sold by a
trader in three days. If the Tuesday
trader still had 115 eggs Wednesday
left after the three days,
then calculate the number of eggs he had in the beginning.
Represents 25 eggs

Answer (Quiz)
A.1 The average time spent by a child on gadgets
3 × 2 = 6 hours
A.2 Total time taken for academics
2 × 2 + 2 × 1 = 4 + 2 = 6 hours.
A.3 Eggs sold on three days
Monday : 4 × 25 = 100
Tuesday : 4 × 25 = 100
Wednesday : 5 × 25 = 125
Remaining eggs = 115
7
Total number of eggs he had = 100 + 100 + 125 + 115 = 440
Line Graph

A line graph displays data that changes continuously over periods of time.
In a line graph, information as set of consecutive data points are connected
by line segments.
On a hot summer day, an enthusiast maintained a record of the temperature
of his city, taken every four hours. He presented his records in the form of
“time-temperature graph” given below:

The following table shows height of trees (in inches).

Time 6 am 10 am 2 pm 6 pm 10 pm

Tempearture (°C) 24 26 32 29 27

36
34
32
30
Temperature (°C)

28
26
24
22
20
0
6 10 2 6 10
am am pm pm pm
8
Time
 Light

Crossword
ACROSS

1. Phenomenon of changing 1 2
side from left to right and
3
vice versa by mirror while
forming images. [16] 4
3. The reflection that takes
place when light is incident 5

on smooth, polished and

6
regular surfaces. [7] 7
4. The spot at which there
8 9
are no sensory cells hence
no vision is possible. [9]
5. Beautiful patterns formed
10
in this due to multiple
reflections. [12]
6. How many colours are
present in white light. [5]
7. Splitting of light into its constituent colors. [10]
8. The angle between normal and incident ray. [9]
10. Transparent front part of the eye. [6]

DOWN

2. Eye problem caused due to deficiency of vitamin A. [14]

9
9. The disease when the eye lens becomes opaque and eyesight
becomes foggy. [8]
Latest Developments
The speed of light in vacuum is nearly equal to
3 × 108 m/s. When it travels in Bose-Einstein
condensate, its speed can be upto 25 km/hr.
Bose-Einstein condensates are a strange state
of matter consisting of supercool atoms with
almost zero energy, where atoms behave in a
quantum state.
Just as Bose-Einstein condensates can be
used to slow down light, they can also be used
to temporarily store it. In the same experiment, a team of scientists
stored light for 1.5 second, before releasing a pulse back to motion.
This discovery could lead to developments in transmitting quantum
information.

Scientists Info and Contribution

James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831) was a scottish
scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His
most notable achievement was to formulate the
classical theory of electromagnetic radiation,
bringing together for the first time electricity,
magnetism and light as different manifestations
of the same phenomenon. Maxwell’s equations for
electromagnetism have been called the “second great
unification in physics” where the first one had been realised by Isaac
Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through
space as waves moving at the speed of light. He proposed that light
is an undulation in the same medium that is the cause of electric and
magnetic phenomena.
The unification of light and electrical phenomena led his prediction of
10
the existence of radio waves. Maxwell is also regarded as a founder of
the modern field of electrical engineering.
Answer (Crossword)

2
1 L A T E R A L I N V E R S I O N
I
3 R E G U L A R
H
4 B L I N D S P O T
B
5 K A L E I D O S C O P E
I
6 S E V E N
7 D I S P E R S I O N
9 N
8 I N C I D E N C E
A S
T S
A
10 C O R N E A
A
C
T

11
 Combustion and Flame

Crossword

2 4
1

5 6
3

ACROSS

1. Non-metal which catches fire if exposed to air. [10]

3. The lowest temperature at which a given substance catches fire is called

its _____ temperature [8]
5. The most common fire extinguisher. [5]

DOWN
2. A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give
off heat. [10]

4. In automobiles petrol is used as a [4]

6. It is as hard as stone and black in colour. [4] 12

Fire Tetrahedron | Chemistry of Fire

FUEL

UNINHIBITED
CHAIN
REACTION

HEAT
OXYGEN ENERGY

Fuel is a flammable material that begins the process of combustion.

When fuel is heated past its flash point, it enters in the gas phase and
releases vapour pressure that can ignite in air and support combustion.
Heat energy is produced during combustion because the reaction is
exothermic. Since these reactions are ongoing, combustion releases
more than enough heat to make the fire self-perpetuating.
Oxygen supports burning due to oxidation. This is when gases released
by fuel heat up, break apart and recombine with oxygen. This is what
causes burning to begin.
Uninhibited chain reactions are when heat is constantly being
13
produced as a result of ongoing reactions. This is what makes the fire
self-sustaining.
 Fun Time

What do you get when you Why did the kerosene go to

1 2
make explosives out of citrus? therapy?

To get help with his

Lemonades obsessive-combustive
disorder.

A guy with flame tatto sleeves walks into a

building. Security stops him and says

What do you call a fire

that floats on water?
3There are no
firearms allowed in
this building.

What bird sets letters

on fire?

4
Flame-bouyant!
5
A flaming O

14
 Quiz

Inspite of the danger involved with hydrogen, it is

used for some applications. It is used

Q.1
(a) As a rocket fuel
(b) In oxyhydrogen torch
(c) As a car fuel
(d) In all of the above

What is the disadvantage of incomplete combustion

of a fuel?
(a) Unburnt carbon gets released.
Q.2 (b) Air gets polluted.
(c) Respiratory problems arise.
(d) All of the above

The colour and temperature of a flame are dependent

on the

Q.3
(a) Calorific value
(b) Ignition temperature of fuel
(c) Type of fuel involved in the combustion
(d) All of the above

Which of the following statements is not true?

(a) Spontaneous combustion takes place without
any apparent cause.

Q.4 (b) Luminous zone of a flame has the highest

temperature.
15
(c) Carbon dioxide gas causes global warming.
(d) The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kJ/kg.
 Answer (Crossword)

2 4
C F
1 P H O S P H O R U S
M E
B L
U
S 6
5 W A T E R C
3 I G N I T I O N
O A
N L

Answer (Quiz)

Ans. Ans.
(d) In all of the above (d) All of the above
1 2

(c) Type of fuel (b) Non- luminous zone

Ans. involved in the Ans. of a flame has the
3 4
combustion highest temperature.
16
 Reaching the Age
of Adolescence

Latest Scientific research!

Team of scientist of Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University,
lead by Dr. K.Khalili has successfully edited the genome of SIV (Siamian
Immunodeficiency virus). This virus is a close relative of HIV and is
found in monkeys (Rhesus macaque). This research is a major step
towards HIV- AIDS study as scientists can now take similar measures
to edit and study HIV virus also.

SIVmac

SIVsm

HIV-2

17
 Do
You
w
? You may wonder from where the name of the
bump in the midway of boy’s neck came from?

kno w
So before around the 18th century, nobody

kn
had a name for that. This bump is actually
more prominent in men than women. Since,
it is more prominent in men than women, you
can guess why it’s not called Eve’s apple. But, where does this name come
from? Most of us know about the story of Adam and Eve and the Forbidden
fruit, which is usually called an apple, but what does this have to do with
that projection on the men’s throat?
So as you probably know, God had told Adam and Eve, living there in the
Garden of Eden, that they must not eat the fruit of the tree of the knowledge
of good and evil, and by chance if they do, they
would die. Eve, tempted by the serpent,
ate the fruit, and did not die. Then she
shared some with Adam too. He ate it
and he did not die either. But, they
were kicked out of Eden, though.
Keep in mind that not everyone
sees the fruit as an apple but there is
another part of this story, that says the
part of the apple got stuck in Adam’s throat
and remained there as a reminder of the original sin, to
be passed down as a trait in all men. So the term “Adam’s Apple” comes
from that story.
18
Myth vs Facts About Menstruation Cycle

M Y T H FACT
Harmful Not Harmful

Using cloth is safe Cloth can’t absorb

the blood
Women act “crazy” Hormonal imbalance

Menstrual cycle repeats The date of getting

in exact pattern period can change
Spoils the pickles Doesn’t have any
affect on pickles
Tampon can get Vagina has finite
lost inside space
Mood swings are Pre-menstrual
controllable syndrome is real!
Voluntary flow The flow of blood
is involuntary

19
Historical Fact

Do you know the choir boys in catholic church in middle ages were
castrated (removing testes) before attaining puberty in order to
preserve their shrill and high pitched voice. It started in 1599 when
Pope Clement VIII permitted a castrated young boy to sing in the
church and this practice went on for next 280 years or so until Pope
Leo in 1878 finally stopped it.

20
Know Your Endocrine System

Identify the endocrine glands :

ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM

21
Adolescence Word Puzzle

W M Q N Z X M E C T Y X B F U V U
I N C X T Y S Q B H Z H Y W X E B
O Y H X E J N U M R I Z C I P R Z
T E X I S S Y F M O F U A P Z U Y
V U O F T E J S X X N X Y M I L D
H B D W O C V E F I E V U T O Z H
S V S S S D U B S N B D V T P G D
O S R J T Y T A I E E Q K R Z Q W
G D I K E S E C O W L V H I E N R
W I T O R O T E H O R M O N E E S
A A S T O N D O P G T O X K D X M
H B H K N E T U C J N Q S N O F D
Y E F E E S W S I Q X P A K D K F
K T Z I T E E N A G E R S U H I J
Z E Q Z P G O O K Q S D C P A X M
Z S I G R Y M E N A R C H E I A A
B F P A I Q L A Q Y N E V I A Z N

Q1. A non-nutrient chemical messenger

Q2. Deficiency of insulin causes
Q3. Insect hormone responsible for metamorphosis
Q4. Onset of menstruation
Q5. Another term for oil gland
Q6. Another term for adolescents
Q7. Male sex hormone
Q8. Hormone that requires iodine for its synthesis 22
Answer (Know Your Endocrine System)

Ovary

Adrenal gland

Testicle
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Pancreas

Thyroid gland

Thymus gland
Pituitary gland

23
Answer (Adolescence Word Puzzle)

W M Q N Z X M E C T Y X B F U V U
I N C X T Y S Q B H Z H Y W X E B
O Y H X E J N U M Y I Z C I P R Z
T E X I S S Y F M R F U A P Z U Y
V U O F T E J S X O N X Y M I L D
H B D W O C V E F X E V U T O Z H
S V S S S D U B S I B D V T P G D
O S R J T Y T A I N E Q K R Z Q W
G D I K E S E C O E L V H I E N R
W I T O R O T E H O R M O N E E S
A A S T O N D O P G T O X K D X M
H B H K N E T U C J N Q S N O F D
Y E F E E S W S I Q X P A K D K F
K T Z I T E E N A G E R S U H I J
Z E Q Z P G O O K Q S D C P A X M
Z S I G R Y M E N A R C H E I A A
B F P A I Q L A Q Y N E V I A Z N

1. HORMONE 2. DIABETES 3. ECDYSONE

4. MENARCHE 5. SEBACEOUS 6. TEENAGERS

7. TESTOSTERONE 8. THYROXINE

24
 Law and
Social Justice

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

One of the world’s worst industrial tragedy
took place in Bhopal 40 years ago. Union
Carbide (UC) an American company had
a factory in the city in which it produced
pesticides. At midnight on 2 December
1984 methyl-isocyanite (MIC) - a highly
poisonous gas - started leaking from this UC
plant.

Within three days, more than

8,000 people were dead. Hundreds of
thousands were maimed.

Most of those exposed to the poison gas

came from poor, working-class families, of
which nearly 50,000 people are today too sick
to work. Among those who survived, many
developed severe respiratory disorders, eye
problems and other disorders. Children developed
peculiar abnormalities. 25
 The disaster was not an accident. UC
had deliberately ignored the essential
safety measures in order to cut cost.
Much before the Bhopal disaster, there
had been incidents of gas leak killing a
worker and injuring many people.
Despite the overwhelming evidence
pointing to UC as responsible for the
disaster, it refused to accept responsibility.
In the ensuing legal battle, the government
represented the victims in a civil case
against UC. It filed a $3 billion compensation
case in 1985, but accepted a lowly $470 million in 1989. Survivors
appealed against the settlement but the Supreme Court ruled that the
settlement amount would stand.

UC stopped its operations, but left behind

tons of toxic chemicals. These have seeped
into the ground, contaminating water. Dow
Chemical, the company who now owns the
plant, refuses to take responsibility for clean
up.

38 years later, people are still fighting for

justice: for safe drinking water, for health-
care facilities and jobs for the people
poisoned by UC. They also demand that
Anderson, the UC chairman who faces
criminal charges, be prosecuted. 26
 Parajumbles

Quiz

Q.1 (a) Everyone has a right to enjoy this carefree period of life.
(b) At the age of going to school, these children are ruining their
future by working in various establishments.
(c) Childhood is the spring of life and children are future of the
nation.
(d) But we often notice weak, semi-clad children working in
roadside hotels and factories.

The correct sequence should be:

(1) dcba (2) cadb (3) adbc (4) abcd

Q.2 (a) Education without activities is always incomplete.

(b) They instil lessons of discipline, responsibility, self-
confidence and sacrifice in students.
(c) Sports foster friendship and amity.
(d) The importance of sports and games in the life of a student
is valuable.

The correct sequence should be:

(1) dbca (2) cabd (3) acdb (4) adbc
27
Q.3 (a) It impresses the person who happens to read it.
(b) An examiner can read it without any effort.
(c) A good handwriting is a smile on paper.
(d) It is always legible and presented neatly.

The correct sequence should be:

(1) bdac (2) acbd (3) cadb (4) abcd

Q.4 (a) It is known for its huge cultural inheritance.

(b) As the tourist season starts, people from all over the world
start landing here.
(c) This is the reason why millions of tourists are attracted to
visit India every year.
(d) India is a land of diversity.

The correct sequence should be:

(1) dacb (2) acbd (3) cabd (4) dcab

Q.5 (a) You can kill your plants with kindness by overwatering it.
(b) Different plants need different levels of moisture between
watering.
(c) This is the most common mistake novice gardeners make.
(d) Some like moist soil, while others prefer to dry out completely.

The correct sequence should be:

(1) cbda (2) acbd (3) bdca (4) abcd

28
 Answer (Quiz)

A.1 (2) cadb

A.2 (4) adbc

A.3 (3) cadb

A.4 (1) dacb

A.5 (2) acbd

29
 Non-Verbal Reasoning

Quiz

Q.1 Three different positions of a dice are given. Choose a option

which has the same dice as to the given dice but in different
position.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Q.2 Find the correct open net of given dice.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
30
Q.3 Complete the series

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Q.4 How many triangles are there?

31
 Answer (Quiz)

A.1 (c)

A.2 (b)

A.3 (b)

A.4 No. of triangle

Simple triangles = 17
Triangle with two compounds → 8
Triangle with three compounds → 1
Triangle with four compounds → 3
Triangle with five compounds → 1
Triangle with six compounds → 3
Triangle with seven compounds → 1
Corner triangle → 4
∴ Total triangle → 38

32
Bharat Ratna, Missile Man of India & former president

Happy Birthday
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

A nation can accomplish

all it could ever want with
the effort of its people

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, in full Avul Pakir

Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, (born October 15,
1931, Rameswaram, India - died July 27, 2015,
Shillong), Indian scientist and politician who
played a leading role in the development of
India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs.
He was president of India from 2002 to 2007.

The inspiration behind millions of dreams

1430

344 *

34+30 29
156 23
72

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