CET302 Structural Analysis - II

Introduction to
Matrix Methods

Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Department of Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur

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 Module II

Approximate methods (continued): Wind load analysis of multistoried

frames – portal method and cantilever method for lateral load analysis.

Matrix analysis of structures:

Definition of flexibility and stiffness influence coefficients - Concepts of

physical approach

Flexibility method: flexibility matrices for truss and frame elements-load

transformation matrix-development of total flexibility matrix of the
structure-analysis of simple structures-plane truss and plane frame-nodal
loads and element loads-lack of fit and temperature effects

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 Force method and Displacement method

•These methods are applicable to discretized structures of all types

• Force method (Flexibility method)

• Actions are the primary unknowns

• Static indeterminacy: excess of unknown actions than the

available number of equations of static equilibrium

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• Displacement method (Stiffness method)

• Displacements of the joints are the primary unknowns

• Kinematic indeterminacy: number of independent translations

and rotations (the unknown joint displacements)

• More suitable for computer programming

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 Types of Framed Structures
 a. Beams: May support bending moment, shear force and
axial force

 b. Plane trusses: Geometry in 2 dimensions; hinged

joints; generally axial forces only; cannot support twisting
moments
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  c. Space trusses: Geometry in 3 dimensions; hinged joints;
generally axial forces only
But a truss member CAN have bending moments and shear forces if
it has loads directly acting on them, in addition to joint loads

 d. Plane frames: Joints are rigid; all forces in the plane of

the frame, all couples with their vectors normal to the plane
of the frame 6
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  e. Grids: all forces normal to the plane of the grid, all
couples with their vectors in the plane of the grid
(includes bending and torsion)

 f. Space frames: most general framed structure; may

support bending moment, shear force, axial force and
torsion 7
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 Deformations in Framed Structures
• In general, deformations correspond to the actions:

Three forces: N x ,V y ,Vz Three couples: Tx , M y , M z

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 Types of deformations in framed structures
b) axial c) shearing d) flexural e) torsional

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 • Significant deformations in framed structures:

Structure Significant deformations

Beams flexural
Plane trusses axial
Space trusses axial
Plane frames flexural and axial
Grids flexural and torsional
Space frames axial, flexural and torsional

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 Static indeterminacy

 Beam:

 Static indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of

equations available
E  R3

 Examples:
 Single span beam with both ends hinged with
inclined loads
 Continuous beam
 Propped cantilever
 Fixed beam

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  Rigid frame (Plane – 2D):

 External indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of

eqns available E  R3

 Internal indeterminacy = 3 × closed frames I  3a

• Total indeterminacy
= External indeterminacy + Internal indeterminacy
T  E  I   R  3  3a

• Note: An internal hinge will provide an additional eqn

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 Example 1 Example 2

T  E  I   R  3  3a T  E  I   R  3  3a
  2  2  3  3  0  1   3  3  3  3  2  12

Example 3
Example 4

T  E  I   R  3  3a T  E  I   R  3  3a
  3  2  3  3  3  12   4  3  3  3  4  21

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  Rigid frame (Space – 3D):

 External indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of

eqns available
E  R6

 Internal indeterminacy = 6 × closed frames

Example 1

T  E  I   R  6   6a
  4  6  6   6  1  24

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  Plane truss (general):
 External indeterminacy
= Reaction components - number of eqns available

E  R3

• Internal indeterminacy:

 Minimum 3 members and 3 joints.

 Any additional joint requires 2 additional members.
 Hence, number of members for stability,

m  3  2  j  3  2 j  3

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  Hence, internal indeterminacy, I  m   2 j  3
 Total (Internal and external) indeterminacy
T  E  I  R  3  m   2 j  3
 m R2j

 m : number of members
 R : number of reaction components
 j : number of joints

• Note: Internal hinge will provide additional eqn

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 Example 1

T  m  R  2 j  9 3 26  0
E  R 3  3 3  0
I T E 0

Example 2
T  m  R  2 j  15  4  2  8  3
E  R 3 431
I T E 2
Example 3
T  m  R  2 j  6  4  25  0
E  R   3  1  4  4  0 Hinge at A
I T E 0
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 Example 4
T  m  R  2 j  7  3 25  0
E  R  3  3 3  0
I T E 0

Example 5
T  m  R  2 j  6  4  24  2
E  R 3 431
I T  E 1

Example 6
T  m  R  2 j  11  3  2  6  2
E  R 3  33  0
I T E 2
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  Wall or roof attached pin jointed plane truss (Exception
to the above general case):
 Internal indeterminacy I  m  2 j

 External indeterminacy = 0 (Since, once the member

forces are determined, reactions are determinable)

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

T  I  m2 j T  I  m2 j
T  I  m2 j
 6  23  0  5  2 1  3
 7  23  1
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  Space Truss:
 External indeterminacy = Reaction components -
number of equations available E  R6
 Total (Internal and external) indeterminacy T  m  R  3 j

Example 1

 Total (Internal and external) indeterminacy

T  m R3j
 T  12  9  3  6  3
E  R 6  96  3
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 Actions and displacements

Actions:

• External actions (Force or couple or combinations) and

• Internal actions (Internal stress resultants – BM, SF, axial

forces, twisting moments)

Displacements:

• A translation or rotation at some point

• Displacement corresponding to an action: Need not be the

displacement caused by that action
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 External actions: P1 and M1

Displacement corresponding to P1 is Δ (Caused by both P1 and M1)

Displacement corresponding to M1 is θ (Caused by both P1 and M1)

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• Notations for actions and displacements:

D32

D33

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Equilibrium
• Resultant of all actions (a force, a couple or both) must vanish for static
equilibrium

• Resultant force vector must be zero; resultant moment vector must be zero
F  0
x F  0
y F  0
z

M x 0 M y 0 M  0z

• For 2-dimensional problems (forces are in one plane and

couples have vectors normal to the plane),

F  0
x F  0
y M  0
z

• In stiffness method, the basic equations to be solved are the equilibrium

conditions at the joints
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Compatibility

• Compatibility conditions: Conditions of continuity of displacements

throughout the structure

• Eg: at a rigid connection between two members, the displacements

(translations and rotations) of both members must be the same

• In flexibility method, the basic equations to be solved are the

compatibility conditions

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 Action and displacement equations

• Spring: D  FA A  SD

1
• Stiffness S  F 1
F
1 1
• Flexibility: F   S
S

• The above equations apply to any linearly elastic structure

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•Example 1: Flexibility and stiffness of a beam subjected to a single load

L3 48EI
Flexibility F 
48 EI Stiffness S 
L3 29
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•Example 2: Flexibility coefficients of a beam subjected to several loads

Actions on the beam

Deformations corresponding to actions

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Unit load applied corresponding to each action, separately
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D1  D11  D12  D13 D2  D21  D22  D23 D3  D31  D32  D33

D1  F11 A1  F12 A2  F13 A3

D 2  F21 A1  F22 A2  F23 A3
D3  F31 A1  F32 A2  F33 A3

F11 , F12 , F13 etc. Flexibility coefficients

• E.g., Flexibility coefficient F12: Displacement corresponding to A1

caused by a unit value of A2.

• In general, flexibility coefficient Fij is the displacement corresponding

to Ai caused by a unit value of Aj.
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•Example 3: Stiffness coefficients of a beam subjected to several loads

Actions on the beam

Deformations corresponding
to actions

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Unit displacement applied corresponding
to each DOF, separately, keeping all other
displacements zero
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 A1  A11  A12  A13

A1  S11D1  S12 D2  S13D3

A2  S21D1  S22 D2  S23D3

A3  S31D1  S32 D2  S33D3

S11 , S12 , S13 etc. Stiffness coefficients:

• E.g., Stiffness coefficient S12: Action corresponding to D1 caused by a

unit value of D2.

• In general, stiffness coefficient Sij is the action corresponding to Di

caused by a unit value of Dj. 35
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 •Example 4: Flexibility and stiffness coefficients of a beam

Flexibility coefficients:

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 Stiffness coefficients:

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 •Example 5: Flexibility and stiffness coefficients of a truss

Flexibility coefficients

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Stiffness coefficients Dr.RajeshKN

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 Flexibility and stiffness matrices
1. Flexibility matrix
o In general, the displacement-action equations can be
written as:
D1  F11 A1  F12 A2  F13 A3  ...  F1n An
D2  F21 A1  F22 A2  F23 A3  ...  F2 n An
............................................................
Dn  Fn1 A1  Fn 2 A2  Fn 3 A3  ...  Fnn An
o In matrix form,
 D1   F11 F12 ... F1n   A1 
D  F F22 ... F2 n   A2 
 2   21  
 
...   ... ... ... ...   ... 
 Dn   Fn1 Fn 2

... Fnn   An 
n1 nn n1
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 D = FA {D} Displacement matrix (vector),
[F] Flexibility matrix,
D   F  A {A} Action matrix (vector)

Fij are the flexibility coefficients

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 2. Stiffness matrix

o The action-displacement equations can also be written as :

A1  S11 D1  S12 D2  S13 D3  ...  S1n Dn

A2  S21 D1  S22 D2  S23 D3  ...  S2 n Dn
............................................................
An  S n1 D1  S n 2 D2  Sn 3 D3  ...  Snn Dn
o In matrix form,
 A1   S11 S12 ... S1n   D1 
 A  S S22 ... S2 n   D2 
 2   21  
 
...   ... ... ... ...   ... 
 An   Sn1 Sn 2

... S nn   Dn 
n1 nn n1
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 A = SD {A} Action matrix (vector) ,
[S] Stiffness matrix,
 A   S D {D} Displacement matrix (vector)

Sij are the stiffness coefficients

• Relationship between flexibility and stiffness matrices

 A   S D   S  F  A
 F    S 
1

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 •Example: Physical approach: Cantilever element

P PL3 ML2
 
 3EI 2 EI

 M PL2 ML
L, E , I  
2 EI EI

 L3 L2 
    3 EI 2 EI   P 
  2  
   L L  M 
 2 EI EI 

F  43
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Alternatively, using flexibility coefficients,
L3 L2 L
F11  ; F21  F12  ; F22 
3EI 2 EI EI

L3 L2
D1  A1  A2
3EI 2 EI

L2 L
D2  A1  A2
2 EI EI

 L3 L2 
 D1   3EI 2 EI   A1 
  2  
 D2   L L   A2 
 2 EI EI 

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F  Dr.RajeshKN

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 12 EI 6 EI 4EI
S11  3
; S21  S12  2
; S22 
L L L

12 EI 6 EI
A1  3
D1  2
D2
L L
6 EI 4 EI
A2  2
D1  D2
L L

 12 EI 6 EI 
 A1   L3 L2   D1 
   
 A2   6 EI 4 EI   D2 
 L2 L 

1 0 
 F  S    S  F      I S 
0 1  45
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• Flexibility matrix and stiffness matrix are relating actions and corresponding
displacements

The flexibility matrix  F  obtained for a structure analysed by flexibility

method will be the inverse of the stiffness matrix S  obtained for the same
structure analysed by stiffness method ONLY IF the same sets of actions and
corresponding displacements are utilized in the two methods.

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Equivalent joint loads

• Analysis by flexibility and stiffness methods requires that loads must act
only at joints.

• Thus, loads acting on the members (i.e., loads that are not acting at the
joints) must be replaced by equivalent loads acting at the joints.

• The loads that are determined from loads on the members are called
equivalent joint loads.

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 • Equivalent joint loads are added to the actual joint loads to get
combined joint loads.

• Analysis carried out for combined joint loads

• Combined joint loads can be evaluated such that the resulting

displacements of the structure are same as the displacements produced
by the actual loads

• This is achieved thru the use of fixed end actions to get equivalent
joint loads

• Fixed end actions are the reactions at the ends of a member,

considering its ends to be FIXED

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 Fixed end actions - examples

UDL

w
2 wl 2
wl
12
12

wl wl
2 2

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 Pl Pl
Middle point load M1  P M2 
8 8

P P
2 2

Eccentric point load

Pab 2
P Pa 2 b
M1  2 M2 
l l2
a b

Pb M 1  M 2 Pa M 2  M 1
 
l l l l
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 Eccentric couple
M

Ma
Mb
 2a  b 
a b  2b  a 
l2 l2

6Mab
6Mab
l3
l3

Middle couple
M

M M
l l 4
4
2 2

3M 3M
2l 2l

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Equivalent joint loads - examples

•Example 1

Beam with all actual applied loads

Actual joint loads

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 Applied loads other than joint loads
(To be converted to equivalent joint loads)

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 Member fixed end actions
(Due to applied loads other than joint loads)

Fixed end actions for the entire beam

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 Equivalent joint loads (Negative of fixed end actions)

Combined joint loads

(Applied joint loads + Equivalent joint loads)
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 • Equivalent joint loads - Problem 1:

40kN/m 120kN 20kN/m

A D
B 4m C
12m 12 m 12m
wl 2
 480 240
12 480 213.33 106.67 240

wl 240 120 120

 240 88.89 31.11
2

Fixed end actions (for each member)

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 480 480  213.33 240  106.67 240

A D
B C

240 240  88.89 120  31.11 120

 328.89  151.11

Fixed end actions (for the entire beam)

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 480 266.67 133.33 240

A D
B C

240  88.89 120  31.11

240 120
 328.89  151.11

Equivalent joint loads

(Opposite of fixed end actions)

Combined joint loads are same as equivalent joint loads here, since
there are no loads applied to joints directly
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• Superposition of combined joint loads and restraint actions (reactions)
gives the actual loading condition of the structure.

 Hence, superposition of joint displacements due to the combined joint

loads and restraint actions must give the actual displacements of the
structure.

 But joint displacements due to restraint actions are zero. Thus, joint
displacements due to the combined joint loads give the actual
displacements of the structure.

• However, actual member end actions are obtained by superimposing:

a) restraint actions and
b) member end actions due to combined joint loads

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 • Problem 2: 30 kN/m
B C
50 kN 4m
2m
4m

D
A

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 60 kN 60 kN
40 kNm 40 kNm
60 kN 60 kN
40 kNm 40 kNm

50 kN

Fixed end actions

Combined (equivalent
+actual) joint loads
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 •Problem 3:
10 kN/m 40 kN 100 kN
B C D
A 2m
4m 4m 2m

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 13.33 kNm 13.33
20 20
B
A C
B

20 kN
20 kN 20 kN
20 kN
Fixed end actions

13.33 kNm 6.67 2x100 – 20 = 180 kNm

B
A

20 kN 20 +20 = 40 kN 20 +100 = 120 kN

Equivalent joint loads + actual joint loads

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 Summary

• Matrix analysis of structures: static and kinematic

indeterminacy-force and displacement method of analysis-
definition of flexibility and stiffness influence coefficients
Concepts of physical approach.

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 CET302 - Structural Analysis - II

Flexibility Method - 1

Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Department of Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur

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 Module II

Approximate methods (continued): Wind load analysis of multistoried

frames – portal method and cantilever method for lateral load analysis.

Matrix analysis of structures:

Definition of flexibility and stiffness influence coefficients - Concepts of

physical approach

Flexibility method: flexibility matrices for truss and frame elements-load

transformation matrix-development of total flexibility matrix of the
structure-analysis of simple structures-plane truss and plane frame-nodal
loads and element loads-lack of fit and temperature effects

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLEXIBILITY METHOD

Introduction

• This method is a generalization of the Maxwell-Mohr method(1874)

• Unknowns are the redundant actions, which are arbitrarily chosen

• Not conducive to computer programming, because the choice of

redundants is not unique

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Flexibility method (basic concept)
Example 1: Single redundant - Continuous 2-span beam

Released structure

5wL4
B 
384 EI
(Negative, since deflection is downward) Deflection of released
structure due to actual loads
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Apply unit load corresponding to RB
C
Displacement due to unit load,
L3
B 
48EI
R B B
C

Deflection of released structure

Displacement due to RB is RB B
due to redundant applied as a load

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 R B B

 C

 B  RB B  0 Compatibility condition (or equation of superposition

or equation of geometry)
 B 5wL
 RB  
B 8

 B flexibility coefficient
(Displacement due to unit load corresponding to R B )
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Example 2 – More than one redundant

Let Q1, Q2 be the redundants.

P1
B C
B P2
C

Deflections corresponding to redundants

 B & C Displacements in the released structure

corresponding to redundants, due to external loads
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• To get flexibility coefficients
 Apply unit loads corresponding to Q 1 & Q 2

Flexibility coefficients

Net deflection is zero at B and C

 B  F11Q1  F12 Q 2  0  B   F11 F12  Q1  0

      
 C  F21Q1  F22Q 2  0 C   F21 F22  Q2  0
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    F Q  0
 B   F11 F12   Q1 
    F    Q   
C   F21 F22  Q2 

Q    F  
1

• If there are support displacements,    F Q  s

Q   F  s  
1

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 Member end actions

• Member end actions are the couples and forces that act at the ends of a
member when it is considered to be isolated from the remainder of the
structure

• In the above figure, AM 1 , AM 2 , AM 3 , AM 4 are the member end

actions considered (upward forces and anticlockwise moments are +ve).

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 BM just to the BM just to the
left of B right of B

SF just to the SF just to the

left of B right of B

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• In the above case, member end actions are the SFs and
BMs at the ends of members AB and BC

• AM 1 & AM 2 are the SF and BM just to the left of B, while

AM 3 & AM 4 are the SF and BM just to the right of B.

AM 1  AM 3 gives the vertical reaction at B, and

AM 2  AM 4 gives the moment reaction at B.

• If there is no couple at B, AM2+AM4 =0. Then, AM2= –AM4 is the BM at B.

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Choice of member end actions for analysis

MA MB
A B

VA VB

• Any of the 4 member end actions can be chosen for analysis

• Usually two (the end moments) are chosen

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Joint displacements, member end actions, and
support reactions

• Once the redundants are found, all the joint displacements, member
end actions, and support reactions can be found subsequently

• But it is easier to incorporate such calculations into the basic matrix

computations, instead of postponing them as separate calculations

 Member oriented axes (local coordinates) and structure oriented axes

(global coordinates)

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 Flexibilities of prismatic members

 Flexibility coefficients of a structure are calculated from the

contributions of individual members

 Hence it is useful to construct member flexibility matrices for various

types of actions

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

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Member flexibility matrix for a beam member with moments at the
ends as member end actions

Required to find out rotations at the ends due to unit moments at each
end, separately
x d2y
Mx    EI 2
L dx
1
dy x 2
x
EI   C1
1 1
dx 2 L
L L

x3
EIy   C1 x  C2
6L
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 L
y  0  C2  0 y  0  C1 
x 0 xL 6

dy 1  x2 L  L L
      y  , y 
dx EI  2L 6  x0 6EI x L 3EI

L L
FM 11  FM 21 
3 EI 6EI

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 Similarly,
L L
FM 12  FM 22 
6EI 3 EI
1

 L L 
 FM 11 FM 12   3EI 6 EI 
 FMi      
 FM 21 FM 22    L L 
 6 EI 3EI 
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Member flexibility matrix for a beam member with moment and shear at
one end as member end actions
FM 21
co-ordinate 2 FM 11

FM 22
co-ordinate 1 FM 12

 L3 L2 
 FM 11 FM 12   3EI 2 EI 
 FMi    F   2
FM 22   L

 M 21 L 
 2 EI EI 
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Note: If the co-ordinates are interchanged,
FM 11
FM 21
co-ordinate 1
1
FM 12
FM 22
co-ordinate 2
1

 L L2 
 FM 11 FM 12   EI 2 EI 
 FMi      2 
 FM 21 FM 22   L 3
L 
 2 EI 3EI 
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Exercise: Develop the member flexibility matrix for the co-ordinates shown in figure

FM 21
FM11

 L3  L2  1
 3EI 2 EI 
 FMi    2  FM12
 L L 
FM 22
 2 EI EI 
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Member flexibility matrices for a few other cases
L
 Truss member  FMi  
EA

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  Plane frame member

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 1

FM33

 L 
 EA 0 0 
 FM 11 FM 12 FM 13   
L3 2
L 
 FMi    FM 21 FM 22 FM 23    0
  3EI 2 EI 
 FM 31 FM 32 FM 33   
 0 L2 L 
 2 EI EI 
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  Grid member

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 FM31

FM33

 L3 L2 
 3EI 0
 FM 11 FM 13   2 EI 
FM 12 
L
 FMi    FM 21 FM 22 FM 23    0
 
0 

GJ
 FM 31 FM 32 FM 33   2 
 L 0
L 
 2 EI EI 
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  Space frame member

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  L 
 EA 0 0 0 0 0 
 
 0 L3 L2 
0 0 0
 3EIZ 2EIZ 
 
 L3  L2 
 0 0
3 E IY
0
2 E IY
0 
FM i    
 L 
 0 0 0
GJ
0 0 
 
 0  L2 L
0 0 0 
 2 E IY E IY 
 
 L2 L 
 0 2EIZ
0 0 0
E I Z 


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 Terminology Joint displacements (DOF) &
corresponding joint actions

DJ1 DJ 2
AJ 1 AJ 2
AR1
AR 2 DQ1 AQ1 DQ2 AQ2

Reactions other than

redundants Redundants & corresponding
displacements

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Formalization of the Flexibility method
(Explanation using principle of complimentary virtual work)

For each member, DMi    FMi  AMi 

Here D Mi  contains relative displacements of the k end with
respect to j end of the i-th member

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 If there are m members in the structure,

 D M 1    FM 1  0  0   0   0    AM 1  
    
 M 2 
D  0  FM 2  0   0   0   M 2 
A
 D M 3    0 0  FM 3   0   0   AM 3 
    
             
 D    0 0 0    FMi    0    AMi  
 Mi   
             
 D 

 Mm    0
 0 0   0    FMm   AMm 

DM    FM  AM 
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 DM    FM  AM 
 FM  is the unassembled flexibility matrix of the entire structure

 Member end actions in  AM  will be related to the structure actions  AS 

applied to the released structure.

Hence,  AM    BMS  AS 
Action transformation matrix
(equilibrium matrix)

 AS  consists of joint actions (loads)  AJ  and redundant actions  AQ 

 AJ 
i.e.,  AM    BMJ  BMQ    
 AQ

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  BMJ  relate  AM  to  AJ  and

 BMQ  relate  AM  to A 
Q

 Each column in the submatrix  BMJ  consists of member end actions

caused by a unit value of a joint load applied to the released structure.

 Each column in the submatrix  BMQ  consists of member end actions

caused by a unit value of a redundant applied to the released structure.

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 Suppose an arbitrary set of virtual actions  AS  is applied on the structure.

External complimentary virtual work produced by the virtual loads

 
 AS and actual displacements  DS  is

 W   AS  DS    AJ 
* T T
 A 
T
  J 
 D
 Q  DQ
 

Internal complimentary virtual work produced by the virtual member-

end actions  AM  and actual (relative) end displacements DM  is

U   AM  DM 
* T

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 Transforming to member co-ordinates through action transformation
matrix,

 AJ 
 AM    BMS  AS    BMJ   BMQ    
 Q 
 A

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  Equating the above two (principle of complimentary virtual work),

 AS  DS    AM  DM 
T T

But  AM    BMS  AS  and  AM    BMS  AS 

Also, DM    FM  AM    FM  BMS  AS 

 AS  DS    AS   BMS   FM  BMS  AS 

T T T
Hence,

  DS    BMS   FM  BMS  AS 
T

 FS 
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 DS    FS  AS 

Where,

 FS    BMS   FM  BMS  , the assembled flexibility matrix

T

for the entire structure.

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  FS  is partitioned into submatrices related to:

joint loads  AJ 
and redundant actions A 
Q

 DJ     FJJ   FJQ    AJ  

DS    FS  AS      
 DQ    FQJ   FQQ    AQ 

Where,

 FJJ    BMJ   FM  BMJ   FJQ    BMJ   FM   BMQ 

T T

 FQJ    BMQ   FM   BMJ   FQQ    BMQ   FM   BMQ 

T T

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 DJ    FJJ  AJ    FJQ   AQ  ---------- (1)
D    F  A    F  A 
Q QJ J QQ Q ---------- (2)

   
1
(2)  AQ   FQQ   DQ   FQJ   AJ 
 

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 Note:

In the subsequent calculations, the above {AQ} should be used.

However, the final values of redundants are obtained

by including actual or equivalent joint loads applied
directly to the supports.

Thus, A  Q FINAL    AQC    AQ 

A QC
represents actual and equivalent joint loads applied directly
to the supports, corresponding to redundants.

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  Once redundants  AQ  are found,
DJ  can be found out from,

(1)  DJ    FJJ  AJ    FJQ   AQ 

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 Similarly, support reactions caused by joint loads and redundants can be
obtained with an action transformation matrix

 AJ 
 AR    BRS  AS    BRJ   BRQ    
 AQ 

 Each column in the submatrix  B R J  consists of support reactions

caused by a unit value of a joint load applied to the released structure.

 
 Each column in the submatrix  B R Q  consists of support
reactions caused by a unit value of a redundant applied to the released
structure.
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  If actual or equivalent joint loads are applied directly to the supports,

 AR     ARC    BRJ  AJ    BRQ   AQ 

represents combined joint loads (actual and equivalent)
 ARC  applied directly to the supports.

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 Member end actions due to actual loads are obtained by superimposing
member end actions due to restraint actions and combined joint loads

 AM    AMF    BMJ  AJ    BMQ   AQ 

where  AMF  represents fixed end actions

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 Important Formulae:

 A    F  DQ    FQJ   AJ 

1
Redundants: Q QQ

Joint displacements: DJ    FJJ  AJ    FJQ   AQ 

Member end actions:

 AM    AMF    BMJ  AJ    BMQ   AQ 
Support reactions:
 AR     ARC    BRJ  AJ    BRQ   AQ 
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

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