0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views39 pages

3 Serial Communication Standards

The document discusses serial communication standards, focusing on balanced and unbalanced transmission lines, synchronous and asynchronous transmission methods, and various common protocols like I2C, SPI, USB, and RS-232. It explains the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these protocols, as well as line coding techniques and flow control methods. Additionally, it covers HDLC and SDLC protocols, detailing their operations and differences.

Uploaded by

Adrian Acuzar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views39 pages

3 Serial Communication Standards

The document discusses serial communication standards, focusing on balanced and unbalanced transmission lines, synchronous and asynchronous transmission methods, and various common protocols like I2C, SPI, USB, and RS-232. It explains the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these protocols, as well as line coding techniques and flow control methods. Additionally, it covers HDLC and SDLC protocols, detailing their operations and differences.

Uploaded by

Adrian Acuzar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

SERIAL COMMUNICATION STANDARDS

ENGR. NEIL BRYAN C. HERNANDEZ


ENGR. JOHN CARLO V. AGGARI
BALANCED AND UNBALANCED TRANSMISSION LINES
Balanced Transmission
 Requires two conductors to transmit each
signal.
 The signal at the receiving end is the
voltage difference measured within two
wires
 Also known as differential system
BALANCED AND UNBALANCED TRANSMISSION LINES
Unbalanced Transmission
 The signal common reference conductor is
shared by many signals and other
electronic circuitry.
 One wire carries the signal which is
reference into one common wire (commonly
called ground)
 The transmitted signal is the voltage
between the signal conductor and the
reference conductor
SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
Synchronous data transmission is a data transfer method in which a continuous stream of data signals is
accompanied by timing signals (generated by an electronic clock) to ensure that the transmitter and the
receiver are in step (synchronized) with one another. The data is sent in blocks (called frames or packets)
spaced by fixed time intervals.

Asynchronous transmission works in spurts and must insert a start bit before each data character and a
stop bit at its termination to inform the receiver where it begins and ends.
SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
Common Serial Communication Protocols
 I2C
 SPI
 USB
 UART

Common Serial Communication Standards


• RS 232
• RS 422
• RS 485
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
I2C – Inter-Integrated Circuit
 Communication protocol commonly known as two-wire interface
 Uses two bidirectional line for sending serial data known as SDA (Data Line) and SCL (Clock Line)
 Configurable Speed
 Standard mode: 100 kbit/s
 Full speed: 400 kbit/s
 Fast mode: 1 Mbit/s
 High speed: 3.2 Mbit/s)
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
Start Condition: The SDA line switches from a high voltage level to a low voltage level before the SCL line switches from high to low.
Stop Condition: The SDA line switches from a low voltage level to a high voltage level after the SCL line switches from low to high.
Address Frame: A 7 bit sequence unique to each slave that identifies the slave when the master wants to talk to it.
Read/Write Bit: A single bit specifying whether the master is sending data to the slave (low voltage level) or requesting data from it
(high voltage level).
ACK/NACK Bit: Each frame in a message is followed by an acknowledge/no-acknowledge bit. If an address frame or data frame
was successfully received, an ACK bit is returned to the sender from the receiving device.
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
SPI Serial peripheral interface
 Synchronous, Full duplex interface
 Can transmit data up to 25MHz
 Uses 4-wire known as:
 Master In Slave Out (MISO)
 Master Out Slave In (MOSI)
 Slave/Chip Select (CS/SS)
 Serial Clock (SCLK)
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
Sample SPI Read and Write data cycle
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
USB Universal Serial Bus
 Most common type of port found on modern computers.
 Provides both data transmission and low voltage (5V) power over a single cable.
 Plug-and-play and allow hot swapping
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
•USB 1.0 (white USB-A and USB-B — very rare)
→ 1.5 Mbps
•USB 1.1 (white USB-A and USB-B, Mini-USB) →
12 Mbps
•USB 2.0 (black USB-A and USB-B, Mini-USB,
Micro-USB) → 480 Mbps
•USB 3.0 / SuperSpeed (blue USB-A and USB-B,
Micro-USB B) → 5 Gbps
•USB 3.1 / SuperSpeed+ (green USB-A and USB-
B, USB Type C) → 10 Gbps
•USB 3.2 (USB Type C) → 20 Gbps
•USB 4 (USB Type C) → 40 Gbps
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
USB 1.0 and USB 2.0

Pin Number Cable Colour Function


1 Red VBUS (5 volts)
2 White D-
3 Green D+
4 Black Ground
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
USB 1.0 and USB 2.0
COMMON SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
LINE CODING
Code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line. This
process of coding is chosen so as to avoid overlap and distortion of signal such as
inter-symbol interference.
Properties of Line Coding
 As the coding is done to make more bits transmit on a single signal
 For a given bandwidth, the power is efficiently used.
 The probability of error is much reduced.
 Error detection is done and the bipolar too has a correction capability.
 Power density is much favorable.
 The timing content is adequate.
 Long strings of 1s and 0s is avoided to maintain transparency.
LINE CODING
Types of Line Coding
 Unipolar
 A logic 1 represent with a pulse and logic 0 represent absence of pulse
• Polar
• A logic 1 represent positive pulse and logic 0 represent a negative pulse
• Bi-polar
• A tristate line coding technique which uses –V, 0V, and +V
• For a logic 1, the voltage level gets a transition from + to – or from – to +, having alternate 1’s to be equal
polarity.
• Logic 0 represent a no pulse
LINE CODING
Unipolar NRZ and RZ
LINE CODING
Polar NRZ
LINE CODING
Bipolar NRZ and RZ
LINE CODING
Manchester Coding
 Manchester encoding is a synchronous clock encoding technique used by the physical layer of the Open
System Interconnection [OSI] to encode the clock and data of a synchronous bit stream.
 A logic 0 is represented by 0 to 1 transition, and logic 1 is represented by 1 to 0 transition (GE
Thomas
RS232 INTERFACE STANDARD
The RS-232 interface standard was developed for the single purpose of the interface
between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit terminating equipment (DCE)
employing serial binary data interchange. In particular, RS-232 was developed for
interfacing data terminals to modems.
DTE: Data terminal equipment, for example, a computer or a printer. A DTE device
communicates with a DCE device. A DTE device transmits data on pin 2 and receives
data on pin 3.
DCE: Data communications equipment, for example a modem, now also called data
circuit-terminating equipment in RS-232E. A DCE device receives data from the DTE
and retransmits via another data communications link, such as the telephone system. A
DCE device transmits data on pin 3 and receives data on pin 2.
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF RS-232
In RS232, ‘RS’ stands for Recommended Standard. It defines the serial communication using DTE and DCE signals.
Here, DTE refers to Data Terminal Equipment and DCE refers to the Data Communication Equipment. Example of DTE
device is a computer and DCE is a modem. Formally, it is specified as the interface between DTE equipment and DCE
equipment using serial binary data exchange.
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
RS-232 defines electrical signal characteristics such as the voltage levels and
grounding characteristics of the interchange signals and associated circuitry for an
unbalanced system.
The RS-232 transmitter is required to produce voltages in the range:
 • Logic 1: –5 V to –25 V
 • Logic 0: +5 V to +25 V
 • Undefined logic level: +5 V to –5 V

At the RS-232 receiver the following voltage levels are defined:


 • Logic 1: –3 V to –25 V
 • Logic 0: +3 V to +25 V
 • Undefined logic level: –3 V to +3 V
Note: The RS-232 transmitter requires the slightly higher voltage to overcome voltage drop along the line.
COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
RS232 determines the communication between the DTE and DCE using DB9 and DB25 connectors.
The D-sub connectors (DB9, DB25) comes with male and female cable. DB9 connector has 9 pins and
DB25 connector has 25 pins with each pin having its own function.
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
TYPES OF SERIAL CABLES
To make serial communication possible between DTE and DCE, two types of RS232
cables exist. They are Null modem and Straight-cable.
In null modem cable, the TX (Transmitter) pin of the male connector is linked up with the
RX (Receiver) pin of the female and the RX pin of the male is connected to TX pin of the
female.
TYPES OF SERIAL CABLES
Straight-through cable. As the name implies, it is a one to one connector, i.e. a transmit pin of
one device is connected to transmit pin of another device and receiver pin of one device is
connected to receiver pin of another device. Apart from connections, the cable length depends
upon the wiring capacitance. As per specification, the cable length is nearly 80 feet.
HOW RS232 COMMUNICATION WORKS?
RS-232 is a point-to-point asynchronous communication protocol, it sends data in a single direction. Here,
no clock is required for synchronizing the transmitter and receiver. The data format is initiated with a
start bit followed by 7-bit binary data, parity bit and stop bit which are sent one after another.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The advantages of RS232 make it as a standard serial interface for system to system
communication and also for the following benefits.
 Simple protocol design.
 Hardware overhead is lesser than parallel communication.
 Recommended standard for short distance applications.
 Compatible with DTE and DCE communication.
 Low cost protocol for development.

The limitations of RS232 protocol are, it doesn’t support full-duplex communication and it is a
single-ended protocol which shifts the ground potential. Moreover, the longer cable length
introduces cross talk during serial communication. Hence, this protocol is restricted for long
distance communication.
XON/OFF PROTOCOLS
 It is a character-based flow-control protocol, which uses two special
characters.
 Typically, these are the ASCII characters DC1 for XON and DC3 for XOFF.
The transmitter sends data until it receives an XOFF from the receiver; it then
waits for an XON before resuming transmission.
 One disadvantage of XON/XOFF is that the data stream being sent may
contain one of the control characters, although this is not a problem in
applications such as printer control.
BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOL
(BISYNC)
 Developed by IBM for computer-to-terminal and computer-to-computer
communications
 Byte oriented protocol
 Designed to handle large blocks of data
BISYNC OPERATION
Beginning of a frame is denoted by sending a special SYNC character
Data portion of the frame is contained between special character STX and ETX
SOH: Start of Header
DLE: Data Link Escape
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check
CHARACTER STUFFING
Byte stuffing is the process of adding one extra byte whenever there is a flag or
escape character in the text
Done by DLE in BISYNC protocol
HDLC AND SDLC
High-Level Data Link Control and Synchronous Data Link Control
 Widely used and initiated by IBM replacement for its BISYNC protocol
 Bit oriented protocol
 Protocol ensure that the data arrive successfully from one point to the next
point
HDLC AND SDLC OPERATIONS
Flag – Begins and ends the error checking with 0x7E To ensure that the receiver
always knows that the character it receives is unique a procedure called zero
insertion is adopted. This requires the transmitter to insert a 0 after a sequence of
five 1s in the text, so that the flag character can never appear in the message text.
The receiver removes the inserted zeros.
Address – Receiver's address
Control – identifies the frame’s function
Information – data to send
Frame Check Sequence – check is carried out
on sending and receiving frames
HDLC AND SDLC OPERATIONS
Frame Format
Information frames: Used to convey the actual data from one node to
another.
Supervisory frames: Used for flow control and error control purposes.
They indicate whether the secondary station is available to receive the
information frames; they are also used to acknowledge the frames.
There are two forms of error control used: a selective retransmission
procedure because of an error, or a request to transmit a number of
previous frames.
Unnumbered frames: Used for setting up the link or connection and to
define whether Unbalanced Normal Response Mode (NRM) or
Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM) is to be used. They are called
unnumbered frames because no sequence numbers are included.
HDLC AND SDLC OPERATIONS
Common modes of operation
Unbalanced normal response mode (NRM). This is used with only one primary station
initiating all transactions.
Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM). In this mode each node has equal status and
can act as either a primary or secondary node.
HDLC AND SDLC
1.HDLC is actually adopted from SDLC
2.HDLC is a standard protocol while SDLC is not
3.HDLC has the Asynchronous Balanced Mode feature while SDLC does not
4.HDLC supports frames that are not multiple of bit-octets while SDLC does not
5.HDLC removed some procedures that were present in SDLC
THANK YOU!

You might also like