3 Serial Communication Standards
3 Serial Communication Standards
Asynchronous transmission works in spurts and must insert a start bit before each data character and a
stop bit at its termination to inform the receiver where it begins and ends.
SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
Common Serial Communication Protocols
I2C
SPI
USB
UART
The limitations of RS232 protocol are, it doesn’t support full-duplex communication and it is a
single-ended protocol which shifts the ground potential. Moreover, the longer cable length
introduces cross talk during serial communication. Hence, this protocol is restricted for long
distance communication.
XON/OFF PROTOCOLS
It is a character-based flow-control protocol, which uses two special
characters.
Typically, these are the ASCII characters DC1 for XON and DC3 for XOFF.
The transmitter sends data until it receives an XOFF from the receiver; it then
waits for an XON before resuming transmission.
One disadvantage of XON/XOFF is that the data stream being sent may
contain one of the control characters, although this is not a problem in
applications such as printer control.
BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOL
(BISYNC)
Developed by IBM for computer-to-terminal and computer-to-computer
communications
Byte oriented protocol
Designed to handle large blocks of data
BISYNC OPERATION
Beginning of a frame is denoted by sending a special SYNC character
Data portion of the frame is contained between special character STX and ETX
SOH: Start of Header
DLE: Data Link Escape
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check
CHARACTER STUFFING
Byte stuffing is the process of adding one extra byte whenever there is a flag or
escape character in the text
Done by DLE in BISYNC protocol
HDLC AND SDLC
High-Level Data Link Control and Synchronous Data Link Control
Widely used and initiated by IBM replacement for its BISYNC protocol
Bit oriented protocol
Protocol ensure that the data arrive successfully from one point to the next
point
HDLC AND SDLC OPERATIONS
Flag – Begins and ends the error checking with 0x7E To ensure that the receiver
always knows that the character it receives is unique a procedure called zero
insertion is adopted. This requires the transmitter to insert a 0 after a sequence of
five 1s in the text, so that the flag character can never appear in the message text.
The receiver removes the inserted zeros.
Address – Receiver's address
Control – identifies the frame’s function
Information – data to send
Frame Check Sequence – check is carried out
on sending and receiving frames
HDLC AND SDLC OPERATIONS
Frame Format
Information frames: Used to convey the actual data from one node to
another.
Supervisory frames: Used for flow control and error control purposes.
They indicate whether the secondary station is available to receive the
information frames; they are also used to acknowledge the frames.
There are two forms of error control used: a selective retransmission
procedure because of an error, or a request to transmit a number of
previous frames.
Unnumbered frames: Used for setting up the link or connection and to
define whether Unbalanced Normal Response Mode (NRM) or
Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM) is to be used. They are called
unnumbered frames because no sequence numbers are included.
HDLC AND SDLC OPERATIONS
Common modes of operation
Unbalanced normal response mode (NRM). This is used with only one primary station
initiating all transactions.
Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM). In this mode each node has equal status and
can act as either a primary or secondary node.
HDLC AND SDLC
1.HDLC is actually adopted from SDLC
2.HDLC is a standard protocol while SDLC is not
3.HDLC has the Asynchronous Balanced Mode feature while SDLC does not
4.HDLC supports frames that are not multiple of bit-octets while SDLC does not
5.HDLC removed some procedures that were present in SDLC
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