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EXPERIMENT8_cs

The document outlines an experiment aimed at calculating the transfer function using Signal Flow Graph (SFG) in Control Systems. It details the basic elements of SFG, Mason's Gain Formula, and a step-by-step procedure for constructing the graph and calculating the transfer function using MATLAB. The conclusion emphasizes the efficiency of SFG in analyzing system dynamics and its application in control systems and signal processing.

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Ayush Gautam
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5 views

EXPERIMENT8_cs

The document outlines an experiment aimed at calculating the transfer function using Signal Flow Graph (SFG) in Control Systems. It details the basic elements of SFG, Mason's Gain Formula, and a step-by-step procedure for constructing the graph and calculating the transfer function using MATLAB. The conclusion emphasizes the efficiency of SFG in analyzing system dynamics and its application in control systems and signal processing.

Uploaded by

Ayush Gautam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course- Control Systems Course code- ECC402

Experiment No.- 8 Experiment date- 05/02/2025

Student Name- Ayush Gautam Roll no.-23212 Email- [email protected]

Aim: To calculate transfer function using Signal Flow Graph.

Software: MATLAB 2024b

Theory:

A Signal Flow Graph (SFG) is a graphical representation of a system that describes the relationships
between variables using directed edges and nodes. It is used to analyze and determine the transfer
function of a system efficiently, avoiding complex algebraic manipulations required in block diagram
reduction.

Basic Elements of Signal Flow Graph

• Nodes: Represent system variables (e.g., input, intermediate, and output variables).
• Branches (Edges): Directed lines showing the relationship between nodes, labeled with transfer
functions or gains.
• Forward Path: A path from the input node to the output node without encountering a loop.
• Loop: A closed path that starts and ends at the same node without passing through any other node
more than once.
• Non-Touching Loops: Loops that do not share any common nodes.

Mason’s Gain Formula

The transfer function of a system represented as a Signal Flow Graph is given by Mason’s Gain
Formula:

Procedure:
1. Identify System Variables – Define input, output, and intermediate variables of the system.
2. Construct the Signal Flow Graph – Represent variables as nodes and connect them with directed
branches labeled with transfer functions.
3. Determine Forward Paths – Identify all possible paths from input to output without encountering
loops.
4. Identify Loops and Non-Touching Loops – Find all closed paths and determine loops that do not
share nodes.
5. Calculate Determinants – Compute system determinant using loop gains and find determinants for
each forward path.
6. Apply Mason’s Gain Formula to compute the transfer function.
7. Verify and Validate – Cross-check calculations and optionally validate using MATLAB’s tf()
function.

Signal Flow Graph:

Code:

clear all;
syms G1 G2 G3 K
G1=tf([1],[0,1,1]);
G2=tf([0,1,1],[0,1,3]);
G3=tf([1],[1,0,0]);
k=8;
Q(3,2)=G1;
Q(5,4)=G2;
Q(7,6)=G3;
Q(2,1)=1;Q(6,3)=1;Q(6,3)=1;Q(4,1)=1;Q(4,3)=1;
Q(2,3)=-1;Q(2,5)=-1;Q(4,5)=-1;Q(6,8)=-1;
Q=[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0;
0 G1 0 0 0 0 0 0;
1 0 1 0 -1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 G2 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 -1 0 -1 0;
0 0 0 0 0 G3 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 k 0;
]
P=[1;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;];
W=signalflow(Q,P);
W8=W(8);
pretty(W8)

Code for signalflow function:

function [sys] = signalflow(Q,P)


[N,M1]=size(Q)
if N~=M1 Q,error("Error")
end
[N1,M1]=size(P)
if N1~=N P,error("size of rows of P should be equal to rows of Q")
end
if isa(Q,'sym') warning("Q is not a symbolic matrix")
end
sys=inv(eye(size(M1)-Q))*P;

Results:

Conclusion- The Signal Flow Graph (SFG) method simplifies the computation of transfer functions using
Mason’s Gain Formula without complex algebraic reductions. It provides a clear graphical representation of
system dynamics and efficiently analyzes feedback interactions. This method is widely used in control
systems, signal processing, and circuit analysis. Implementing SFG in MATLAB Simulink further validates
and visualizes system performance.

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