CHAPTER 2 Fluid Statics 24 For the dam shown in Fig. 2-1, find the horizontal pressure acting at the face of the dam at 20-ft depth. ' p= yh= (62.4)(20) = 12481b/f1? — ca Mig. 24. Dam. 2.2 For the vessel containing glycerin under pressure as shown in Fig. 2-2, find the pressure at the bottom of the tank. ' P=50+ yh = 50-+ (12.34)(2.0)=74.68kN/m? or 74.68kPa sokPa Glycerin 2m Fig. 22 23° Ifthe pressure in a tank is 50 psi, find the equivalent pressure head of (a) water, (b) mercury, and (c) heavy fuel oil with a specific gravity of 0.92. ' h=ply, @ = [(50)(144)]/62.4 = 115.38 ft o ‘a= [(50)(144)}/847.3 = 8.50 ft © ‘= [(50)(144)}/[(0.92)(62.4)] = 125.42 ft 2526 0 CHAPTER 2 24 27 29 220 2a 2az 23 ‘A weather report indicates the barometric pressure is 29.75 in of mercury. What is the atmospheric pressure in pounds per square inch? ! p= vh= [(13.6(62.4)][(29.75/12)]/144= 14.61 bin or 14.61 psi Find the atmospheric pressure in kilopascals if a mercury barometer reads 742 mm, ' P= yh=(133.1)(18)=98.8KN/m? or 98.8 kPa ‘A pressure gage 7.0m above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 64.94 kPa; another gage at height 4.0m reads 87.53 kPa. Compute the specific weight and mass density of the fluid. ' = Ap/Ah = (87.53 — 64.94)/(7.0— 4.0) =7.53 KN/m or 7530N/m? p= y/g = 7530/9.81 = 786 kg/m? A pressure gage 19.0 ft above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 13.19 psi; another gage at height 14.0 reads 15.12 psi. Compute the specific weight, mass density, and specific gravity of the liquid. ' p= (Ah) (15.12 -13.19)(144)= (y)(19.0-14.0) y= 55.61b/ p= vig =55.6/32.2=1.73sugit? —_s.g. = 55.6/62.4=0.891 ‘An open tank contains 5.7 m of water covered with 2.8m of kerosene (y= 8.0 KN/m’). Find the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank. ' Paw Yh = (8.02.8) = 2.4 kPa Poor 224+ (9.79)(5.7) = 78.2 KPa ‘An open tank contains 9.4 fof water beneath 1.8 fof oil (6.8.=0.85) Find the pressure a the interface and at the bottom ofthe tank. 1 Pin = yh = [(0.85)(62.4)](1.8)/144 = 0.663 psi Poor = 0.663 + (62.4)(9.4)/144 = 4.74 psi If air had a constant specific weight of 0.076 Ib/ft® and were incompressible, what would be the height of the atmosphere if sea-level pressure were 14.92 psia? b= ply =(14.92)(144)/0.076-=28 270 Ifthe weight density of mud is given by y= pressure, in psi, ata depth of 17 ft H dp =ydh = (65.0+0.2h) dh. Integrating both sides: p = 65.0h +0.10". For h = 17 fc P= (G65.0NAT)/148 + (0.1)(17)'/144 = 7.87 psi .0-+0.2h, where y isin Ib/f? and depth h isin ft, determine the Ifthe absolute pressure in a gas is 40.0 psia and the atmospheric pressure is 846 mbar abs, find the gage pressure in (a) Ib/in?; (B) kPa; (e) bar. 1@ Pum = (846)(0.0145) (©) Pave (40.0)(6.894) = 276 kPa o Pan = 40.0/14.5 = If the atmospheric pressure is 0.900 bar abs and a gage attached to a tank reads 390 mmHg vacuum, what is the absolute pressure within the tank? ' P= rt Pam = 0.900% 100 = 90.0 kPa Passe = [(13.6)(9.79)| (its) = 51.9 kPa vacuum or —S1,9kPa Pa = 90.0+ (51.9) =38.1 kPa215 216 247 FLUID STATICS 9 27 If atmospheric pressure is 13.99 psia and a gage attached to a tank reads 7.4 inHg vacuum, find the absolute pressure within the tank. ' park Pree (13.662.4)}(74/12)/144] = 3.63 psi vacuum or Pan = 13:99-+ (~3.63) = 10.36 psa 63 psi ‘The closed tank in Fig. 2-3 is at 20°C. If the pressure at point A is 98 kPa abs, what is the absolute pressure at point B? What percent error results from neglecting the specific weight of the air? Fat Yasac ~ Yasohoc ~ Yushon = Pay 98+ (0.0118)(5) ~ (9.7905 — 3) ~ (0.0118)(3) = pp = 78.444 kPa, Neglecting air, py = 98 ~ (9.790)(5 ~ 3) = 78.420 kPa; error = (78.444 ~ 78.420)/78.444 = 0.00031, oF 0.031%. 1 , i I t | eas ‘The system in Fig. 2-4 is at 70°F. Ifthe pressure at point A is 2900 Ib/ft?, determine the pressures at points B, Cand D. ' Ps 2900 ~ (62.4)(4-3)=28381b/f€ py =2900-+ (62.4)(6) = 3274 h/t Pe = 2900 + (62.4)(6 ~ 2) ~ (0.075)(5 + 3) = 3149 1b/R att D Fig. 24 “The system in Fig. 2-5 is at 20°C. If atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure atthe bottom of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil? H 101.03 + 0.89)(9.79)(1.5) + 0.79)2.5) + (.8)00-79)2.9) + (13.6)9.7)(0.4)=231.3 sg.= 1.39 | 2 |- saz300u | *5™ waer | 25m otiveot | 20m Wereury | Om SEM Bg. 2528 0 CHAPTER 2 248 Find the pressures at A, B, C, and D in Fig. 26. F pa=(62.4)(4+2) =3741b/f, pp = ~(62.4)(2) = Po = ~125~ (62.4)(4+2 +2) = ~624 Ib/fe. 125 1b/ft?. Neglecting 125 1b/f; Pe= Pi Fig. 26 2.19 The tube shown in Fig. 2-7 filled with oil. Determine the pressure heads at A and B in meters of water. H barring) = (ha ea) = eB nated therefore, hyo = ChaX-B-)- Ths ha = = (2.2 £0,6)0.85)= ~2.38 m HO and hg = ("0.6)(0.85) = ~0.51 m HO. eae Fig, 27 229 Calculate the pressure, in kPa, at A, B, C, and D in Fig. 2-8 Bp =~(04 + 0.419.790) = ~7.832 kPa; po = (0.5)(9.790) ~ 4.895 kPa. Neglecting air, pc = Pe = 4.895 KPa; Po = 4.895 + (0.9)(9.790Y(1 + 0.5-+0.4) = 21. 221 Convert 9 psi to (a) inches of mercury, (b) feet of water, (e) feet of ichor (s.g. = 2.94). H (a) b= ply =[(9)(144)]/((13.6)(62.4)] = 1.527 f, of 18.33 inHg, (9)(144)]/62.4 = 20.77 ft of water = [(9)(144)]/{(2.94)(62.4)] = 7.06 ft ichor 2.22 Express an absolute pressure of 5 atm in meters of water gage when the barometer reads 760 mmHg. ' Pain = (5)(101.3)/9.79 = 51.74m of water Pam = (0.760)(13.6) = 10.34 m of water Paoee™ 51.74 ~ 10.34= 41.40 m of water! FLUID STATICS 0 29 : | 223 Figure 29 shows one pressurized tank inside another. Ifthe sum ofthe readings of Bourdan gages A and Bis 34.1 psi, and an aneroid barometer reads 29.90 inHg, what is the absolute pressure at A, in inHg? ' b= ply ha + ha =34.1/{(13.6)(62.4)/(12))] = 69.44 inHg, (he)an= 29.90 + 69.44 = 99.34 ing Os ~O Fig. 29 224 Determine the heights of columns of water, kerosene (ker), and nectar (s.g. = 2.94) equivalent to 277 mmHg. ' (ng)(1e) = (Hao) (7150) ™ (tae) Tae) = er) (Yonser) i 0.271((13.6)9.79)] = (hs0) 9-79) ayo = 3.77 m. 0.277((13.6)(9.79)] = (rua dM(0.82(9-79)] uae = 4.59: i 0.279((13.6)(9.79)] = Racca) ((2:94)(9-79)] gga 1.28 225 InFig. 2-10, if h=25.5in, determine the pressure at A. The liquid has a specific gravity of 1.85. 1 P= yh =([(1.85(62.4)]125.5/12] = 245.3 Ib/ft? or 1.70 psi Fig. 210 2.26 For the pressure vessel containing glycerin, with piezometer attached, as shown in Fig. 2-11, what is the pressure at point A? 1 (1.26)(62.4)}(40.8/12) = 267 tb/t? (Open to atmosphere | . \4o8ia | Glycerin Mig. 211a 30 0 CHAPTER 2 227 229 For the open tank, with piezometers attached on the side, containing two different immiscible liquids, as shown in Fig. 2-12, find the (a) elevation of the liquid surface in piezometer A, (6) elevation of the liquid surface in piezometer B, and (¢) total pressure at the bottom of the tank. 4 @ Liquid A will simply rise in piezometer A to the same elevation as liquid A in the tank (i... to elevation 2m). (6) Liquid B will rise in piezometer B to elevation 0.3 m (asa result ofthe pressure exerted by liquid B) plus an additional amount as a result of the overlying pressure of liquid A. ‘The overlying pressure can be determined by p = 7h = [(0.72)(9.79)]@2 — 0.3) = 11.98 N/m. The height liquid B will ise in piezometer B as a result of the overlying pressure of liquid A can be determined by h = p/'y = 11.98/[(2.36)(9.79)] = 0.519 m. Hence, liquid B will ise in piezometer B to an elevation of 0.3 m +0.519 m, oF 0.819 m. (©) Postma = [(0.72)(9.79)]2 ~ 0.3) + [2.36)(9.79)](0.3) = 18.9 kPa. Liquid 4 (se =022) 03m Liquid B a Ge =230) 4 non The air-oil-water system shown in Fig. 2-13 is at 70°F. If gage A reads 16.1 Ib/in® abs and gage B reads 2.00 b/in* less than gage C, compute (a) the specific weight ofthe oil and (6) the reading of gage C. H (@) (16.1)(144) + (0.0750)(3) + (You) 2) = Pa, Pn + (Yes) 2) + (62.4)(3) = Be. Since Pe~ Pn = 2.00, (Yea) 2) + (62.4)(3) = (2.00)(144), y= 50.4 Ib/f. (6) (16.1)(144) + (0.0750)(3) + (50.4)(2) = p Pa = 2419 Ib/ft; pe = 2419 + (2.00)(144) = 2707 Ib/ft, oF 18.80 1b/in* 161 1 fin? abs Fig. 243 Fora gage reading at A of ~2.50 psi, determine the (a) elevations ofthe liquids in the open piezometer ‘columns E, F, and G and (b) deflection of the mercury in the U-tube gage in Fig. 2-14. Neglect the weight of the air. FF (@) The liquid between the air and the water would rise to elevation 49.00 ft in piezometer column E as a result of its weight. The actual liquid level in the piezometer will be lower, however, because of the vacuum in the air above the liquid. The amount the liquid level will be lowered (/ in Fig. 2-14) can be determined byFLUID STATICS 0 31 ( 2stya4e «Or G2 N10) =O, ha 8248 Eleaon aL {(0.700)(62.4)][49.00 — 38.00) 20.5 Ib/ft. Hence, pressure head at M = 120.5/62.4= 1.93 ft of water, Elevation at N= 3800 +193 39.93 ft 120+ (62-08.00~26.0) = poy po = 693 Ib. Hence, pressure head at O = 869.3/{(1.600)(62.4)] = 8.71 ft (of the liquid with s.g. = 1.600). Elevation at Q 26,00 + 8.71 = 34.71 ft, (b) 869.3 + (62.4)(26.00 ~ 14.00) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)}() = 0, fy = 1.91 f 19.00 — 8.24 = 40.76 ft; (—2.50)(144) + Fig. 2514 2390 A vessel containing oil under pressure is shown in Fig. 2-15. Find the elevation of the oil surface in the attached piezometer. Elevation of oil surface in piezometer =2 + 35/[(0.83)9.79)] =6.31 m Ait pressure = 35 KPa lev, 2m | | out G8 = 083) | | Eley. Om r Fig. 2415 231 The reading of an automobile fuel gage is proportional to the gage pressure at the bottom of the tank (Fig. 2-16). Ifthe tank is 32.cm deep and is contaminated with 3 cm of water, how many centimeters of air remains at the top when the gage indicates "full"? USC Ypunine = 6670 N/m? and Yu, = 11.8 N/m’. 1 When fl of gasoline, pws = (6670)(0.52) = 2134 Pa, With water added, 2134 = (9790)(0.03) + (6670)[(0.32 ~ 0.03) — h] + (11.8)(A), A = 0.0141 m, or 1.41 cm.92 0 CHAPTER 2 x a e246 2.32 The hydraulic jack shown in Fig. 2-17 sflled with oil at 55 Ib/f. Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, what force Fon the handle is required to support the 2200-Ib weight? The pressure against the large and the small piston is the same. p = W/A.wge = 2200/[2r(3)"/4] = 448181b/ft. Let P be the force from the small piston onto the handle. P = pAvwui= (44 818)[-x()'/4] = 244 Ib. For the handle, EM, =0= (16+ 1)(F)— (1)(244), F=14.41b. in diameter Y MM, Fig. 217 2.33. Figure 2:18 shows setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a cylinder. What force Fis required to balance the weight of the cylinder i the weight of the plunger is negligible? ! 10-000/500 ~ [(0.78)(62.4)](1S\/144=F/S F=74.61b ey Plunger area = Sint ile. = 078) Fig. 218 2.34 For the vertical pipe with manometer attached, as shown in Fig. 2-19, find the pressure in the oil at point A. 1 a+ [(0.91)(62.4)]7.22) ~[(13.6(62.4)(1.00)=0 py =438.7Ib/ft* or 3.05 b/in?FLUID STATICS 0 33 on (se =091) Mercury (E=120) Fig. 219 235 A monometer is attached to a tank containing three different fluids, as shown in Fig. 2-20. What will be the difference in elevation of the mercury column in the manometer (i.¢., y in Fig. 2-20)? 1 30 + [(0.82)(9.79)](S — 2) + (9.79)(2— 0) + (9.79)(1.00) ~ (13.6)(9.79)]y=0. y =0.627m lew. 6m lew, Sm ‘ic presure = 30KPa_y G on (se = 082) Blew, 2m Water lew, Om 1.00 m|| Mercury 65 = 36) Fig. 220 | 236 Oil of specific gravity 0.750 flows through the nozzle shown in Fig. 2-21 and deflects the mercury in the U-tube ‘gage. Determine the value of h ifthe pressure at A is 20.0 pi. ' ' 20,0 + [(0.750)(62.4)](2.75 + A)/144—[(3.6)(62.4)|(H/146=0 ha 3.75434 0 CHAPTER 2 Fig. 221 ‘ 2.37 Determine the reading h in Fig. 222 for p,=39 kPa vacuum if the liquid is Kerosene (6g. = 0.89). ' 39+ [(0.83)(9. 79) = 0 4.800 m i H : 4 Mig. 222 i ‘ 2.38 ln Fig. 222, the liquid is water. 1 =9 in and the barometer reading is 29.8 inHg, find pq in fet of water abeolte g ' Pat i= (13.629.8/12) py =33.0t of water absolute ik 2.39 In Fig. 2:23, 5.p.1=0.84, 58.2 1.0, hs = 96mm, and h, = 159mm, Find p, in mmHg gage. If the barometer reading is 729 mmHg, what isp, in mmH,O absolute? ' a+ (0.84)(96) — (1.0)(159) =0 Pa= 78-4 mmH.O gage = 78.4/13.6 = 5.76 mmbg gage 78.4 + (13.6)(729) = 9993 mmH,O absolute ase Fig. 223, g ‘At20°C, gage A in Fig. 2-24 reads 290 kPa abs. What is the height h of water? What does gage B read? 1 290 ~ [(13.6(9.79)](i8) ~ 9.79h = Pa~ (9.79) + 2.227)241 242 243 244 FLUID STATICS J 35 ‘Air. 175 kPa abs 4 Water 70.cm| Mercury SD ng ‘The U-tube shown in Fig. 2-25a is 10 mm in diameter and contains mercury. If 12.0 mL of water is poured into the right-hand leg, what are the ultimate heights in the two legs? I After the water is poured, the orientation of the liquids will be as shown in Fig. 2.256; h = (12.0 10° mm’) /2(5 mim)? = 152.8 mm, (13.6)(240 ~ L) = 13.6L + 152.8, L= 114.4 mm. Left leg height above bottom of U-tube = 240 ~ 114.4 = 125.6 mm; right leg height above bottom of U-tube = 114.4 + 152.8 = 267.2 mm. Mercury 120mm 120mm + L a 120mm Fig. 2-25(a) 120mm Fig. 2-25(6) ‘Assuming sea water to have a constant specific weight of 10.05 N/m, what isthe absolute pressure at a depth of 10km? 1 p= 14+ (10.05)(10 000)/101.3 = 993 atm In Fig. 2-26, fluid 2s carbon tetrachloride and fluid 1 is benzene. If Pun is 101.5kPa, determine the absolute pressure at point A. 1 1015 + (15.579(0.35) ~ (8.62)(0.12) = pa Patm twas 7 /35em a em “a fig 2 ig. 2.26 In Fig. 2-27a, the manometer reads 4 in when atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. If the absolute pressure at A is doubled, what is the new manometer reading? pa + (62.4)(3.5) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)() = (14.7)(144), pa = 2181 Ib/ft. If p, is doubled to 4362 Ib/ft?, the ‘mercury level will fall x inches on the left side of the manometer and will rise by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2-276). Hence, 4362 + (62.4)(3.5 + x/12) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)]{(4 + 2x)/12} = (14.7)(144), x= 16.0in, New manometer reading = 4 + (2)(16.0) = 36.0in.36 9 CHAPTER 2 Water ast ay oo ast 4 = at MeuY Fig. 227(0) Fig. 22766) 245 In Fig. 2-28a, A contains water, and the manometer fluid has density 2900 kg/m*. When the left meniscus is at zero on the scale, p= 100 mm of water. Find the reading ofthe right meniscus for p= 10 kPa with no adjustment of the U-tube or scale. I First, determine the reading of the right meniscus for p= 100mm of water (sce Fig. 2-286): 100 + 500 ~2.90h = 0, h=206.9 mm. When p, = 10kPa, the mercury level will fall some amount, d, on the left side of the manometer and will ise by that amount on the right side of the manometer (sce Fig. 2-28). Hence, 10/9.79 + (500 + d)/1000 ~ [(206.9 + 2)/1000](2.90) = 0, d= 192.0 mm. Scale reading for p4 = 10KPa is 206.9 + 192.0, or 398.9 mm. § Mig. 2.28(a) Fig. 2.28(6) 5 2.46 A manometer is attached to a conduit, as shown in Fig. 2-29, Calculate the pressure at point A. L 1 Pat (62.4)|(5 + 15)/12] ~ (13.6)(62.4)](8)=0 py =9571b/t { Water Mercury Ge- 29) Fig. 2:29 247 A manometer is attached to a pipe containing oil, as shown in Fig. 2-30. Calculate the pressure at point A. ' Pa + {(0.85)(9.79)]0.2) ~ (9.79)(1.5)=0 pa = 13.02 KN/m?FLUID STATICS 0 37 Oil = 085) Water rg. 2.30 248 A monometer is attached to a pipe to measure pressure, as shown in Fig, 2-31. Calculate the pressure at point 4. ' Pa (62.4)(8) ~ [(13.6(62.4)](8)=0 pa =331 bf Water 4 Orifice tie Mercury Ge=38) Fig. 231 249 glass U-tube open to the atmosphere at both ends is shown in Fig. 2-32. ifthe U-tube contains oil and water ‘as shown, determine the specific gravity ofthe oil. ' [(6-8..1)9.79)}0.35) — (9.79)(0.30)=0 5.8.00 =0.86 035 ml oy Oil 11030.m ‘Water Fig. 232 Rees38 0 CHAPTER 2 251 282 A differential manometer is shown in Fig. 2-33. Calculate the pressure difference between points A and B. A differential manometer is attached to a pipe, as shown in Fig. 2.34. Calculate the pressure difference between Pa + {(0.92)(62.4)][(x + 12)/12] — [(13.6)(62.4)](42) ~ [(0.92)(62.4)]{( + 24)/12] = pe Pa~Pa= 96 Ib/fE i (8. = 092) Oi (sg. = 092) points A and B. t ‘A differential manometer is attached to a pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-35. Calculate the pressure difference between a+ {(0.91)(62.4)](9/12) ~ ((13.6)(62.4)](4) ~ [00.91)(62.4)]I(y ~ 4/12] = Pe Pa~ Pa 264 Ib/fe ile =091) Ge= 16) Fig. 2-34 points A and B. 1 Pa~ ((0.91}(62.4)}(9/12) ~ (13.6)(62.4)]() + [(0.91)(62.4)]I(y + 4)/12] = pa Pa~ Po 264 Ib/tE Mercury Ge=b® Fig. 233FLUID STATICS 0 39 253 For the configuration shown in Fig. 2-36, calculate the weight of the piston ifthe gage pressure reading is TO.0KPa, 1 Let W =weight of the piston. W/[()(1)*/4] - (0.86)(9.79)|(1) = 70.0, W =61.6kN. Je 1-m diameter —=} Fig. 2-36 254 A manometer is attached to a horizontal oil pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-37. If the pressure at point A is 10 psi, find the distance between the two mercury surfaces in the manometer (i., determine the distance y in Fig. 2-37). ' (10)(144) + [(0.90}(62.4)](3 + y) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)]y=0 y= 2.03 ft or 24.4in —Mercuty (98 = 136) Fig. 2:37 5255 A vertical pipe with attached gage and manometer is shown in Fig. 2-38. What will be the gage reading in i pounds per square inch if there i no flow inthe pipe? f Hage reading + [(0.85)(62.4)](2 + 8)/144 — [(13.6)(62.4)](19)/144=0 Gage reading = 5.16 psi 236 A monometeris attached to a vertical pipe, as shown in Fig. 239. Calculate the pressure difference between points and B. ‘ Pa- (62.4)(5 + 1) — [(13.6)(62.4)](2) + (62.4)(2 + 1) =p ‘Pa~ Px = 1884 1b/f? or 13.1 Ib/in® £287 A manometer is attached to a water tank, a8 shown in Fig. 2-40. Find the height of the free water surface above the bottom of the tank. ' (9:19)(# = 0.15) ~[(3.6)(9.79)}(0.20)=0-H=2.87m40 9 CHAPTER 2 aes Mercury a6) oe Fig. 2:38 (ee = 085) oi! maine aaaasiar some 2 7 2 5 g 2 ; }FLUID STATICS J 41 He? Water Mercury Ge= 18) Fig.240 258 A differential manometer is attached to two tanks, as shown in Fig. 2-41. Caleulate the pressure difference between chambers A and B. ' Pa + [(0.89)(9.79)](1.1) + [(13.6)(2.79)}(0.3) ~ [(4.59)(9.79)](0.8) = Pa Pa-po=—3TLKN/m? (it, Pa>Pa) ‘Chamber B tte Carbon tetrachloride ] * 2.99 Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 242, I H pa-+ (62.4)(66.6/12) — [(13.6)(62.4)](40.3/12) + (62.4)(22.2/12) = [(13.6)(62.4)](30.0/12) ~ (62.4)(10.0/12) = pa i Pa~ Po =4562Ib/f? or 31. T1b/in® Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-43. ! a= (.79)x ~[(0.8)(.79)]0.70) + (9.79)(« ~0.80)= Py Pa Px = 13.3KN/m CCaleulate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-44. ' Pat (62.4)(x + 4) ~{(13.6)(62.4)](4) + (62.4)(7 -) = Pa Pa~pe=2108Ib/f2 or 18.81b/in?42 0 CHAPTER 2 LL. Mercury Ge = 38) Oil sg. = 08) Water Fig. 2-43,FLUID STATICS 0 43 Mercury (sg. = 136) Fig. 2-44 ‘262 Vessels A and B in Fig. 2-45 contain water under pressures of 40.0 psi and 20.0 psi, respectively. What is the deflection of the mercury in the differential gage? H (40.0)(144) + (62.4)(x + h) —[(13.6)(62.4)Yh + 62.4y = (20.0)(14). Since x + y = 16.00 — 10.00, or 6.00%, ha4.14et 10.00 Ft Fig. 2-45 eee 1H (-1.58)(144) + [(1.60)(62.4)](10.50 — 9.00) — (0.0750)(11.25 ~ 9.00) + [(8.8-49 »)(62.4)}(11.25 - 10.00) = 044 0 CHAPTER 2 Fig. 246 2464 In Fig. 2-47, liquid A weighs 53.5 b/ft’ and liquid B weighs 78.81b/ft’. Manometer liquid M is mercury. Ifthe pressure at B is 30 psi, find the pressure at A. ' Pa~ (53.5)(6.5 + 1.3) + [(13.6)(62.4)](1.3) + (78.8)(6.5 + 10.0) = (30)(144) pas 2334Ib/f? or 16.2Ibfin® tan oor Rig. 247 2.65 What would be the manometer reading in Fig. 2-47 if pp ~ pa is 165 kPa? 1 Converting to Ib/t, p»~ px = 3446 b/f. The mercury level will ise some amount, x, onthe lft side of the manometer and will fall by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2.48). Hence, taking. Sea denses rom rob. 2687s —GBSNGS+13 +2) + (131623 +20) + BINES + 100-2 Pas I644r + 1986 py — pa = 3446, x = 0.89; manometer reading = 1.3 + (2)(0.89) = 3.08 . Hig. 248 2.66 In Fig. 2-49, water is contained in A and rises in the tube to a level 85 in above A; glycerin is contained in B. The inverted U-tube is filled with air at 23 psi and 70°F. Atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia. Determine the = _FLUID STATICS 2 45 difference in pressure (psi) between A and B ify is 16in. What i the absolute pressure in Bin inches of ‘mercury and in feet of plycerin? ' Pa~ (62.48) =(23)(144) pg = 3754.0 1b/f Pa ~ [(1.26)(62.4)][(85-16)/12] = (23)(144) 3764.1 Ib/ft” Pa~ Pe = 3754.0 — 3764.1 = —10.1Ib/ft? or ~0.070Ib/in® (Pane)n = (3764.1/144 + 14.6)/[(13.6)(62.4)/(12)°] = 83.0 inkig (Pane) = (3764, 1/144 + 14.6)/{(1.26)(62.4)/(12)"] = 895.4 in or 74.6 ft of glycerin Fig. 2-49 2.67 Gas confined in a rigid container exerts a gage pressure of 150 kPa when its temperature is 7°C. What pressure ‘would the gas exert at 67°C? Barometric pressure remains constant at 719 mmHg. ' Pam = [(13.6)(9.79)](0.719) = 95.7 KPa Pay, = 95.7 + 150 = 245.7 kPa PAMIT = prValT, — (245.7)(V)/(273 + 7) = (p.(V)/273 + 67) __[V (volume) is constant] P2=298.4kPa (absolute) = 298.4 — 95.7 = 202.7 kPa (gage) 248 In Fig. 2-50, atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia, the gage reading at A is 6.1 psi, and the vapor pressure of the alcohol is 1.7 psia. Compute x and y. I Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, [6.1 + 14.6)(144)}/{(0.90)(62.4)] — x 1.1)(144)/{(0.90)(62.4)], x = 48.72 ft; [(6.1 + 14.6)(144)]/[(0.90)(62.4)] + (9 + 4.2) — 4.2)(13.6/0.90) =0, y = 6.198. ‘Alcohet vapor only Fig. 2-50 249 In Fig. 2-50, assume the following: atmospheric pressure = 858 mbar abs, vapor pressure of the alcohol = 160 mbar abs, x = 2.90m, y =2.10m. Compute the reading on the pressure gage (p,) and on the manometer (2)a a | 46 0 CHAPTER 2 2.70 an an Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, [(?4) eur + 858](0.100)/[(0.90)(9.79)] - 2.90= (160}(0.100)/[(0.90)(9.79)}. (P Dane = ~442 mbar; [(—442 + 858)(0.100)}/{(0.90)(9.79)] + (2.10-+ 2) — (2)(13.6/0.90) = 0, z= 0.483 m. A pipeline contains an incompressible gas (y = 0.05 tb/f!) at rest; at point A the pressure is 4.69 in of water. ‘What isthe pressure, in inches of water, at point B, 492 ft higher than A? The change in pressure inthe atmosphere must be considered; assume, however, that yue= 0.0761b/ft is constant. (Pal Yam (Dal Yum + 4.69/12 ft of water @ (Pal hen (ol Yum + 3/12 of water @ ‘Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1), (Pal 9)an~ (Pol Y= (Pal Yam ~ (Pal Yam 4.69/12 = 2/12 @ (Pal Dum ~ (Pol Y)ume = 4924 of ait = (492)(0.076/62.4) = 0.599 ft of water (Pal Vow ~ (Pal Yam = 492 of gas = (492)(0.05/62.4) = 0.394 ft of water Substituting these relationships into Eq. (3), 0.394 =0,599 + 4.69/12 — x/12, x= 7.15iin of water. Determine the pressure dflerence between points A and B in Fig. 2-51. Hp. {(0-88)(9.79)| 0.21) — (13.6)(9.79)](0.09) ~ [(0.82)(9.79) (0.41 — 0.09) + (9.79)(0.41 ~ 0.15) — (0.0118)(0.10) = py Pa-Pa=10.2kPa Fig. 251 In Fig. 2-52, if pp pa =97.4 kPa, calculate H. ' Pa (9.79)(H/N00) — [(0.827)(9.79)] (as) + [(13.6)(9.79)] (34+ H+ 179/100) = pa 1.2341 + 66.53 = py Meriam 9.20827203 24 235 26 FLUID STATICS 0 47 For Fig. 2-53, if fluid 1 is water and fluid 2 is mercury, and z, = 0 and z; = ~11.em, what is level z2 at which Pa= Pan? 1 0+ (9.79)[0~ (—11)]/100 ~ [(13.6)(9.79)}{z5— (—11)]/100= 0% = ~10.19¢m pee. Patm 2asPa 2 Fig. 283 ‘The inclined manometer in Fig. 2-54a contains Meriam red manometer oil (s.g. = 0.827). Assume the reservoir is very large. What should the angle @ be if each inch along the scale is to represent a change of 0.8 Ib/ft’ in gage pressure p,? I From Fig. 254, Ap = yz, oF 0.8tb/te = [(0.827)(62.4 h/t] (4 fin 6) from which 8 = 10.72, 4 apg Fig. 2-54(a) Fig. 2-54(6) Reservoir ‘The system in Fig. 2-55 is at 20°C. Compute the absolute pressure at point A. ! Pa + {(0.85)(62.4)] (3) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)](%) + (62.4)(8) = (14.7)(144) py =2691 Ib/ft* abs — ve. 258 Very small pressure differences p — pp can be measured accurately by the two-fuid differential manometer shown in Fig. 2-56. Density p; is Only slightly larger than the upper fluid p. Derive an expression for the proportionality between h and p, ~ pif the reservoirs are very large. Ta + 28h; ~ pegh — 0.8(hs — h) = Pa, Pa~ Po = (P2— prl8h. If (p> — 1.) is small, h will be large (sensitive). Fig. 2-5648 0 CHAPTER 2 2.71 Water flows downward in a pipe at 35°, as shown in Fig. 2-57. The pressure drop p, ~ p2 is partly due to gravity ‘and partly due to friction. The mercury manometer reads a S-in height difference. What is the total pressure ‘drop p; ~ p:? What is the pressure drop due to friction only between 1 and 2? Does the manometer reading correspond only to friction drop? 1 Pu (62,4)(6 sin 35° + x/12+ 2) ~ [(13.6)(62.4) Ki) (62.4)(x/12) =p Pi—p2=112.91b/fe? (total pressure drop) Pressure drop due to frition only = {(13.6)(62.4) ~ 62.4}(%) = 327.6 1b/f? ‘Manometer reads only the frietion loss. Water Merny ng 87 2.78 Determine the gage pressure at point A in Fig. 258. pa (9.79)(0.50) + (0.0118)(0.33) + [(13.6)(9.79)](0.17) — [(0.83)(9.79)](0.44)=0 pam 14.17 kPa Pe Ae adem wr Merry 4.258 2.79 InFig. 2-59, clelate level hf the olin the right-hand tube. Roth tubes ae open to the atmosphere 1 0+ (9.79)(0.110 + 0.240) ~ ((0.83),9.79)(0.240-+4)=0 = 0.1817 m=181.7 mm - ‘ tomm ot, 9.2683, | 240mm 280mm Water2.81 FLUID STATICS 0 49 B. The reservoir diameter £832, ealibrate the scale in In Fig. 2.6 the inclined manometer measures the excess pressure at A over that is2.5in and that ofthe inclined tube is fin, For 6 = 32° and gage fluid with s psi per ft. ' Pam y(Oh+ Ay)+pe (see Fig. 2-606) pay = y(Ah+ Ay) From Fig. 2-60b, (A4)(Ay) = (Aa)(R) or Ay =AyR/Aq, Mh= R sin 8, pa — pe = YR sin 0+ ApR/A,) = IRsin 0+ Av/Aa), An/Aa=[2e(4)'/4]/[(2.5)'/4] = vas Da ~ Po = [(0.832)(62.4)](R)(sin 32° + ifs)/144 = 0.1947R. The scale factor is thus 0.1947 psi/ft, Fig. 2-60(a) rea a Fig. 2-60(6) Determine the weight W that can be equilibrated by the force acting on the piston of Fig. 2-61. ' Pi=pr=RlA,= BJA, —1.25/(x(35)/4] = W/[x@s0y/4] WW 250mm diam 35mm diam w 1.25 4N ——>1 ou Mig. 2-61, Neglecting the container's weight in Fig. 2-62, find the force tending to lift the circular top CD. ' Peo — [(0.8)(62.4)](4)=0 peo =199.71b/f® —F = pA =(199.7)[x(2.5)°/4] = 9801050 0 CHAPTER 2 2.83 2.84 2.87 2.89 290 Find the force of oil on the top surface CD of Fig. 2-62 if the liquid level in the open pipe is reduced by 1.3m. F pco~((0-8)(62.4)]{4 ~ (.38.281)]=0 peo ™ -13.241b/fE (ie., a downward pressure by CD) F=pA=(-13.24)[x(2.57/4] = -65.01b ‘A drum 2.25 ft in diameter fled with water has a vertical pipe of 0.70in diameter attached tothe top. How many pounds of water must be poured into the pipe to exert a force of 1500 Ib on the top of the drum? ' p= FIA = 1500/{x(2.25)'/4] =377.31b/f2 —h= p/y =377.3/62.4 = 6.05 ft Wrsso = (6.05){x(0.70/12)?/4](62.4) = 1.01 1b 2-63, the liquid at A and B is water and the manometer liquid is ol with s.g. = 0.80, hy = 300 mm, +h, = 200 mm, and h = 600 mm. (a) Determine p~ Pr. (B) If pp = 50 kPa and the barometer reading is 730 mmHg, find the absolute pressure at A in meters of water. 1@ Pa~ (9-79)(G) ~ [(0-80)(9.79)| (28) + (9-79)(83)= Pe Pa~ Pa = 1.37 KPa o Pa — (9-79)( it) ~ [(0-80)(9.79)] Foo) + (9.79)( 550) = 50 Px= 48.63 KPa (gage) = 48.63/9.79 + (13.6) = 14.90m water (absolute) Fig. 2-63 In Fig. 2-63, 5.8..= 1.0, 5.8.2 = 0.96, .g.5= 1.0, hy == 269 mm, and h, = 1.2m. Compute p,— pp in millimeters of water. ' ‘Pa~ (1.0)(269) — (0.96)(269) + (1.0)(1200) =p» pa ~ pa = ~673 mm of water In Fig. 2-63, 5.g.1= 1.0, 5.8.2 = 0.94, 5.g.5= 1.0, = 300mm, hy= 1.1m, and pa — pp = ~360 mm of water. Find the gage difference (h,). H pa~(.0N300) ~ (0.94)(4.)+ (.0)(1100)= Px PP 468 mm 360 = ~800 + (0.94)(h:) What is the pressure difference, in pounds per square inch, of a 1000. water column? ' p= yh = (6241000) /144 = 43 psi Find the pressure at a point 9.5m below the free surface in a fluid whose density varies with depth h (in m) according to (450 kg/m) + (11 kg/m) g both sides: p = (g)(450h + 114#/2). For h = 9.5 m: = B dp= yah = pp ah = (450+ 11h) dh, Inter p= (9.81)[(450)(9.5) + (11)(9.5)*/2] = 46.807 kPa. If atmospheric pressure is 29.72 inHg, what will be the height of water in a water barometer if the temperature of the water is (a) 50°F, (b) 100°P, and (¢) 150°F? ' p= yh=[(13.6)(62.4)}29.72/12) =2102tb/fe? oF 14.60 b/in® (@) At50°F, ¥ = 62.4 1b/f0 and Prag, = 25.7/144, oF 0.178 Ib/in?, hho = (14.60 ~ 0.178)(144)/62. (6) At 100°F, y= 62.01b/ft and Pree = [3, oF 0.938 Ibi, hyo = (14,60 — 0.938)(144)/62.0 = 31.73 ft. (©) At 150°F, y= 61.216/f and Pray = 2, OF 3.78 Ib/in®, hyo = (14.60 ~ 3.78)(144)/61.2 = 25.46 ft.FLUID STATICS J 51 291 A bicycle tire is inflated at sea level (where atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia and the temperature is 69°F) to {65.0 psi. Assuming the tire does not expand, what is the gage pressure within the tite on the top of Everest (altitude 30 000 ft), where atmospheric pressure is 4,3 psia and the temperature is 38°F? I Let subscript 1 indicate sea level and subscript 2 indicate altitude 3000 f. (dan = 14.64 65.0=79.6psia—_ pyVi/T.=p¥ilTs (19.6)(¥)/(460 + 69) = (p:)(V)/[460 + (~38)] (Vis constant) (Pran= 63.5 psia (Pad = 63.5 —4.3-= 59.2 ps 2.82 Find the difference in pressure between tanks A and B in Fig. 2-64 id, = 330 mm, d,= 160 mm, d, = 480mm, and d= 230 mm. 1 a + (9.79)(0.330) — [(13.6)(9.79)](0.480 + 0.230 sin 45°)= py Pa — 293 A cylindrical tank contains water at a height of 55mm, as shown in Fig. 2-65. Inside is a smaller open cylindrical tank containing cleaning fluid (s.g. = 0.8) at height h. If py = 13.40 kPa gage and pc = 13.42 kPa gage, what are ‘gage pressure p, and height A of cleaning fuid? Assume that the cleaning fluid is prevented from moving to the top of the tank. ' Pa (9.79)(0.055)= 13.42 pa=12.88KPa 12.88 + (9.79)(0.055 — h) + [(0.8)9.79)}= 13.40 = 0.00942 m = 9.42 mm 294 An open tube is attached to a tank, as shown in Fig. 2-66. If the water rises to a height of 800 mm in the tube, ‘what are the pressures p, and pp of the air above the water? Neglect capillary effects in the tube. t Pa — (9-79){(800 — 300 — 100)/1000]=0 pa, =3.92 kPa Pa ~ (9-79){(800 ~ 300)/1000]=0 pp = 4.90 kPaey 295 296 297 52 0 CHAPTER 2 Se 7 For the setup shown in Fig. 2-67, what is the pressure p, if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.822 1 Pa + [(0.82)(9.79)|(3) + (9.7914 ~ 3) ~ [(13.6)9.79)](0.320)=0 py T3kPa Fig. 2-67 For the setup shown in Fig. 2-68, calculate the absolute pressure at a. Assume standard atmospheric pressure, 101.3 kPa ! 101.3 + (9.79)(0.600 ~ 0.200) ~ [(13.6)(9.79)]}(0.140) + [(0.83)(9.79)](0.140 + 0.090) = p, Pa= 88.44 kPa ‘A force of 460 N is exerted on lever AB, as shown in Fig. 2-69. End B is connected to a piston which fits into a cylinder having a diameter of 60 mm. What force F acts on the larger piston, ifthe volume between C and D is filled with water? I Let Fe = force exerted on smaller piston at C: Fe= (460)(@3) = 843 N. Fe/Ac = Fo/Ap, (843)/{i85)"/4] = Fo/|x(B¥/4), Fo = 15 830, oF 15.83 KN.