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Lecture 5

The document discusses control structures in computer programming, specifically in C++, emphasizing their role in determining the order of instruction execution. It outlines three basic forms of control structures: sequential, selection, and iterative, with a focus on selection control statements such as 'if' and 'if-else'. Examples are provided to illustrate how these control structures function within a program.

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8 views10 pages

Lecture 5

The document discusses control structures in computer programming, specifically in C++, emphasizing their role in determining the order of instruction execution. It outlines three basic forms of control structures: sequential, selection, and iterative, with a focus on selection control statements such as 'if' and 'if-else'. Examples are provided to illustrate how these control structures function within a program.

Uploaded by

rugamwela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Programming

IS121 – 2024/2025

Uledi Ngulo

Control Structures 1/2

April 23, 2025


Control Structures
Motivation
Fundamental means of controlling the order of
execution of instructions within a program
First electronic computers over sixty years ago were
referred to as “Electronic Brains”; misleading
There is no more intelligence a computer than
what it is instructed to do
What computers can do, however, is to execute a
series of instructions very quickly and very reliably.
It is the speed of execution that gives computers
their power. Of course and obedience too.

IS121 – 2024/2025 2 / 10
Control Structures
Control flow is the order that instructions are
executed in a program
A control statement is a statement that
determines the control flow of a set of instructions
C++ has 3 basic forms of control structures;
sequential, selection, and iterative control

IS121 – 2024/2025 3 / 10
Selection Control
C++ provides 3 selection control statements.
1. if Statement

SYNTAX
if (expression) header :
statements; clause

IS121 – 2024/2025 4 / 10
Selection Control
2. if else Statement

SYNTAX
if (expression)
statements;
else
statements;

2 headers:
2 clauses

IS121 – 2024/2025 5 / 10
Control Structures
if–else Indentation


if (expression) header 1

 statement 1; suite/block 1
clause 1

 statement 2;

statement 3;



else header 2

 statement 1; suite/block 2
clause 2

 statement 2;

statement 3;

Each suite can contain as many statements as required


IS121 – 2024/2025 6 / 10
Control Structures
Example 1: (ExampleofCPP.cpp)
1 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
2 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
3
4 i n t main ( )
5 { i n t c =12;
6 i f ( c <=15)
7 {
8 c o u t <<”Number i s l e s s than
9 e q u a l t o 15 ”<< e n d l ;
10 }
11 return 0;
12 }

IS121 – 2024/2025 7 / 10
Control Structures

Example 1: (ExampleofCPP.cpp) Cont.


1 if (c <= 15) checks whether the value of variable
c is less than or equal to 15.
2 The expression evaluates to be true and as a result
statement cout << “Number is less then equal
to 15”<<endl; is executed.

IS121 – 2024/2025 8 / 10
Control Structures
Example 2: (ExampleofCPP.cpp)
1 #i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
2 u s i n g namespace s t d ;
3
4 i n t main ( )
5 { i n t c =17;
6 i f ( c <=15)
7 {
8 c o u t <<”Number c <= 15 15 ”<< e n d l ;
9 }
10 else
11 {
12 c o u t <<”Number c >= 15 ”<< e n d l ;
13 }
14 return 0;
15 } IS121 – 2024/2025 9 / 10
Control Structures

Example 2: (ExampleofCPP.cpp) Cont.


1 if (c <= 15) checks whether the value of variable
c is less than or equal to 15.
2 The expression evaluates to be true and as a result
statement cout << “Number
c <= 15”<<endl; is executed.
3 The statement cout << “Number
c >= 15”<<endl; under else is not executed as
value of the variable c is not greater than 15.

IS121 – 2024/2025 10 / 10

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