A ProjectReport on

“AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING

EMBEDED SYSTEM DESIGN”

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Award of

Degree inBachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Project Associates
Ms. RASHMI PALANKAR (2VD15EE035)
Mr. SHIVARAJ HULLALLI (2VD15EE043)
Ms. BASAVASHRI PATIL (2VD16EE402)
Mr. KIRAN SHETTEPPANAVAR (2VD16EE404)

Under the guidance

Prof.MANJUNATHA
Prof. RAJESHWARI B. NANANNAVAR

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’s

Vishwanathrao Deshpande Institute of Technology,
Haliyal 581 329
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
(APPROVED BY AICTE NEW DELHI)
2019-2020
 KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’s
Vishwanathrao Deshpande Institute of Technology,
Haliyal 581 329
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
(APPROVED BY AICTE NEW DELHI)
2019-2020

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “AUTOMATIC DRIVING

TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED SYSTEM DESIGN”carried out by

Project associates are bonafide student of V.D.I.T in partial fulfilment for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University,Belagavi during the year 2019-2020. It
is certified that all correction/suggestion indicated for Internal Assessment have
been incorporated in the report. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the
said degree.

Guide Guide HOD Principal

Prof. Manjnatha Prof. Rajeshwari N Prof. UttamSatpute Dr. V.V. Katti

Name of the Examiner Signature

1)

2)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Hard work, perseverance and determination to reach the goal to lead to ultimate success.
But no project is envisaged the help and guidance of an experienced person respected in
the field of the concerned subject. As the saying goes, coming together is beginning,
keeping together is progress and working together in success. Though the benefit
achieved from them can never be adequately valued, we should like to express our
heartily gratitude towards them.
We express our sincere and heartfelt thanks to Dr. Vadiraj.V.Katti , Principal KLS's
VDRIT, Haliyal.
We wish to express our profound sense of deepest gratitude to Prof.Uttam Satpute,
Head of Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering KLS's VDRIT, Haliyal for
approving our work with great interest.
We sincerely express our thanks to our guides Prof. Manjunatha and Prof. Rajeshwari
Nanannavar, Department of Electrical and Electronics, who have always been a constant
motivation and guiding factor throughout the project time in and out as well. It has been a
great pleasure or us to get an opportunity to work under them and complete the project
successfully
We wish to convey our sincere gratitude to the entire faculty, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, KLS's VDRIT Haliyal. The facilities and co-operation
received from the technical staff is thankfully acknowledged.
Last but not the least, our sincere thanks to all our friends who have patiently extended all
sorts of help for accomplishing this undertaking.

Ms. Rashmi Palankar (2VD15EE035)

Mr. Shivaraj Hullalli (2VD15EE043)

Ms. Basavashri Patil (2VD16EE402)

Mr. Kiran Shetteppanavar (2VD16EE404)

 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, we can often see the rate of road accidents is increased leading to
death of many people across India due to increased number of vehicles leading to traffic
and unskilled drivers who have availed their licenses through manual test by paying bribe
amount to Regional Transport Office (RTO) agents. Hence this project is to make the
clear, efficient and the transparent test for any driver seeking the driving license, by
tracking his driving skills during the driving test in an automated track or on an
automated vehicle. The solution is developed by customizing arudino based embedded
system design to check the status of sensors (Ultra-sonic sensors) placed on the a driving
vehicle and exploiting IOT technology to send result of the test (pass or fail) to higher
RTO officers. The proposed solution for the automation of existing manual test process
enables the elimination of human intervention and improves the driving test accuracy
thereby going paperless, with Driving Skill Evaluation System. As a contribution to the
society this innovative solution can overcome corruption and reduce the number of road
accidents due to most accidents resulting from lack of planning, anticipation and control
which are highly dependent on a person’s driving skills. Thus, from our proposed scheme
we can implement an automatic driving test for license issue.
 CONTENTS

Title Page no
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1: Domain Detail 2
1.2: Existing System 3
1.3: Proposed System 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1: Automated License Management System Using RFID 4
2.2: Automated Driving Test And Issuing Of Licenses 4
2.3: Automated Driving Test System Using Proximity Sensor 5
2.4: Automatic Driving Test For License Issue Using AVR Micro Controller 5
2.5:A Smart Automation System For Monitoring License Test Drive
Using Embedded System 6
2.6: Automatic Driving License Test with Android Application 6
CHAPTER 3: COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
3.1: Arduino 7

3.1.1: Programming 8
3.1.2 : Warnings 8
3.1.3 : Power 9
3.1.4 : Memory 9
3.1.5 : Input and Output 10
3.1.6 : Communication 11
3.1.7 : Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility 11
3.1.8 :Automatic (Software) Reset 12
3.1.9 : Revisions 12
3.2 : Electro-mechanical buzzer 13
3.3 : LED’S 14
3.4 : Liquid crystal display (LCD) 15
3.4.1: Block diagram 15
3.5 : Ultrasonic sensors 17
3.5.1: Pin Description of Ultrasonic Sensor 17
3.5.2: How to Find the Range of Target in Ultrasonic Sensor 18
CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED WORK
4.1: Model 21
4.2: Working 24
4.3: Flow chart 26
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5.1: Advantages 28
5.2: Disadvantages 28
5.3: Application 28
5.4: Future Scope 29
CONCLUSION 30
REFERENCES 31
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO FIGURES PAGE NO
3.1 Arduino 7
3.2 Buzzer 13
3.3 Parts Of Led 14
3.4 16×2 LCD 16
3.5 Ultrasonic Sensor 17
3.6 Working of Ultrasonic Sensor 18
4.1 Block Diagram Of System 20
4.2 Front View of Model 21
4.3 Side View of Model 21
4.4 System Components and Connection 22
4.5 RFID Card 22
4.6 RFID Reader 23
4.7 LCD Display 23
4.8 Flow Chart 26
5.1 Chart indicating results on ThingSpeak 27

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TABLES PAGE NO
3.1 Technical Specs 7

3.2 Pin Description 16

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The continuous efforts made by the different state governments in India, various
international and national organizations continue to highlight the facilities on the roads
caused by inconsistent process of issuing driving licenses across India. The study
conducted by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) indicates that the process of
obtaining driving license in India is a distorted one. As the population increases usage of
4 wheelers also increases, driving any vehicle license is compulsory. The independent
survey conducted shows that close to 60 percent of license holders did not even have to
take the driving license test and 54 percent of them were untrained to drive .The study
conducted by IFC also shows that the driving license is in that category of public services
that involves corruption of a direct demand and supply of bribes between citizens and
officers. The study also indicates that the corruption is focused on agents that work as
intermediaries between the officers and citizens. This practice of agent-usage promotes
corruption and subsequently results in higher payment for licenses, reduces driving test
quality and this eventually results in unskilled drivers on road.
Hence the only solution for this problem is to implement an efficient, transparent
and cost effective driver testing system. In the present scenario, the candidates who have
applied for driving license have to appear for a theoretical examination and a practical
examination. The theoretical examination evaluates the candidate knowledge on different
traffic signs, traffic regulation and also the basic understanding of safety. Different ways
are adopted for the conduct of theoretical examination. These are oral examination,
question paper or computer based examination. A pass in the theoretical examination is a
prerequisite for the practical examination. The practical examination comprises of two
tests namely off-road test and on-road test. The off road test is for examining the
candidate’s ability in controlling the vehicle. The on-road test is conducted in light traffic
on normal road. Normally, the on-road test is carried out after completing off-road test.
The off-road test tracks are of three types – H, S and 8 shaped tracks. In India, the test
track adopted for off-road test purpose varies from state to state. A driving license is an
official document certifying that the holder is able to drive a motor vehicle. Most of the
person is dying on road accident because of ineligible drivers with illegal license. So it is
very important to disassociate the driving ability test from the licensing authority.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 1

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

1.1 DOMAIN DETAIL

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform
one or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is
usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts.
In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many
different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very
important today as they control many of the common devices we use. Since the embedded
system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size
and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physically, embedded
systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players to large
stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers or the systems controlling
nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to
very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or
enclosure. In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many
systems have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share
some elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and
microprocessors which power them — but are not truly embedded systems, because they
allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either
fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of
application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras,
household appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys (as well as the more obvious
cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system.
Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a programming interface,
and embedded systems programming is a specialized occupation. Certain operating
systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded market, such as Embedded
Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, some low-end consumer products use very
inexpensive microprocessors and limited storage, with the application and operating
system both part of a single program. The program is written permanently into the
system's memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RAM (random access
memory), as programs on a personal computer.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 2

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

In the present scenario, the candidates who have applied for driving license have
to appear for a theoretical examination and a practical examination. The theoretical
examination evaluates the candidate knowledge on different traffic signs, traffic
regulation and also the basic understanding of simple safety check before using a vehicle.
Different ways are adopted for the conduct of theoretical examination. These are oral
examination, question paper or computer based examination. Theoretical examination is
conducted before the practical examination. Pass in the theoretical examination is a
prerequisite for the practical examination. The practical examination comprises of two
tests namely off-road test and on-road test. The off road test is for examining the
candidate’s ability in controlling the vehicle. The on-road test is conducted in light traffic
on normal road. Normally, the on-road test is carried out after completing off-road test.
The off-road test tracks are of three types – H, S and 8 shaped tracks. In India, the test
track adopted for off-road test purpose varies from state to state.

1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this process the person applying for the test are gone through certain steps. Before
entering for test candidate has to register. During test candidate is monitored by the
embedded system. The applicant will be allotted the test vehicle for test drive with the4
sensors connected to system in vehicle sending data using wireless sensor network to
remote server processed. In this project Ultrasonic sensors are used on the vehicle to
monitor the movement and tests driving skills of the candidate. Result analysis is done by
comparing the received data with previous data. If the parameter match up to a certain
near about 70% the license will be issue if not it will be rejected.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 3

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Automated License Management System Using RFID
Mr. Arivoli, “Automated License Management System Using RFID” Dept of ECE,
Sengunthar Engineering College Tamilnadu in Volume: 03 Issue: Apr 2016.
By referring this paper we came to know that they are using IR sensors, load cell, RFID
reader, power supply, switching circuit, RS-232. The power supply circuit consists of
Transformer, Rectifier, Filter, Voltage regulator etc. A load cell is a transducer that is
used to convert a force into electrical signal. A load cell is made by bonding strain gauges
to a spring material RFID Proximity OEM Reader Module has a built-in antenna in
minimized form factor. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-
chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM,
EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time. 4RS-232 is used due to
its relative simplicity and low hardware overhead. The pressure switch is used as pairs
where each pair consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The IR sensor pairs, pressure
switch used for detecting the trouncing of sensor mounted yardstick or the crossing of line
intersection between the sensors. Speed sensor is used into the vehicle wheel to enable or
disable of zero rpm measurement system.

2.2 Automated Driving Test and Issuing of Licenses

Mrs. Apurva Meshram, Kewal Jadhav, Rani Jibhekar, Kavita Katole. “Automated
Driving Test And Issuing Of Licenses” Dept Of ECE Engineering Dr Babasaheb
Ambedkar College Of Engineering and Research ,Nagpur , Maharashtra in Volume:04
Issue: March 2017.
In this paper they have used two sensors are connected to embedded systems in vehicle
sending data using wireless sensor network to remote server to get processed. Result
analysis is done by comparing the received data with previous data. The sensors used are
gyro sensor to define coordinates in terms of longitude and latitude of a test vehicle
.While rpm sensor is used to sense and measure speed at every angle of test vehicle
.wireless sensor network includes global positioning system (GPS). GPS provide data for
mapping, receives X, Y, Z co-ordinates according to position of a vehicle.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 4

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

2.3 Automated Driving Test System Using Proximity Sensor

Mrs. Rashmi Kanakapur ,Madhuri Deshapande, Kishore Hawaldar, “Automated
Driving Test System Using Proximity Sensor” Dept of ECE KLE Dr. M.S.Sheshgiri
College of engineering and technology Belagavi in Volume: 07 Issue: July 2017.
In this project IR sensors are used on the track to monitor the vehicle movement and tests
driving skills of the candidate. And also the authority person needs not to monitor the
candidate who enters for the license test. Before entering for the driving license test
candidate has to be registered and authenticated using fingerprint sensor. During driving
the person is monitored by the sensors. The Arduino monitors various sensors and verifies
sensor readings with preset criteria and generates the results, which will be displayed on
the computer. If candidate gets qualified he can get license. Suppose if the candidate fails
to drive properly then that test is postpone for next particular day.

2.4 Automatic Driving Test For License Issue Using AVR Micro
Controller
Mohd.Zaheer faizi, Vishweshkumar aithal ,Sneha naragundkar , “Automatic Driving
Test For License Issue Using AVR Micro Controller ” Dept of ECE, KLS Gogte Institute
Of Technology, Belgavi in Volume:05 Issue: Sep 2018.
The sensed data from the test track are processed by the 5AVR microcontroller at the
center. If the driver undergoing test puts his feet on the ground (incase of two-wheeler) or
if the vehicle touches the sidewalls of the test track (incase of two and four-wheeler) the
same is sensed and processed and the status is sent to the remotely located PC at RTO
office via cloud. It employs ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module to accomplish the IOT part of the
solution.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 5

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

2.5 A SMART AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR MONITORING

LICENSE TEST DRIVE USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Sharmila.R.Padmavathi Vol-2, Issue-3, 2016
In this paper they have developed system for watching the candidate whether he/she is
eligible for taking license by using load cell. The load cell changed it out put where there
is any pressure change over in the surface. If candidate keep his/her foot on the surface
the differential output is sensed by load cell. Then it was processed by microcontroller
and the output can be obtained. Here they are placing proximate sensor for hand signal
detection and no of count detection. Finally computer will decide based on the candidate
performance and finger print is used to show the history of the candidate by using all data
computer generates license to the qualified candidate.

2.6 Automatic Driving License Test with Android Application

Vanhere Payal Gopinath Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 2017
In this paper they have placed IR sensors on the testing track which is used to detect path
covering by the driver. These sensors normally are not passing the signals from the
transmitters to receivers. When any vehicle will pass on that track where the IR sensors
placed then the signal will pass from transmitter to receiver by reflection of obstacle. This
all sensors generate a signal and it is sent to the ARM LPC2148. Here ARM7 is act as
processer of whole system. ARM7 is connected to Android app through Bluetooth
module. Android app is given the display of track which is covered by the driver and the
track which remains or left by the driver. The ARM LPC2148 calculates the how many
times driver takes reverse, breaks, lane cutting etc. As per performance of driver all data
shown on the app and generates the result.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 6

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Arduino

Fig 3.1: Arduino

The Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54
digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4
UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible with
most shields designed for the Uno and the former boards.

Table 3.1: Technical Specs

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 7

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1.1 Programming
The Mega 2560 board can be programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). For
details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega2560 on the Mega 2560 comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer.
It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see
these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available
in the Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader,
which can be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near
the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB
line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then
use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new firm ware. Or you can use the ISP header with an
external programmer (overwriting the DFU boot loader). See this user-
contributed tutorial for more information.

3.1.2 Warnings
The Mega 2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and over current. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied
to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or
overload is removed.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 8

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1.3 Power
The Mega 2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers
of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 Vin: The input voltage to the board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power
jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board
can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB
connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the
5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't
advise it.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on
the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V.
3.1.4 Memory
The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB
is used for the boot loader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read
and written with the EEPROM library).

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 9

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1.5 Input and Output

See the mapping between Arduino pins and Atmega2560 ports:
Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pin
Mode(),digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-
up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value
that must not be exceeded to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and
16 (TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX)
TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega16U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt
4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low level, a rising or falling edge, or a change in level. See
the attach Interrupt () function for details.
 PWM: 2 to 13 and 44 to 46. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog
Write() function.
 SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library. The SPI pins are also broken out on the
ICSP header, which is physically compatible with the Arduino /Genuino Uno and
the old Duemilanove and Diecimila Arduino boards.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 TWI: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support TWI communication using the Wire
library. Note that these pins are not in the same location as the TWI pins on the
old Duemilanove or Diecimila Arduino boards. See also the mapping Arduino
Mega 2560 PIN diagram.
The Mega 2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analog
Reference() function.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 10

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1.6 Communication
The Mega 2560 board has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four
hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega16U2 (AT mega 8U2
on the revision 1 and revision 2 boards) on the board channels one of these over USB and
provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a
.in file, but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port
automatically. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple
textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will
flash when data is being transmitted via the ATmega8U2/ATmega16U2 chip and USB
connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega 2560's
digital pins.
The Mega 2560 also supports TWI and SPI communication. The Arduino Software (IDE)
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI bus; see the documentation for details.
For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

3.1.7 Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility

The maximum length and width of the Mega 2560 PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former
dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note
that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of
the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
The Mega 2560 is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the Uno and
the older Diecimila or Duemilanove Arduino boards. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the
adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, and ICSP header
are all in equivalent locations. Furthermore, the main UART (serial port) is located on the
same pins (0 and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is
available through the ICSP header on both the Mega 2560 and Duemilanove / Diecimila
boards. Please note that I2C is not located on the same pins on the Mega 2560 board (20
and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila boards (analog inputs 4 and 5).

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 11

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1.8 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Mega 2560 is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is
connected to the reset line of the ATmega2560 via a 100 nano farad capacitor. When this
line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The
Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply
pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the boot loader
can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start
of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Mega 2560 board is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is running on the
ATMega2560. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a
connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or
other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates
waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
3.1.9 Revisions
The Mega 2560 does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip used in past designs.
Instead, it features the ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2 in the revision 1 and revision 2
Arduino boards) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Mega 2560
board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put
into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the Arduino board and the current Genuino Mega 2560 has
the following improved features:
 pinout: SDA and SCL pins - near to the AREF pin - and two other new pins
placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with
the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the board that uses
ATSAM3X8E, that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin that
is reserved for future purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 12

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.2 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL BUZZER

A buzzer is in the mechanical form of a small rectangular or cylindrical housing,
with electrical connection for direct mounting on rigid printed circuit and the buzzer has
two small brackets. The loudness of such a component is about 85 dB / cm.

Fig 3.2 Buzzer

It requires a DC voltage to operate, it should be generally between 3V and 28V,
depending on the model. A buzzer designed to operate at 6V generally works very well
for any supply voltage between 4V and 8V, and a buzzer designed to operate at 12 V can
work perfectly at a voltage between 6V and 28V. There are also buzzers that work
directly on the AC mains 230 V. This type of buzzer is convenient to use, because unlike
piezoelectric buzzers (simple piezoelectric transducers without associated electronics), it
has no work, except of course the eventual control stage which will enable it.
Simple Piezo-electric:- A buzzer (transducer) piezoelectric requires an AC voltage to
operate, a few volts to several tens of volts (3V to 30V for example). It presents an
optimal resonance frequency a few kHz (between 1 kHz and 5 kHz in general, eg, 2 kHz,
2.8 kHz or 3 kHz). It is this type of transducer that can be found on the back of the watch
with an alarm function.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 13

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.3 LED’S
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.
The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to
create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side or anode, to
the n-side or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers—
electrons and holes—flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When
an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form
of a photon.
The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its colour depends on the band
gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the
electrons and holes recombine by a non-radioactive transition, which produces no optical
emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED
have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible, or near-
ultraviolet light.
LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide.
Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with ever-shorter
wavelengths, emitting light in a variety of colors.
LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-
type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well.
Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices. This
means that much light will be reflected back into the material at the material/air surface
interface. Thus, light extraction in LEDs is an important aspect of LED production,
subject to much research and development.

Fig 3.3:Parts of an LED.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 14

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

The LCD panel used in this block interfaced with micro-controller through output
port. This is a 16 character × 2Line LCD module, capable of display numbers, characters,
and graphics. The display contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands
(RS=0) and the second for character to be displayed (RS=1). It also contains a user
programmed Ram area (the character RAM) character that can be formed using dot
matrix that can be programmed to generate any desired. Two distinguished between these
areas, the hex command byte will be signify that the display RAM address 00h is chosen.
LCD can add a lot to our application in terms of providing a useful interface for
the user, debugging an application or just giving it a “professional” look. The most
common type of LCD controller is the Hitachi 44780 which provides a relatively simple
interface between a processor and an LCD. Using this inter is often not attempted by
inexperienced designers and programmers because it is difficult to find good
documentation on the interface, initializing the interface can be problem and the displays
themselves are expensive.
Connection to a PC parallel port is mostly simple. These displays can handle eight
bit input directly. They also need two extra lines to control which kind of data has just
arrived and when the data is meant to be stable. Those signals are also called RS (Register
Select, instruction or data register) and EN (enable).
So it has to control ten data lines (8 bits + RS + EN) and one common ground
(GND) line, which make eleven lines to the parallel port. Data read back is not supported
by the driver and so it does not require extra line for this. The following table shows the
needed connection.

3.4.1 Block Diagram:

16×2
Alphanumeric
Microcontroller Parallel port LCD

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 15

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

Fig 3.4: 16×2 LCD

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)

Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)

Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust

0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input

0 = Write to LCD module

Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal

Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1

Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2

Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3

Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4

Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5

Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6

Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

Pin no. 15 LED+ Anode of LED for Backlit

Pin no. 16 LED- Cathode of LED for Backlit

Table 3.2 :Pin Description

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 16

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.5 ULTRASONIC SENSORS

Fig 3.5 Ultrasonic Sensor

Devices that use electrical–mechanical energy transformation to measure distance
from the sensor to the target object. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal mechanical waves
which travel as a sequence of compressions and rarefactions along the direction of wave
propagation through the medium. Apart from distance measurement, they are also used
in ultrasonic material testing (to detect cracks, air bubbles, and other flaws in the
products), Object detection, position detection, ultrasonic mouse, etc.
These sensors are categorized in two types according to their working
phenomenon – piezoelectric sensors and electrostatic sensors. Here we are discussing the
ultrasonic sensor using the piezoelectric principle. Piezoelectric ultrasonic sensors use a
piezoelectric material to generate the ultrasonic waves.
Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive,
but more generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar,
which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves
respectively.
Active ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the
echo which is received back by the sensor, measuring the time interval between sending
the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. Passive ultrasonic
sensors are basically microphones that detect ultrasonic noise that is present under certain
conditions.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 17

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

Fig3.5.1 :Working of Ultrasonic Sensor

The range of the target is determined by the "time lagging" between transmitted pulse and
the received "echo". Generally microwave and ultrasonic frequencies are used in
RADARS.
Our HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor works similar to the RADAR mechanism but in a
simplified manner. This sensor consists of four PINS

3.5.1 Pin Description of Ultrasonic Sensor

1. Vcc------------------connect to 5V dc
2. Trigger--------------pulse input that triggers the sensor
3. Echo----------------indicates the reception of echo from the target
4. Gnd-----------------ground final

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 18

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.5.2 How to Find the Range of Target in Ultrasonic Sensor

ULTRASONIC pulse travels with the speed of sound 340.29 m/s = 34029 cm/s
range of target=velocity*time==>34029*TIMER0/2==> 17015*TIMER0
At 12MHz TIMER0 gets incremented for 1microsecond.
RANGE = 17015 centimeters/seconds * TIMER0 micro seconds
= 17015 centimeters/seconds * TIMER0 * (10^-6) seconds
as (1microsecond=10^-6 seconds)
= 17015 centimeters/seconds * TIMER0 * (10^-6) seconds
= 17015 * TIMER0 centimeters
(1000000)
= TIMER0 1000000/ 17015 centimeters
= TIMER0 58.771 centimeters

RANGE of target = TIMER0 cm.

59

Distance Calibration
For accurate distance measuring you may calibrate the obtained result. Here for
making the displayed distance more accurate, I added 1 to the measured distance. This
constant of calibration can be found using a series of practical experiments with a ruler
scale.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 19

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED WORK

ALARM

Ultrasonic
sensor L1 Wi fi

Ultrasonic ARDUINO
sensor L2 CONTROLLER Vibration
sensor

Ultrasonic
LCD
sensor R1

Ultrasonic
sensor R2

Fig 4.1 : Block Diagram Of System

The figure shows the block diagram of the system. The system consists of four
Ultrasonic Sensor, Arduino, LCD display, Wi-Fi module, Buzzer, Vibration sensor, RFID
module.
Vehicle monitoring unit is fitted on the vehicle it consist of the ultrasonic sensor
which will check that vehicle is moving in the specified track.
The Arduino is used here to control the demo vehicle and all the units
communicate with each other. The system is designed to monitor the driving skills of the
candidate using Arduino.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 20

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 MODEL:

Fig 4.2: Front View of Model

Fig 4.3: Side View of Model

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 21

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

Fig 4.4: System Components and Connection

Fig 4.5: RFID Card

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 22

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

Fig 4.6: RFID Reader

Fig 4.7: LCD Display

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 23

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.2 WORKING
The candidate has to register before taking the test the candidate is authenticated
using RFID (Radio Frequency identification) card which uses electromagnetic field to
automatically identify and track tag attached to the vehicle. The RFID tag consists of a
tiny radio transponder, a radio receiver and transmitter. When RFID tag triggered by an
electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device. The tag transmit
digital data, usually it is an identifying inventory number, back to the reader. By using
this technique the candidate will start the test, as soon as candidate starts his driving LCD
also starts displaying and monitors result continuously, LCD is connected to Arduino
through pin D4, D5, D6 and D7 here we are using 16*2 LCD display the liquid crystal
library works with all LCD display that are compatible with Hitachi HD44780 Driver and
the program is return to display continues status of the test.
In this we are using vibration sensor and the buzzer is connected to the Arduino,
so when there is no vibration the output is zero (low voltage) whenever the driver touches
any part of the vehicle to edge of barrier or any other object the vibration sensor activated
now the output is one(high voltage). If the Arduino gets one (vibration) from vibration
sensor the buzzer gets activated and the beep is given by buzzer to know the driver about
the fault.
In this project we are using 4 ultrasonic sensors, which are attached to the vehicle.
It works by Sending sound waves from the transmitter, which then bounce off of barrier
on the track & returns to the receiver. From this we can determine about the vehicle
distance from barrier on the track & this can be known by the time it takes for the sound
waves get back to the receiver of the ultrasonic sensor. Here we are connecting trig &
echo pin to the pin number 9 & 10. We declare floats duration & distance, which hold the
length of the sound wave & how far away the vehicle is. We declare the trig pin as output
and echo pin as input, now we set trig pin low for 2micro seconds just to make sure that
pin is low. Then we set it high for 10 microsecond which sends out sonic waves from the
transmitter which then bounces on an object & hits the receiver (which is connected to
echo pin).

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 24

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

When sound wave hits the receiver it turns the echo pin high for however long the
waves were travelling for. We can adjust the function however We want, such as starting
time & stop time. In our case we put high since we want to start the timing when echo pin
goes high & we will store the time in duration variable.
To have time we use equation speed = Distance/time.
We can make it Distance =Speed*time.
The speed of the sound is approximately 340 m/sec, but the pulse In( ) function
understands the time in micro seconds, so we need to have the speed in microseconds.
Speed of the sound in cm/microsecond will say that it is 0.0343 cm/microsecond.
We can calculate distance by using distance = (duration*0.0343)/2.
This distance is from barrier to vehicle, it is monitored continuously & some
values are stored for final calculation & also displayed on the LCD.
After calculating the average value it must display on PC or Mobile by using IOT.
In our project we are using program of Arduino IOT using ESP 8266 wireless module to
send data which is monitored from sensors by utilizing the IOT service provider thing
speak.
Once we collect the required material visited things speak & created an account &
then created new channel. After that we need to upload code in that code we should enter
API key & fieldname & also access point setting which will be connected to ESP 8266
wireless module. After uploading make sure that wifi we using is connected with internet
connection then we will get the value of monitored result after many data processing.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 25

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.3 FLOW CHART

START

SYSTEM STATUS
CHECK

READ DATA FROM

SENSORS WITHIN
SPECIFIC TIME FRAME

CONTINOUSLY MONITIOR
THE MOVEMENT OF VEHICLE

IS THERE
ANY
MISTAKE
YES (VEHICLE
LINE OUT)

NO

COLLECT DATA/RESULT
OF TEST AS MESSAGE

SEND MESSAGE USING

IOT TO RTO
Fig 4.8: Flow Chart

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 26

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Here ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with Arduino by drawing an appropriate

amount of power from power supply unit. Proper software code required for this
prototype to work according to the specification.
The test Result can be seen on LCD display which is later sent to cloud using IOT
platform. The data from cloud can be accessed through thingspeak platform by signing in
through mobile or computer in thingspeak website of our created channels.

Fig 5.1: Chart indicating the test results on ThingSpeak

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 27

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 ADVANTAGES
 Ensuring transparency in the system by tackling corruption.
 Promoting quality drivers.
 Unbiased results (cannot be favoritism among candidates).
 May reduce accidents (if all skillful drivers are on road then there are less chances
of accidents).
 Death rates may decrease due to less number of accidents.
 Right /Deserving candidates will get licenses who could not afford corruption
money.
 Human error like observation, negligence cannot happen while driver is driving
on track since the system is automatic.
 Hassle Free and robust system for the candidates who are irritated by manual test
since manual process is time consuming and expensive.

5.2 DISADVANTAGES
 Complex system design.
 Dark sensor (if the sensor has got dust on it) may give incorrect readings.

5.3 APPLICATION
 This system is used in driving schools for the trainee drivers.
 RTO driving zone.
 Private practice zone.
 Racing tracks for crash monitoring.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 28

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

5.4 FUTURE SCOPE:

This project can be upgraded such that the driver license will be connected to
license authority which will decide depending upon the input license will legal or not the
driver will insert the license to the car it will check the authentication of the license the
driver GPS will be connected to the license authority center. It will match the information
with given import if match the engine will start if not it will send the information to the
RTO authority. This system is used in the driving school for the trainee drivers we can
use the cameras instead of using sensors then it will work more effectively using GSM
module this system can send the data of driving test we can send to higher authorities.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 29

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

CONCLUSION
The proposed system of automated driving license issuing process is advantageous
over existing manual process by monitoring the candidate’s driving skills who applied for
driving license based on whether the candidate is eligible for getting license or not. It will
help to reduce the road accidents due to illegal licenses. This system will assure that only
well-trained drivers can get the license. It can be concluded that this setup will help
Regional Transport Office (RTO) officers to maintain records systematically and it will
increase transparency in driving license issuing process and also speed of process and
also the system is used to test driving skills on vehicle without any authorities. So that
candidate will be automatically selected or rejected by the system. It will reduce the
manpower and there is no chance for any illegal activity.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 30

 AUTOMATIC DRIVING TEST SYSTEM USING EMBEDED
SYSTEM DESIGN

REFERENCES

[1] Ms. R.Sharmila and Ms.T.Padmavathi working as an Assistant Professor in Nandha

College of Technology. “A Smart automation system for monitoring license test drive
using embedded system” was published in 2016.

[2] Mr Arivoli , “Automated License Management System Using RFID” Dept Of ECE
,Sengunthar Engineering College Tamilnadu in Volume:03 Issue: Apr 2016.

[3] Mrs Apurva Meshram ,Kewal Jadhav , Rani Jibhekar ,Kavita Katole. “Automated
Driving Test And Issuing Of Driving Licenses” Dept Of ECE Engineering Dr Babasaheb
Ambedkar College Of Enginnering and Research ,Nagapur , Maharashtra in Volume:04
Issue: March 2017.

[4] Mrs Rashmi Kanakapur ,Madhuri Deshapande, Kishore Hawaldar, “Automated

Driving Test System Using Proximity Sensor” Dept Of ECE KLE Dr. M.S.Sheshgiri
college of engineering and technology Belagavi in Volume:07 Issue : July 2017.

[5] Mohd.Zaheer faizi, Vishweshkumar aithal ,Sneha naragundkar , “Automatic

Driving Test For License Issue Using Micro Controller ” Dept of ECE, KLS Gogte
Institute Of Technology, Belgavi in Volume:05 Issue: Sep 2018.

[6] Hyunggi Cho, Young-Woo Seo, B.V.K. Vijaya Kumar, and Ragunathan (Raj)
Rajkum, “ A Multi-Sensor Fusion System for Moving object Detection and Tracking in
Urban Driving Environments”, IEEE International Conference on Robotics &
Automation (ICRA) Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center May 31 - June 7,
2014. Hong Kong, China.

[7] Ms.Suvarna A.Dodke, “AUTOMATION OF DRIVING LICENSE TEST USING

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK”, International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) Volume: 02 Issue: 08 Nov-2015.

Dept EEE KLS VDIT, Haliyal Page 31