-- NUMBER FUNCTIONS

--Round Function

create table roundtest

(id number,

value number

);

insert into roundtest values(1,345.43356575757);

insert into roundtest values(2,34.4335657544667);

insert into roundtest values(3,67.56575757);

insert into roundtest values(4,398.43356578757);

insert into roundtest values(5,5.43356575757);

select * from roundtest;

select value, round(value,2) from roundtest;

select value, round(value,0) from roundtest;

--TRUNCATE

select value, trunc(value,2) from roundtest;

--ROW NUM(onlygives the data of the number of rows given

select * from hr.employees where rownum<=6;

select * from(select * from hr.employees order by salary desc) where rownum<10;

select * from hr.employees where rownum<20;

--REGEXP

select * from hr.employees where regexp_like(first_name,'^A(*)');

select * from hr.employees where regexp_like(first_name,'(*)r$');

--DATE

select hire_date from hr.employees;--will give all the dates of the table

select hire_date ,TO_CHAR(hire_date,'DD/MM/YY') from hr.employees;

select hire_date ,TO_CHAR(hire_date,'DD/Month/YY') from hr.employees;

select * from hr.employees where to_char(hire_date,'MM')='02';

select * from hr.employees where to_char(hire_date,'YYYY')='2005';

create table datex

( id number,

name varchar(40),

doj date);

desc datex;

insert into datex values(101,'Shivangi',TO_DATE('17-02-2025','DD-MM-YYYY'));

select doj, to_char(doj,'Dy') from datex;

insert into datex values(102,'Harshita',TO_DATE('17-June-2025','DD-Month-YYYY'));

select sysdate from dual; --gives the date of the system

select to_char(sysdate,'Dy')from dual; --gives the day according to system clock

create table datexx(

id number,

name varchar(50),

doj date);

insert into DATEXX (name) values('20-JAN-1993');

select to_date(name, 'DD-MM-YYYY') from datexx;

select to_date(name, 'DD-MM-YYYY','DY') from datexx;

select TRUNC((sysdate -to_date('06-02-2000','DD-MM-YYYY'))/365) from dual;

create table employee

(emp_id number,

emp_name varchar(50),
doj date);

insert into employee values(101,'Kashish',TO_DATE('17-02-2005','DD-MM-YYYY'));

insert into employee values(102,'Anuradha',TO_DATE('13-03-2002','DD-MM-YYYY'));

insert into employee values(104,'Kunal',TO_DATE('17-02-2014','DD-MM-YYYY'));

select * from employee;

--FIND THE EMPLOYEE ID, EMPLOYEE AND THEIR YEAR OF EXPERIENCE.

select emp_id,emp_name, TRUNC((sysdate -to_date(doj,'DD-MM-YYYY'))/365) as YEO from

--DATE FUNCTIONS

select * from hr.employees;

select TRUNC(MONTHs_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, hire_date)) from hr.employees; --will give the number of

select hire_date,ADD_MONTHS(hire_date,6) as SIX_Months from hr.employees; --adds tow months

select hire_date, NEXT_DAY(hire_date,'MONDAY')from hr.employees; --gives the next date occurence

select hire_date, LAST_DAY(hire_date) as last_date from hr.employees;--gives the last date of the
month of the date given

--TRUNCATE

select TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') from dual;-- gives the first day of the week

select TRUNC(SYSDATE,'YEAR') from dual; --gives the first day of the year

select TRUNC(SYSDATE,'MM') from dual;--gives the first day of the month

select TRUNC(hire_date,'Q'),hire_date from hr.employees;--gives the first day of the quarter(quarter

select extract (YEAR FROM sysdate) FROM DUAL; --gives the year from the sysdate

select extract (DAY FROM sysdate) FROM DUAL;--gives the day(1,2,4,13,23,etc.) of the system
date/current date

select extract (MONTH FROM SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;

select extract (hour from systimestamp) from dual;

--Cross Join-- artesian Join/Cartesian pRODUCT

-- M*N records will get in output

create table stud(

sid number,

sname varchar(40)

);

create table SPORTS

sport varchar(50)

);

INSERT INTO STUD VALUES(1,'Kashish');

insert into stud values(2,'Manish');

insert into stud values(3,'Manu');

insert into stud values(4,'Kartik');

select * from stud;

insert into sports values('Chess');

insert into sports values('Football');

select * from stud cross join sports;

truncate table sports;

--OUTER AND INNER JOIN

create table emp(

emp_id number,

ename varchar(40),
did number);

drop table dept;

create table dept(

did number,

dname varchar(20)

);

insert into emp values(1,'Rishi',10);

insert into emp values(2,'Deep',20);

insert into emp values(3,'Siddhartha',30);

insert into emp values(4,'Jhanvi',50);

delete from emp where did=40;

select * from emp;

insert into dept values(10,'IT');

insert into dept values(20,'MGMT');

insert into dept values(30,'FIN');

insert into dept values(40,'HR');

select * from dept;

-- JOIN QUERIES

select * from emp inner join dept on emp.did=dept.did;

select e.emp_id,e.ename,d.did,d.dname from emp e inner join dept d on e.did=d.did;-- inner join

select e.emp_id,e.ename,d.did,d.dname from emp e left join dept d on e.did=d.did;--left outer join

select e.emp_id,e.ename,d.did,d.dname from emp e right join dept d on e.did=d.did;--right outer

select e.emp_id,e.ename,d.did,d.dname from emp e full join dept d on e.did=d.did;--full outer join

--SELF JOIN

select

e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,m.employee_id,m.first_name,m.last_name from

hr.employees e

join
hr.employees m

on m.manager_id=e.employee_id order by e.employee_id;

select * from hr.employees where upper(last_name)='ROY';

--GROUP FUNCTIONS

SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

SELECT COUNT(COMMISSION_PCT) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

SELECT (AVG(SALARY)) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

SELECT SUM(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

SELECT MIN(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

SELECT VARIANCE(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

SELECT STDDEV(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

--GROUP BY

SELECT JOB_ID,SUM(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES GROUP BY JOB_ID;--WILL GIVE THE SUM OF

SELECT JOB_ID, MAX(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES GROUP BY JOB_ID;--WILL GIVE THE MAXIMUM
SALARY OF EVERY DEPT.

SELECT JOB_ID, MAX(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES GROUP BY JOB_ID HAVING

SELECT JOB_ID, MAX(SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES GROUP BY JOB_ID HAVING

--ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS

--ROW_NUMBER

--RANK

--DENSE RANK

select employee_id,salary,

ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY SALARY) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

--gives the row number to every value according to the column name given in the orderby clause.
But not suitable for duplicate values

select employee_id,salary,job_id,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY job_id) FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

select employee_id, salary, row_number() over (order by employee_id desc) rn from hr.employees;--
will rank the highest employee ID as 1st and continue raanking in descending oreder

-- does not assign corrrect rank in case of repetitive values.

select employee_id, salary, rank() over (order by salary desc) rn from hr.employees;

--if the value at rank 2 and 3 are similar, both will be assigned 2 as their rank and 3 will be skipped in
numbering. Not suitable for

--repetitive values.

select employee_id, salary, dense_rank() over (order by salary desc) rn from hr.employees;

--does not skip any rank in case of similar values.

-- if two values are same at position 2, both will be assigned the value 2 and the following as3,4,5,etc

-- best suited for calculating ranks even with repetitive values.

select employee_id,job_id,salary,dense_rank()

over (partition by job_id order by salary desc) dn from hr.employees order by job_id;-- will allot
ranks according to salary in eacg department seperately.

select employee_id,job_id,salary,dense_rank()

over ( order by salary desc) dn from hr.employees ;--will give the ranks , this time, without
combining them into different departments.

--FIRST VALUE

select employee_id,job_id,salary,

first_value(salary) over (partition by job_id order by salary ) dn

from hr.employees order by job_id;

-- a column dn will be formed that contains the first value of salary in every department.

-- suppose every dept is an array,containing the salaries of employees within the dept, in ascending
order.

-- so first value will return the first salary in (the lowest in this case) in every dept.'s array.

select employee_id,job_id,salary,

first_value(salary) over(partition by job_id order by salary desc)

--LAST VALUE

select employee_id,job_id,salary,

last_value(salary) over (partition by job_id order by salary rows between unbounded preceding and
unbounded following ) from hr.employees;

--this will give the last salary in every dept. ordered in ascending order

--LAG FUNCTION

select employee_id,job_id,salary, LAG(salary,1,0) over (order by salary) from hr.employees; --shifts

--LEAD

select employee_id,job_id,salary, LEAD(salary,1,0) over (order by salary) from hr.employees; --shifts

--LIST AGGREGATE FUNCTION-(LISTAGG)

--used for string aggregation.

--(USED TO CLUB ALL VALUES TOGETHER IN ONE ROW)

select listagg(first_name,':')

within group (order by job_id) from hr.employees;

select job_id,listagg(first_name,':')

within group (order by job_id) from hr.employees group by job_id;

--will order all the names, in a single row, department wise.

--employyes of each department will be written in a single row

--based on their dept column.

--SUBQUERY

-- fetch the details of employees who are earning more than Diana in hthe hr.employee table

select * from hr.employees where first_name='Diana'; --first fetch the details of Diana
select * from hr.employees where salary>

(select salary from hr.employees where first_name='Diana');

--Find the details of employees with highest salary

select * from hr.employees where salary=

(select max (salary) from hr.employees);

--fetch the details of the people working in AD_VP OR AD_PRES department.

select * from hr.employees where salary NOT IN

(select salary from hr.employees where job_id='AD_VP' or job_id='AD_PRES') order by job_id;

--WUTH CTE(Common Table Expression)

with sample_one as

(select employee_id, first_name ,job_id

from hr.employees where job_id='IT_PROG')

select * from sample_one;

--this sample_one will act as a sperate table which stores the particular values fetched from

--the hr.employee table;

--this sample one will be treated as variable that stores some value from the original table

--and won't execute or return any values outside this statement block,after the semicolon

with temporary_tb as

(select e.emp_id,e.ename,d.did,d.dname from emp e full join dept d on e.did=d.did)

select * from temporary_tb where dname='HR';

--the result of this full join will be stored in table temporary_tb and will only exist till the execution
of

--statements within the semi-colon

--SET OPERATORS

create table cityemp(

e_id number,
e_loc varchar(20)

);

insert into cityemp values(1,'HYD');

insert into cityemp values(2,'HYD');

insert into cityemp values(3,'BLR');

insert into cityemp values(4,'CHN');

create table city_dept(

d_id number,

d_loc_name varchar(40)

);

insert into city_dept values(101,'HYD');

insert into city_dept values(102,'GGN');

--UNION

select e_loc from cityemp

UNION

select d_loc_name from city_dept;

--UNION ALL

select e_loc from cityemp

UNION ALL

select d_loc_name from city_dept;

--INTERSECT

select e_loc from cityemp

INTERSECT

select d_loc_name from city_dept;

--MINUS(it works like set A- setB--> will give all the values that belong to set A and do not belong in
Set B)
select e_loc from cityemp

MINUS

select d_loc_name from city_dept;

--HIERARCHICAL RETRIEVAL QUERY

select first_name, employee_id,last_name, manager_id from hr.employees

start with manager_id is null

connect by manager_id=prior employee_id;

--SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH

select first_name, employee_id,last_name, manager_id,LEVEL,

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(first_name,',')

from hr.employees

start with manager_id is null

connect by manager_id=prior employee_id;

--used to concatenate the tables with hiearchies defined