Fundamental and Advanced Interview Questions and Answers

Node.js
Q: What is Node.js?

A: Node.js is a runtime environment that allows JavaScript to run on the server-side. It is built on the

V8 JavaScript engine.

Q: What is the use of npm?

A: `npm` (Node Package Manager) is used to manage dependencies and install packages in a

Node.js application.

Q: What are the core modules in Node.js?

A: Some core modules are `http`, `fs`, `path`, `events`, and `url`.

Q: What is Event Loop in Node.js?

A: The event loop handles asynchronous callbacks and allows Node.js to be non-blocking.

Q: What is the difference between process.nextTick() and setImmediate()?

A: `process.nextTick()` executes code after the current operation completes, while `setImmediate()`

executes code on the next iteration of the event loop.

Q: What is the use of the 'cluster' module?

A: The 'cluster' module allows you to create child processes that share the same server port,

enabling load balancing.

Express.js
Q: What is Express.js?

A: Express.js is a lightweight web framework for Node.js used to build APIs and web applications.

Q: How do you define a route in Express?

A: app.get('/route', (req, res) => { res.send('Hello World'); });

Q: What is middleware in Express.js?

A: Middleware functions have access to request and response objects. They can modify them or
end the response cycle.

Q: How do you handle errors in Express?

A: app.use((err, req, res, next) => { res.status(500).send(err.message); });

Q: What is the difference between app.use() and app.get()?

A: `app.use()` is for middleware that applies to all routes, while `app.get()` is for handling GET

requests on a specific route.

Q: How can you secure Express apps?

A: Use HTTPS, helmet, rate limiting, and input validation to secure Express apps.

MongoDB
Q: What is MongoDB?

A: MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data in BSON (binary JSON) format.

Q: What is a document in MongoDB?

A: A document is a key-value pair structure, similar to a JSON object.

Q: What is a collection?

A: A collection is a group of MongoDB documents, like a table in relational databases.

Q: How do you find a document?

A: db.users.find({ name: "John" });

Q: What is indexing in MongoDB?

A: Indexing improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a collection.

Q: What is the aggregation framework?

A: The aggregation framework processes data records and returns computed results, used for

operations like sum, average, etc.

Mongoose
Q: What is Mongoose?

A: Mongoose is an ODM (Object Data Modeling) library for MongoDB and Node.js.

Q: How do you define a schema in Mongoose?

Q: How do you create a model in Mongoose?

A: const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);

Q: How do you perform CRUD with Mongoose?

A: User.find(), User.create(), User.updateOne(), User.deleteOne()

Q: What are virtuals in Mongoose?

A: Virtuals are properties that are not stored in MongoDB but can be computed from existing data.

Q: How do you populate references in Mongoose?

A: Use the `.populate()` method to fetch related documents based on reference fields.

MySQL
Q: What is MySQL?

A: MySQL is an open-source relational database management system based on SQL.

Q: How do you connect MySQL with Node.js?

A: Use the `mysql2` or `sequelize` package to connect Node.js with MySQL.

Q: What is a foreign key?

A: A foreign key is a field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table.

Q: Basic SQL Query?

A: SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18;

Q: What is normalization?

A: Normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

Q: What are joins in SQL?

A: Joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column.

Laravel
Q: What is Laravel?

A: Laravel is a PHP framework used for web applications following the MVC pattern.

Q: What is Artisan?
A: Artisan is the command-line interface in Laravel used for tasks like creating models, migrations,

etc.

Q: What are migrations in Laravel?

A: Migrations are used to create and modify database tables using PHP code.

Q: What is Eloquent ORM?

A: Eloquent is Laravel's built-in ORM for database interaction using models.

Q: What is a service provider in Laravel?

A: Service providers are the central place to configure and bind classes into the service container.

Q: What is a facade in Laravel?

A: Facades provide a static interface to classes that are available in the applications service

container.

React.js
Q: What is React?

A: React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces, especially SPAs.

Q: What is JSX?

A: JSX stands for JavaScript XML. It allows HTML to be written inside JavaScript.

Q: What are hooks in React?

A: Hooks are functions like `useState`, `useEffect`, etc., that let you use state and lifecycle features

in functional components.

Q: Difference between class and functional components?

A: Class components use ES6 classes and lifecycle methods, while functional components use

hooks and are simpler.

Q: What is the virtual DOM?

A: The virtual DOM is a lightweight copy of the real DOM that React uses to improve performance

by updating only whats necessary.

Q: What is the difference between useEffect and useLayoutEffect?

DOM mutations.

JavaScript
Q: What are data types in JavaScript?

A: String, Number, Boolean, Object, Undefined, Null, Symbol, BigInt.

Q: What is hoisting?

A: Hoisting is JavaScript's default behavior of moving declarations to the top of the scope.

Q: What is a closure?

A: A closure is a function that remembers its lexical scope even when executed outside it.

Q: Difference between `==` and `===`?

A: `==` compares value with type coercion; `===` compares value and type strictly.

Q: What is event delegation?

A: Event delegation is a technique involving adding a single event listener to a parent element that

handles events from its children.

Q: What is the difference between call, apply, and bind?

A: `call` and `apply` invoke functions immediately, with `apply` taking arguments as an array. `bind`

returns a new function with a specified `this` value.